Journal articles: 'Penicillium solitum'

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Wu, Guangxi, Wayne M. Jurick II, Franz J. Lichtner, Hui Peng, Guohua Yin, Verneta L. Gaskins, Yanbin Yin, Sui-Sheng Hua, Kari A. Peter, and Joan W. Bennett. "Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay." PeerJ 7 (January 9, 2019): e6170. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6170.

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Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters, indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known as well as not-yet-identified products of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

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Pianzzola, M. J., M. Moscatelli, and S. Vero. "Characterization of Penicillium Isolates Associated with Blue Mold on Apple in Uruguay." Plant Disease 88, no. 1 (January 2004): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.1.23.

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Blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. is the most important postharvest disease of apple in Uruguay. Fourteen isolates of Penicillium were recovered from rotten apple and pear fruit with blue mold symptoms, and from water from flotation tanks in commercial apple juice facilities. Phenotypic identification to species level was performed, and the isolates were tested for sensitivity to commonly used postharvest fungicides. Genetic characterization of the isolates was performed with restriction fragment length polymorphism of the region including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ITS1 and ITS2 and the 5.8SrRNA gene (ITS1-5.8SrRNA gene-ITS2) ribosomal DNA region and with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Both techniques were able to differentiate these isolates at the species level. RAPD analysis proved to be an objective, rapid, and reliable tool to identify Penicillium spp. involved in blue mold of apple. In all, 11 isolates were identified as Penicillium expansum and 3 as P. solitum. This is the first report of P. solitum as an apple pathogen in Uruguay.

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Yin, Guohua, Hui Zhao, Kayla K. Pennerman, Wayne M. Jurick, Maojie Fu, Lijing Bu, Anping Guo, and Joan W. Bennett. "Genomic Analyses of Penicillium Species Have Revealed Patulin and Citrinin Gene Clusters and Novel Loci Involved in Oxylipin Production." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090743.

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Blue mold of apple is caused by several different Penicillium species, among which P. expansum and P. solitum are the most frequently isolated. P. expansum is the most aggressive species, and P. solitum is very weak when infecting apple fruit during storage. In this study, we report complete genomic analyses of three different Penicillium species: P. expansum R21 and P. crustosum NJ1, isolated from stored apple fruit; and P. maximae 113, isolated in 2013 from a flooded home in New Jersey, USA, in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Patulin and citrinin gene cluster analyses explained the lack of patulin production in NJ1 compared to R21 and lack of citrinin production in all three strains. A Drosophila bioassay demonstrated that volatiles emitted by P. solitum SA and P. polonicum RS1 were more toxic than those from P. expansum and P. crustosum strains (R27, R11, R21, G10, and R19). The toxicity was hypothesized to be related to production of eight-carbon oxylipins. Putative lipoxygenase genes were identified in P. expansum and P. maximae strains, but not in P. crustosum. Our data will provide a better understanding of Penicillium spp. complex secondary metabolic capabilities, especially concerning the genetic bases of mycotoxins and toxic VOCs.

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Etebarian, Hassan-Reza, Peter L. Sholberg, Kenneth C. Eastwell, and Ronald J. Sayler. "Biological control of apple blue mold withPseudomonas fluorescens." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 51, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w05-039.

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Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 1100-6 was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for apple blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum or Penicillium solitum. Both the wild-type isolate 1100-6 and a genetically modified derivative labeled with the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were compared. The P. fluorescens isolates with or without GFP equally reduced the growth of Penicillium spp. and produced large zones of inhibition in dual culture plate assays. Cell-free metabolites produced by the bacterial antagonists reduced the colony area of Penicillium isolates by 17.3% to 78.5%. The effect of iron chelate on the antagonistic potential of P. fluorescens was also studied. The use of iron chelate did not have a major effect on the antagonistic activity of P. fluorescens. With or without GFP, P. fluorescens significantly reduced the severity and incidence of apple decay by 2 P. expansum isolates after 11 d at 20 °C and by P. expansum and P. solitum after 25 d at 5 °C when the biocontrol agents were applied in wounds 24 or 48 h before challenging with Penicillium spp. Populations of P. fluorescens labeled with the GFP were determined 1, 9, 14, and 20 d after inoculation at 5 °C. The log CFU/mL per wound increased from 6.95 at the time of inoculation to 9.12 CFU/mL (P < 0.05) 25 d after inoculation at 5 °C. The GFP strain did not appear to penetrate deeply into wounds based on digital photographs taken with an inverted fluorescence microscope. These results indicate that P. fluorescens isolate 1100-6 could be an important new biological control for apple blue mold.Key words: Penicillium expansum, P. solitum, postharvest disease, Malus, GFP.

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SORENSEN, D., T. OSTENFELDLARSEN, C. CHRISTOPHERSEN, P. NIELSEN, and U. ANTHONI. "Solistatin, an aromatic compactin analogue from Penicillium solitum." Phytochemistry 51, no. 8 (August 1999): 1027–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00015-1.

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Žebeljan, Aleksandra, Nataša Duduk, Nina Vučković, Wayne M. Jurick, and Ivana Vico. "Incidence, Speciation, and Morpho-Genetic Diversity of Penicillium spp. Causing Blue Mold of Stored Pome Fruits in Serbia." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 12 (November 28, 2021): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7121019.

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Blue mold, caused by Penicillium spp., is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases of pome fruits, globally. Pome fruits, in particular apple, is the most widely grown pome fruit in Serbia, and the distribution of Penicillium spp. responsible for postharvest decay is unknown. A two-year survey was conducted in 2014 and 2015, where four pome fruits (apple, pear, quince, and medlar) with blue mold symptoms were collected from 20 storage locations throughout Serbia. Detailed morphological characterization, analysis of virulence in three apple cultivars, and multilocus phylogeny revealed three main Penicillium spp. in order of abundance: P. expansum, P. crustosum, and P. solitum. Interestingly, P. expansum split into two distinct clades with strong statistical support that coincided with several morphological observations. Findings from this study are significant and showed previously undocumented diversity in blue mold fungi responsible for postharvest decay including the first finding of P. crustosum, and P. solitum as postharvest pathogens of quince and P. crustosum of medlar fruit in the world, and P. expansum of quince in Serbia. Data from this study provide timely information regarding phenotypic, morphological and genotypic plasticity in P. expansum that will impact the design of species-specific detection tools and guide the development of blue mold management strategies.

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He, Zhi-Hui, Jia Wu, Lin Xu, Man-Yi Hu, Ming-Ming Xie, You-Jia Hao, Shu-Jin Li, Zong-Ze Shao, and Xian-Wen Yang. "Chemical Constituents of the Deep-Sea-Derived Penicillium solitum." Marine Drugs 19, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19100580.

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A systematic chemical investigation of the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium solitum MCCC 3A00215 resulted in the isolation of one novel polyketide (1), two new alkaloids (2 and 3), and 22 known (4–25) compounds. The structures of the new compounds were established mainly on the basis of exhaustive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data. Viridicatol (13) displayed moderate anti-tumor activities against PANC-1, Hela, and A549 cells with IC50 values of around 20 μM. Moreover, 13 displayed potent in vitro anti-food allergic activity with an IC50 value of 13 μM, compared to that of 92 μM for the positive control, loratadine, while indole-3-acetic acid methyl ester (9) and penicopeptide A (10) showed moderate effects (IC50 = 50 and 58 μM, respectively).

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Larsen, Thomas Ostenfeld, Lene Lange, Kirk Schnorr, Steen Stender, and Jens Christian Frisvad. "Solistatinol, a novel phenolic compactin analogue from Penicillium solitum." Tetrahedron Letters 48, no. 7 (February 2007): 1261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.12.038.

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Habib, Wassim, Mario Masiello, Hala Chahine-Tsouvalakis, Zahraa Al Moussawi, Carine Saab, Salwa Tohmé Tawk, Luca Piemontese, et al. "Occurrence and Characterization of Penicillium Species Isolated from Post-Harvest Apples in Lebanon." Toxins 13, no. 10 (October 16, 2021): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100730.

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The apple is one of the most important fruit tree crops in the Mediterranean region. Lebanon, in particular, is among the top apple producer countries in the Middle East; however, recently, several types of damage, particularly rot symptoms, have been detected on fruits in cold storage. This study aims to identify the causal agents of apple decay in Lebanese post-harvest facilities and characterize a set of 39 representative strains of the toxigenic fungus Penicillium. The results demonstrated that blue mould was the most frequent fungal disease associated with apples showing symptoms of decay after 3–4 months of storage at 0 °C, with an average frequency of 76.5% and 80.6% on cv. Red and cv. Golden Delicious apples, respectively. The morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of benA gene showed that most Penicillium strains (87.2%) belong to P. expansum species whereas the remaining strains (12.8%) belong to P. solitum. Furthermore, 67.7% of P. expansum strains produced patulin when grown on apple puree for 14 days at 25 °C with values ranging from 10.7 mg kg−1 to 125.9 mg kg−1, whereas all P. solitum did not produce the mycotoxin. This study highlights the presence of Penicillium spp. and their related mycotoxin risk during apple storage and calls for the implementation of proper measures to decrease the risk of mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit products.

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NÚÑEZ, FÉLIX, CARMEN D. WESTPHAL, ELENA BERMÚDEZ, and MIGUEL A. ASENSIO. "Production of Secondary Metabolites by Some Terverticillate Penicillia on Carbohydrate-Rich and Meat Substrates." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.12.2829.

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Most terverticillate penicillia isolated from dry-cured meat products are toxigenic, but their ability to produce hazardous metabolites on meat-based substrates is not well known. The production of extrolites by selected terverticillate penicillia isolated from dry-cured ham has been studied on carbohydrate-rich media (malt extract agar, Czapek yeast autolysate agar, rice extract agar, and rice), meat extract triolein salt agar, and ham slices. Chloroform extracts from the selected strains grown on malt extract agar were toxic for the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae and VERO cells at a concentration of 2 mg/ml, but 0.02 mg/ml produced no toxic effect. Analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD) or with mass spectrometry (MS) and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source revealed different biologically active metabolites: cyclopiazonic acid and rugulovasine A from Penicillium commune; verrucosidin, anacine, puberuline, verrucofortine, and viridicatols from Penicillium polonicum; arisugacin and viridicatols from Penicillium echinulatum; and compactin and viridicatols from Penicillium solitum. Most of these metabolites, including the amino acid–derived compounds, were produced in the media containing high levels of carbohydrates. High concentrations of nitrogen compounds in the medium does not imply a greater production of the metabolites studied, not even those derived from the amino acids. However, molds growing on dry-cured ham are able to synthesize limited amounts of some secondary metabolites, a fact not previously reported. The combination of HPLC coupled with DAD and MS-APCI was useful for identification of closely related terverticillate Penicillium species from dry-cured ham. These techniques could be used to characterize the risk associated with the potential production of secondary metabolites in cured meats.

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PEINTNER, URSULA, JOHANNES GEIGER, and REINHOLD PÖDER. "The Mycobiota of Speck, a Traditional Tyrolean Smoked and Cured Ham." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 1399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.10.1399.

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Speck is a ham specialty product traditionally produced in South Tyrol (Italy) and North Tyrol (Austria) by farmers, butcheries, and meat industries. To date, nothing has been learned about fungi associated with this smoked and cured meat. Therefore, it was the main objective of this study to assess the typical mycobiota of Speck in relation to the different production types and the geographic provenance. A total of 121 Speck samples from North Tyrol and South Tyrol was analyzed. From 63 isolated fungal species, only a few can be regarded as typical colonizers: Eurotium rubrum and Penicillium solitum were the dominating species in all types and parts of Speck (crust, meat, and fat). Eight other Penicillium spp. were relatively frequent. The species diversity increased from industrially produced Speck to products from butcheries and farmers, and it was higher in all types of South Tyrolean products. Among the typical mycobiota, Penicillium verrucosum, Penicillium canescens, and Penicillium commune are known as potentially mycotoxigenic.

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Spadaro, Davide, Giovanna Roberta Meloni, Ilenia Siciliano, Simona Prencipe, and Maria Lodovica Gullino. "HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by Penicillium spp. in Nuts." Toxins 12, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050307.

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Penicillium spp. are emerging as producers of mycotoxins and other toxic metabolites in nuts. A HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to detect 19 metabolites produced by Penicillium spp. on chestnuts, hazelnuts, walnuts and almonds. Two extraction methods were developed, one for chestnuts and one for the other three nuts. The recovery, LOD, LOQ and matrix effect were determined for each analyte and matrix. Correlation coefficients were always >99.99%. In walnuts, a strong signal suppression was observed for most analytes and patulin could not be detected. Six strains: Penicillium bialowiezense, P. brevicompactum, P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. glabrum and P. solitum, isolated from chestnuts, were inoculated on four nuts. Chestnuts favored the production of the largest number of Penicillium toxic metabolites. The method was used for the analysis of 41 commercial samples: 71% showed to be contaminated by Penicillium-toxins. Cyclopenin and cyclopenol were the most frequently detected metabolites, with an incidence of 32% and 68%, respectively. Due to the risk of contamination of nuts with Penicillium-toxins, future studies and legislation should consider a larger number of mycotoxins.

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Lund, F. "Diagnostic characterization of Penicillium palitans, P. commune and P. solitum." Letters in Applied Microbiology 21, no. 1 (July 1995): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1995.tb01007.x.

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Soerensen, Dan, Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen, Carsten Christophersen, Per Halfdan Nielsen, and Uffe Anthoni. "ChemInform Abstract: Solistatin, an Aromatic Compactin Analogue from Penicillium solitum." ChemInform 30, no. 46 (June 12, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199946230.

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Luz, C., R. Torrijos, JM Quiles, J. Mañes, and G. Meca. "Shelf life extension of mozzarella cheese contaminated with Penicillium spp. using the antifungal compound ɛ-polylysine." Food Science and Technology International 25, no. 4 (January 12, 2019): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013218823136.

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Molds are one of the most important spoilage organisms on cheese which can lead to economic loss as well as raising public health concerns due to the production of mycotoxins. This study investigates the use of ɛ-polylysine as natural antimicrobial to inhibit fungal growth. The minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal fungicidal concentrations of ɛ-polylysine were determined against Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium nordicum, and Penicillium solitum. Then, polylysine was tested as surface antimicrobial for the preservation of mozzarella slice cheese inoculated with these Penicillium spp. and stored in plastic trays during 25 days. The minimal inhibitory concentrations calculated for the three fungi tested were of 60 mg/l whereas the minimal fungicidal concentrations detected were of 125–10,000 mg/l. The shelf life observed for the control experiments was of 15 days, and just using the ɛ-polylysine at 0.00625, 0.0125, and 0.025% was evidenced a shelf life increment in comparison with the control of 1–3 days.

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Visagie, C. M., N. Yilmaz, K. Vanderwolf, J. B. Renaud, M. W. Sumarah, J. Houbraken, R. Assebgui, K. A. Seifert, and D. Malloch. "Penicillium diversity in Canadian bat caves, including a new species, P. speluncae." Fungal Systematics and Evolution 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.05.01.

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Penicillium species were commonly isolated during a fungal survey of bat hibernacula in New Brunswick and Quebec, Canada. Strains were isolated from arthropods, bats, rodents (i.e. the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus), their dung, and cave walls. Hundreds of fungal strains were recovered, of which Penicillium represented a major component of the community. Penicillium strains were grouped by colony characters on Blakeslee's malt extract agar. DNA sequencing of the secondary identification marker, beta-tubulin, was done for representative strains from each group. In some cases, ITS and calmodulin were sequenced to confirm identifications. In total, 13 species were identified, while eight strains consistently resolved into a unique clade with P. discolor, P. echinulatum and P. solitum as its closest relatives. Penicillium speluncae is described using macroand micromorphological characters, multigene phylogenies (including ITS, beta-tubulin, calmodulin and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit) and extrolite profiles. Major extrolites produced by the new species include cyclopenins, viridicatins, chaetoglobosins, and a microheterogenous series of cyclic and linear tetrapeptides.

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Veskovic-Moracanin, Slavica, Branka Borovic, Branko Velebit, Mladen Raseta, and Dragan Milicevic. "Identification of mycobiota in Serbian slaughterhouses." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 117 (2009): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0917045v.

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Mould growth within slaughterhouses is not acceptable and is considered as both economic and aesthetic problem. Aim of this paper was to determine filamentous moulds in two slaughterhouses by investigating air, water, environment area and equipment. There were a total of 100 samples collected. According to S a m s o n (2004), 6 genera were determined among which Penicillium and Aspergillus were the most frequent. Three Penicillium species were identified; the most frequent were P. brevicompactum and P. solitum. The presence of P. verrucosum was not established. The presence of mycotoxigenic moulds, such as P. brevicompactum, indicates possible contamination of environmental area with mycophenolic acid (MPA). Results of investigation indicated that more comprehensive survey should be made in order to get a better insight of mycobiota in slaughterhouses in Serbia.

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Jurick, Wayne M., Ivana Vico, James L. McEvoy, Bruce D. Whitaker, Wojciech Janisiewicz, and William S. Conway. "Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of a Polygalacturonase Produced in Penicillium solitum-Decayed ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruit." Phytopathology® 99, no. 6 (June 2009): 636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-6-0636.

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Polygalacturonase (PG) was extracted and purified from decayed ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit inoculated with Penicillium solitum. Ammonium sulfate, gel filtration, and cation exchange chromatography were used to purify the enzyme. Both chromatographic methods revealed a single peak corresponding to PG activity. The purified PG most likely originates from the fungus because PG activity from healthy and wounded apple tissue was undetectable. Analysis of cation exchange-purified material using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single 50-kDa band. The enzyme was active over a broad pH range (3 to 7), with optimal activity between pH 4 and 5. PG was highly active at 20 and 37°C but was also detectable at 2, 50, and 75°C. Divalent cations affected PG enzyme activity; Mg and Fe increased, whereas Ca and Mn reduced activity in vitro. Thin-layer chromatographic separation of hydrolysis products and data from a PG plate activity assay based on staining with ruthenium red showed that the enzyme exhibits both exo and endo activity. Purified PG incubated with intact apple fruit tissue in vitro caused a 30% reduction in mass after 48 h, suggesting a role in P. solitum-mediated decay of apple fruit.

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Gonçalves, Vívian N., Lúcia S. Campos, Itamar S. Melo, Vivian H. Pellizari, Carlos A. Rosa, and Luiz H. Rosa. "Penicillium solitum: a mesophilic, psychrotolerant fungus present in marine sediments from Antarctica." Polar Biology 36, no. 12 (September 7, 2013): 1823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1403-8.

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Romanovskaya, I. I., G. I. Bondarenko, and T. I. Davidenko. "Immobilization of Penicillium solitum lipase on the carbon fiber material “Dnepr-MN”." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 42, no. 6 (June 2008): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-008-0127-5.

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Yan, Mengxia, Wenjun Mao, Chenglong Chen, Xianglan Kong, Qianqun Gu, Na Li, Xue Liu, Baofeng Wang, Shuyao Wang, and Bo Xiao. "Structural elucidation of the exopolysaccharide produced by the mangrove fungus Penicillium solitum." Carbohydrate Polymers 111 (October 2014): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.013.

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Louw, Johannes Petrus, and Lise Korsten. "Pathogenic Penicillium spp. on Apple and Pear." Plant Disease 98, no. 5 (May 2014): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-13-0710-re.

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Numerous Penicillium spp. have been associated with postharvest fruit spoilage. This study investigates pathogenicity and aggressiveness of selected Penicillium spp. previously isolated from South African and European Union fruit export chains. Penicillium expansum was the most aggressive and P. crustosum the second most aggressive on all apple cultivars (‘Royal Gala’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Topred’, and ‘Cripps Pink’) and two pear cultivars (‘Packham's Triumph’ and ‘Forelle’) tested. P. digitatum was the most aggressive on ‘Beurre Bosc’, ‘Beurre Hardy’, and ‘Sempre’ (‘Rosemarie’) pear cultivars and the third most aggressive on Granny Smith and Cripps Pink apple cultivars. To our knowledge, this is the first report where P. digitatum has been described as aggressive on certain pome fruit cultivars. These pear cultivars are also the most commonly associated with decay on the export markets, resulting in considerable end-market losses. P. brevicompactum was detected as pathogenic on pear but was not further evaluated in the study. P. solitum covered a broader cultivar range, expressed higher disease incidence, and was more aggressive (larger lesions) on pear cultivars than on apple cultivars. This study provides new information on host specificity and the importance of pathogenic Penicillium spp. isolated from various environments in the shipping and marketing channels.

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Kure, Cathrine Finne, Solveig Langsrud, and Trond Møretrø. "Efficient Reduction of Food Related Mould Spores on Surfaces by Hydrogen Peroxide Mist." Foods 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010055.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the fungicidal effect of a H2O2 mist generating system for disinfection of spores of six food-related moulds (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Geotrichum candidum, Mucor plumbeus, Paecilomyces variotii, and Penicillium solitum) dried on stainless steel. Exposure to H2O2 mist for 2 or 4 h lead to >3 log reduction in mould spores in the majority of the tests. The presence of the soils 2% skim milk or 3% BSA did not significantly alter the fungicidal effect, while the presence of raw meat juice had an adverse fungicidal effect against Penicillium and Mucor in two out of three tests. Fungicidal suspension tests with liquid H2O2 confirmed the effectiveness of H2O2 on reducing the mould spores. Both the surface test and the suspension test indicated that P. variotii is more resistant to H2O2 compared to the other moulds tested. The study shows the efficiency of H2O2 mist on reducing food-related mould spores on surfaces.

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Elizei, Virgínia Guerra, Sara Maria Chalfoun, Deila Magna dos Santos Botelho, and Pedro Paulo Reis Rebelles. "Imobilização de fungos filamentosos com potencial para uso agroindustrial." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 81, no. 2 (April 2014): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657001032012.

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A imobilização celular representa uma alternativa para a condução de bioprocessos. As células ficam retidas em matrizes e podem ser utilizadas por longos períodos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar uma nova metodologia de imobilização de fungos com custo reduzido, avaliar a viabilidade e segurança dos fungos submetidos ao novo método de encapsulamento e determinar a temperatura ideal para armazenar os fungos imobilizados. Os micélios dos fungos Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides e Penicillium solitum foram misturados com 15 g de arroz triturado e 3 g de alginato de sódio, que gotejava em uma solução de cloreto de cálcio a 0,25 M para a formação dos grânulos. Após a secagem em estufa a 26ºC, os grânulos foram armazenados em temperaturas ambiente, geladeira e freezer. Os plaqueamentos foram realizados a cada 15 dias em meio de cultura. As avaliações do tamanho das colônias e esporulação foram realizadas 7, 14 e 21 dias após o plaqueamento, durante 195 dias para A. niger, 225 dias para C. cladosporioides e 210 dias para P. solitum. A temperatura de armazenamento não afetou o desenvolvimento micelial de A. niger e P. solitum. Porém, a esporulação foi reduzida para os grânulos armazenados no freezer. O desenvolvimento micelial de C. cladosporioides foi influenciado pela temperatura. Os grânulos conservados em temperatura ambiente tiveram menor viabilidade. Na análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, observou-se que a imobilização é um método seguro no qual o micélio fúngico permanece no interior do grânulo, facilitando o transporte, o armazenamento e a aplicação de micro-organismos.

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Zhang, Tong, Chao Huang, Changping Deng, Yi Zhang, Yue Feng, Jiangning Hu, Ruwei Wang, Limei Zhao, Yao Wang, and Guoyin Kai. "First Report of Corm Rot on Saffron Caused by Penicillium solitum in China." Plant Disease 104, no. 2 (February 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-19-1927-pdn.

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Mironov, Vladimir, Anna Shchelushkina, Olga Selitskaya, Yury Nikolaev, Alexander Merkel, and Shenghua Zhang. "Introducing Autochthonous Bacterium and Fungus Composition to Enhance the Phytopathogen-Suppressive Capacity of Composts against Clonostachys rosea, Penicillium solitum and Alternaria alternata In Vitro." Agronomy 13, no. 11 (November 18, 2023): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112841.

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Given their numerous positive characteristics, composts are widely used agriculturally in sustainable development and resource-saving technologies. The management of phytopathogen-suppressive potential and the fertilizing capacity of composts are of great interest. This study examines the impact of introducing the autochthonous compost species Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aspergillus corrugatus, both individually and in combination, to composts containing dry matter comprising 36% solid compost and 7% compost suspensions to study their phytopathogen-suppressive and phytostimulation activity. The test phytopathogens were Clonostachys rosea, Penicillium solitum, and Alternaria alternata. This is the first report on compost’s potential to biologically control C. rosea and P. solitum. Classical microbiological and molecular biological methods were used to evaluate the survival rate of microorganisms in compost and validate these results. Test plant (Raphanus sativus) germination indexes were determined to evaluate the phytotoxic/phytostimulation effects of the substrates. To assess the effectiveness of biocontrol, mycelial growth inhibition was measured using in vitro tests. The introduction of composition increased the composts’ fertilizing properties by up to 35% and improved antagonistic activity by up to 91.7%. Autochthonous bacterial–fungal composition can promote resistance to fungal root and foliar phytopathogens and raise the fertilizing quality of compost.

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Guo, Wenqiang, Xianglan Kong, Tianjiao Zhu, Qianqun Gu, and Dehai Li. "Penipyrols A–B and peniamidones A–D from the mangrove derived Penicillium solitum GWQ-143." Archives of Pharmacal Research 38, no. 8 (November 5, 2014): 1449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-014-0513-3.

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Marín, P., C. Ginés, P. Kochaki, and M. Jurado. "Effects of water activity on the performance of potassium sorbate and natamycin as preservatives against cheese spoilage moulds." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 56, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2017-0009.

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AbstractThis work investigated the effects of the food preservatives potassium sorbate and natamycin, combined with different levels of ionic (sodium chloride) and non-ioinic (glycerol) water activity (aw), on growth of fungi involved in cheese spoilage. In general, the combined effect of water stress and presence of preservatives enhanced fungal inhibition. However, some doses of potassium sorbate (0.02%) and natamycin (1, 5 and 10 ppm) were able to stimulate growth of Aspergillus varians, Mucor racemosus, Penicillium chrysogenum and P. roqueforti at awvalues in the range of 0.93–0.97. P. solitum was the only species whose growth was consistently reduced by any doses of preservative. The results also showed that sodium chloride and glycerol differentially affected the efficacy of preservatives. This study indicates that awof cheese is a critical parameter to be considered in the formulation of preservative coatings used against fungal spoilage.

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De Clercq, N., G. Vlaemynck, E. Van Pamel, D. Colman, M. Heyndrickx, F. Van Hove, B. De Meulenaer, F. Devlieghere, and E. Van Coillie. "Patulin production by Penicillium expansum isolates from apples during different steps of long-term storage." World Mycotoxin Journal 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2015.1936.

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Penicillium expansum is the principal cause of blue mould rot and associated production of patulin, a weak mycotoxin, in apples worldwide. P. expansum growth and patulin production is observed during improper or long-term storage of apples. We have investigated the extent to which each successive step during long-term storage contributes to patulin production in various P. expansum isolates. Fungal isolates collected on apples from several Belgian orchards/industries were identified to species level. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and β-tubulin gene sequencing identified P. expansum and Penicillium solitum as the most prevalent Penicillium species associated with Belgian apples. All 27 P. expansum isolates and eight reference strains were characterised for their patulin production capacity on apple puree agar medium for five days under classical constant temperature and atmosphere conditions. Under these conditions, a large range of patulin production levels was observed. Based on this phenotypic diversity, five P. expansum isolates and one reference strain were selected for in vitro investigation of patulin production under representative conditions in each step of long-term apple storage. Patulin accumulation seemed highly strain dependent and no significant differences between the storage steps were observed. The results also indicated that a high spore inoculum may lead to a strong patulin accumulation even at cold temperatures (1 °C) combined with controlled atmosphere (CA) (3% O2, 1% CO2), suggesting that future control strategies may benefit from considering the duration of storage under CA conditions as well as duration of deck storage.

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Eldarov, Michael A., Andrey V. Mardanov, Alexey V. Beletsky, Vakhtang V. Dzhavakhiya, Nikolai V. Ravin, and Konstantin G. Skryabin. "Complete mitochondrial genome of compactin-producing fungus Penicillium solitum and comparative analysis of Trichocomaceae mitochondrial genomes." FEMS Microbiology Letters 329, no. 1 (February 8, 2012): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02497.x.

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Boruta, Tomasz, Piotr Przerywacz, Malgorzata Ryngajllo, and Marcin Bizukojc. "Bioprocess-related, morphological and bioinformatic perspectives on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites produced by Penicillium solitum." Process Biochemistry 68 (May 2018): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.02.023.

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Vico, Ivana, Wayne M. Jurick II, Mary J. Camp, Wojciech J. Janisiewic, and William S. Conway. "Temperature Suppresses Decay on Apple Fruit by Affecting Penicillium solitum Conidial Germination, Mycelial Growth and Polygalacturonase Activity." Plant Pathology Journal 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2010): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2010.144.148.

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Jurick, Wayne M., Ivana Vico, Verneta L. Gaskins, Bruce D. Whitaker, Wesley M. Garrett, Wojciech J. Janisiewicz, and William S. Conway. "Penicillium solitum produces a polygalacturonase isozyme in decayed Anjou pear fruit capable of macerating host tissue in vitro." Mycologia 104, no. 3 (May 2012): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/11-119.

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Isakova, Ekaterina Alexandrovna, and Maria Vladimirovna Korneykova. "Destructive activity of hydrocarbon-oxidizing micromycetes extracted from the substrates of the coastal areas, the Barents and White Seas." Vestnik MGTU 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2021-24-2-178-189.

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We analyzed the hydrocarbon-oxidizing activity of 33 micromycetes strains isolated from water and soils of the White Sea and Barents Sea coastal territories. The microscopic fungi studied were represented by the following genera: Acremonium, Aspergillus, Meyerozyma, Oidiodendron, Paradendryphiella, Penicillium, Pseudoqymnoascus, Tolypocladium, Trichoderma, Sarocladium, Talaromyces, Umbelopsis. Hydrocarbon-oxidizing activity of fungi was carried out in a laboratory experiment for two time periods: 14 and 28 days. The residual concentration of oil hydrocarbons in the medium was determined by the infrared spectrometry method. We revealed that micromycetes had different oil-destructive activity. The decrease in oil content for the strains over 14 days ranged from 11 to 83 %. Tolypocladium inflatum st.1, T. inflatum st.2, Penicillium thomii, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, P. simplicissimum, P. camemberti, P. solitum and Trichoderma minutisporum strains had the greatest oil destructive activity, reducing the concentration in the medium by 57-83 %. These micromycetes were isolated from coastal substrates, the content of oil products in which did not exceed the MPC. We found that some individual strains of microscopic fungi had high oil-destructive activity for a longer period of time: Tolypocladium cylindrosporum reduced the content of oil hydrocarbons for 28 days by 95 %. No clear relationship between the fungal biomass and the degree of decomposition of oil products was found, but some tolerant species of micromycetes can actively decompose oil hydrocarbons without significantly increasing their biomass. The identified active strains of hydrocarbon-oxidizing micromycetes can be used to create biopreparations with the prospect of their further use for bioremediation of oil spills in the northern marine ecosystems.

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Rodríguez, Julie P. G., Darlon I. Bernardi, Juliana R. Gubiani, Juliana Magalhães de Oliveira, Raquel P. Morais-Urano, Ariane F. Bertonha, Karin F. Bandeira, et al. "Water-Soluble Glutamic Acid Derivatives Produced in Culture by Penicillium solitum IS1-A from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica." Journal of Natural Products 83, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00635.

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Kim, Sosoo, Seul Gi Baek, Nguyen Bao Hung, Se-Ri Kim, Ja Yeong Jang, Jeomsoon Kim, and Theresa Lee. "Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Fungal Occurrence in Dried Red Pepper during Storage." Research in Plant Disease 27, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2021.27.4.155.

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Dried red peppers are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins during storage. To determine the effect of storage environments on fungal occurrence and subsequent mycotoxin accumulation in dried red peppers, we monitored red pepper powder and whole fruit samples for fungal occurrence under various temperatures and relative humidity (RH) conditions during 340 days. Fungal occurrences fluctuated in both pepper forms throughout the storage but they were higher in pepper powder than whole one, higher under low temperatures (-20°C, 0°C, or 4°C) than others (10°C, 25°C, or 30°C), and higher under RH 93% than RH 51% and 69% in both peppers. The samples exhibiting high fungal occurrences were associated mainly with dominant species such as Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium solitum, P. roqueforti, P. polonicum, or P. chrysogenum. Mycotoxigenic species, including A. flavus, A. ochraceus, A. westerdijkiae, A. tubingensis, and P. citrinum, were also detected throughout the samples. Although mycotoxins were not detected in the samples, mycotoxigenic potential of A. flavus, A. ochraceus, and A. westerdijkiae isolates were confirmed. These results show that low temperatures (-20°C, 0°C, or 4°C) and/or high surrounding RH (>93%) are not safe environments for storage of dried red peppers as fungal growth can occur under these conditions.

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Luna, Emily, Whitney Cranshaw, and Ned Tisserat. "Attraction of Walnut Twig Beetle Pityophthorus juglandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to the Fungus Geosmithia morbida." Plant Health Progress 15, no. 3 (January 2014): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-14-0001.

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Geosmithia morbida causes thousand cankers disease of Juglans nigra and it is transmitted by the walnut twig beetle (WTB, Pityophthorus juglandis). Along with WTB, an ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus saxeseni, is commonly associated with thousand cankers disease in the later stages of J. nigra decline, although X. saxeseni is not a known vector of G. morbida. We initiated studies to determine whether WTBs or X. saxeseni were attracted to volatiles produced by G. morbida and other bark fungi in a laboratory choice-test setting. There was no difference between the numbers of emerged WTB adults that were collected in tubes containing potato dextrose agar colonized by G. morbida and those in tubes containing agar only. More adult X. saxeseni were collected in tubes containing agar only compared with G. morbida. Walnut twig beetle larvae migrated more frequently toward an agar plug colonized by G. morbida and Fusarium solani compared with an un-colonized agar plug. No larval preference was observed when agar plugs colonized by F. solani and G. morbida, or G. morbida and Penicillium solitum, were placed in the same petri dish. These results suggest that WTB larvae are attracted to bark fungi in general, but not specifically to G. morbida. Accepted 27 June 2014. Published 13 August 2014.

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Galic, Milica, Jasmina Cilerdzic, and Mirjana Stajic. "Degradation of pretreated agroforestry residues by selected micromycetes." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 143 (2022): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2243089g.

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Nowadays, there are huge amounts of lignocellulosic materials left in agroforestry practice, which can be transformed into useful products. Biomass exploitation could be aiming not only at replacing conventional energy sources but also at preserving biodiversity and natural ecosystems. Five micromycetes were studied with goal to determine their potential to produce active cellulases as well as the ability to decompose pretreated wheat straw and oak sawdust after seven days of solid-state fermentation. Wheat straw was better lignocellulosic substrate than oak sawdust for the production of cellulases in all five micromycetes. Thus, Penicillium solitum BEOFB 1190m has shown to be the best producer of highly active forms of xylanases (7532.36 ? 89.37 U/L). The most active endo- and exocellulases (2299.70 ? 72.17 U/L and 195.66 ? 4.64 U/L, respectively) were produced by Trichoderma harzianum BEOFB 1230m, while the maximal value of ?-glucosidase activity (215.69 ? 3.13 U/L) was detected after Fusarium graminearum BEOFB 820m cultivation. T. harzianum also showed high efficiency in wheat straw cellulose and hemicellulose depolymerization (23.90% and 33.00%, respectively), which resulted in the highest dry matter loss (36.25%). The results of the study showed great potential of tested micromycetes to synthesize cellulolytic enzymes and consequently transform abundant, low-cost plant residues such as wheat straw into useful products including biofuel.

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Kim, Hyang Yeon, Hye Min Park, and Choong Hwan Lee. "Mass spectrometry‐based chemotaxonomic classification of Penicillium species (P. echinulatum, P. expansum, P. solitum, and P. oxalicum) and its correlation with antioxidant activity." Journal of Microbiological Methods 90, no. 3 (September 2012): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.006.

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40

Akarca, Gökhan, Oktay Tomar, Elif Başpınar, and Gamze Yıldırım. "Bazı Çiğ Olarak Tüketilen Mor Sebzelerin Etanol Ekstraktlarının Gıda Kaynaklı Küfler Üzerindeki Antifungal Etkileri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i2.436-441.3138.

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Vegetables; in terms of vitamins, nutritional fiber, phenolic component and mineral matter has an important role in human nutrition. There are many species of purple-red vegetables, some of which are well-known, such as red beet (Beta vulgaris), black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef), black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger), purple cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra). Purple or red vegetables have higher antioxidant potential compared to other vegetables, which have many beneficial properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and liver protection. Each of vegetables which is black carrot, beetroot, black radish and purple cabbage contains p-coumaric acid, betaxanthin, ellagic acid and indole-3-carbinol respectively. In this study, Antifungal effect of ethanol extracts obtained from red beet, black carrot, black radish which are inner and peel part, purple cabbage against 7 different subspecies of Penicillium, 6 different subspecies of Aspergillus and Mucor racemosus, Botrytis cinerea, Geotrichum candidum, Cladosporium claudosporioides, Rhizopus nigricans species were determined by using disk diffusion method. As a consequence; it was determined that 7 different samples had antifungal effect on 18 different mold species at various rate. The highest antifungal effect was observed with 23.05±0.05 mm zone diameter against A. fumigatus in black radish inner part ethanol extract. This value was pursued by red beet inner part ethanol extract against M. racemosus with 21.44±0.12 mm zone diameter. It was concluded that the lowest antifungal effect on mold species except for P. citrinum, P. solitum and B. cinerea in purple cabbage extract.

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Putri, Joice Gunawan, Ni Made Dwi Puspawati, and Herman Saputra. "Kondiloma lata perianal yang awalnya diduga bowenoid papulosis disertai balanitis candida pada remaja laki-laki." Intisari Sains Medis 14, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/ism.v14i1.1421.

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Background: Condyloma lata is a form of secondary syphilis that manifest in moist, flat, firm boundaries papules or plaques with macerated surface that resembles the appearance of bowenoid papulosis. Differentiating this disease requires supporting examinations so that appropriate treatment can be determined. This case report discusses a case of condyloma lata, which was originally suspected to be bowenoid papulosis and accompanied by balanitis candida. Case: A 14 years teenage boy, complained of warts near the anus and white spots on the gland penis since 1 month ago. Dermatovenereology examination on the perianal region showed a hyperpigmented solitary plaque, well-defined margin, geographic shape, flat surface and a solitary ulcer at the edges. On the glans penis, multiple white plaques, well defined, geographic shape, moist surface. Acetowhite examination was negative and a dark field microscope (DFM) examination of perianal lesions found Treponema pallidum. The potassium hydroxide examination on the glans penis found pseudohyphae and blastospores. Gram examination was found normal. The VDRL serology examination was reactive (1:64), and the TPHA was found to be reactive. The patient was diagnosed with condyloma lata coinfection with balanitis candida. Treatment involves a single intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin 2.4 million IU and fluconazole 150 mg capsules intraorally single dose. Observations within 1 month showed clinical improvement in condyloma lata and balanitis. Conclusion: This case provides an understanding of condyloma lata's clinical course, which mimics other diseases in an immunocompetent patient. Treatment based on etiology provides a good clinical improvement in patients. Latar belakang: Kondiloma lata merupakan suatu bentuk sifilis sekunder yang dapat bermanifestasi berupa papul maupun plak yang lembab, datar, berbatas tegas dengan permukaan maserasi. Bowenoid papulosis adalah penyakit yang menyerupai gambaran kondiloma lata. Membedakan penyakit ini diperlukan pemeriksaan penunjang sehingga dapat menentukan pengobatan yang sesuai. Laporan kasus ini membahas kasus kondiloma lata yang semula diduga bowenoid papulosis dan disertai balanitis candida pada remaja laki-laki. Kasus: Seorang remaja laki-laki, usia 14 tahun, mengeluhkan adanya kutil di dekat dubur dan bercak putih pada kelamin sejak 1 bulan yang lalu. Status dermatovenereologi pada regio perianal didapatkan plak soliter hiperpigmentasi, batas tegas, bentuk geografika, permukaan rata dan di tepinya terdapat ulkus soliter. Pada glans penis didapatkan plak putih multipel, berbatas tegas, bentuk geografika, permukaan lembab. Pemeriksaan acetowhite didapatkan negatif, pemeriksaan dark field microscope (DFM) pada lesi perianal didapatkan Treponema pallidum. Pemeriksaan kalium hidroksida (KOH) pada glans penis didapatkan adanya pseudohifa dan blastospora. Pemeriksaan gram pada glans penis tidak ditemukan adanya leukosit, kokus gram positif maupun batang gram negatif. Pemeriksaaan serologi Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) reaktif 1:64 dan Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA) didapatkan reaktif. Pasien didiagnosis kondiloma lata disertai balanitis candida. Penatalaksanaan dengan injeksi benzatin penisilin 2,4 juta IU intramuskular dosis tunggal dan flukonazol kapsul 150 mg intraoral dosis tunggal. Pengamatan dalam 1 bulan didapatkan perbaikan klinis pada kondiloma lata dan balanitis. Simpulan: Kasus ini memberikan pemahaman mengenai klinis kondiloma lata yang menyerupai dengan penyakit lain dan disertai koinfeksi candida pada pasien imunokompeten. Penanganan berdasarkan etiologi memberikan perbaikan klinis yang baik pada pasien.

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Shah, Syed Haseeb, Xiaoliang Shan, Sofia Baig, Hongwei Zhao, Bushra Ismail, Irum Shahzadi, Zahid Majeed, Shamyla Nawazish, Maria Siddique, and Ayesha Baig. "First identification of potato tuber rot caused by Penicillium solitum, its silver nanoparticles synthesis, characterization and use against harmful pathogens." Frontiers in Plant Science 14 (October 19, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1255480.

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Potato is one of the highly consumed vegetable crop grown in different regions across Pakistan that is affected by fungal diseases. The current research was conducted to identify fungal pathogen causing mold-like disease of potato in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. For molecular identification and characterization of the fungal disease; potato tuber samples were collected followed by culturing on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Based on morphological features, the pathogen was identified as a Penicillium species. This result was obtained in 45 different isolates from potato tubers. Molecular identification was done using β-tubulin primers and ITS5 sequencing of 13 different isolates that releveled 98% homology with BLAST (GenBank accession no. KX958076) as Penicillium solitum (GenBank accession nos. ON307317; ON307475 and ON310801). Phylogenetic tree was constructed that showed Penicillium solitum prevalence along with Penicillium polonicum and Penicillium citrinum on potato tubers. Based on this, Penicillium solitum based silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized and characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE SEM). UV-analysis showed a characteristic peak at 410 nm confirming synthesis of Penicillium solitum based Ag NPs. This was further confirmed by XRD followed by EDX and SEM that showed face cubic crystal structure with Ag as major constituent of 18 nm formed spherical Ag NPs. FTIR showed band stretching of O-H, N-O and C-H of biological origin. Similarly, Penicillium solitum based Ag NPs presented strong anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity at 0.5 level of significance LSD. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of Penicillium solitum identification in Pakistan, its Ag NPs synthesis and characterization to be used against pathogens of agricultural significance.

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"Penicillium solitum var. crustosum." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.83584390.

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Yin, Guohua, Yuliang Zhang, Kayla K. Pennerman, Sui Sheng T. Hua, Jiujiang Yu, Anping Guo, Zhixin Liu, and Joan W. Bennett. "Draft Genome Sequence of the Fungus Penicillium solitum NJ1." Genome Announcements 4, no. 6 (November 23, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomea.01176-16.

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Penicillium solitum is one of the most prevalent species causing postharvest decay of pomaceous fruits during storage. Here, we report the draft genome of P. solitum strain NJ1, received as a transfer of a strain originally identified as P. griseofulvum by classical means.

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Yu, Jiujiang, Guangxi Wu, Wayne M. Jurick, Verneta L. Gaskins, Yanbin Yin, Guohua Yin, Joan W. Bennett, and Daniel R. Shelton. "Genome Sequence of Penicillium solitum RS1, Which Causes Postharvest Apple Decay." Genome Announcements 4, no. 3 (May 12, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomea.00363-16.

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Penicillium species cause postharvest decay, commonly known as blue mold, in pome fruits, such as apples and pears. To devise novel strategies to prevent and reduce economic losses during storage, the genome sequence of Penicillium solitum RS1 is reported here for the first time.

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He, Zhi-Hui, Chun-Lan Xie, You-Jia Hao, Lin Xu, Chao-Feng Wang, Man-Yi Hu, Shu-Jin Li, Tian-Hua Zhong, and Xian-Wen Yang. "Solitumergosterol A, a unique 6/6/6/6/5 steroid from the deep-sea-derived Penicillium solitum MCCC 3A00215." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ob01392k.

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Larsen, Thomas Ostenfeld, Lene Lange, Kirk Schnorr, Steen Stender, and Jens Christian Frisvad. "Solistatinol, a Novel Phenolic Compactin Analogue from Penicillium solitum." ChemInform 38, no. 23 (June 5, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200723199.

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48

Ribeiro, Eloiza de Souza e. Silva, Ariane Flávia do Nascimento, Lorena Dutra Silva, Nathasha de Azevedo Lira, Fabiana Reinis Franca Passamani, Luís Roberto Batista, and Filipe Pereira Matteoli. "Occurrence of filamentous fungi isolated from matured blue cheese." Brazilian Journal of Food Technology 23 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.07419.

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Abstract Matured blue cheese can be made from cow's milk associated with the inoculated fungus Penicillium roqueforti, which guarantees specific sensorial characteristics. Recently, Brazil’s fine cheese production and consumption have increased by more than 200%, highlighting the relevance of microbiological quality control of these products. Fungal contaminations are responsible for significant losses in cheese production and provide a suitable environment for mycotoxins production, constituting a hazard to public health. In this work, we evaluated the mycological contamination profile of matured blue cheeses commercialized in Brazil. Samples of ten different brands were analyzed by serial dilution method, by plating in the Dicloran Rose of Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) culture medium and Dicloran Glycerol Medium Base (DG18). Subsequently, different fungi morphotypes were isolated and morphologically identified. As a result, 461 fungi were isolated and identified, notably Aspergillus aculeatus, Penicillium roqueforti and Penicillium solitum. All samples were contaminated by filamentous fungi, amongst those, many already reported as mycotoxin producers, which underlines the relevance of microbiological monitoring.

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İRDEM, Emine, Semra İLHAN, Ercan ÖZBİÇEN, Lira USAKBEK KYZY, Gamze TUNCA, Esma OCAK, Niyazi Can ZORLUER, Uğur ÇİĞDEM, Fatma AYVA, and Rasime DEMİREL. "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF FUNGI ISOLATED FROM ACIGÖL/TURKEY." Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, March 13, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.1190972.

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Haloalkalitolerant fungi can grow at environments had high salt concentrations and pH values. The bioactive compounds produced under stressful conditions have potential biotechnological applications. In this study, 52 microfungi isolated from Acıgöl Lake/Turkey, offering polyextreme conditions, were screened for some biotechnological properties. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were determined using the agar diffusion and the DPPH radical scavenging method, respectively. Starch-iodine method, tributyrin plate assay, skim milk plate assay, carboxymethyl cellulose plate method were used for determining amylolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic and cellulolytic activity, respectively. Synthesis of silver nanoparticle was carried out using cell-free filtrate of microfungi. As a result, 40% of the isolates showed antimicrobial activity against at least one of the test microorganisms. Penicillium dipodomyicola showed the highest antibacterial activity against Gram positive and negative test bacteria, while P. brevicompactum showed the highest activity against Candida albicans. P. dipodomyicola and P. bilaiae were found to have free radical scavenging activity of a level (90% and above) that can compete with positive control. All of the isolates with amylase activity belonged to Aspergillus and Penicillium genera and the most prominent three of them were A. ochraceous, P. brevicompactum and A. flavus. While 55% of the isolates showed proteolytic activity, A. alliaceus had the highest activity. Almost all the isolates (92%) showed lipolytic activity. It was determined that especially the isolates of A. amstelodami, P. sizovae and P. solitum had a significant level of lipolytic activity. 35% of the isolates showed cellulolytic activity and in isolates of Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides, P. dipodomyicola and P. bilaiae were observed high activity. Eight of the isolates carried out AgNP synthesis within 24 h. When all the results were evaluated, it was determined that the isolates such as Aspergillus amstelodami, A. ochraceus, Penicillium dipodomyicola, and P. brevicompactum, have the potential to serve in different industrial areas.

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Lombardi, Silvia Jane, Gianfranco Pannella, Patrizio Tremonte, Ida Mercurio, Franca Vergalito, Costantino Caturano, Lucia Maiuro, et al. "Fungi Occurrence in Ready-to-Eat Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana) From Different Boreal Hemisphere Areas." Frontiers in Microbiology 13 (April 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.900876.

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The present study evaluated the fungal contamination of ready-to-eat dried hazelnuts considering for the first time the application of the same condition drying process of several hazelnut cultivars from different boreal hemisphere areas. Fifty lots of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana), belonging to eight cultivars from seven regions in four countries, were analyzed for fungal microbiota, describing both load levels and species diversity. For this purpose, a polyphasic approach consisting of morphological examination (optical and scanning electron microscope observation) and molecular characterization [PCR-DGGE analysis and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)] was performed. The results show that different fungal populations occur in dried hazelnuts regardless of their geographical area of production. Although some varieties appear to be relatively less susceptible, species related to Aspergillus, such as A. commune and A. ochraceus, Penicillium, including P. commune, P. solitum, and P. expansum, and Rhizopus, for instance, R. stolonifer and R. oryzae, have generally been found. A related character “hazelnut cultivar—fungi” was found for species related to the genera Trichoderma and Fusarium, including F. oxyxporum, F. solani, and F. falciforme. All 14 species found are known to host pathogenic strains. Therefore, their presence in a ready-to-eat product, such as dried hazelnuts, can pose a real danger to the consumer. Based on these considerations, the development of new protective strategies seems highly desirable. The species-level description of the contaminating fungal community acquired through this study is the starting point for the development of tailor-made protective biotechnologies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Penicillium solitum'

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