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Journal articles on the topic 'Penguins – Falkland Islands'

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Published: 27 July 2024

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Crofts, Sarah, and Brad Robson. "First record of hybridisation between Northern Eudyptes moseleyi and Southern Rockhopper Penguins E.c.chrysocome." Seabird Journal, no. 28 (2015): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.61350/sbj.28.37.

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A Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi, typically a vagrant species to the Falkland Islands, spent six consecutive breeding seasons (2009-14) at a Southern Rockhopper Penguin E. c. chrysocome colony on East Falkland. During November 2014 it paired with a Southern Rockhopper Penguin and produced a hybrid chick. Although the chick did not survive, an increase in sightings of Northern Rockhopper Penguins at the Falklands suggests that further hybridisation between the two species is likely.

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2

Thompson, K. R. "Predation on Gonatus antarcticus by Falkland Islands seabirds." Antarctic Science 6, no. 2 (June 1994): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000404.

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Recent studies of Falkland Islands seabird diets have found that Gonatus antarticus is a major prey item for a number of penguin species. Rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome), gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and Magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus) penguins breeding in the Falklands are estimated to consume several thousand million Gonatus per annum, with mean dorsal mantle lengths of 28–42 mm. Aspects of the distribution and growth of the G. antarcticus stock in the vicinity of the Falkland Islands are discussed.

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3

Pistorius, Pierre A., Alastair Baylis, Sarah Crofts, and Klemens Pütz. "Population development and historical occurrence of king penguins at the Falkland Islands." Antarctic Science 24, no. 5 (May 17, 2012): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012000302.

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AbstractAfter an extended period of sporadic sightings of small numbers of king penguins at the Falkland Islands, they established themselves on Volunteer Point, situated at the north-east of the islands, by the late 1970s. By 1980, a small breeding population was present which yielded some 40 fledglings during that same year. Since 1991, the population has been monitored annually and the resulting fledgling counts analysed to assess population trends. The population demonstrated a significant increase over the past three decades, at about 10% per annum, with time explaining 75% of the variation in count data. The current population is estimated to be 720 breeding pairs. Despite several authors having alluded to the existence of a large colony of king penguins at the Falklands prior to human exploitation, we found no evidence in support of this. We furthermore found no evidence in the literature in support of exploitation for king penguin oil during the 19th century. Unlike at other breeding sites, increasing numbers of king penguins at the Falklands is consequently unlikely to be a recovery response following exploitation, but rather an indication of either increased immigration or of improved feeding conditions.

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4

Bingham, M. "The distribution, abundance and population trends of gentoo, rockhopper and king penguins in the Falkland Islands." Oryx 32, no. 3 (July 1998): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1998.d01-39.x.

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The Falkland Islands are a globally important breeding location for seabirds, including penguins. The total breeding populations of three of the four main penguin species present in the Falklands were censused in the austral summer of 1995/96. The results for gentoo and rockhopper penguins suggest declines of about 43 and 90 per cent, respectively, since a similar census in 1932/33. Recent monitoring studies suggest that these declines are still continuing; research to investigate causes (which is likely to reflect changes in the marine, rather than terrestrial environment) is a high priority. In contrast, king penguin populations, currently c. 400 pairs, have increased steadily, by 700 per cent since 1980/81, in line with world-wide trends for this species.

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5

Bowen, Lizabeth, Shannon Waters, Jeffrey L. Stott, Ann Duncan, Randi Meyerson, and Sarah Woodhouse. "Baseline Gene Expression Levels in Falkland-Malvinas Island Penguins: Towards a New Monitoring Paradigm." Life 12, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020258.

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Health diagnostics of wildlife have historically relied on the evaluation of select serum biomarkers and the identification of a contaminant or pathogen burden within specific tissues as an indicator of a level of insult. However, these approaches fail to measure the physiological reaction of the individual to stressors, thus limiting the scope of interpretation. Gene-based health diagnostics provide an opportunity for an alternate, whole-system, or holistic assessment of health, not only in individuals or populations but potentially in ecosystems. Seabirds are among the most threatened marine taxonomic groups in the world, with ~25% of this species currently listed as threatened or considered of special concern; among seabirds, the penguins (Family Spheniscidae) are the most threatened seabird Family. We used gene expression to develop baseline physiological indices for wild penguins in the Falkland-Malvinas Islands, and captive zoo penguins. We identified the almost complete statistical separation of penguin groups (gentoo Detroit Zoo, gentoo Falkland-Malvinas Islands, rockhopper Detroit Zoo, and rockhopper Falkland-Malvinas Islands) based on gene expression profiles. Implementation of long-term longitudinal studies would allow for the assessment of temporal increases or decreases of select transcripts and would facilitate interpretation of the drivers of change.

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6

Abott, Capt C. C. "The Penguins of the Falkland Islands." Ibis 2, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1860.tb08164.x.

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7

VANSTREELS, RALPH ERIC THIJL, MARCELA UHART, VIRGINIA RAGO, RENATA HURTADO, SABRINA EPIPHANIO, and JOSÉ LUIZ CATÃO-DIAS. "Do blood parasites infect Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in the wild? Prospective investigation and climatogeographic considerations." Parasitology 144, no. 5 (January 11, 2017): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016002407.

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SUMMARYMagellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) are native to Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands. Magellanic penguins are highly susceptible to blood parasites such as the mosquito-borne Plasmodium spp., which have been documented causing high morbidity and mortality in zoos and rehabilitation centres. However, to date no blood parasites have been detected in wild Magellanic penguins, and it is not clear whether this is reflective of their true absence or is instead related to an insufficiency in sampling effort or a failure of the diagnostic methods. We examined blood smears of 284 Magellanic penguins from the Argentinean coast and tested their blood samples with nested polymerase chain reaction tests targeting Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and Babesia. No blood parasites were detected. Analysing the sampling effort of previous studies and the climatogeography of the region, we found there is strong basis to conclude that haemosporidians do not infect wild Magellanic penguins on the Argentinean coast. However, at present it is not possible to determine whether such parasites occur on the Chilean coast and at the Falkland Islands. Furthermore, it is troubling that the northward distribution expansion of Magellanic penguins and the poleward distribution shift of vectors may lead to novel opportunities for the transmission of blood parasites.

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8

Ratcliffe, Norman, Damien Guihen, Jeremy Robst, Sarah Crofts, Andrew Stanworth, and Peter Enderlein. "A protocol for the aerial survey of penguin colonies using UAVs." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 3, no. 3 (September 2015): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2015-0006.

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Penguins, and many other seabirds, often nest in the open in large colonies, and so are amenable to aerial survey. UAVs offer a flexible and inexpensive method of achieving this but, to date, few published examples are available. We present a protocol for acquiring aerial images of penguin colonies using UAVs and describe simple, open-source tools for processing these into counts. Our approach is demonstrated using a case study for a penguin colony in the Falkland Islands. We discuss the advantages and limitations of UAVs for penguin surveys and make recommendations for their wider application.

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9

Otley, Helen, Andrea Clausen, Darren Christie, Nic Huin, and Klemens Pütz. "Breeding patterns of King Penguins on the Falkland Islands." Emu - Austral Ornithology 107, no. 2 (June 2007): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu06027.

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10

Hawkey, C. M., D. T. Horsley, and I. F. Keymer. "Haematology of wild penguins (spenisciformes) in the falkland islands." Avian Pathology 18, no. 3 (July 1989): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079458908418621.

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11

Pütz, Klemens. "Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Foraging Areas of Breeding King Penguins." Condor 104, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 528–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.3.528.

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Abstract King Penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) from breeding islands in the Indian Ocean (Crozet and Kerguelen Islands) and the Atlantic Ocean (South Georgia and Falkland Islands) were equipped with global location sensors to compare their foraging patterns during different times of the year. In summer, all birds investigated traveled toward the Antarctic Polar Front (APF), irrespective of whether they bred to the north (Crozet Islands, Falkland Islands), within (Kerguelen Islands) or to the south (South Georgia) of this hydrographic feature. Whereas most birds remained north of the APF and foraged in waters of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, some penguins also traveled, or remained (South Georgia), south of the APF and foraged in Antarctic waters. It appeared that food resources in the vicinity of the APF were sufficiently predictable to warrant travel of several hundred km by King Penguins for foraging. Data collected on the winter distribution of King Penguins indicated at least two different foraging strategies. Birds from the oceanic Crozet Islands foraged beyond the APF in the Antarctic waters, whereas birds from the Falkland Islands relied also on the resources provided by the highly diverse and productive slope of the Patagonian Shelf. However, despite these differences, in both cases minimum distances of sometimes more than 10 000 km were covered. Further research on the foraging habitats of King Penguins over the entire breeding season and the temporal and spatial changes of oceanographic features is necessary to obtain a comprehensive picture on the variability in the foraging ranges of King Penguins. Variabilidad Espacial y Temporal en las Áreas de Forrajeo de Individuos Reproductivos de Aptenodytes patagonicus Resumen. Comparamos los patrones de forrajeo de individuos reproductivos de Aptenodytes patagonicus provenientes de las islas del Océano Índico (Islas Crozet y Kerguelen) y Océano Atlántico (Islas Georgia del Sur y Malvinas) durante diferentes períodos del año, equipando pingüinos con sensores de localización global. En el verano, todas las aves investigadas viajaron hacia el Frente Polar Antártico (FPA), independientemente de si se reprodujeron al norte (Islas Crozet, Islas Malvinas), en (Islas Kerguelen) o al sur (Islas Georgias del Sur) de aquella entidad hidrográfica. Aunque la mayoría de las aves permanecieron al norte del FPA y forrajearon en aguas de la Zona Polar Frontal Antártica, algunos pingüinos también viajaron hacia el sur del FPA y forrajearon en aguas antárticas. Al parecer los recursos alimenticios en el FPA fueron lo suficientemente predecibles como para justificar que los pingüinos viajen varios cientos de kilómetros para forrajear. Los datos colectados durante la distribución de invierno de A. patagonicus indicaron por lo menos dos estrategias de forrajeo diferentes. Las aves provenientes de las islas oceánicas Crozet forrajearon más allá del FPA en aguas antárticas, mientras que las aves provenientes de las Islas Malvinas dependieron además de los recursos que provee la diversa y productiva plataforma marítima patagónica. Sin embargo, a pesar de estas diferencias, en ambos casos a veces las aves cubrieron distancias mínimas de más de 10 000 km. Para obtener un panorama completo sobre la variabilidad en los rangos de forrajeo de A. patagonicus es necesario efectuar más investigaciones sobre los hábitats de forrajeo de estos pingüinos durante la totalidad de la época reproductiva y durante todos los cambios temporales y espaciales de las entidades hidrográficas.

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12

Miller, Patti J., Claudio L. Afonso, Erica Spackman, Melissa A. Scott, Janice C. Pedersen, Dennis A. Senne, Justin D. Brown, et al. "Evidence for a New Avian Paramyxovirus Serotype 10 Detected in Rockhopper Penguins from the Falkland Islands." Journal of Virology 84, no. 21 (August 11, 2010): 11496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00822-10.

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ABSTRACT The biological, serological, and genomic characterization of a paramyxovirus recently isolated from rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) suggested that this virus represented a new avian paramyxovirus (APMV) group, APMV10. This penguin virus resembled other APMVs by electron microscopy; however, its viral hemagglutination (HA) activity was not inhibited by antisera against any of the nine defined APMV serotypes. In addition, antiserum generated against this penguin virus did not inhibit the HA of representative viruses of the other APMV serotypes. Sequence data produced using random priming methods revealed a genomic structure typical of APMV. Phylogenetic evaluation of coding regions revealed that amino acid sequences of all six proteins were most closely related to APMV2 and APMV8. The calculation of evolutionary distances among proteins and distances at the nucleotide level confirmed that APMV2, APMV8, and the penguin virus all were sufficiently divergent from each other to be considered different serotypes. We propose that this isolate, named APMV10/penguin/Falkland Islands/324/2007, be the prototype virus for APMV10. Because of the known problems associated with serology, such as antiserum cross-reactivity and one-way immunogenicity, in addition to the reliance on the immune response to a single protein, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase, as the sole base for viral classification, we suggest the need for new classification guidelines that incorporate genome sequence comparisons.

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13

Dee Boersma, P., David L. Stokes, and Ian J. Strange. "Applying ecology to conservation: tracking breeding penguins at New Island South reserve, Falkland Islands." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.477.

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14

Brink, Nico W. Van Den, and Elze M. De Ruiter-Dijkman. "Trans-nonachlor, octachlorostyrene, mirex and photomirex in Antarctic seabirds." Antarctic Science 9, no. 4 (December 1997): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102097000539.

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Octachlorostyrene (OCS) and trans-nonachlor (TNC) were detected in cape petrels (Daption capense) of King George Island, which tallies with their presence in samples of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) of the Falkland Islands. The detection of TNC in a sample of the Antarctic southern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides) implies that the Antarctic region has been contaminated by this compound. Mirex and photomirex were also detected in samples of the cape petrels and southern fulmar, as well as in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) from Hop Island. The ratios of the mirex and photomirex concentrations in the truly Antarctic species from different locations are similar, which suggests that these compounds are diffusely distributed over the continent. The detection of organochlorine pollutants in Antarctic seabirds is an indication that these compounds have a global distribution. Screening of subcutaneous fat of Antarctic seabirds for organochlorines provides an excellent indication of the occurrence of organochlorine pollutants in Antarctica, and as such an ‘early warning’ for the global dispersion of these compounds.

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15

Baylis, Alastair M. M., Rachael A. Orben, Pierre Pistorius, Paul Brickle, Iain Staniland, and Norman Ratcliffe. "Winter foraging site fidelity of king penguins breeding at the Falkland Islands." Marine Biology 162, no. 1 (November 27, 2014): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2561-0.

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16

Handley, Jonathan M., Alastair M. M. Baylis, Paul Brickle, and Pierre Pistorius. "Temporal variation in the diet of gentoo penguins at the Falkland Islands." Polar Biology 39, no. 2 (September 7, 2015): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1781-1.

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17

Demongin, Laurent, Maud Poisbleau, Georgina Strange, and Ian J. Strange. "Second and Third Records of Snares Penguins (Eudyptes robustus) in the Falkland Islands." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122, no. 1 (March 2010): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/09-043.1.

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18

Gomez-Vitores, A., S. Crofts, Z. Fowler, F. Z. X. Lean, A. M. P. Byrne, D. Everest, A. E. Duncan, et al. "Detection of Avipox Virus in Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua) in the Falkland Islands." Journal of Comparative Pathology 191 (February 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.11.042.

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19

Cherel, Yves, Klemens Pütz, and Keith A. Hobson. "Summer diet of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at the Falkland Islands, southern Atlantic Ocean." Polar Biology 25, no. 12 (December 2002): 898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-002-0419-2.

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20

Clausen, Andrea P., and Nic Huin. "Status and Numerical Trends of King, Gentoo, and Rockhopper Penguins Breeding in the Falkland Islands." Waterbirds 26, no. 4 (2003): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0389:santok]2.0.co;2.

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21

Clausen, Andrea, and Klemens Pütz. "Winter diet and foraging range of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) from Kidney Cove, Falkland Islands." Polar Biology 26, no. 1 (January 2003): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-002-0443-2.

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22

Pütz, Klemens, Jeremy G. Smith, Rebecca J. Ingham, and Bernhard H. Lüthi. "Satellite tracking of male rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome during the incubation period at the Falkland Islands." Journal of Avian Biology 34, no. 2 (June 2003): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-048x.2003.03100.x.

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23

Pütz, K., RJ Ingham, JG Smith, and BH Lüthi. "Winter dispersal of rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome from the Falkland Islands and its implications for conservation." Marine Ecology Progress Series 240 (2002): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps240273.

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24

PÜTZ, KLEMENS, REBECCA J. INGHAM, and JEREMY G. SMITH. "Satellite tracking of the winter migration of Magellanic Penguins Spheniscus magellanicus breeding in the Falkland Islands." Ibis 142, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2000.tb04461.x.

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25

Bingham, M. "The distribution, abundance and population trends of gentoo, rockhopper and king penguins in the Falkland Islands." Oryx 32, no. 03 (July 1998): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300029987.

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26

Cruwys, Liz, and Beau Riffenburgh. "Bernard Stonehouse: biologist, writer, and educator." Polar Record 38, no. 205 (April 2002): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740001754x.

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AbstractThis is the first in a series of biographies entitled ‘Children of the Golden Age’, the purpose of which is to describe the background and contributions of a number of significant living figures in polar research, all of whom began their scientific careers and earned their Antarctic spurs in the years following World War II. Bernard Stonehouse was born in Hull on 1 May 1926. Joining the Royal Navy in 1944, he trained as a pilot, and in 1946–50 served as meteorologist, second pilot, dog-sledger, and ultimately biologist with the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, mainly from Base E, Stonington Island, Antarctic Peninsula. His first biological investigation was a winter study of breeding emperor penguins. Returning to Britain in 1950 he read zoology and geology at University College, London. Doctoral research at the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology and Merton College, Oxford, involved an 18-month field study of king penguins on South Georgia. Between 1960 and 1968, as senior lecturer, later reader, in zoology, at University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, he continued Antarctic and sub-Antarctic research in McMurdo Sound and on the New Zealand southern islands. A Commonwealth Research Fellowship at the University of British Columbia, 1970–71, gave him opportunities for research in the Yukon. After developing undergraduate and postgraduate studies in environmental science at the University of Bradford, 1972–83, he joined the Scott Polar Research Institute as editor of Polar Record, thereafter forming the Institute's Polar Ecology and Management Group, and heading a long-term study on the ecological impacts of polar tourism. At SPRI he continues to combine the two factors that have always played an important part in his life: working in polar regions and communicating with the general public on issues of biology, the environment, and conservation.

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27

Piatkowski, Uwe, Klemens Pütz, and Heidrun Heinemann. "Cephalopod prey of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) breeding at Volunteer Beach, Falkland Islands, during austral winter 1996." Fisheries Research 52, no. 1-2 (June 2001): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-7836(01)00232-6.

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28

Baylis, A. M. M., A. C. Wolfaardt, S. Crofts, P. A. Pistorius, and N. Ratcliffe. "Increasing trend in the number of Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes c. chrysocome) breeding at the Falkland Islands." Polar Biology 36, no. 7 (May 7, 2013): 1007–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1324-6.

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29

Clausen, Andrea Patricia, and Klemens Pütz. "Recent trends in diet composition and productivity of gentoo, magellanic and rockhopper penguins in the Falkland Islands." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.476.

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30

Lamey, Timothy C. "Territorial Aggression, Timing of Egg Loss, and Egg-Size Differences in Rockhopper Penguins, Eudyptes c. chrysocome, on New Island, Falkland Islands." Oikos 66, no. 2 (March 1993): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3544817.

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31

Van den Steen, Evi, Maud Poisbleau, Laurent Demongin, Adrian Covaci, Alin C. Dirtu, Rianne Pinxten, Hendrika J. van Noordwijk, Petra Quillfeldt, and Marcel Eens. "Organohalogenated contaminants in eggs of rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) and imperial shags (Phalacrocorax atriceps) from the Falkland Islands." Science of The Total Environment 409, no. 14 (June 2011): 2838–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.002.

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32

Clausen, Andrea P., Alexander I. Arkhipkin, Vladimir V. Laptikhovsky, and Nic Huin. "What is out there: diversity in feeding of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) around the Falkland Islands (Southwest Atlantic)." Polar Biology 28, no. 9 (May 11, 2005): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-005-0738-1.

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33

Pütz, Klemens, Sabrina Harris, Norman Ratcliffe, Andrea Raya Rey, Sally Poncet, and Bernhard Lüthi. "Plasticity in the foraging behavior of male Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) during incubation in the Falkland/Malvinas Islands." Polar Biology 41, no. 9 (April 5, 2018): 1801–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2320-7.

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34

Pütz, Klemens, Rebecca Ingham, Jeremy Smith, and John Croxall. "Population trends, breeding success and diet composition of gentoo Pygoscelis papua , magellanic Spheniscus magellanicus and rockhopper Eudyptes chrysocome penguins in the Falkland Islands. A review." Polar Biology 24, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 793–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100293.

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35

Pütz, K., and Y. Cherel. "The diving behaviour of brooding king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) from the Falkland Islands: variation in dive profiles and synchronous underwater swimming provide new insights into their foraging strategies." Marine Biology 147, no. 2 (March 4, 2005): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-1577-x.

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36

Bourne, W. R. P. "Falkland Islands penguin kill." Marine Pollution Bulletin 17, no. 6 (June 1986): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(86)90049-4.

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37

Rich, Vera. "Falkland Islands: Opinions divided on penguin deaths." Nature 322, no. 6074 (July 1986): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/322004c0.

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38

Croxall, J. P., P. A. Prince, A. Baird, and P. Ward. "The diet of the Southern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome at Beauchene Island, Falkland Islands." Journal of Zoology 206, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb03553.x.

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39

Dunn, Ruth, Lila Buckingham, Maria Bogdanova, Francis Daunt, and Mark Newell. "Two observations of acorn barnacles attached to GLS loggers on seabirds in the North Atlantic." Seabird Journal, no. 33 (2021): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.61350/sbj.33.115.

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Over the past 30 years, global location sensing (GLS) loggers have been deployed across a diverse range of seabird species all around the globe. GLS loggers, also termed geolocators, record ambient light from which latitude and longitude can be derived, providing estimates of seabird foraging areas and migratory routes. Between 2002 and 2020, GLS loggers were successfully deployed and retrieved by UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) on seabirds at breeding colonies across the UK (Table 1). GLS loggers were attached to the birds via plastic leg-rings during the breeding season (June–July, although a small number were deployed on European Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis (hereafter ‘Shags’) in May and Common Guillemots Uria aalge (hereafter ‘Guillemots’) in March) and were then removed during subsequent breeding seasons when birds were recaptured. These data have provided insights into the migratory movements and wintering behaviour of Atlantic Puffins Fratercula arctica (St. John Glew et al. 2019), Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla (hereafter ‘Kittiwakes’) (Bogdanova et al. 2011), Guillemots (Dunn et al. 2020), Shags (Daunt et al. 2014) and Razorbills Alca torda (St. John Glew et al. 2019). During the 2019 breeding season, GLS loggers were removed from a Kittiwake at the Isle of May National Nature Reserve, Scotland (56°11’N 02°33’W; Logger: Biotrack MK4083, weight: 1.9 g) and a Guillemot at Whinnyfold, Scotland (57°39’N 01°87’W; Logger: Biotrack MK3006, weight: 2.5 g) and were observed to have barnacles attached. The logger removed from the Isle of May Kittiwake had three barnacles attached, ranging from ca. 1.4–2.7 mm in diameter (Figure 1a), and the logger removed from the Whinnyfold Guillemot had one barnacle attached (ca. 7.5 mm diameter; Figure 1b). Although the specimens were not collected for formal identification, they are assumed to be Semibalanus balanoides, a type of acorn barnacle, which is the most common and widespread intertidal barnacle around the coastlines of northwest Europe (White 2008). S. balanoides individuals are found across a range of wave exposure levels as well as rocky shore heights and can also colonise artificial substrates including marine debris (White 2008). The fouling of biologging devices has been observed previously in marine fishes, turtles, seals and cetaceans and measures to reduce this and avoid burdening the animals are encouraged (Hammerschlag et al. 2014). However, to the best of our knowledge, the attachment of barnacles to GLS loggers on seabirds is relatively uncommon. Previously, goose barnacles Lepas spp. have been found attached to self-amalgamating tape wrapped around loggers removed from Brown Skuas Stercorarius antarcticus at New Island, Falkland Islands (Phillips et al. 2007), as well as GLS loggers deployed on Wandering Albatrosses Diomedea exulans at Bird Island, South Georgia (R. A. Phillips pers. comm.). Goose barnacles attach to a variety of substrata, including the plumage of several species of penguins breeding at remote southern hemisphere islands (Reisinger 2010). Due to the large sizes to which goose barnacles can grow, Phillips et al. (2007) recommended that self-amalgamating tape be avoided in future deployments of GLS devices on skuas so as not to burden birds with this additional load. The species of acorn barnacle that we observed is only able to reach a maximum of 15 mm in diameter (White 2008) and therefore its mass is likely to have a negligible impact in terms of the load on the leg. However, barnacle attachment may increase hydrodynamic drag with the potential to reduce diving efficiency (Pennycuick et al. 2012). For example, the attachment of a single acorn barnacle with a height of 4 mm and a diameter of 7.5 mm would lead to a 15 mm2 increase in frontal area of the logger. Depending on the location of barnacle attachment, the proportional increase in frontal area could be large (Table 2), increasing the drag coefficient (Pennycuick et al. 2012). Furthermore, there is a risk that if barnacle attachment occurred over the light sensor of a GLS logger, this could influence the light data recorded. The attachment of goose barnacles to loggers retrieved from Falkland Skuas was attributed to the high proportion of time spent on water during winter increasing the opportunities for larvae settlement (Phillips et al. 2007). However, there is extensive variation in the non-breeding behaviour, including time spent on the water, of the five species of seabirds from which loggers have been retrieved in our studies (Table 1). Indeed, Guillemots spend high proportions of time on water throughout their annual cycles (Dunn et al. 2020), whereas Kittiwakes spend comparatively low proportions of time on water during the winter (McKnight et al. 2011), suggesting that immersion time may not be the sole driver of barnacle attachment to loggers on North Atlantic seabirds. One reason that successful attachment of S. balanoides to seabird loggers may be rare is that their larvae favour gregarious settlements on nearshore habitats that enable future mating opportunities with nearby conspecifics (White 2008). Due to the rarity of barnacle attachment, there is no reason to recommend that researchers avoid deployment of GLS loggers on seabirds. Additionally, we acknowledge that self-amalgamating tape is likely to reduce the risk of a GLS logger being lost from the ring, but recommend that it is trimmed along the cable tie to minimise the surface area that protrudes. Furthermore, we advise the documentation of future observations of marine biota found attached to seabird loggers.

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Splettstoesser, John F. "Note on Rock Striations Caused by Penguin Feet, Falkland Islands." Arctic and Alpine Research 17, no. 1 (February 1985): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1550966.

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Pütz, Klemens, Andrea P. Clausen, Nic Huin, and John P. Croxall. "Re-evaluation of Historical Rockhopper Penguin Population Data in the Falkland Islands." Waterbirds 26, no. 2 (2003): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0169:rohrpp]2.0.co;2.

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Chen, Yi-Chia, and Isaac Land. "The penguins that wouldn’t explode: Accidental rewilding, militarized landscapes, and post-conflict islands." Coastal Studies & Society 2, no. 2 (June 2023): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26349817221115600.

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“Rewilding” is an increasingly influential concept, though the widespread, if unplanned, rewilding that takes place in “no man’s land” or demilitarized zones has received limited attention from environmental historians, and none at all from historians of islands. When former military bases or conflict areas are opened up to development and tourism, the continued presence of the new non-human residents poses both opportunities and challenges. This article will consider two late twentieth-century examples, Quemoy and the Falklands, where the classic traits of insularity—the natural limit of resources and the geographical separation from the mainland—were compounded by the presence of minefields and stringent military control, permitting the emergence of an insular military ecology. The later discovery of the “rewilded” areas by journalists, nature writers, and companies promoting tourism invited reflection on the ability of nature to regenerate and on the larger meanings of post-conflict landscapes. Islands figure here, once again, as sites of the production of knowledge and as opportunities for experimentation, yet in ways which differ from the examples considered by earlier historians of islands.

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Otley, Helen M., Andrea P. Clausen, Darren J. Christie, and Klemens Pütz. "Aspects of the Breeding Biology of the Magellanic Penguin in the Falkland Islands." Waterbirds 27, no. 4 (December 2004): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0396:aotbbo]2.0.co;2.

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Goraichuk, Iryna V., Kiril M. Dimitrov, Poonam Sharma, Patti J. Miller, David E. Swayne, David L. Suarez, and Claudio L. Afonso. "Complete Genome Sequences of Four Avian Paramyxoviruses of Serotype 10 Isolated from Rockhopper Penguins on the Falkland Islands." Genome Announcements 5, no. 22 (June 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomea.00472-17.

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ABSTRACT The first complete genome sequences of four avian paramyxovirus serotype 10 (APMV-10) isolates are described here. The viruses were isolated from rockhopper penguins on the Falkland Islands, sampled in 2007. All four genomes are 15,456 nucleotides in length, and phylogenetic analyses show them to be closely related.

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Baylis, Alastair M. M., Megan Tierney, Rachael A. Orben, Daniel González de la Peña, and Paul Brickle. "Non‐breeding movements of Gentoo Penguins at the Falkland Islands." Ibis, October 9, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12882.

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Masello, Juan F., Andres Barbosa, Akiko Kato, Thomas Mattern, Renata Medeiros, Jennifer E. Stockdale, Marc N. Kümmel, et al. "How animals distribute themselves in space: energy landscapes of Antarctic avian predators." Movement Ecology 9, no. 1 (May 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40462-021-00255-9.

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Abstract Background Energy landscapes provide an approach to the mechanistic basis of spatial ecology and decision-making in animals. This is based on the quantification of the variation in the energy costs of movements through a given environment, as well as how these costs vary in time and for different animal populations. Organisms as diverse as fish, mammals, and birds will move in areas of the energy landscape that result in minimised costs and maximised energy gain. Recently, energy landscapes have been used to link energy gain and variable energy costs of foraging to breeding success, revealing their potential use for understanding demographic changes. Methods Using GPS-temperature-depth and tri-axial accelerometer loggers, stable isotope and molecular analyses of the diet, and leucocyte counts, we studied the response of gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarcticus) penguins to different energy landscapes and resources. We compared species and gentoo penguin populations with contrasting population trends. Results Between populations, gentoo penguins from Livingston Island (Antarctica), a site with positive population trends, foraged in energy landscape sectors that implied lower foraging costs per energy gained compared with those around New Island (Falkland/Malvinas Islands; sub-Antarctic), a breeding site with fluctuating energy costs of foraging, breeding success and populations. Between species, chinstrap penguins foraged in sectors of the energy landscape with lower foraging costs per bottom time, a proxy for energy gain. They also showed lower physiological stress, as revealed by leucocyte counts, and higher breeding success than gentoo penguins. In terms of diet, we found a flexible foraging ecology in gentoo penguins but a narrow foraging niche for chinstraps. Conclusions The lower foraging costs incurred by the gentoo penguins from Livingston, may favour a higher breeding success that would explain the species’ positive population trend in the Antarctic Peninsula. The lower foraging costs in chinstrap penguins may also explain their higher breeding success, compared to gentoos from Antarctica but not their negative population trend. Altogether, our results suggest a link between energy landscapes and breeding success mediated by the physiological condition.

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Riaz, Javed, Rachael A. Orben, Amandine Gamble, Paulo Catry, José P. Granadeiro, Letizia Campioni, Megan Tierney, and Alastair M. M. Baylis. "Coastal connectivity of marine predators over the Patagonian Shelf during the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak." Ecography, July 22, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07415.

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Animal movement and population connectivity are key areas of uncertainty in efforts to understand and predict the spread of infectious disease. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in South America poses a significant threat to globally significant populations of colonial breeding marine predators in the South Atlantic. Yet, there is a poor understanding of which species or migratory pathways may facilitate disease spread. Compiling one of the largest available animal tracking datasets in the South Atlantic, we examine connectivity and inter‐population mixing for colonial breeding marine predators tagged at the Falkland Islands. We reveal extensive connectivity for three regionally dominant and gregarious species over the Patagonian Shelf. Black‐browed albatrosses (BBA), South American fur seals (SAFS) and Magellanic penguins (MAG) used coastal waters along the Atlantic coast of South America (Argentina and Uruguay). These behaviours were recorded at or in close proximity to breeding colonies and haul‐out areas with dense aggregations of marine predators. Transit times to and from the Falkland Islands to the continental coast ranged from 0.2–70 days, with 84% of animals making this transit within 4 days ‐ a conservative estimate for HPAI infectious period. Our findings demonstrate BBA, SAFS and MAG connectivity between the Falkland Islands and mainland South America over an expansive spatial network and numerous pathways, which has implications for infectious disease persistence, transmission and spread. This information is vital in supporting HPAI disease surveillance, risk assessment and marine management efforts across the region.

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BINGHAM, MIKE. "The decline of Falkland Islands penguins in the presence of a commercial fishing industry." Revista chilena de historia natural 75, no. 4 (December 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0716-078x2002000400014.

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Hayes, Madeline C., Patrick C. Gray, Guillermo Harris, Wade C. Sedgwick, Vivon D. Crawford, Natalie Chazal, Sarah Crofts, and David W. Johnston. "Drones and deep learning produce accurate and efficient monitoring of large-scale seabird colonies." Ornithological Applications 123, no. 3 (May 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duab022.

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Abstract Population monitoring of colonial seabirds is often complicated by the large size of colonies, remote locations, and close inter- and intra-species aggregation. While drones have been successfully used to monitor large inaccessible colonies, the vast amount of imagery collected introduces a data analysis bottleneck. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are evolving as a prominent means for object detection and can be applied to drone imagery for population monitoring. In this study, we explored the use of these technologies to increase capabilities for seabird monitoring by using CNNs to detect and enumerate Black-browed Albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophris) and Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes c. chrysocome) at one of their largest breeding colonies, the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands. Our results showed that these techniques have great potential for seabird monitoring at significant and spatially complex colonies, producing accuracies of correctly detecting and counting birds at 97.66% (Black-browed Albatrosses) and 87.16% (Southern Rockhopper Penguins), with 90% of automated counts being within 5% of manual counts from imagery. The results of this study indicate CNN methods are a viable population assessment tool, providing opportunities to reduce manual labor, cost, and human error.

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"An Investigation of Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes Crestatus) Mortality in the Falklands during the 1985–1986 Breeding Season. I. Keymer 1988. London, Falkland Islands Foundation Project Report." Polar Record 25, no. 155 (October 1989): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400019707.

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