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Journal articles on the topic 'Penicillium sclerotiorum'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Amache, Rana, Sirisha Yerramalli, Sannia Giovanni, and Tajalli Keshavarz. "Quorum sensing involvement in response surface methodology for optimisation of sclerotiorin production by Penicillium sclerotiorum in shaken flasks and bioreactors." Annals of Microbiology 69, no. 13 (December 2019): 1415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13213-019-01525-z.

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Abstract Purpose Sclerotiorin, an azaphilone produced by some filamentous fungi including Penicillium sclerotiorum, is a pigment with variety of biological activities including lipoxygenase inhibition, reduction of cholesterol levels, and anti-cancer properties. Sclerotiorin has potential use in pharmaceutical as well as food industries. In this context, the purpose of this study was to provide a simple and robust procedure for optimised production of sclerotiorin by P. sclerotiorum using a central composite design developed through response surface methodology (RSM) and to identify the molecule(s) involved in the signalling mechanism in P. sclerotiorum. Methods The optimisation of sclerotiorin production was carried out using RSM in shaken flasks and the obtained results were then replicated using a 2-L stirred tank bioreactor. Penicillium sclerotiorum ethyl acetate culture extract was analysed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and potential signalling molecules were identified using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results The experimental studies suggested an increase in the sclerotiorin production by 2.1-fold and 2.2-fold in shaken flasks and stirred tank bioreactors respectively. Further analysis of P. sclerotiorum ethyl acetate culture extract reported the presence of ricinoleic acid, an oxylipin, belonging to a family of signalling molecules tentatively involved in the enhancement of sclerotiorin production. Conclusion This paper has highlighted the positive effect of the optimal supplementation of P. sclerotiorum culture extracts for enhanced production of sclerotiorin. It has also examined potential molecules involved in the signalling mechanism in P. sclerotiorum culture extract for the overproduction of sclerotiorin.

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2

Xin, Qiao, Tao Pan, Wei-Min Zhang, and Zhilong Wang. "Submerged culture of marine-derived Penicillium sclerotiorum FS50 to produce sclerotiorin." Process Biochemistry 79 (April 2019): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.12.009.

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3

Jia, Du, Wang, Wang, Zhu, and Zhu. "Azaphilones from the Marine Sponge-Derived Fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum OUCMDZ-3839." Marine Drugs 17, no. 5 (April 30, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17050260.

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Four new azaphilones, sclerotiorins A–D (1–4), as well as the dimeric sclerotiorin E (5) of which we first determined its absolute configuration, and 12 known analogues (5–16) were isolated from the fermentation broth of Penicillium sclerotiorum OUCMDZ-3839 associated with a marine sponge Paratetilla sp.. The new structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, optical rotation, ECD spectra, X-ray single-crystal diffraction, and chemical transformations. Compounds 11 and 14 displayed significant inhibitory activity against α-glycosidase, with IC50 values of 17.3 and 166.1 μM, respectively. In addition, compounds 5, 7, 10, 12–14, and 16 showed moderate bioactivity against H1N1 virus.

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4

Raina, Sheetal, Mark Odell, and Tajalli Keshavarz. "Quorum sensing as a method for improving sclerotiorin production in Penicillium sclerotiorum." Journal of Biotechnology 148, no. 2-3 (July 2010): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.04.009.

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5

Wang, Chao-Yi, Jun-Di Hao, Xing-Yan Ning, Jing-Shuai Wu, Dong-Lin Zhao, Chui-Jian Kong, Chang-Lun Shao, and Chang-Yun Wang. "Penicilazaphilones D and E: two new azaphilones from a sponge-derived strain of the fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum." RSC Advances 8, no. 8 (2018): 4348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra13327h.

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6

Wang, Hui-Chun, Tzu-Yi Ke, Ya-Chen Ko, Jue-Jun Lin, Jui-Sheng Chang, and Yuan-Bin Cheng. "Anti-Inflammatory Azaphilones from the Edible Alga-Derived Fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum." Marine Drugs 19, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19100529.

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To discover the new medical entity from edible marine algae, our continuously natural product investigation focused on endophytes from marine macroalgae Grateloupia sp. Two new azaphilones, 8a-epi-hypocrellone A (1), 8a-epi-eupenicilazaphilone C (2), together with five known azaphilones, hypocrellone A (3), eupenicilazaphilone C (4), ((1E,3E)-3,5-dimethylhepta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde (5), sclerotiorin (6), and isochromophilone IV (7) were isolated from the alga-derived fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum. The structures of isolated azaphilones (1–7) were elucidated by spectrometric identification, especially HRESIMS, CD, and NMR data analyses. Concerning bioactivity, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrosis activities of those isolates were evaluated. As a result, compound 1 showed selective toxicity toward neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y among seven cancer and one fibroblast cell lines. 20 μM of compounds 1, 3, and 7 inhibited the TNF-α-induced NFκB phosphorylation but did not change the NFκB activity. Compounds 2 and 6 respectively promoted and inhibited SMAD-mediated transcriptional activities stimulated by TGF-β.

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7

Reyes, Andres A., and Richard B. Smith. "Controlled Atmosphere Effects on the Pathogenicity of Fungi on Celery and on the Growth of Botrytis cinerea." HortScience 21, no. 5 (October 1986): 1167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.5.1167.

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Abstract Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary and Botrytis cinerea Pers. were highly pathogenic to celery stored at 0° to 1°C in normal air (21% O2). Alternaría dauci (Kuhn) Groves & Skolko, Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, were nonpathogenic. An atmosphere of 7.5% CO/1.5% O2 was more suppressive to disease caused by B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum than low 1.5% O2 atmosphere alone. The 4% CO2/1.5% O2 and 0.0003% C2H4/1.5% O2 atmospheres were slightly suppressive to disease caused by S. sclerotiorum only. The 7.5% CO/1.5% O2 atmosphere also was consistently suppressive to mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea.

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8

Knob, Adriana, and Eleonora Cano Carmona. "Cell-associated acid β-xylosidase production by Penicillium sclerotiorum." New Biotechnology 26, no. 1-2 (October 2009): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2009.03.002.

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9

Ethur, Luciana Z., Elena Blume, Marlove Muniz, Antonio Carlos F. da Silva, Daniela R. Stefanelo, and Edileusa K. da Rocha. "Fungos antagonistas a Sclerotinia sclerotiorum em pepineiro cultivado em estufa." Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, no. 2 (April 2005): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000200004.

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O mofo branco causado por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pode inviabilizar o cultivo de olerícolas em ambiente protegido. Para elaborar-se um programa de controle biológico desse patógeno, necessita-se de antagonistas adequados. Este trabalho objetivou selecionar antagonistas fúngicos eficazes no controle de S. sclerotiorum em pepineiro (Cucumis sativus) cultivado em estufa, bem como, analisar a interferência dos antagonistas no crescimento vegetal. Foram utilizados um isolado de S. sclerotiorum obtido de pepineiro e 112 isolados fúngicos de quatro gêneros: Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium e Aspergillus. Em experimento in vitro, foi utilizada a técnica do papel celofane e selecionados oito isolados de Trichoderma virens, os quais promoveram maior inibição no crescimento do patógeno (94 a 100%). Dois experimentos in vivo foram desenvolvidos em estufa utilizando-se substrato autoclavado e não autoclavado, em copos plásticos, e substrato não autoclavado, em sacos plásticos; o substrato foi infestado com S. sclerotiorum e foram utilizados oito isolados de T. virens como antagonistas. Todos os isolados testados controlaram o tombamento de mudas, mas o efeito sobre o crescimento vegetal variou de acordo com os isolados e o tratamento do substrato.

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10

Rivera, K. G., and K. A. Seifert. "A taxonomic and phylogenetic revision of the Penicillium sclerotiorum complex." Studies in Mycology 70 (September 2011): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/sim.2011.70.03.

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11

Ramos, Sérgio Murilo Sousa, Roberta Cruz, Renan do Nascimento Barbosa, Jos Houbraken, Alexandre Reis Machado, Cristina Maria de Souza-Motta, and Neiva Tinti de Oliveira. "Two new Penicillium section Sclerotiorum species from sugarcane soil in Brazil." Mycological Progress 20, no. 6 (June 2021): 823–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01705-9.

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12

Knob, Adriana, and Eleonora Cano Carmona. "Purification and properties of an acid β-xylosidase from Penicillium sclerotiorum." Annals of Microbiology 62, no. 2 (May 23, 2011): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13213-011-0282-x.

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13

Liu, Xia, Min Zhao, Jie Chen, Wen-Cong Pan, Shao-Li Tan, Hui Cui, and Zhong-Xiang Zhao. "Seven new meroterpenoids from the fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum GZU-XW03–2." Fitoterapia 165 (March 2023): 105428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105428.

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14

Xie, Xing-Huan, Xin Fu, Xing-Yu Yan, Wen-Fang Peng, and Li-Xin Kang. "A Broad-Specificity Chitinase from Penicillium oxalicum k10 Exhibits Antifungal Activity and Biodegradation Properties of Chitin." Marine Drugs 19, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19070356.

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Penicillium oxalicum k10 isolated from soil revealed the hydrolyzing ability of shrimp chitin and antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The k10 chitinase was produced from a powder chitin-containing medium and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography. The purified chitinase showed maximal activity toward colloidal chitin at pH 5 and 40 °C. The enzymatic activity was enhanced by potassium and zinc, and it was inhibited by silver, iron, and copper. The chitinase could convert colloidal chitin to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), (GlcNAc)2, and (GlcNAc)3, showing that this enzyme had endocleavage and exocleavage activities. In addition, the chitinase prevented the mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungi S. sclerotiorum and Mucor circinelloides. These results indicate that k10 is a potential candidate for producing chitinase that could be useful for generating chitooligosaccharides from chitinous waste and functions as a fungicide.

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15

Duré, Laís Mayara Melo, Lara Rezek Rochaa, Ellen Juliete Damasceno Capurro, and Bianca Obês Corrêa. "Seleção e Prospecção de Rizobactérias para o Controle Biológico do Mofo Branco em Espécies de Crotalaria spp." Ensaios e Ciência: C. Biológicas, Agrárias e da Saúde 22, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2018v22n2p90-96.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi isolar micro-organismos de diferentes nichos e avaliar a capacidade dos mesmos no controle de patógenos invitro (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e Fusarium solani) e in vivo (S. sclerotiorum), além da promoção do crescimento de Crotalaria sp. Asamostras de solo foram pesadas e diluídas para obtenção dos micro-organismos. Nos testes in vitro, as colônias bacterianas, que apresentaram crescimento, foram submetidas ao confrontamento direto com os fungos fitopatogênicos. Para análise fisiológica das sementes de Crotalaria sp, as sementes foram distribuídas em caixas gerbox contendo papel filtro umedecido com água destilada e incubadas a 20-30 ºC por 10 dias. Também foram testadas a antibiose de escleródios em meio líquido. O delineamento usado foi DIC e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados por Tukey a 0,5%. Além disso, foi realizada a patologia de sementes tratadas com as bactérias Fit-03 e Fit-04, além da microbiolização das sementes para avaliação da promoção do crescimento em casa de vegetação. Dos 51 isolados, seis foram capazes de produzir substâncias capazes de inibir o crescimento micelial do F. solani e três de S. sclerotiorum. Na avaliação da capacidade de controle de micro-organismos sobre as sementes das duas espécies de Crotalaria sp, Fit-03 e Fit-04 reduziram a incidência de fungos como Aspergillus e Penicillium. Pode-se afirmar que os isolados Fit-03 e Fit-04 apresentam potencial de uso no controle biológico do mofo branco em plantas de Crotalaria sp., bem como amplo espectro de ação.Palavras-chave: Antibiose. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Microbiolização de Sementes.AbstractThe objective was to isolate microorganisms of different niches and assess the ability of these in vitro control pathogens (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium solani) and in vivo (S. sclerotiorum) in addition to promoting the growth of Crotalaria sp. Soil samples were weighed and diluted to obtain the microorganisms. In in vitro tests the bacterial colonies that grew were subjected to direct confrontation with the pathogenic fungi. For physiological seed analysis Crotalaria sp. the seeds were distributed in gerbox boxes containing filter paper moistened with distilled water and incubated at 20-30 ° C for 10 days. Antibiosis sclerotia were also tested in liquid medium. The design used was DIC and the data were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey 0.5%. In addition, there was the seed pathology treated with the Fit-03 bacteria and Fit-04, in addition to microbiolization seeds for evaluation of growth promotion in greenhouse and also spraying the same in detached leaves of C. junceae and C. spectabillis and pathogen inoculation. After 51 isolates, six were able to produce substances capable of inhibiting the mycelial growth of F. solani and three S. sclerotiorum. In the evaluation of microorganisms control capability on the seeds of the two species of Crotalaria sp, Fit-Fit-03 and 04 reduced the incidence of fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium. It can be said that the Fit-03 isolated and Fit-04 have potential use in biological control of white mold in plant Crotalaria sp., as well as a broad spectrum of action.Keywords: Antibiosis. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Microbiolization seeds.

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16

Wang, Sha, Yanbo Zeng, Jianjun Yin, Wenjun Chang, Xiaoliang Zhao, and Yu Mao. "Two new azaphilones from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum E23Y-1A." Phytochemistry Letters 47 (February 2022): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2021.11.006.

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17

Yang, Jing-Yu, Min-Min Tang, Li Chen, Xin-Yi Lai, Xin Zhuo, Xue-Ming Zhou, and Guang-Ying Chen. "Study on the Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Penicillium sclerotiorum HLL113." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 42, no. 3 (2022): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc202109021.

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18

Tang, Jia-Lin, Zong-Yuan Zhou, Tao Yang, Can Yao, Lin-Wei Wu, and Guo-You Li. "Azaphilone Alkaloids with Anti-inflammatory Activity from Fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum cib-411." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 67, no. 8 (January 31, 2019): 2175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05628.

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19

Arunpanichlert, Jiraporn, Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul, Yaowapa Sukpondma, Souwalak Phongpaichit, Supinya Tewtrakul, Nuttawut Rungjindamai, and Jariya Sakayaroj. "Azaphilone and Isocoumarin Derivatives from the Endophytic Fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum PSU-A13." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 58, no. 8 (2010): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.58.1033.

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20

Wang, Zhi-Peng, Guang-Yuan Wang, Ibrar Khan, and Zhen-Ming Chi. "High-level production of calcium malate from glucose by Penicillium sclerotiorum K302." Bioresource Technology 143 (September 2013): 674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.051.

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21

Yaderets, Vera V., Nataliya V. Karpova, Elena V. Glagoleva, Alexander I. Ovchinnikov, Kseniya S. Petrova, and Vakhtang V. Dzhavakhiya. "Inhibition of the Growth and Development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary by Combining Azoxystrobin, Penicillium chrysogenum VKM F-4876d, and Bacillus Strains." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (December 11, 2021): 2520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122520.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a plant pathogen with a wide host range, which causes significant yield and storage losses of edible roots and other plant products. Due to its ability to sclerotia formation, the efficient control of this pathogen is complicated. The study of five Bacillus strains (B. subtilis VKM B-3154D, VKM B-3155D, VKM B-3505D, VKM B-2998D, and B. amyloliquefaciens VKM B-3153D) showed their ability to produce polyene antibiotics suppressing the growth and development of plant pathogenic fungi. The maximum concentration of polyene compounds was revealed for B. subtilis VKM B-2998D. A high in vitro antifungal activity of a dry mycelium biomass (DMP) of Penicillium chrysogenum VKM F-4876D, B. subtilis VKM B-2998D, and their combination has been demonstrated in relation to S. sclerotiorum. A combined application of DMP (0.3 g/L) and azoxystrobin at low dosage (2.5 mg/L) showed a high suppressing activity towards S. sclerotiorum (100% growth inhibition) including inhibition of a sclerotia formation that may be useful for the development of efficient methods of crop protection against this plant pathogen. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of DMP revealed the presence of mevastatin suggesting the mechanism of the DMP antifungal activity is based on the blocking of the ergosterol (the main component of fungal cell walls) biosynthesis. The results of the study provide a prerequisite to the development of biopreparations to control S. sclerotiorum, whose use may provide a reduction of concentrations of fungicides used in agriculture and the corresponding reduction of their negative xenobiotic impact on the environment and recovery of the ecological balance in the soil.

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22

Zeng, Yanbo, Zhi Wang, Wenjun Chang, Weibo Zhao, Hao Wang, Huiqin Chen, Haofu Dai, and Fang Lv. "New Azaphilones from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum E23Y-1A with Their Anti-Inflammatory and Antitumor Activities." Marine Drugs 21, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21020075.

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Nine new azaphilones, including penicilazaphilones I–N (1, 2 and 6–9), epi-geumsanol D (3) and penidioxolanes C (4) and D (5) were isolated from the culture of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum E23Y-1A. The structures of the isolates were deduced from extensive spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. All the azaphilones from P. sclerotiorum E23Y-1A were tested for their anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. Penicilazaphilone N (9) showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 22.63 ± 2.95 μM, whereas penidioxolane C (4) exhibited moderate inhibition against human myeloid leukemia cells (K562), human liver cancer cells (BEL-7402), human gastric cancer cells (SGC-7901), human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549), and human hela cervical cancer cells, with IC50 values of 23.94 ± 0.11, 60.66 ± 0.13, 46.17 ± 0.17, 60.16 ± 0.26, and 59.30 ± 0.60 μM, respectively.

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Lucas, Esther M. F., Mateus C. Monteiro de Castro, and Jacqueline A. Takahashi. "Antimicrobial properties of sclerotiorin, isocHromophilone VI and pencolide, metabolites from a Brazilian cerrado isolate of Penicillium sclerotiorum van Beyma." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 4 (December 2007): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822007000400036.

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Hebra, Téo, Nicolas Elie, Salomé Poyer, Elsa Van Elslande, David Touboul, and Véronique Eparvier. "Dereplication, Annotation, and Characterization of 74 Potential Antimicrobial Metabolites from Penicillium Sclerotiorum Using t-SNE Molecular Networks." Metabolites 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070444.

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Microorganisms associated with termites are an original resource for identifying new chemical scaffolds or active metabolites. A molecular network was generated from a collection of strain extracts analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry, a molecular network was generated, and activities against the human pathogens methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum were mapped, leading to the selection of a single active extract of Penicillium sclerotiorum SNB-CN111. This fungal species is known to produce azaphilones, a colorful family of polyketides with a wide range of biological activities and economic interests in the food industry. By exploring the molecular network data, it was shown that the chemical diversity related to the P. sclerotiorum metabolome largely exceeded the data already reported in the literature. According to the described fragmentation pathways of protonated azaphilones, the annotation of 74 azaphilones was proposed, including 49 never isolated or synthesized thus far. Our hypothesis was validated by the isolation and characterization of eight azaphilones, among which three new azaphilones were chlorogeumasnol (63), peniazaphilone E (74) and 7-deacetylisochromophilone VI (80).

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Wang, Zhi, Yanbo Zeng, Weibo Zhao, Haofu Dai, Wenjun Chang, and Fang Lv. "Structures and biological activities of brominated azaphilones produced by Penicillium sclerotiorum E23Y–1A." Phytochemistry Letters 52 (December 2022): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2022.10.005.

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Wu, Na-Na, Xue-Mei Hou, Mei-Yan Wei, Ji-Yong Zheng, and Chang-Lun Shao. "Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of Azaphilones from the Gorgonian-Derived Penicillium sclerotiorum Fungus." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 55, no. 3 (May 2019): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-019-02739-y.

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Zheng, Jiawei, Xuehong Zhang, Qiao Xin, Tao Pan, and Zhilong Wang. "Efficient accumulation of sclerotiorin via overcoming low pH caused by overflow carbon metabolism during cell suspension culture of Penicillium sclerotiorum." Process Biochemistry 82 (July 2019): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2019.05.003.

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Biondi, Natascia, Raffaella Piccardi, M. Cristina Margheri, Liliana Rodolfi, Geoffrey D. Smith, and Mario R. Tredici. "Evaluation of Nostoc Strain ATCC 53789 as a Potential Source of Natural Pesticides." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 6 (June 2004): 3313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.6.3313-3320.2004.

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ABSTRACT The cyanobacterium Nostoc strain ATCC 53789, a known cryptophycin producer, was tested for its potential as a source of natural pesticides. The antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, nematocidal, and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extracts of the cyanobacterium were evaluated. Among the target organisms, nine fungi (Armillaria sp., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, Penicillium expansum, Phytophthora cambivora, P. cinnamomi, Rhizoctonia solani, Rosellinia, sp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Verticillium albo-atrum) were growth inhibited and one insect (Helicoverpa armigera) was killed by the extract, as well as the two model organisms for nematocidal (Caenorhabditis elegans) and cytotoxic (Artemia salina) activity. No antibacterial activity was detected. The antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum was further studied with both extracts and biomass of the cyanobacterium in a system involving tomato as a host plant. Finally, the herbicidal activity of Nostoc strain ATCC 53789 was evaluated against a grass mixture. To fully exploit the potential of this cyanobacterium in agriculture as a source of pesticides, suitable application methods to overcome its toxicity toward plants and nontarget organisms must be developed.

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Nath, Ratul, G. D. Sharma, and Madhumita Barooah. "Phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and extracellular enzyme production activities of endophytic fungi isolated from tea (Camellia sinensis) bushes of Assam, India." Research Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 6 (May 15, 2023): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1806rjbt049057.

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In the present study, a total of ten endophytic fungi were isolated from Camellia sinensis root, stem and leaf samples collected from twelve different tea gardens of Assam, India and evaluated for phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and extracellular enzyme producing activities. Out of ten, nine fungi were found positive for phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and cellulase activities. The highest fungal population was recorded in the root sample ORG-B (7.5 x 105) followed by ORG-A (7.4 x 105). Phosphate solubilization index was recorded highest in Penicillium sclerotiorum (2.87±0.01) followed by Penicillium sp F 7 (2.22±0.02) after 9 days of incubation. The highest siderophore percentage was observed in P. chrysogenum F 5 (61.09 ± 0.75%) followed by P. chrysogenum F1(56.29 ± 0.43) after 6 days of incubation. The highest cellulase (42.25±2.6 µg/ml/30 min), amylase (41.50±1.54 µg/ml/30 min) and xylanase (32.00±2.18 µg/ml/30 min) activites were recorded for P. chrysogenum F5, Aspergillus fumigates and A. niger respectively.

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Freitas, Elizandro Lima, Sonally de Oliveira Lima, Dayana Montero-Rodríguez, Rosileide Fontenele da Silva Andrade, Galba Maria de Campos-Takaki, and Hélvia Walewska Casullo de Araújo. "Avaliação do fungo Penicillium sclerotiorum UCP 1040 na produção de biossurfactante utilizando óleo pós-fritura e milhocina." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 5 (March 30, 2022): e0411527502. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i5.27502.

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O presente trabalho avaliou o potencial biotecnológico do fungo Penicillium sclerotiorum UCP 1040, isolado do solo do Estado de Pernambuco, para a produção de biossurfactante utilizando resíduos agroindustriais como fontes alternativas de carbono e nitrogênio. As fermentações foram conduzidas durante 144 h, 28ºC e 150 rpm, em meios constituídos por diferentes concentrações de óleo pós-fritura (OPF) e milhocina, de acordo com um planejamento fatorial 22. Os efeitos dos substratos na produção do tensoativo foram avaliados através de análise estatística, utilizando a tensão superficial como variável resposta. As propriedades emulsificantes e dispersantes do biossurfactante foram investigadas pelo índice de emulsificação (IE24) e o teste de dispersão, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que P. sclerotiorum foi capaz de produzir um composto tensoativo na presença dos substratos renováveis, verificando-se a maior redução da tensão superficial (de 72,0 a 42,77 mN/m), na condição 2 do planejamento (meio constituído por 3% de OPF e 5% de milhocina). Embora o biossurfactante produzido nesta condição não tenha mostrado boas propriedades emulsificantes, apresentou excelentes propriedades dispersantes, com área de dispersão de óleo (ADO) de 44,18 cm2. O diagrama de Pareto comprovou a influência significativa da interação dos resíduos na produção do biossurfactante, constituindo substratos alternativos e de baixo custo, que tornam o bioprocesso econômico e, portanto, atraente para as diversas indústrias.

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Fotev, Yu V., and O. A. Kazakova. "FUNGAL DISEASES OF ASPARAGUS VIGNA IN THE SOUTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-2-97-105.

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Increasing popularity of asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) − a new for Russia vegetable crop requires comprehensive study including resistance to biotic environmental factors. Composition of pathogens of germinating seeds, plants (roots, leaves, stems, fruits) of large collection of asparagus bean from the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) and the Bioresource Scientific Collection of the CSBG SB RAS UNU No. USU 440534 have been investigated. Plants of 87 samples of asparagus bean were grown in the unheated plastic film greenhouse on the south of Western Siberia (54 ° N lat. 83 ° E) and examined for infestations of diseases in the Central Siberian Botanical Garden and Novosibirsk State Agrarian University (Novosibirsk). The infection of seeds with pathogenic micromycetes was determined according to GOST 12044-93 (similar to common beans) using the methods of mycological analysis and the Petri-dish moist chambers, also on Chapek media and KDA media. The main pathogenic micromycetes are: on germinating seeds − species of the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Mucor, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; on seedlings − Fusarium solani; during fruiting on fruits and stems − B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum; on the root collar − S. sclerotiorum. The dominant forms of white mold were stem, root collar, fruits. Five samples that showed a high level of resistance to B.cinerea and S.sclerotiorum have been selected. System for asparagus bean disease surveillance which should be built in the calendar-phenological sequence, has been recommended.

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Knob, Adriana, and Eleonora Cano Carmona. "Purification and Characterization of Two Extracellular Xylanases from Penicillium sclerotiorum: A Novel Acidophilic Xylanase." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 162, no. 2 (August 13, 2009): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8731-8.

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Harinantenaina, Liva, Yoshiaki Noma, and Yoshinori Asakawa. "Penicillium sclerotiorum Catalyzes the Conversion of Herbertenediol into Its Dimers: Mastigophorenes A and B." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 53, no. 2 (2005): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.53.256.

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Zhou, Song-lin, Min Wang, Huan-ge Zhao, Yong-hao Huang, Ying-ying Lin, Guang-hong Tan, and Shung-lin Chen. "Penicilazaphilone C, a new antineoplastic and antibacterial azaphilone from the Marine Fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum." Archives of Pharmacal Research 39, no. 12 (September 7, 2016): 1621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-016-0828-3.

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35

Arunpanichlert, Jiraporn, Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul, Yaowapa Sukpondma, Souwalak Phongpaichit, Supinya Tewtrakul, Nuttawut Rungjindamai, and Jariya Sakayaroj. "ChemInform Abstract: Azaphilone and Isocoumarin Derivatives from the Endophytic Fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum PSU-A13." ChemInform 42, no. 1 (December 9, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201101197.

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Ahmed, Rafi, and Afiya Shaikh. "DIVERSITY OF FUNGI FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETABLES IN THE MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION." International Journal on Environmental Sciences 13, no. 02 (2022): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53390/ijes.v13i2.7.

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The present study was performed at exceptional markets in Mumbai for isolation, characterization and identity of fungi inflicting the degradation and deterioration of vegetable like Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Onion (Allium cepa), Eggplant (Solanum melanogenic), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Pea (Pisum sativum), Lemon (Citrus limon), Capsicum (Capsicum annum), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea), Garlic (Allium sativum) and Carrot (Daucus carota) had been selected from 4 markets in Mumbai. Both healthful and diseased samples were gathered. Eleven fungal species: Fusarium oxysporium, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp, Alternaria sp, Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum sp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Cladosporium sp. and Geotrichum candidum had been isolated at the duration of the research.

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Ramin, Ali A., P. Gordon Braun, Robert K. Prange, and John M. DeLong. "In vitro Effects of Muscodor albus and Three Volatile Components on Growth of Selected Postharvest Microorganisms." HortScience 40, no. 7 (December 2005): 2109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.7.2109.

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Biofumigation by volatiles of Muscodor albus Worapong, Strobel & W.M. Hess, an endophytic fungus, was investigated for the biological control of three postharvest fungi, Botrytis cinerea Pers., Penicillium expansum Link, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, and three bacteria, Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al., Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula (isolate A7B), and Escherichia coli (strain K12). Bacteria and fungi on artificial media in petri dishes were exposed to volatiles produced by M. albus mycelium growing on rye seeds in sealed glass 4-L jars with or without air circulation for up to 48 hours. The amount of dry M. albus–rye seed culture varied from 0.25 to 1.25 g·L–1 of jar volume. Fan circulation of volatiles in jars increased efficacy and 0.25 g·L–1 with fan circulation was sufficient to kill or suppress all fungi and bacteria after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Two major volatiles of M. albus, isobutyric acid (IBA) and 2-methyl-1-butanol (MB), and one minor one, ethyl butyrate (EB), varied in their control of the same postharvest fungi and bacteria. Among the three fungi, IBA killed or suppressed S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea, and P. expansum at 40, 25, and 45 μL·L –1, respectively. MB killed or suppressed S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea, and P. expansum at 75, 100, and 100 μL·L –1, respectively. EB was only able to kill S. sclerotiorum at 100 μL·L –1. Among the three bacteria, IBA killed or suppressed E. coli (K12), E. carotovora pv. carotovora, and P. fluorescens at 5, 12.5, and 12.5 μL·L–1, respectively. MB killed or suppressed E. coli (K12), E. carotovora pv. carotovora, and P. fluorescens at 100, 75, and 100 μL·L–1, respectively. EB did not control growth of the three bacteria. This study demonstrates the need for air circulation in M. albus, MB, and IBA treatments to optimize the efficacy of these potential postharvest agents of disease control.

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Jiang, Hongming, Runlin Cai, Zhenming Zang, Wencong Yang, Bo Wang, Ge Zhu, Jie Yuan, and Zhigang She. "Azaphilone derivatives with anti-inflammatory activity from the mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum ZJHJJ-18." Bioorganic Chemistry 122 (May 2022): 105721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105721.

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Elżbieta, Patkowska, Jamiołkowska Agnieszka, and Błażewicz-Woźniak Marzena. "Antagonistic activity of selected fungi of the soil environment of carrot." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 2 (February 6, 2018): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/792/2017-pse.

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The present studies aim at determining the antagonistic effect of selected fungi species occurring in the soil under carrot cultivation towards Altenaria dauci (J.G. Kühn) J.W. Groves & Skolko, Alternaria radicina Meier, Drechsler & E.D. Eddy, Fusarium oxysporum E.F. Sm & Swingle, Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. The field experiment considered cover crops (oats, tansy phacelia and vetch). The control consisted of traditional carrot cultivation (without cover crops). Statistically, the smallest population of fungi was found in 1 g of soil dry weight after the application of oats, and a slightly bigger – after tansy phacelia and vetch. The largest population of fungi was obtained in the traditional cultivation of carrot. Cover crops contributed to the increase of the population of antagonistic Clonostachys spp., Myrothecium spp., Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp. in the soil. Regardless of the experimental treatment, those antagonistic fungi were the most effective in limiting the growth of S. sclerotiorum, A. dauci and A. radicina. The effect of those fungi was a little smaller towards F. oxysporum and R. solani. Oats as a cover crop had the best effect on the antagonistic activity of the studied fungi occurring in the soil environment of carrot.

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VENAT, Oana, Beatrice IACOMI, and Adrian G. PETICILĂ. "In Vitro Studies of Antifungal Activity of Colloidal Silver against Important Plants Pathogens." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 46, no. 2 (February 24, 2018): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha46210844.

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Colloids and especially silver are increasingly used in a variety of worldwide applications because of their potential antimicrobial activity and their plasmotic and conductivity properties. This research reports the fungitoxic properties of colloidal silver on mycelial growth of important plant pathogens: Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Although variable responses towards each compound were observed within the species the results revealed a clear reaction to limiting mycelium growth relative to various concentration of Colloidal silver (CS). Results were expressed as effective concentrations which inhibit mycelial growth by 50% and 90% respectively (EC50 and EC90). Efficiency of colloidal silver on mycelial growth inhibition of different isolates based on EC50 have the following values: 3.69 ppm for Alternaria brassicicola, 7.32 ppm for Botrytis cinerea, 18.21 ppm for Aspergillus flavus, 10.43 ppm for Aspergillus niger, 11.99 ppm for Fusarium culmorum, 12.27 ppm for Fusarium oxysporum, 10.82 ppm for Penicillium digitatum and 6.34 ppm for Sclerotinia. According to the obtained results the antifungal activity of colloidal silver particles as biocide has potential for using it as a non-aggressive treatment in horticulture and sustainable horticulture.

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Carvalho, S. A., J. V. Coelho, and J. A. Takahashi. "Screening Filamentous Tropical Fungi for their Nutritional Potential as Sources of Crude Proteins, Lipids and Minerals." Food Science and Technology International 16, no. 4 (August 2010): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013210366885.

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The use of fungal and yeast biomass in foodstuff, either as supplements or as major ingredients in formulations is an area of growing interest for the modern food industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of biomasses obtained from filamentous fungi Penicillium sclerotiorum, Penicillium janthinellum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Syncephalastrum racemosum. Biomasses presented 26-37% of total proteins, 1.7-3.5% of lipids and 4.6-9.1% of ashes. The humidity level reached 75-83%. Ashes were screened for minerals contents with a special outcome for S. racemosum biomass that presented 3438 mg/100 g (dw) of magnesium. Fatty acids present in the biomasses were screened and the palmitic (C16:0), estearic (C18:0), elaidic (18:1n9-t), oleic (18:1n9-c), linolelaidic (C18:2n6-t), linoleic (C18:2n6-c) and γ-linolenic (C18:3n6) acids were found to be the most abundant, from a total of 88-90% of identified fatty acids. Overall data indicate that the filamentous fungi studied have good nutritional properties, possessing a combination of good level of proteins, low level of fat, and presence of essential fatty acids, including omega-3 derivatives, along with the presence of Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe.

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Patkowska, Elżbieta, Agnieszka Jamiołkowska, and Elżbieta Mielniczuk. "Antagonistic fungi in the soil after Daucus carota L. cultivation." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 3 (March 11, 2019): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/22/2019-pse.

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Field and laboratory studies determined the effect of intercrop plants (rye, buckwheat, white mustard and sunflower) used in carrot cultivation on the occurrence of Clonostachys spp., Albifimbria spp., Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. in the soil and their antagonistic activity. Rye and white mustard were the most effective in limiting the occurrence of soil-borne fungi. Those plants caused an increase of the population of the studied antagonistic fungi. Buckwheat and sunflower promoted the development of antagonists a little worse. The antagonistic activity of the aforementioned fungi was the highest after using rye and white mustard and slightly after buckwheat and sunflower. Those fungi were the most effective in inhibiting the growth of Altenaria dauci, A. radicina and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenic towards carrot.

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Hebra, Téo, Véronique Eparvier, and David Touboul. "Nitrogen Enriched Solid-State Cultivation for the Overproduction of Azaphilone Red Pigments by Penicillium sclerotiorum SNB-CN111." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9020156.

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Azaphilones are microbial specialized metabolites employed as yellow, orange, red or purple pigments. In particular, yellow azaphilones react spontaneously with functionalized nitrogen groups, leading to red azaphilones. In this study, a new two-step solid-state cultivation process to produce specific red azaphilones pigments was implemented, and their chemical diversity was explored based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a molecular network. This two-step procedure first implies a cellophane membrane allowing accumulating yellow and orange azaphilones from a Penicillium sclerotiorum SNB-CN111 strain, and second involves the incorporation of the desired functionalized nitrogen by shifting the culture medium. The potential of this solid-state cultivation method was finally demonstrated by overproducing an azaphilone with a propargylamine side chain, representing 16% of the metabolic crude extract mass.

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Wei, Y., W. Zhao, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhao, and Y. Zhang. "Purification and characterization of a novel and unique ginsenoside Rg1-hydrolyzing -D-Glucosidase from Penicillium sclerotiorum." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 43, no. 3 (February 4, 2011): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmr001.

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Akem, C. N., and H. A. Melouk. "Colonization of sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor by a potential biocontrol agent, Penicillium citrinum1." Peanut Science 14, no. 2 (July 1, 1987): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-14-2-4.

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Abstract Sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor were soaked in a conidial suspension (1.3 × 107 conidia/mL) of Penicillium citrinum at 25 ± 2 C for 1 h. This resulted in coating each sclerotium with about 3.7 × 104 conidia. Treated sclerotia were incubated either in the dark on dry or damp Whatman No. 1 filter paper or in pasteurized and nonpasteurized soil at 25 ± 2 C, for up to eight weeks. Colonization by P. citrinum of sclerotia incubated on damp or dry filter paper was 70 and 25%, respectively. Seventy four percent of sclerotia incubated in pasteurized soil were colonized and destroyed by P. citrinum, whereas 55% colonization and destruction occurred in sclerotia incubated in a nonpasteurized soil. Similarly treated sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum variety major and Sclerotium rolfsii were incubated in pasteurized soil and colonized by P. citrinum at 45 and 5%, respectively, over the same period of time. Up to 50% colonization and destruction by P. citrinum has been observed on sclerotia of S. minor recovered from soil in a peanut field in Oklahoma. These findings suggest a potential use of P. citrinum as a biocontrol agent for S. minor.

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PARVU, Marcel, Laurian VLASE, Alina E. PARVU, Oana ROSCA-CASIAN, Ana-Maria GHELDIU, and Ovidiu PARVU. "Phenolic Compounds and Antifungal Activity of Hedera helix L. (Ivy) Flowers and Fruits." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 43, no. 1 (May 16, 2015): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4319644.

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Identification and quantitative analysis of the phenolic compounds from Hedera helix L. (ivy) flower and fruit ethanol extracts by LC/MS, in vitro germination and growth inhibition effects on Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tulipae, Penicillium gladioli and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were performed. In the non-hydrolyzed samples of flower and fruit extracts were determined, in different amounts, five polyphenols (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutoside, quercetol and kaempferol) while quercitrin was identified only in the ivy flower extract. The hydrolyzed samples of the same ivy extracts indicated four phenolic compounds (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetol and kaempferol), in different concentrations, whereas sinapic acid was only detected in the ivy fruit extract. The antifungal activity of the fresh flower extract was stronger than that of the fresh fruit extract and was compared to that of an antimycotic drug.

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47

Utkhede, R. S., and P. L. Sholberg. "In vitro inhibition of plant pathogens by Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter aerogenes and in vivo control of two postharvest cherry diseases." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 32, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m86-178.

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Twenty-one isolates of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and one of Enterobacter aerogenes were tested on agar for antagonism to Alternaria alternata, Armillariella mellea, Botrytis allii, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Monilinia fructicola, Penicillium expansum, Phytophthora cactorum, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium cepivorum, Verticillium dahliae, and Venturia inequalis, causal organisms of many plant diseases. Enterobacter aerogenes was antagonisic to all of the pathogenic fungi tested except Verticillium dahliae and Armillariella mellea. Similarly, Bacillus subtilis was antagonistic to all of the pathogenic fungi tested except Pythium ultimum. When Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus subtilis were tested in vivo on cherry fruit for control of postharvest brown rot and alternaria rot, Enterobacter aerogenes was ineffective. Eleven isolates of Bacillus subtilis provided effective alternaria rot control and 15 isolates provided brown rot control which ranked with the best fungicide control.

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48

Ethur, Luciana Zago, Andrio Spiller Copatti, Glauber Monçon Fipke, Caroline Carvalho Aguirre Calvano, and Juliano de Bastos Pazini. "Micobiota parasitária de escleródios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolada de solos da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 81, no. 1 (March 2014): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-16572014000100011.

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O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar a diversidade da micobiota parasitária e o tempo decorrido até o início do parasitismo de escleródios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum em solos da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Foram coletados solos agrícolas e não agrícolas de cinco localidades na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. O isolamento dos fungos foi realizado por meio do teste de iscas, sendo que as iscas foram os escleródios do fitopatógeno, os quais permaneceram enterrados no solo durante 15, 30 e 60 dias. Os fungos foram identificados em nível de gênero. Os gêneros fúngicos encontrados parasitando escleródios foram: Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Pythium (Cromista), Clonostachys rosea (Gliocladium), Chaetomium, Curvularia, Phytophthora (Cromista), Rhizopus, Lichtheimia (Absidia), Mucor, Acremonium, Periconia e Isaria. Observou-se que os escleródios foram parasitados pelos fungos até 15 dias depois de serem enterrados, e deste período em diante apenas a frequência de ocorrência dos fungos mudou. Concluiu-se que os gêneros fúngicos Isaria, Periconia, Acremonium, Lichtheimia (Absidia), Phytophthora, Curvularia e Chaetomium são encontrados em solos agrícolas e não agrícolas na fronteira oeste do RS, e não foram citados anteriormente em outros trabalhos. Existe diversidade de fungos parasitários de escleródios de S. sclerotiorum nos solos da fronteira oeste do RS, os quais podem ser utilizados em experimentos para compor um programa de controle biológico desse fitopatógeno. Os escleródios são parasitados pelos fungos durante até 15 dias, após os mesmos serem enterrados no solo.

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Zhao, H. G., M. Wang, Y. Y. Lin, and S. L. Zhou. "Optimization of culture conditions for penicilazaphilone C production by a marine-derived fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum M-22." Letters in Applied Microbiology 66, no. 3 (February 7, 2018): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lam.12841.

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Zhang, Xia, Yeye Hu, Tao Yang, Xueqing Qian, Weicheng Hu, and Guoyou Li. "Penazaphilones J–L, Three New Hydrophilic Azaphilone Pigments from Penicillium sclerotiorum cib-411 and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity." Molecules 28, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 3146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073146.

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Penazaphilones J–L (1–3), three new hydrophilic azaphilone pigments, as well as six known compounds, were discovered from the filamentous fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum cib-411. Compounds 1–3 were structurally elucidated by the detailed interpretation of their 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Compound 1 is an unprecedented hybrid of an azaphilone and a glycerophosphate choline. Compounds 2 and 3 each contain an intact amino acid moiety. The bioassay showed that compound 3 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. Concretely, compound 3 significantly suppressed the NO production, the expression levels of COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and iNOS mRNA in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, treatment of compound 3 prevented the translocation of NF-κB through inhibiting the phosphorylation of PI3K, PDK1, Akt, and GSK-3β. Thus, the inhibition of compound 3 against LPS-induced inflammation should rely on its inactivation on NF-κB.

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