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Journal articles on the topic 'Penal transportation Australia History'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Neilson, Briony. "“Moral Rubbish in Close Proximity”: Penal Colonization and Strategies of Distance in Australia and New Caledonia, c.1853–1897." International Review of Social History 64, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000361.

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AbstractIn the second half of the nineteenth century, the two convict-built European settler colonial projects in Oceania, French New Caledonia and British Australia, were geographically close yet ideologically distant. Observers in the Australian colonies regularly characterized French colonization as backward, inhumane, and uncivilized, often pointing to the penal colony in New Caledonia as evidence. Conversely, French commentators, while acknowledging that Britain's transportation of convicts to Australia had inspired their own penal colonial designs in the South Pacific, insisted that theirs was a significantly different venture, built on modern, carefully preconceived methods. Thus, both sides engaged in an active practice of denying comparability; a practice that historians, in neglecting the interconnections that existed between Australia and New Caledonia, have effectively perpetuated. This article draws attention to some of the strategies of spatial and temporal distance deployed by the Australian colonies in relation to the bagne in New Caledonia and examines the nation-building ends that these strategies served. It outlines the basic context and contours of the policy of convict transportation for the British and the French and analyses discursive attempts to emphasize the distinctions between Australia and New Caledonia. Particular focus is placed on the moral panic in Australian newspapers about the alleged dangerous proximity of New Caledonia to the east coast of Australia. I argue that this moral panic arose at a time when Britain's colonies in Australia, in the process of being granted autonomy and not yet unified as a federated nation, sought recognition as reputable settlements of morally virtuous populations. The panic simultaneously emphasized the New Caledonian penal colony's geographical closeness to and ideological distance from Australia, thereby enabling Australia's own penal history to be safely quarantined in the past.

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2

Harling, Philip. "The Trouble with Convicts: From Transportation to Penal Servitude, 1840–67." Journal of British Studies 53, no. 1 (January 2014): 80–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2013.213.

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AbstractThis article makes three points about the death throes of convict transportation. First, the quarrel over transportation shows the double-edged nature of the moral critique of empire in the early Victorian era. Metropolitan criticism of transportation had its roots in the same effort to moralize the empire that was seen in the almost contemporaneous assault on slavery. But transportation was deemed too convenient a means of getting rid of criminals for Britons safely to do without it. Second, the Whig government of 1846–52 sought to save transportation by moralizing the convict before shipping him off. By this point, however, the moral objections to transportation in eastern Australia had become so strong as to make the plan untenable. Third, colonial opposition to transportation ultimately left the British government with no choice but to replace it with penal servitude at home, and the debate over crime and punishment that played out over the next decade revealed a waning of faith in convict rehabilitation that manifested itself in a harsher prison regime. In necessitating the rise of penal servitude, the end of transportation makes it clear that the empire mattered very much indeed to the reshaping of British penal policy in the mid-Victorian era.

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3

De Vito, Christian G., Clare Anderson, and Ulbe Bosma. "Transportation, Deportation and Exile: Perspectives from the Colonies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." International Review of Social History 63, S26 (June 12, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859018000196.

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AbstractThe essays in this volume provide a new perspective on the history of convicts and penal colonies. They demonstrate that the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were a critical period in the reconfiguration of empires, imperial governmentality, and punishment, including through extensive punitive relocation and associated extractive labour. Ranging across the global contexts of Africa, Asia, Australasia, Japan, the Americas, the Pacific, Russia, and Europe, and exploring issues of criminalization, political repression, and convict management alongside those of race, gender, space, and circulation, this collection offers a perspective from the colonies that radically transforms accepted narratives of the history of empire and the history of punishment. In this introduction, we argue that a colony-centred perspective reveals that, during a critical period in world history, convicts and penal colonies created new spatial hierarchies, enabled the incorporation of territories into spheres of imperial influence, and forged new connections and distinctions between “metropoles” and “colonies”. Convicts and penal colonies enabled the formation of expansive and networked global configurations and processes, a factor hitherto unappreciated in the literature.

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4

Bailey, Victor. "English Prisons, Penal Culture, and the Abatement of Imprisonment, 1895–1922." Journal of British Studies 36, no. 3 (July 1997): 285–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386138.

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The prison method is callous, regular and monotonous and produces great mental and physical strain. The deprivation of liberty is extremely cruel and if it is attended with treatment that deadens the spiritual nature and fails to offer any stimulus to the imagination, that coarsens and humiliates, then it stands condemned. (Arthur Creech Jones, conscientious objector, Wandsworth Prison, 1916–19)The nineteenth century was the century of the penitentiary. Public and physical punishments (from whipping to the death penalty) were gradually replaced by the less visible, less corporal sanction of imprisonment. By the start of the Victorian era, imprisonment was the predominant penalty in the system of judicial punishments. For every 1,000 offenders sentenced at higher and summary courts in 1836 for serious (or indictable) offenses, 685 were punished by imprisonment in local prisons. By midcentury, moreover, sentences of penal servitude in convict prisons were plugging the gap left by the end of transportation to Australia. The three hundred or so local prisons in the 1830s, to which offenders were sent for anywhere between one day and two years (though typically for terms of less than three months), were locally controlled until 1877 and were less than uniform in regime. The separate system of prison discipline (or cellular isolation) increasingly prevailed over the silent system (or associated, silent labor), but it was subject to considerable local modification. Convict prisons were run by central government with less variability.

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5

Godfrey, Barry, Caroline Homer, Kris Inwood, Hamish Maxwell-Stewart, Rebecca Reed, and Richard Tuffin. "Crime, Penal Transportation, and Digital Methodologies." Journal of World History 32, no. 2 (2021): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2021.0023.

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6

Godfrey, Barry. "Prison Versus Western Australia: Which Worked Best, the Australian Penal Colony or the English Convict Prison System?" British Journal of Criminology 59, no. 5 (March 31, 2019): 1139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz012.

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Abstract Between 1850 and 1868, a natural experiment in punishment took place. Men convicted of similar crimes could serve their sentence of penal servitude either in Britain or in Australia. For historians and social scientists, this offers the prospect of addressing a key question posed over 200 years ago by the philosopher, penal theorist and reformer Jeremy Bentham when he authored a lengthy letter entitled ‘Panopticon versus New South Wales: Or, the Panopticon Penitentiary System, and the Penal Colonization System, Compared’. This article answers the underlying tenet of Bentham’s question, ‘Which was best prison or transportation?’ by applying two efficiency tests. The first tests whether UK convicts or Australian convicts had higher rates of reconviction, and the second explores the speed to reconviction.

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7

Sakata, Minako. "The Transformation of Hokkaido from Penal Colony to Homeland Territory." International Review of Social History 63, S26 (June 14, 2018): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901800024x.

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ABSTRACTThis article focuses on penal transportation to Hokkaido and considers the role of convict transportation in nation-state building and empire building in Japan. In the course of its discussion, the fluidity of the status of the new Japanese territory of Hokkaido will be examined along with continuities of transportation and incarceration. Although Hokkaido was officially incorporated into Japan only in 1869, many Japanese politicians and intellectuals had believed ideologically that it had been a Japanese territory since the early modern period. Depending on the domestic and diplomatic matters confronting them, the Japanese modified the status of Hokkaido and their policy towards it. For example, to secure their borders with Russia, the Japanese introduced penal transportation on the French model in 1881, but the Japanese Ministry of Justice later shifted their legal system to the German model and articles concerning transportation were deleted from the penal code. Nonetheless, the Japanese government continued to send long-term prisoners to Hokkaido, which was reframed as incarceration in a mainland prison.

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8

Anderson, Clare. "The Andaman Islands Penal Colony: Race, Class, Criminality, and the British Empire." International Review of Social History 63, S26 (June 14, 2018): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859018000202.

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ABSTRACTThis article explores the British Empire’s configuration of imprisonment and transportation in the Andaman Islands penal colony. It shows that British governance in the Islands produced new modes of carcerality and coerced migration in which the relocation of convicts, prisoners, and criminal tribes underpinned imperial attempts at political dominance and economic development. The article focuses on the penal transportation of Eurasian convicts, the employment of free Eurasians and Anglo-Indians as convict overseers and administrators, the migration of “volunteer” Indian prisoners from the mainland, the free settlement of Anglo-Indians, and the forced resettlement of the Bhantu “criminal tribe”. It examines the issue from the periphery of British India, thus showing that class, race, and criminality combined to produce penal and social outcomes that were different from those of the imperial mainland. These were related to ideologies of imperial governmentality, including social discipline and penal practice, and the exigencies of political economy.

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9

Di Pasquale, Francesca. "On the Edge of Penal Colonies: Castiadas (Sardinia) and the “Redemption” of the Land." International Review of Social History 64, no. 3 (September 18, 2019): 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000543.

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AbstractThe article analyses the development of agricultural penal colonies in Italy, focusing on their margins and borders. The first section focuses on Italy's frontier with overseas territories that was assumed in discussion of the location of penal colonies following Italian unification. The article also highlights some of the factors behind the effective lack of deportation and transportation of Italians overseas. The second section explores Italy's largest agricultural penal colony, Castiadas, in Sardinia and, more generally, the borders between convicts and free citizens and between penal territory and free territory. My thesis is that penal colonies were partly designed to discipline populations in adjacent territories and that their economic and social organization served as a development model for rural Italy more widely.

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10

Nelson, E. Charles. "Historical revision XXII: John White (c. 1756-1832), surgeon-general of New South Wales: biographical notes on his Irish origins." Irish Historical Studies 25, no. 100 (November 1987): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400025074.

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John White was appointed chief surgeon to the First Fleet on 24 October 1786 and sailed with that fleet, aboard theCharlotte, on 13 May 1787 for Botany Bay on the eastern seaboard of New Holland (Australia) where a penal colony was to be established. Between 18 and 20 January 1788 the entire fleet arrived at its destination and thus began the settlement of Australia by Europeans. White served as surgeon-general of the new colony, New South Wales, for almost six years until 17 December 1794 when he sailed on theDaedalusfor Europe, never to return to Australia.

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11

Hall, Jerome Lynn. "Book Review: Shipwreck Archaeology in Australia." International Journal of Maritime History 20, no. 1 (June 2008): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140802000141.

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12

McDonald, John, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "The Cost of Shipping Convicts to Australia." International Journal of Maritime History 2, no. 2 (December 1990): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149000200203.

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13

De Vito, Christian G. "Punitive Entanglements: Connected Histories of Penal Transportation, Deportation, and Incarceration in the Spanish Empire (1830s-1898)." International Review of Social History 63, S26 (June 11, 2018): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859018000275.

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AbstractThis article features a connected history of punitive relocations in the Spanish Empire, from the independence of Spanish America to the “loss” of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in 1898. Three levels of entanglement are highlighted here: the article looks simultaneously at punitive flows stemming from the colonies and from the metropole; it brings together the study of penal transportation, administrative deportation, and military deportation; and it discusses the relationship between punitive relocations and imprisonment. As part of this special issue, foregrounding “perspectives from the colonies”, I start with an analysis of the punitive flows that stemmed from the overseas provinces. I then address punishment in the metropole through the colonial lens, before highlighting the entanglements of penal transportation and deportation in the nineteenth-century Spanish Empire as a whole.

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14

Shore, Heather. "Transportation, Penal Ideology and the Experience of Juvenile Offenders in England and Australia in the Early Nineteenth Century1." Crime, Histoire & Sociétés 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2002): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chs.416.

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15

Poulsen, Hanne. "Book Review: Maritime Paintings of Early Australia 1788–1900." International Journal of Maritime History 11, no. 2 (December 1999): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149901100224.

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16

Shepherd, John, and Hamish Maxwell-Stewart. "Rites of Passage: The Voyage to Convict Australia and the Creation of the Penal Labourer." Australian Historical Studies 52, no. 4 (October 2, 2021): 470–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2020.1814827.

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17

Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish. "“Those Lads Contrived a Plan”: Attempts at Mutiny on Australia-Bound Convict Vessels." International Review of Social History 58, S21 (September 6, 2013): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859013000308.

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AbstractBetween 1787 and 1868 a total of 830 convict vessels left the British Isles bound for the Australian penal colonies. While only one of these was seized by mutineers, many convicts were punished for plotting to take the ship that carried them to the Antipodes. This article will explore the circumstances that shaped those mutiny attempts and the impact that they had on convict management strategies.

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18

ANDERSON, CLARE. "The Transportation of Narain Sing: Punishment, Honour and Identity from the Anglo–Sikh Wars to the Great Revolt." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 5 (December 23, 2009): 1115–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990266.

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AbstractThis paper examines fragments from the life of Narain Sing as a means of exploring punishment, labour, society and social transformation in the aftermath of the Anglo–Sikh Wars (1845–1846, 1848–1849). Narain Sing was a famous military general who the British convicted of treason and sentenced to transportation overseas after the annexation of the Panjab in 1849. He was shipped as a convict to one of the East India Company's penal settlements in Burma where, in 1861, he was appointed head police constable of Moulmein. Narain Sing's experiences of military service, conviction, transportation and penal work give us a unique insight into questions of loyalty, treachery, honour, masculinity and status. When his life history is placed within the broader context of continuing agitation against the expansion of British authority in the Panjab, we also glimpse something of the changing nature of identity and the development of Anglo–Sikh relations more broadly between the wars of the 1840s and the Great Indian Revolt of 1857–1858.

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19

Cook, Alexandra. "Book Review: Voyage to Australia and the Pacific 1791–1793." International Journal of Maritime History 15, no. 1 (June 2003): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140301500128.

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20

Carmody, John. "Book Review: Doctors at Sea: Emigrant Voyages to Colonial Australia." International Journal of Maritime History 19, no. 1 (June 2007): 378–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140701900139.

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21

Bellec, François. "Book Review: The French Reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia, 1801–1803." International Journal of Maritime History 3, no. 2 (December 1991): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149100300218.

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22

Guoth, Nicholas. "Advancing trade with China: The Eastern and Australian Mail Steam Company and the 1873–1880 mail contract." International Journal of Maritime History 31, no. 2 (May 2019): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419833524.

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The Eastern and Australian Mail Steam Company altered the dynamics of sea transport between China and Australia in the late nineteenth century. From 1873 to 1880, this shipping company initiated a new, regular, and permanent route between China and Australia that assisted in the development of stronger trade relationships. The company fulfilled this on the back of a mail contract with the Queensland government. What transpired during the mail contract, its impacts, and its legacies have left an indelible, though unrecognised, positive mark on Australia’s trade relationships with China. As such, Eastern and Australian were one of the pioneers in brokering regular international trade routes for colonial Australian merchants and governments. They also became an integral element in the eventual transition from sail to steam, not only along the China-Australia route but also for all Australian international shipping.

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23

Duffield, Ian. "From Slave Colonies to Penal Colonies: The West Indian Convict Transportees to Australia." Slavery & Abolition 7, no. 1 (May 1986): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440398608574901.

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24

Anderson, Clare. "The Execution of Rughobursing: The Political Economy of Convict Transportation and Penal Labour in Early Colonial Mauritius." Studies in History 19, no. 2 (August 2003): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/025764300301900202.

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25

Frost, Alan. "Book Review: Bound for Botany Bay: British Convict Voyages to Australia." International Journal of Maritime History 18, no. 1 (June 2006): 432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140601800147.

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26

Spate, O. H. K. "Book Review: The Russians and Australia (Russia and the South Pacific)." International Journal of Maritime History 2, no. 1 (June 1990): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149000200123.

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27

Ferguson, Matthew, Kevin Walby, and Justin Piché. "Tour Guide Styles and Penal History Museums in Canada." International Journal of Tourism Research 18, no. 5 (October 15, 2015): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2065.

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28

Fitzpatrick, Matthew. "New South Wales in Africa? The Convict Colonialism Debate in Imperial Germany." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000260.

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In 1852, the naturalist and writer Louisa Meredith observed in her book My Home in Tasmania: “I know of no place where greater order and decorum is observed by the motley crowds assembled on any public occasion than in this most shamefully slandered country: not even in an English country village can a lady walk alone with less fear of harm or insult than in this capital of Van Diemen's Land, commonly believed at home to be a pest-house, where every crime that can disgrace and degrade humanity stalks abroad with unblushing front.”Meredith's paean to life in the notorious Australian penal colony of Hobart was in stark contrast to her earlier, highly unfavourable account of colonial Sydney. It papered over the years of personal hardship she had endured in Australia, as well as avoiding mention of the racial warfare against Tasmania's Aborigines that had afforded her such a genteel European existence.Such intra-Australian complexities, however, were lost when Meredith's account was superimposed onto German debates about the desirability of penal colonies for Germany. Instead, Meredith's portrait of a cultivated city emerging from the most notorious penal colony in Australia was presented as proof that the deportation of criminals was an important dimension of the civilising mission of Europe in the extra-European world. It was also presented as a vindication of those in Germany who wished to rid Germany of its lumpen criminal class through deportation. The exact paragraph of Meredith's account cited above was quoted in German debates on deportation for almost half a century; first in 1859 by the jurist Franz von Holtzendorff, and thereafter by Friedrich Freund when advocating the establishment of a penal colony in the Preußische Jahrbücher in September 1895.

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29

Popova, Zhanna, and Francesca Di Pasquale. "Dissecting Sites of Punishment: Penal Colonies and Their Borders." International Review of Social History 64, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901900049x.

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AbstractAlthough a crucial element of imperial architecture, non-metropolitan penal colonies remain relatively understudied, compared with the richness of historical scholarship on modern prison systems in Western Europe and its offshoots. Complementing the perspective chosen in the recent International Review of Social History Special Issue 26, “Transportation, Deportation and Exile: Perspectives from the Colonies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries”, the four articles in this Special Theme propose an additional angle of investigation of the role of convicts in the incorporation of new territories into colonial empires. The authors place sites of punishment, rather than flows of convicts, at the core of their reflection, and provide a close-up analysis of circulations of information and people across the borders of penal sites on various scales: local, trans-regional, and international. They problematize the notion of “border”, and consider it as a vantage point that leads to a new conceptualization of the penal colony as a system that expands in its surroundings and, in turn, assimilates external political, social, and economic stimuli. Relying on several distinct methodological approaches, the authors foreground the specificities of colonial punishment and demonstrate how punishment became part of the creation and maintenance of power inequalities between the colonies and the metropoles.

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30

Mackay, David. "Desertion of Merchant Seamen in South Australia, 1836–1852: A Case Study." International Journal of Maritime History 7, no. 2 (December 1995): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149500700204.

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31

Fox, Georgia L. "Book Review: The Archaeology of Whaling in Southern Australia and New Zealand." International Journal of Maritime History 12, no. 2 (December 2000): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140001200246.

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32

Bach, John. "Book Review: Migrant Ships to Australia and New Zealand 1900 to 1939." International Journal of Maritime History 22, no. 1 (June 2010): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141002200152.

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33

Kercher, Bruce. "Recovering and Reporting Australia's Early Colonial Case Law: The Macquarie Project." Law and History Review 18, no. 3 (2000): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744073.

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When it was established in 1788, New South Wales became the most remote, and most peculiar, of the British empire's overseas colonies. The founding colony of what would eventually become Australia, it was established as a penal colony, a place to send the unwanted criminals of Britain and Ireland. Britain lost more than the majority of its North American possessions in the late eighteenth century. It also lost its principal repository for unwanted felons. New South Wales filled the gap.

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34

Shires, David. "Australian/Cairns Group Perspective: Southern Agriculture and the World Economy: The Multilateral Trade Negotiations." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, no. 1 (July 1988): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025656.

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Last week was Australia's 200th birthday. When the rebels in America won what they called their war of independence, Britain lost her penal colonies in the Carolinas and looked around for replacements. The first colonial fleet arrived in Australia on January 26,1788, and included, along with 700 convicts, 44 sheep and 6 cattle. If Britain had defeated her American colonists, then the history of both Australia and Louisiana would likely have been very different. The French flag might be flying today over both Sydney and New Orleans.

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35

Storr, Frank. "Book Review: Workhorses in Australian Waters. A History of Marine Engineering in Australia." International Journal of Maritime History 2, no. 1 (June 1990): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149000200129.

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36

Delaney, Jason. "The One Class of Vessel that is Impossible to Build in Australia Canada." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 24, no. 3&4 (October 31, 2014): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.251.

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37

Staniforth, Mark. "Diet, Disease and Death at Sea on the Voyage to Australia, 1837–1839." International Journal of Maritime History 8, no. 2 (December 1996): 119–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149600800206.

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38

Lewis, Frank. "The Cost of Convict Transportation from Britain to Australia, 1796-1810." Economic History Review 41, no. 4 (November 1988): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596599.

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39

Kennerley, Alston. "Merchant ship deployment in the Second World War: Motor vessels Centaur, Gorgon and Charon in Australian and East Indies waters." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 1 (February 2020): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419900620.

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This study draws attention to the very large number of British merchant vessels, and their crews, which traded or acted as supply vessels through to the end of the Second World War, in contrast to those which succumbed to enemy action. Normal commercial trading between Western Australia and Java/Malaya until the fall of Singapore is contrasted with military supply ship operation between Eastern Australia and New Guinea. This is set in the context of trading before the war, and the developing political scene in south east Asia. The ships’ crews, the dangers faced, protective measures, and cargoes, including human cargoes, are considered. With one vessel surviving the war unscathed, another continuing service after war damage and repair, and one torpedoed and sunk, the article concludes that the examples fully represent the experiences of the mass of merchant shipping which ended the war in the western Pacific military supply chain.

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40

Henning, G. R. "Book Review: Life and Death in the Age of Sail: The Passage to Australia." International Journal of Maritime History 16, no. 2 (December 2004): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140401600274.

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41

Forbes, Andrew. "Book Review: Maritime Security: International Law and Policy Perspectives from Australia and New Zealand." International Journal of Maritime History 22, no. 2 (December 2010): 476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871410022002102.

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42

Henning, Graydon R. "Book Review: Across the Pacific: Liners from Australia and New Zealand to North America." International Journal of Maritime History 23, no. 2 (December 2011): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141102300249.

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43

Kirkby, Diane. "Connecting work identity and politics in the internationalism of ‘seafarers … who share the seas’." International Journal of Maritime History 29, no. 2 (May 2017): 307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871417692965.

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‘We seafarers … who share the seas’ is the expression of a collective identity and mutual responsibility. This article examines that collective identity among members of the Seamen’s Union of Australia and asks, what did internationalism mean in practice to seafarers themselves? Employing an oral history method, coupled with a reading of the union’s own printed media, it explores the seafarers’ understanding of internationalism that they claimed was ‘the language of seafarers’. It was grounded in the nature and reality of their work, and became their politics. The article takes as a case study the campaigns to restore democracy in Greece and Chile after military coups in 1967 and 1973 respectively, and the longer campaign against apartheid in South Africa, which began earlier, before 1960, and ended later, in 1990. These campaigns were conducted alongside many other trade unions, both in Australia and overseas, but maritime workers brought a unique inflection to activism as their internationalism expressed their connectedness across the oceans on which they sailed.

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44

Kercher, Bruce. "Perish or Prosper: The Law and Convict Transportation in the British Empire, 1700–1850." Law and History Review 21, no. 3 (2003): 527–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595119.

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For over 150 years from the early eighteenth century, convict transportation was a primary method of punishing serious crime in Britain and Ireland. Convicts were first sent to the colonies in North America and the Caribbean and then to three newly established Australian colonies on the other side of the world. Conditions were very different between the two locations, yet the fundamental law of transportation remained the same for decades after the process began in Australia.

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45

Sales, Peter M. "Book Review: The Navy and the Nation: The Influence of the Navy on Modern Australia." International Journal of Maritime History 18, no. 1 (June 2006): 512–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140601800197.

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46

Tuffin, Richard, Martin Gibbs, David Roberts, Hamish Maxwell-Stewart, David Roe, Jody Steele, Susan Hood, and Barry Godfrey. "Landscapes of Production and Punishment: Convict labour in the Australian context." Journal of Social Archaeology 18, no. 1 (February 2018): 50–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605317748387.

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This paper presents an interdisciplinary project that uses archaeological and historical sources to explore the formation of a penal landscape in the Australian colonial context. The project focuses on the convict-period legacy of the Tasman Peninsula (Tasmania, Australia), in particular the former penal station of Port Arthur (1830–1877). The research utilises three exceptional data series to examine the impact of convict labour on landscape and the convict body: the archaeological record of the Tasman Peninsula, the life course data of the convicts and the administrative record generated by decades of convict labour management. Through these, the research seeks to demonstrate how changing ideologies affected the processes and outcomes of convict labour and its products, as well as how the landscapes we see today were formed and developed in response to a complex interplay of multi-scalar penological and economic influences. Areas of inquiry: Australian convict archaeology and history. The archaeology and history of Australian convict labour management. The archaeology and history of the Tasman Peninsula.

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Bassett, Melanie. "Port towns and diplomacy: Japanese naval visits to Britain and Australia in the early twentieth century." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 1 (February 2020): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420903160.

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The Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1905 was a watershed moment for the presence of the Royal Navy in the Pacific. Although it allowed the Royal Navy to concentrate its fleets in European waters, this strategy caused resentment due to the underlying fear of the ‘Yellow Peril’, especially in the British dominions of Australia and New Zealand. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance presented some challenges to the received Edwardian racial hierarchy and the idea of British military supremacy. This article demonstrates how the ‘port town’ not only became a place of mediation where high-level international diplomacy mingled with the face-to-face experience of an alliance ‘in practice’, but also a space through which issues such as Otherness and imperial security were contested and explored.

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Weinreich, Spencer J. "Unaccountable Subjects: Contracting Legal and Medical Authority in the Newgate Smallpox Experiment (1721)." History Workshop Journal 89 (December 26, 2019): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbz047.

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Abstract The first experimental trials of smallpox inoculation were conducted on a group of prisoners in London’s Newgate Prison in 1721. These inmates were long believed to have been facing execution, but archival material reveals that they had in fact received pardons conditional on penal transportation to the Americas. This article rereads the design, progress, and reception of the experiment, reorienting the narrative around the prisoners, their agency, and the legal mechanisms of transportation and pardon. In that light the experiment reflects the dynamics of eighteenth-century governance and punishment: a relatively weak state’s reliance on contractors and deputies (whether to transport convicts or to conduct experiments), on the tacit co-operation of those below, and on the rhetorical management of its actions. Forced to accord the Newgate prisoners a measure of autonomy, the physicians and their royal backers faced a constant struggle to manage their subjects’ participation and to control the experiment’s meaning amid fierce controversy that ranged far beyond inoculation. The Newgate cohort reveals a basic identity between the medical subject and the political subject, but also highlights the fragility of such scripts, regardless of the political, economic, and cultural apparatus brought to bear.

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Bruijn, Jaap R. "Book Review: The ANCODS Colloquium. Papers Presented at the Australia-Netherlands Colloquium on Maritime Archaeology and Maritime History." International Journal of Maritime History 11, no. 2 (December 1999): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149901100223.

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Kociumbas, Jan, and Robert Hughes. "The Fatal Shore. A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787-1868." Labour History, no. 53 (1987): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508867.

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