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1
Li, Changjie, Bing Xu, and Zheshu Ma. "Ecological Performance of an Irreversible Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3846.
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In this paper a novel PEMFC voltage model considering the leakage current is established. Numerical simulation results based on the newly established PEMFC model is compared with the experimental results and indicates that they have a good match with the experimental results. Based on the proposed voltage model and previous studies, the PEMFC ecological criterion was proposed and derived. As well, other finite time thermodynamics objective functions including entropy yield, ecological objective function and ecological performance coefficient formula are derived for PEMFCs. Detailed numerical simulations are performed considering different design parameters and operating parameters. Ecological performance of an irreversible PEMFC is gained and such results can be further used for ecological optimization to yield maximum performance of the PEMFC.
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Wafiroh, Siti, Suyanto Suyanto, and Yuliana Yuliana. "PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI MEMBRAN KOMPOSIT KITOSAN-SODIUM ALGINAT TERFOSFORILASI SEBAGAI PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL (PEMFC)." Jurnal Kimia Riset 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v1i1.2436.
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AbstrakDi era globalisasi ini, kebutuhan bahan bakar fosil semakin meningkat dan ketersediannya semakin menipis. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan bahan bakar alternatif seperti Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat dan mengkarakterisasi membran komposit kitosan-sodium alginat dari rumput laut coklat (Sargassum sp.) terfosforilasi sebagai Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). PEM dibuat dengan 4 variasi perbandingan konsentrasi antara kitosan dengan sodium alginat 8:0, 8:1, 8:2, dan 8:4 (b/b). Membran komposit kitosan-sodium alginat difosforilasi dengan STPP 2N. Karakterisasi PEM meliputi: uji tarik, swelling air, kapasitas penukar ion, FTIR, SEM, permeabilitas metanol, dan konduktivitas proton. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, membran yang optimal adalah perbandingan 8:1 (b/b) dengan nilai modulus young sebesar 0,0901 kN/cm2, swelling air sebesar 19,14 %, permeabilitas metanol sebesar 72,7 x 10-7, dan konduktivitas proton sebesar 4,7 x 10-5 S/cm. Membran komposit kitosan-sodium alginat terfosforilasi memiliki kemampuan yang cukup baik untuk bisa diaplikasikan sebagai membran polimer elektrolit dalam PEMFC. Kata kunci: kitosan, sodium alginat, terfosforilasi, PEMFC AbstractIn this globalization era, the needs of fossil fuel certainly increases, but its providence decreases. Therefore, we need alternative fuels such as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). The purpose of this study is preparationand characterization of phosphorylated chitosan-sodium alginate composite membrane from brown seaweed (Sargassum sp.) as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). PEM is produced with 4 variations of concentration ratio between chitosan and sodium alginate 8:0, 8:1, 8:2, and 8:4 (w/w). Chitosan-sodium alginate composite membrane phosphorylated with 2 N STPP. The characterization of PEM include: tensile test, water swelling, ion exchange capacity, FTIR, SEM, methanol permeability, and proton conductivity. Based on the analysis result, the optimal membrane is ratio of 8:1 (w/w) with the value of Young’s modulus about 0.0901 kN/cm2, water swelling at 19.14%, methanol permeability about 72.7 x 10-7, and proton conductivity about 4.7 x 10-5 S/cm. The phosphorylated chitosan-sodium alginate composite membrane has good potentials for the application of the polymer electrolyte membrane in PEMFC. Keywords: chitosan, sodium alginate, phosphorylated, PEMFC
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Jourdani, Mohammed, Hamid Mounir, and Abdellatif El Marjani. "Latest Trends and Challenges In Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01710010096.
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Background: During last few years, the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) underwent a huge development. Method: The different contributions to the design, the material of all components and the efficiencies are analyzed. Result: Many technical advances are introduced to increase the PEMFC fuel cell efficiency and lifetime for transportation, stationary and portable utilization. Conclusion: By the last years, the total cost of this system is decreasing. However, the remaining challenges that need to be overcome mean that it will be several years before full commercialization can take place.This paper gives an overview of the recent advancements in the development of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cells and remaining challenges of PEMFC.
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Liu, Hongtan, Tianhong Zhou, and Ping Cheng. "Transport Phenomena Analysis in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 12 (April 8, 2005): 1363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2098830.
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The objective of this review is to provide a summary of modeling and experimental research efforts on transport phenomena in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Several representative PEMFC models and experimental studies in macro and micro PEMFCs are selected for discussion. No attempt is made to examine all the models or experimental studies, but rather the focus is to elucidate the macro-homogeneous modeling methodologies and representative experimental results. Since the transport phenomena are different in different regions of a fuel cell, fundamental phenomena in each region are first reviewed. This is followed by the presentation of various theoretical models on these transport processes in PEMFCs. Finally, experimental investigation on the cell performance of macro and micro PEMFC and DMFC is briefly presented.
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Madhav, Dharmjeet, Junru Wang, Rajesh Keloth, Jorben Mus, Frank Buysschaert, and Veerle Vandeginste. "A Review of Proton Exchange Membrane Degradation Pathways, Mechanisms, and Mitigation Strategies in a Fuel Cell." Energies 17, no. 5 (February 20, 2024): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17050998.
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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have the potential to tackle major challenges associated with fossil fuel-sourced energy consumption. Nafion, a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane that has high proton conductivity and good chemical stability, is a standard proton exchange membrane (PEM) used in PEMFCs. However, PEM degradation is one of the significant issues in the long-term operation of PEMFCs. Membrane degradation can lead to a decrease in the performance and the lifespan of PEMFCs. The membrane can degrade through chemical, mechanical, and thermal pathways. This paper reviews the different causes of all three routes of PFSA degradation, underlying mechanisms, their effects, and mitigation strategies. A better understanding of different degradation pathways and mechanisms is valuable in producing robust fuel cell membranes. Hence, the progress in membrane fabrication for PEMFC application is also explored and summarized.
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MA, Jing, Qiang MA, Junjie WANG, Zhensong GUO, and Yasong SUN. "Effects of temperature and cathode humidity on performance of PEM full cell." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 41, no. 6 (December 2023): 1162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20234161162.
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The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is significantly influenced by their temperature and cathode humidity, as they affect power density and internal water distribution. The interdependent nature of these two parameters necessitates their simultaneous consideration in practical engineering to achieve high efficiency and reliable PEMFC operation. Therefore, this study proposes a synergistic analysis of the dual-parameter effect of working temperature and cathode humidity on PEMFC performance, using a three-dimensional steady-state model for counter-flow single-channel PEMFCs. The model's correctness is verified through comparison with experimental results, and the resulting power density and internal water distribution characteristics of PEMFCs are studied based on voltage changes. The findings indicate that the sensitivity of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) to temperature and cathode humidity varies at different voltage stages. Coupling analysis of these two factors enhances proton exchange membrane conductivity and expands the range of power density adjustment. Consequently, this study provides crucial insights into the interplay between temperature and cathode humidity in PEMFCs, facilitating the design and optimization of PEMFC systems for practical engineering applications.
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Fan, Liping, Chong Li, and Kosta Boshnakov. "Performance Comparison of Three Different Controllers of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 8, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01508010115.
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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are promising clear and efficient new energy sources. An excellent control system is a normal working prerequisite for maintaining a fuel cell system in correct operating conditions. Conventional controllers could not satisfy the high performance to obtain the acceptable responses because of uncertainty, time-change, nonlinear, long-hysteresis and strong-coupling characteristics of PEMFCs. Based on the dynamic model of PEMFC, an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller is proposed for PEMFC to realize constant voltage output and reliability service. Three different controllers, including fuzzy controller, fuzzy sliding mode controller and adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller, are designed and compared. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller for PEMFC can get satisfactory controlling effects.
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Jin, Jianhua, Xiaochun Xia, Yuchao Shi, Zhaoshun Wu, Xingyi Chen, and Wenxuan Zhang. "Temperature Maintenance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System Based on Genetic Algorithm." Advances in Computer and Materials Scienc Research 1, no. 1 (July 23, 2024): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.70114/acmsr.2024.1.1.p143.
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Temperature is one of the main factors affecting proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFC). In severe cold conditions, when equipment with PEMFCs is shut down for a short period of time, the battery temperature will drop to below zero degrees Celsius. Under this condition, the generation of ice will increase the battery start-up time, and cold start of PEMFC often requires additional heat sources. At the same time, repeated cold starts will seriously reduce the lifespan of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Aiming at this problem, a temperature maintenance strategy is proposed for short-term low-power output of PEMFCs in severe cold conditions based on the temperature dynamic model of PEMFCs, which reduces energy loss through genetic algorithm effectively.
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Tseng, Jung Ge, Der Ren Hsiao, and Bo Wun Huang. "Dynamic Analysis of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.718.
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Hydrogen energy fuel cell is one of the clean/green energy solutions for the environmental pollution, global warming, and petroleum energy shortage. This study investigates the dynamic characteristic of the green hydrogen energy fuel cell: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). PEMFC has been adopted to be the power supplier of the vehicle, small train, etc. A lot of researchers aim on pure electrical property analysis. However, to put PEMFC power system on the road, some mechanical properties of the system should also been examined. In this paper, the dynamic characteristic of a single PEMFC is studied. A single PEMFC (L112×W82×D6 mm) is set up and measured for the time and frequency response. Several fundamental modes are found experimentally which should be avoid during operation period of PEMFC especially in a moving vehicle.
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Valle, Karine, Franck Pereira, Frederic Rambaud, Philippe Belleville, Christel Laberty, and Clément Sanchez. "Hybrid Membranes for Proton Exchange Fuel Cell." Advances in Science and Technology 72 (October 2010): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.72.265.
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Fuel cell technology has merged in recent years as a keystone for future energy supply. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising projects of this energy technology program; the PEMFC is made of a conducting polymer that usually operates at temperatures in the range 20-80°C. In order to reach high energy consumption application like transportation, the using temperatures need to be increased above 100°C. Sol-gel organic/inorganic hybrids have been evaluated as materials for membranes to full file the high temperature using requirement. These new materials for membrane need to retain water content and therefore proton conductivity property with using temperature and time. The membranes also need to be chemical-resistant to strong acidic conditions and to keep their mechanical properties regarding stacking requirements. In order to! answer all these specifications, the proposed hybrid membranes are based on nanoporous inorganic phase embedded in an organic polymer in which chemical grafting and conductivity network microstructure are optimized to preserve both water-uptake and proton conductivity at higher temperatures. Such very promising results on these new hybrids are presented and discussed regarding electrochemical properties/microstructure
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Chandra Kishore, Somasundaram, Suguna Perumal, Raji Atchudan, Muthulakshmi Alagan, Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan, Almohannad Baabbad, and Devaraj Manoj. "Recent Advanced Synthesis Strategies for the Nanomaterial-Modified Proton Exchange Membrane in Fuel Cells." Membranes 13, no. 6 (June 9, 2023): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13060590.
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Hydrogen energy is converted to electricity through fuel cells, aided by nanostructured materials. Fuel cell technology is a promising method for utilizing energy sources, ensuring sustainability, and protecting the environment. However, it still faces drawbacks such as high cost, operability, and durability issues. Nanomaterials can address these drawbacks by enhancing catalysts, electrodes, and fuel cell membranes, which play a crucial role in separating hydrogen into protons and electrons. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have gained significant attention in scientific research. The primary objectives are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in the automotive industry, and develop cost-effective methods and materials to enhance PEMFC efficiency. We provide a typical yet inclusive review of various types of proton-conducting membranes. In this review article, special focus is given to the distinctive nature of nanomaterial-filled proton-conducting membranes and their essential characteristics, including their structural, dielectric, proton transport, and thermal properties. We provide an overview of the various reported nanomaterials, such as metal oxide, carbon, and polymeric nanomaterials. Additionally, the synthesis methods in situ polymerization, solution casting, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly for proton-conducting membrane preparation were analyzed. In conclusion, the way to implement the desired energy conversion application, such as a fuel cell, using a nanostructured proton-conducting membrane has been demonstrated.
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Ling, H. H., N. Misdan, F. Mustafa, N. H. H. Hairom, S. H. Nasir, J. Jaafar, and N. Yusof. "Triptycene copolymers as proton exchange membrane for fuel cell - A topical review." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n4.1492.
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In view of the pressing need for alternative clean energy source to displace the current dependence on fossil fuel, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology have received renewed research and development interest in the past decade. The electrolyte, which is the proton exchange membrane, is a critical component of the PEMFC and is specifically targeted for research efforts because of its high commercial cost that effectively hindered the widespread usage and competitiveness of the PEMFC technology. Much effort has been focused over the last five years towards the development of novel, durable, highly effective, commercially viable, and low-cost co-polymers as alternative for the expensive Nafion® proton exchange membrane, which is the current industry standard. Our primary review efforts will be directed upon the reported researches of alternative proton exchange membrane co-polymers which involved Triptycene derivatives. Triptycene derivatives, which contain three benzene rings in a three-dimensional non-compliant paddlewheel configuration, are attractive building blocks for the synthesis of proton exchange membranes because it increases the free volume in the polymer. The co-polymers considered in this review are based on hydrocarbon molecular structure, with Triptycene involved as a performance enhancer. Detailed herein are the development and current state of these co-polymers and their performance as alternative fuel cell electrolyte.
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Zhai, Zhen Yu, Ying Gang Shen, Bin Jia, and Yan Yin. "Surface Morphology Studies on PBI Membrane Materials of High Temperature for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Advanced Materials Research 625 (December 2012): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.625.239.
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Compare with the conventional proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) have more advantages such as higher CO tolerance of catalyst, easier water management and higher catalyst activity. As the core component of the HT-PEMFC, proton exchange membrane should have excellent flexibility , thermal stability and high proton conductivity at high operation temperature and anhydrous environments. By atomic force microscope (AFM) technology, the surface topography image and lateral force image of the untreated and treated polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane are investigated.
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Li, Changjie, Ye Liu, Bing Xu, and Zheshu Ma. "Finite Time Thermodynamic Optimization of an Irreversible Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell for Vehicle Use." Processes 7, no. 7 (July 3, 2019): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070419.
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A finite time thermodynamic model of an irreversible proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for vehicle use was established considering the effects of polarization losses and leakage current. Effects of operating parameters, including operating temperature, operating pressure, proton exchange membrane water content, and proton exchange membrane thickness, on the optimal performance of the irreversible PEMFC are numerically studied in detail. When the operating temperature of the PEMFC increases, the optimal performances of PEMFC including output power density, output efficiency, ecological objective function, and ecological coefficient of performance, will be improved. Among them, the optimal ecological objective function increased by 81%. The proton film thickness has little effect on the output efficiency and the ecological of coefficient performance. The maximum output power density increased by 58% as the water content of the proton exchange membrane increased from 50% to the saturation point. The maximum output power density increases with the operating pressure.
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Chen, Yining. "Research Progress in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 83 (February 27, 2024): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/1r0s3475.
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The massive combustion of non-renewable fossil fuels causing global warming has raised concerns. However, fuel cells, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells, face challenges such as short lifespan and high cost, hindering their large-scale commercialization. The objective of this paper is to explore the growth, practical utilization, concerns, and enhancement techniques of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are a promising source of renewable energy. Research indicates that the lifespan of Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is influenced by the conditions of the reaction environment. The high expenses associated with these cells can be largely attributed to the inflammability and explosiveness of hydrogen, the primary raw material, which can present transportation challenges. Moreover, the use of precious metals as reaction catalysts can result in poisoning, which restricts their application to a narrow spectrum. In conclusion, further improvements are necessary for the future application of PEMFC. More innovations are needed to expand the application areas by using more efficient and safe materials that are easier to transport. To broaden the way for the future development of green new energy. This paper is a valuable resource for improving proton exchange membrane fuel cell technology.
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Zhang, Hua, Ming Yu Huang, and Hong Jun Ni. "Research on the Structure of Cylindrical Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Based on ANSYS." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.439.
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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be a promising technology for clean and efficient power generation in the twenty-first century. Current PEMFCs are usually flat designs which needs the expensive bi-polar to transport the reactants to every fuel cell. In this paper, a novel cylindrical PEMFC has been designed and made. The structure of cathode is a spiral. The static analysis and thermal analysis of the cell shell and the spiraled cathode were carried out with FEM software. Based on the simulation, the cylindrical PEMFC has been made and tested. The simulation results show that the cylindrical PEMFC meets the requirements of the mechanical performance and electricity performance. The tested result shows that the power density of the cylindrical PEMFC can reach 10mW/cm2 when the hydrogen pressure is 0.2Mpa and the open circuit voltage is 0.8V.
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Sheebha Jyothi, G., and Y. Bhaskar Rao. "Simulation of Fuel Cell Technology Using Matlab." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.27 (August 15, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.27.17660.
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This paper represents a mathematical model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC)system. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (also called polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cells(PEM)) provides a continuous electrical energy supply from fuel at high levels of efficiency and power density. PEMs provide a solid, corrosion free electrolyte, a low running temperature, and fast response to power.
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Song, Hyeon-Bee, Jong-Hyeok Park, Jin-Soo Park, and Moon-Sung Kang. "Pore-Filled Proton-Exchange Membranes with Fluorinated Moiety for Fuel Cell Application." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 4433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154433.
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Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the heart of promising hydrogen-fueled electric vehicles, and should lower their price and further improve durability. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the performances of the proton-exchange membrane (PEM), which is a key component of a PEMFC. In this study, novel pore-filled proton-exchange membranes (PFPEMs) were developed, in which a partially fluorinated ionomer with high cross-linking density is combined with a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrate. By using a thin and tough porous PTFE substrate film, it was possible to easily fabricate a composite membrane possessing sufficient physical strength and low mass transfer resistance. Therefore, it was expected that the manufacturing method would be simple and suitable for a continuous process, thereby significantly reducing the membrane price. In addition, by using a tri-functional cross-linker, the cross-linking density was increased. The oxidation stability was greatly enhanced by introducing a fluorine moiety into the polymer backbone, and the compatibility with the perfluorinated ionomer binder was also improved. The prepared PFPEMs showed stable PEMFC performance (as maximum power density) equivalent to 72% of Nafion 212. It is noted that the conductivity of the PFPEMs corresponds to 58–63% of that of Nafion 212. Thus, it is expected that a higher fuel cell performance could be achieved when the membrane resistance is further lowered.
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Xu, Bing, Dongxu Li, Zheshu Ma, Meng Zheng, and Yanju Li. "Thermodynamic Optimization of a High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell for Fuel Cell Vehicle Applications." Mathematics 9, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9151792.
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In this paper, a finite time thermodynamic model of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) is established, in which the irreversible losses of polarization and leakage current during the cell operation are considered. The influences of operating temperature, membrane thickness, phosphoric acid doping level, hydrogen and oxygen intake pressure on the maximum output power density and the maximum output efficiency are studied. As the temperature rises, and will increase. The decrease of membrane thickness will increase , but has little influence on the . The increase of phosphoric acid doping level can increase , but it has little effect on the . With the increase of hydrogen and oxygen intake pressure, and will be improved. This article also obtains the optimization relationship between power density and thermodynamic efficiency, and the optimization range interval of HT-PEMFC which will provide guidance for applicable use of HT-PEMFCs.
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Chen, Shi Zhong, Zhi Gang Bao, and Yi Cheng Wang. "PEMFC Parameter Simulation Based on MATLAB/SIMULINK." Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (March 2015): 474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.474.
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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is established for the numerical simulation computation by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK, By changing the different working conditions, The proton exchange membrane fuel cell output performance is analyzed .Data show that the hydrogen pressure, oxygen pressure, current density, temperature, has certain influence on voltage and power distribution of PEMFC, For PEMFC to normal and stable work, according to the above conditions should be obtained the optimal value, thus ensuring optimal output performance of PEMFC.
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Alsaidan, Ibrahim, Mohamed A. M. Shaheen, Hany M. Hasanien, Muhannad Alaraj, and Abrar S. Alnafisah. "Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Modeling Using Chaos Game Optimization Technique." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 7911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147911.
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For the precise simulation performance, the accuracy of fuel cell modeling is important. Therefore, this paper presents a developed optimization method called Chaos Game Optimization Algorithm (CGO). The developed method provides the ability to accurately model the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The accuracy of the model is tested by comparing the simulation results with the practical measurements of several standard PEMFCs such as Ballard Mark V, AVISTA SR-12.5 kW, and 6 kW of the Nedstack PS6 stacks. The complexity of the studied problem stems from the nonlinearity of the PEMFC polarization curve that leads to a nonlinear optimization problem, which must be solved to determine the seven PEMFC design variables. The objective function is formulated mathematically as the total error squared between the laboratory measured terminal voltage of PEMFC and the estimated terminal voltage yields from the simulation results using the developed model. The CGO is used to find the best way to fulfill the preset requirements of the objective function. The results of the simulation are tested under different temperature and pressure conditions. Moreover, the results of the proposed CGO simulations are compared with alternative optimization methods showing higher accuracy.
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Guo, Xinjia, Bing Xu, Zheshu Ma, Yanju Li, and Dongxu Li. "Performance Analysis Based on Sustainability Exergy Indicators of High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (September 4, 2022): 10111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710111.
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Based on finite-time thermodynamics, an irreversible high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) model is developed, and the mathematical expressions of exergy efficiency, exergy destruction index (EDI), and exergy sustainability indicators (ESI) of HT-PEMFC are derived. According to HT-PEMFC model, the influences of thermodynamic irreversibility on exergy sustainability of HT-PEMFC are researched under different operating parameters that include operating temperatures, inlet pressure, and current density. The results show that the higher operating temperature and inlet pressure of HT-PEMFCs is beneficial to performance improvement. In addition, the single cell performance gradually decreases with increasing current density due to the presence of the irreversibility of HT-PEMFC.
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Lin, Hai Dan, He Zhang, and Xiao Ying Yang. "The Progress of Hybrid Proton Exchange Membranes Prepared by SPAEKs for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1442.
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This review summarizes efforts in developing proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with excellent electrochemical fuel cell performance prepared by SPAEK in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. Over the past few decades, much polyelectrolyte has been extensively studied to improve the properties as alternatives with lower cost and considerable performances for PEMFC. Sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) (SPAEK), fell into this category, which offers the attribute of adjustable proton conductivity, excellent mechanical and thermal stability. The discussion will cover crosslinking, organic-inorganic nanocomposite, layer-by-layer approaches.
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Olabi, Abdul Ghani, Tabbi Wilberforce, Abdulrahman Alanazi, Parag Vichare, Enas Taha Sayed, Hussein M. Maghrabie, Khaled Elsaid, and Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem. "Novel Trends in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 4949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15144949.
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Fuel cells (FCs) have received huge attention for development from lab and pilot scales to full commercial scale. This is mainly due to their inherent advantage of direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy as a high-quality energy supply and, hence, higher conversion efficiency. Additionally, FCs have been produced at a wide range of capacities with high flexibility due to modularity characteristics. Using the right materials and efficient manufacturing processes is directly proportional to the total production cost. This work explored the different components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and their manufacturing processes. The challenges associated with these manufacturing processes were critically analyzed, and possible mitigation strategies were proposed. The PEMFC is a relatively new and developing technology so there is a need for a thorough analysis to comprehend the current state of fuel cell operational characteristics and discover new areas for development. It is hoped that the view discussed in this paper will be a means for improved fuel cell development.
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Fernihough, Oliver, Holly Cheshire, Jean-Michel Romano, Ahmed Ibrahim, Ahmad El-Kharouf, and Shangfeng Du. "Patterned Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Working at Low Humidity." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121976.
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High performing proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) that can operate at low relative humidity is a continuing technical challenge for PEMFC developers. In this work, micro-patterned membranes are demonstrated at the cathode side by solution casting techniques using stainless steel moulds with laser-imposed periodic surface structures (LIPSS). Three types of patterns, lotus, lines, and sharklet, are investigated for their influence on the PEMFC power performance at varying humidity conditions. The experimental results show that the cathode electrolyte pattern, in all cases, enhances the fuel cell power performance at 100% relative humidity (RH). However, only the sharklet pattern exhibits a significant improvement at 25% RH, where a peak power density of 450 mW cm−2 is recorded compared with 150 mW cm−2 of the conventional flat membrane. The improvements are explored based on high-frequency resistance, electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), and hydrogen crossover by in situ membrane electrode assembly (MEA) testing.
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Arslan, Funda, Khajidkhand Chuluunbandi, Anna Freiberg, Attila Kormanyos, Ferit Sit, Serhiy Cherevko, Jochen Alfred Kerres, Simon Thiele, and Thomas Böhm. "Quaternized Polybenzimidazole-Cross-Linked Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) Membranes and Their Performance in HT-PEMFCs." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351411mtgabs.
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Quaternized Polybenzimidazole-Cross-Linked Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) Membranes and Their Performance in HT-PEMFCs Keywords: Proton-exchange membrane, ion pair, high-temperature, phosphoric acid, quaternary ammonium, hydrogen crossover High temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) are promising electrochemical energy conversion devices for the hydrogen economy. In this fuel cell type, phosphoric acid is immobilized as an electrolyte within a polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane acting as a matrix. These membrane systems allow operating temperatures up to 200 °C, which is significantly higher than for sulfonated polymers that are used in low temperatures PEMFCs at around 80 °C. Operating PEMFCs above 100 °C harbors advantages such as faster reaction kinetics, higher tolerances against fuel impurities, and easier cooling. Nonetheless, phosphoric acid doped membranes also is the main challenge and drawback of these systems due to leaching of the dopant over time. A high acid-oping level is desired since it ensures high proton conductivity. However, the mechanical properties of PBI-based materials generally deteriorate upon increasing acid doping levels. In this regard, cross-linking PBI with another polymer is a promising route to enhance the mechanical properties of acid-doped membranes. Further, polymers with specific functional groups, such as quaternary ammonium (QA), can be used as cross-linkers to enhance the retention of phosphoric acid by forming strong interactions with biphosphate anions. Here, we present a new ion-pair-coordinated membrane (IPM) system decorated with QA groups. Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) is used as a macromolecular cross-linker for PBI, and three different amines (Quinuclidine, Quinuclidinol, DABCO) are used as quaternizing agents. The performance of these membranes is evaluated ex-situ as well as electrochemically within HT-PEMFC operation and compared to a commercial m-PBI membrane (Dapazol). The IPMs show reduced swelling and better mechanical properties upon doping. Further, the commercial reference can be outperformed within HT-PEMFC operation at less acid doping than conventional PBI membranes. The best-performing IPM led to a 25% improved fuel cell performance. The peak power density of an HT-PEMFC incorporating a Dapazol membrane was 430 mW cm–2 at 180 °C under H2/air conditions and at ambient pressure, while the HT-PEMFC with the best-performing IPM yielded 530 cm–2 at equal parameters. Further, the hydrogen gas crossover of the IPMs is similar or less than that of the commercial reference even at lower membrane thicknesses, which renders these membranes as promising candidates for application in HT-PEMFC.
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Tawalbeh, Muhammad, Suma Alarab, Amani Al-Othman, and Rana Muhammad Nauman Javed. "The Operating Parameters, Structural Composition, and Fuel Sustainability Aspects of PEM Fuel Cells: A Mini Review." Fuels 3, no. 3 (August 3, 2022): 449–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels3030028.
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This mini review discusses the sustainability aspects of various fuels for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFCs operate by converting the chemical energy in a fuel into electrical energy. The most crucial parameters in the operation process are the temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and air stoichiometry ratio, as presented in this work. The classical structure of a PEMFC consists of a proton exchange membrane, anode electrode, cathode electrode, catalyst layers (CLs), microporous layer (MPLs), gas diffusion layers (GDLs), two bipolar plates (BPs), and gas flow channels (GFCs). The mechanical behavior and the conductivity of the protons are highly dependent on the structure of the MEAs. This review discusses the various fuels and their production paths from sustainable sources. For the fuel production process to be renewable and sustainable, a hydrogen electrolyzer could be powered from solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, or hydroelectric energy, to produce hydrogen, which in turn could be fed into the fuel cell. This paper also reviews biomass-based routes for sustainable fuel production.
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Thangarasu, Sadhasivam, and Tae-Hwan Oh. "Recent Developments on Bioinspired Cellulose Containing Polymer Nanocomposite Cation and Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells (PEMFC and AFC)." Polymers 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 5248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235248.
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Hydrogen fuel cell (FC) technologies are being worked on as a possible replacement for fossil fuels because they produce a lot of energy and do not pollute the air. In FC, ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are the vital components for ion transport between two porous electrodes. However, the high production cost of commercialized membranes limits their benefits. Various research has focused on cellulose-based membranes such as IEM with high proton conductivity, and mechanical, chemical, and thermal stabilities to replace the high cost of synthetic polymer materials. In this review, we focus on and explain the recent progress (from 2018 to 2022) of cellulose-containing hybrid membranes as cation exchange membranes (CEM) and anion exchange membranes (AEM) for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and alkaline fuel cells (AFC). In this account, we focused primarily on the effect of cellulose materials in various membranes on the functional properties of various polymer membranes. The development of hybrid membranes with cellulose for PEMFC and AFC has been classified based on the combination of other polymers and materials. For PEMFC, the sections are associated with cellulose with Nafion, polyaryletherketone, various polymeric materials, ionic liquid, inorganic fillers, and natural materials. Moreover, the cellulose-containing AEM for AFC has been summarized in detail. Furthermore, this review explains the significance of cellulose and cellulose derivative-modified membranes during fuel cell performance. Notably, this review shows the vital information needed to improve the ion exchange membrane in PEMFC and AFC technologies.
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Ni, Hong Jun, Qing Qing Hu, Xing Xing Wang, and Zhi Yang Li. "Simulation Researches of PEMFC Based on ANSYS / FLUENT." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2500–2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2500.
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The internal mass transfer and the distribution of each component in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), including the hydrogen-oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cell (H2-O2PEMFC) and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), have great effects on the life and performance of cell. Simulation with software is one of the most important research methods. In this paper, the recent researches on the working conditions of PEMFC modeled with commercial software ANSYS / FLUENT are summarized, and on the basis, new visions for further study about abnormal fuel cells are brought forward.
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Yu, Ru-Jun, Guang-Yi Cao, Xiu-Qing Liu, Zhong-Fang Li, Wei Xing, and Xin-Jian Zhu. "Fabrication of Support Tubular Proton Exchange Membrane For Fuel Cell." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 4 (April 17, 2006): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2759501.
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The support tubular proton exchange membranes (STPEMs) were fabricated successfully by impregnating porous silica pipe into a solution of perfluorinated resin. The structures of the inner, outer, and cross section of support PEM tube were characterized intensively by scanning electron microscopy observation. In addition, the conductivity and impermeability were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the bubble method, respectively. Results show that the conductivity of the PEM can reach as low as 1.46S∕m when using the silica pipe of 0.7mm wall thickness. Subsequently, the ST membrane electrode assembly for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications was prepared first by loading Pt∕C and Pt–Ru∕C catalyst ink onto the outer and inner surfaces of the PEM tube, respectively. The performances of the tubular DMFC and the PEMFC were tested on a self-made apparatus, which shows that the power density of tubular DMFC can reach 10mWcm−2 when 4molL−1 methanol solution flows through the anode at 80°C, and that the power density of tubular PEMFC can reach up to 60mWcm−2 when hydrogen flows at the rates of 20mlmin−1 through the anode at 60°C, both the cathodes adopting air-breathing mode.
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Jia, Qiu Hong, Ming Han, Lin Qing Liao, and Yan Xiao. "Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Lumped Modeling and Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 462 (February 2012): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.462.52.
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It analyzes in detail the influence factor of voltage of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) when load changes sudden by the lumped modeling developed. The partial pressure of hydrogen and oxygen can be expressed using the ideal gas law equation, and ohmic loss, activation loss and concentration losses are accounted, it is assumed that both operating factor of hydrogen and mixture ratio of hydrogen and oxygen are constant. Based on the above, the dynamic lumped model of PEMFC is proposed. The correctness of model is verified by comparing the experiment data with simulation result of model. The research about lumped model has important significance to the research of the distributed generation network in various performances.
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Yuan, Yuan, Zhiguo Qu, Wenkai Wang, Guofu Ren, and Baobao Hu. "Illustrative Case Study on the Performance and Optimization of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." ChemEngineering 3, no. 1 (March 2, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3010023.
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Modeling is a powerful tool for the design and development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This study presents a one-dimensional, two-phase mathematical model of PEMFC to investigate the two-phase transport process, gas species transport flow and water crossover fluxes. The model reduces the computational time for PEMFC design with guaranteed accuracy. Analysis results show that the concentration and activation overpotentials of the cell decrease with the increase of operation pressure, which result in enhanced cell performance. Proper oxygen stoichiometry ratio in the cathode decreases the cell activation overpotential and is favorable for performance improvement. The cell ohmic resistance correspondingly increases with the increase of catalyst layer thickness, which leads to a deteriorated cell performance. The improvement on cell performance could be facilitated by decreasing the membrane thickness. Predicted results show that the present model is a useful tool for the design optimization of practical PEMFCs.
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Ahmed, Koushik, Omar Farrok, Md Mominur Rahman, Md Sawkat Ali, Md Mejbaul Haque, and Abul Kalam Azad. "Proton Exchange Membrane Hydrogen Fuel Cell as the Grid Connected Power Generator." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 6679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246679.
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In this paper, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is implemented as a grid-connected electrical generator that uses hydrogen gas as fuel and air as an oxidant to produce electricity through electrochemical reactions. Analysis demonstrated that the performance of the PEMFC greatly depends on the rate of fuel supply and air supply pressure. Critical fuel and air supply pressures of the PEMFC are analysed to test its feasibility for the grid connection. Air and fuel supply pressures are varied to observe the effects on the PEMFC characteristics, efficiency, fuel supply, and air consumption over time. The PEMFC model is then implemented into an electrical power system with the aid of power electronics applications. Detailed mathematical modelling of the PEMFC is discussed with justification. The PEMFC functions as an electrical generator that is connected to the local grid through a power converter and a transformer. Modulation of the converter is controlled by means of a proportional-integral controller. The two-axis control methodology is applied to the current control of the system. The output voltage waveform and control actions of the controller on the current and frequency of the proposed system are plotted as well. Simulation results show that the PEMFC performs efficiently under certain air and fuel pressures, and it can effectively supply electrical power to the grid.
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El Aoumari, Abdelaziz, Hamid Ouadi, Jamal El-Bakkouri, and Fouad Giri. "Adaptive neural network observer for proton-exchange membrane fuel cell system." Clean Energy 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2023): 1078–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkad048.
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Abstract This paper develops an adaptive neural network (NN) observer for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Indeed, information on the oxygen excess ratio (OER) value is crucial to ensure optimal management of the durability and reliability of the PEMFC. The OER indicator is computed from the mass of oxygen and nitrogen inside the PEMFC cathode. Unfortunately, the measurement process of both these masses is difficult and costly. To solve this problem, the design of a PEMFC state observer is attractive. However, the behaviour of the fuel cell system is highly non-linear and its modelling is complex. Due to this constraint, a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN)-based observer is proposed in this paper to estimate the oxygen and nitrogen masses. One notable advantage of the suggested MLPNN observer is that it does not require a database to train the NN. Indeed, the weights of the NN are updated in real time using the output error. In addition, the observer parameters, namely the learning rate and the damping factor, are online adapted using the optimization tools of extremum seeking. Moreover, the proposed observer stability analysis is performed using the Lyapunov theory. The observer performances are validated by simulation under MATLAB®/Simulink®. The supremacy of the proposed adaptive MLPNN observer is highlighted by comparison with a fixed-parameter MLPNN observer and a classical high-gain observer (HGO). The mean relative error value of the excess oxygen rate is considered the performance index, which is equal to 1.01% for an adaptive MLPNN and 3.95% and 9.95% for a fixed MLPNN and HGO, respectively. Finally, a robustness test of the proposed observer with respect to measurement noise is performed.
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Al-Shamma’a, Abdullrahman A., Fekri Abdulraqeb Ahmed Ali, Mansour S. Alhoshan, Fahd A. Alturki, Hassan M. H. Farh, Javed Alam, and Khalil AlSharabi. "Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Parameter Extraction Using a Supply–Demand-Based Optimization Algorithm." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081416.
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For proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), the parameter extraction issue is among the most widely studied problems in the field of energy storage systems, since the precise identification of such parameters plays an important role in increasing the PEMFC performance and life span. The optimization process is intended to adjust the performance of PEMFCs by appraising the optimal parameters that produce a good estimation of the current–voltage (I–V) curve. In order to build an accurate equivalent circuit model for PEMFCs, a reliable and effective parameter extraction algorithm, termed a supply–demand-based optimization (SDO) algorithm, is proposed in this paper. Nine parameters (ξ1, ξ2, ξ3, ξ4, Rc, β, λ, l, and Jmax) are evaluated, to minimize the sum squared deviation (SSE) between the experimental and simulated I–V curves. To validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the SDO algorithm, four sets of experimental data with diverse characteristics and two well-known PEMFC stacks (BSC500W and 500W Horizon) are employed. Comparison of the simulated and experimental results clearly demonstrates the superiority/competitiveness of the SDO algorithm over five well-established parameter extraction algorithms, i.e., the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), grey wolf optimization (GWO), Harris hawks optimization (HHO), and genetic algorithm (GA). Several evaluation criteria, including best SSE, worst SSE, mean SSE, and standard deviation, show that the SDO algorithm has merits in terms of PEMFC modeling.
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Pourrahmani, Hossein, Hamed Shakeri, and Jan Van herle. "Thermoelectric Generator as the Waste Heat Recovery Unit of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: A Numerical Study." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093018.
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The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a prominent environmentally friendly alternative candidate to internal combustion engines in automotive applications. The recovery of the waste heat of light-duty diesel engines has been investigated recently, which is similarly relevant for PEMFCs. Thermoelectric generators (TEG) applied on the stack’s walls have been already proposed and tested as a cooling method for small scale applications of the PEMFC. For the medium scale usages of the PEMFC stack, TEG technology may be further used to recover heat lost through the cooling water required for stack thermal management, which was the focus of the present study. Using an agglomerate model for the PEMFC and a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) thermal model for the TEG heat exchanger unit, the operation and performance of the PEMFC stack and heat recovery unit were simulated, respectively. After validation, results indicated that the transferred heat from the PEMFC to the cooling channel increased the temperature of the coolant from room temperature to 330.5 K at the current density of 0.8 A/cm2. CFD analysis revealed that 37.7 W of the heated wasted by the PEMFC stack could be recovered by the currently available TEG material and geometry.
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Bébin, Philippe, and Hervé Galiano. "Proton Exchange Membrane Development and Processing for Fuel Cell Application." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 1327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1327.
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The development of new proton exchange membranes for PEMFC has to be related to the membrane processing as it can change drastically the final properties of the material. Indeed, for the same material, a membrane prepared by a solvent-casting process has a lower lifetime than an extruded one. The proton conduction of the membrane can also be dependent on the membrane processing, especially when some removable plasticizers are used to perform the membrane extrusion. Some residual porosity, left in the material after removing the plasticizer, is suspected to enhance the proton conduction of the film. Fuel cell experiments have shown that extruded sulfonated polysulfone membrane can give the same performance as a Nafion® reference membrane whereas the proton conductivity of PSUs is twenty times lower than the Nafion® one. Additional improvements of the membrane properties can also be expected by adding some proton conductive fillers to the organic polymer. This approach enhances the proton conductivity of sulfonated polysulfone to values similar to Nafion®. On the other hand, when Nafion® is used as a matrix for the proton conductive fillers, a very significant improvement of fuel cell performance is obtained.
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Cheng, Wang, Zong Qiang Mao, Jing Ming Xu, and Xiao Feng Xie. "Study of Novel Self-Humidifying PEMFC with Nano-TiO2-Based Membrane." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.899.
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We propose self-humidifying polymer electrolyte membranes with highly dispersed nanometer-sized Titanium dioxides for proton exchange membrane fuel cells operated with dry H2 and O2. The nanosized TiO2 particles that have hygroscopic property are expected to adsorb the water produced from the cathode reaction and to release the water once the proton exchange membrane needs water. The preparation technology of nano-TiO2 particles in a commercial Nafion 112 membrane via novel in situ sol-gel reactions was developed, resulting in a semitransparent membrane with uniform distribution of TiO2 in the proton exchange membrane. It is found that Proton conductivity increases observably by dispersing 3 wt % nano-TiO2 in the Proton exchange membrane at low humidity condition, and the newly prepared TiO2-PEM improve the self-humidifying performance of Proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
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Tang, Yaliang, Michael H. Santare, Anette M. Karlsson, Simon Cleghorn, and William B. Johnson. "Stresses in Proton Exchange Membranes Due to Hygro-Thermal Loading." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 23, 2005): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2173666.
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Durability of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a major technical barrier to the commercial viability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) for stationary and transportation applications. In order to reach Department of Energy objectives for automotive PEMFCs, an operating design lifetime of at least 5000h over a broad temperature range is required. Reaching these lifetimes is an extremely difficult technical challenge. Though good progress has been made in recent years, there are still issues that need to be addressed to assure successful, economically viable, long-term operation of PEM fuel cells. Fuel cell lifetime is currently limited by gradual degradation of both the chemical and hygro-thermomechanical properties of the membranes. Eventually the system fails due to a critical reduction of the voltage or mechanical damage. However, the hygro-thermomechanical loading of the membranes and how this effects the lifetime of the fuel cell is not understood. The long-term objective of the research is to establish a fundamental understanding of the mechanical processes in degradation and how they influence the lifetime of PEMFCs based on perfluorosulfuric acid membrane. In this paper, we discuss the finite element models developed to investigate the in situ stresses in polymer membranes.
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Tawalbeh, Muhammad, Amani Al-Othman, Ahmad Ka'ki, Shima Mohamad, Amer Al-Jahran, Vishnu Unnikrishnan, Omid Zabihi, Quanxiang Li, Kamyar Shirvanimoghaddam, and Minoo Naebe. "High Temperature Studies of Graphene Nanoplatelets-MOFs Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells Applications." Key Engineering Materials 962 (October 12, 2023): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3yscik.
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The wide applicability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is hindered by their dependency on the Nafion membrane as a state-of-the-art electrolyte. Nafion membranes can only operate at relatively low temperatures, up to 80°C. Therefore, any application of the fuel cell above this temperature would cause the PEMFC to lose its proton conductivity and mechanical integrity. For this reason, the development of Nafion-free membranes for PEMFCs has been studied extensively through the corporation of several additives over polymer substrates. The charge transfer abilities of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), among other properties, make them one of the possible additives. The objective of this work is to synthesize Nafion-free membranes based on graphene oxide, MOFs, ionic liquids, polyethylene glycol, and zirconium phosphate over PTTFE membrane as an alternative to Nafion membranes. The preliminary results gave proton conductivities in the range of 10-4 S/cm up to 150°C with graphene oxide MOF addition to all samples.
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Chitsazan, Azin, and Majid Monajje. "Increasing the efficiency Proton exchange membrane (PEMFC) & other fuel cells through multi graphene layers including polymer membrane electrolyte." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2020): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv8i1p95-107.
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Multi layers Graphene has been simulated theoretically for hydrogen storage and oxygen diffusion at a single unit of fuel cell. Ion transport rate of DFAFC, PAFC, AFC, PEMFC, DMFC and SOFC fuel cells have been studied. AFC which uses an aqueous alkaline electrolyte is suitable for temperature below 90 degree and is appropriate for higher current applications, while PEMFC is suitable for lower temperature compared to others. Thermodynamic equations have been investigated for those fuel cells in viewpoint of voltage output data. Effects of operating data including temperature (T), pressure (P), proton exchange membrane water content (λ) , and proton exchange membrane thickness on the optimal performance of the irreversible fuel cells have been studied.Obviously, the efficiency of PEMFC extremely related to amount of the H2 concentration, water activities in catalyst substrates and polymer of electrolyte membranes, temperature, and such variables dependence in the direction of the fuel and air streams.
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Fahim, Samuel Raafat, Hany M. Hasanien, Rania A. Turky, Abdulaziz Alkuhayli, Abdullrahman A. Al-Shamma’a, Abdullah M. Noman, Marcos Tostado-Véliz, and Francisco Jurado. "Parameter Identification of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Based on Hunger Games Search Algorithm." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 5022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165022.
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This paper presents a novel minimum seeking algorithm referred to as the Hunger Games Search (HGS) algorithm. The HGS is used to obtain optimal values in the model describing proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The PEMFC model has many parameters that are linked in a nonlinear manner, as well as a set of constraints. The HGS was used with the aforementioned model to test its performance against nonlinear models. The main aim of the optimization problem was to obtain accurate values of PEMFC parameters. The proposed heuristic algorithm was used with two commercial PEMFCs: the Ballard Mark V and the BCS 500 W. The simulation results obtained using the HGS-based model were compared to the experimental results. The effectiveness of the proposed model was verified under various temperature and partial pressure conditions. The numerical output results of the HGS-based fuel cell model were compared with other optimization algorithm-based models with respect to their efficiency. Moreover, the parametric t-test and other statistical analysis methods were employed to check the robustness of the proposed algorithm under various independent runs. Using the proposed HGS-based PEMFC model, a model with very high precision could be obtained, affecting the operation and control of the fuel cells in the simulation analyses.
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Wen, C. Y., H. T. Chang, and T. W. Luo. "Simulation Methodology on Analyzing Clamping Mode for Single Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Journal of Mechanics 27, no. 4 (December 2011): 545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2011.57.
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ABSTRACTIn proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), a low interfacial pressure between the bipolar plates and the membrane exchange assembly (MEA) results in a high contact resistance. Conversely, an excessive interfacial pressure reduces the porosity of the gas diffusion layer (GDLs) and may damage the proton exchange membrane (PEM). Consequently, the performance of a PEMFC is critically dependent upon the clamping method. Accordingly, this study emphasizes the development of a numerical methodology for analyzing clamping of a PEMFC and constructs a detailed three-dimensional (3D) full-scale finite element (FE) model of a PEMFC with the traditional and most popular point-load design as an example. The numerical method is first validated by experiments. A series of simulations are then performed on the example cases (i.e. 2-bolt, 4-bolt or 6-bolt) to analyze their behaviors on the contact pressure between the bipolar plates and the MEA and the corresponding effects on the GDL porosity and the contact resistance, under the constraints that the membrane and gaskets remain within their respective elastic limits and the porosity of the GDL has a value higher than 0.5. Overall, to complete the analysis procedures proposed in this paper, the results show that the six-bolt clamping mode with a tightening torque of 16 N-m achieves a uniform pressure distribution and a high interfacial pressure, and therefore represents the optimal clamping mode for the performed example cases.
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Belmesov, A. A., L. V. Shmygleva, A. A. Baranov, and A. V. Levchenko. "Proton exchange membrane fuel cells: processes–materials–design in current trends." Russian Chemical Reviews 93, no. 6 (June 2024): RCR5121. http://dx.doi.org/10.59761/rcr5121.
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Over the last decade, the potential of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for use in a range of applications, including automotive transport, has attracted the attention of scientific groups and industry representatives worldwide. The active development of PEMFCs is already enabling them to compete with internal combustion engines and lithium-ion batteries in a number of applications. However, significant improvements in a number of PEMFCs characteristics are required to expand the scope of their applications. This review is intended to bridge the gap between existing reviews, which are either overly general or overly specific, and provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art and potential future applications of PEMFCs. It will focus on the main components of PEMFCs, including proton exchange membranes, catalytic and gas diffusion layers, bipolar plates, and cooling systems, and the factors affecting the PEMFC performance.<br> The bibliography includes 428 references.
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Shang, Fumin, Kangzhe Yang, Chaoyue Liu, Qingjing Yang, and Jianhong Liu. "Feasible analysis of pulsating heat pipe applied to proton exchange membrane fuel cell." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 01050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124801050.
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Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has the advantages of high energy efficiency, clean, pollution-free, fast start-up and noise-free, but its thermal management problems still restrict the development and practical application of PEMFC. This paper analyzes the important influence of heat management on the working performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and summarizes the structure principle and effect evaluation of thermal management system using heat pipe under the premise of simply summarizing the shortcomings of the thermal management system using conventional cooling method. By expounding the working principle and characteristics of pulsating heat pipe, and from the perspective of PEMFC internal structure and technology, the feasibility of applying pulsating heat pipe to PEMFC thermal management system is analyzed, with a view to developing pulsating heat pipe-type PEMFC thermal management technology with compact structure and excellent performance.
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Simasatitkul, Lida, Suksun Amornraksa, Natcha Wangprasert, and Thanaporn Wongjirasavat. "Preliminary Analysis of Hydrogen Production Integrated with Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." E3S Web of Conferences 141 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014101009.
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Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an interesting option for electricity generation. However, the usage of pure hydrogen feeding to PEMFC faces many problems such as high price and gas storage capacity. On-board fuel processor integrated with PEMFC is therefore a more preferable option. Two hydrogen production processes from crude ethanol feed, a by-product of fermentation of corn stover, integrated with PEMFC were developed and proposed. They are steam reforming (SR) process integrated with PEMFC and steam reforming process coupled with a CO preferential oxidation (COPROX) reactor with PEMFC. The results showed that the optimal operating conditions for both processes were similar i.e. S/F ratio of 9, WGS reactor temperature of 250oC and membrane area of 0.6 m2. However, the optimal SR temperature of both processes were different i.e. 500oC and 460oC. Both processes produced pure hydrogen gas at 0.53 mol/s. The energy requirement of the SR process alone was higher than SR process coupled with a COPROX about 0.19 MW. The produced hydrogen gas entered PEMFC at current density of 1.1 A cm-2, generating the power at of 0.44 W cm-2.
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Shekhar Das, Himadry, Chee Wei Tan, AHM Yatim, and Nik Din Bin Muhamad. "Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Emulator Using PI Controlled Buck Converter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i1.pp462-469.
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Alternative energy technologies are being popular for power generation applications nowadays. Among others, Fuel cell (FC) technology is quite popular. However, the FC unit is costly and vulnerable to any disturbances in input parameters. Thus, to perform research and experimentation, Fuel cell emulators (FCE) can be useful. FCEs can replicate actual FC behavior in different operating conditions. Thus, by using it the application area can be determined. In this study, a FCE system is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink®. The FCE system consists of a buck DC-DC converter and a proportional integral (PI) based controller incorporating an electrochemical model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC model is used to generate reference voltage of the controller which takes the load current as a requirement. The characteristics are compared with Ballard Mark V 5kW PEMFC stack specifications obtained from the datasheet. The results show that the FCE system is a suitable replacement of real PEMFC stack and can be used for research and development purpose.
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Dhobi, Saddam Husain, Kishori Yadav, Ajay Kumar Jha, Bhishma Karki, and Jeevan Jyoti Nakarmi. "Free Electron-Ion Interaction and Its Effect on Output Current of Permeable Exchange Membrane Hydrogen Fuel." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 8457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.8457ecst.
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The mathematical model is developed to investigate the relationship between the Hamiltonian of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and the output of the PEMFC. At constant response time, the Hamiltonian is directly proportional to current density and cell voltage, according to the established model (Nano-second). At activation overpotential 90mV, the Hamiltonian of PEMFC with current density increases without a hump, however at activation overpotential 1mV, a bump is detected at 0.47mAcm-2. The hump is also seen with cell voltage and power density at the same current density. The current density exponential term is responsible for the hump. PEMFC's Hamiltonian at low temperature is higher than PEMFC's Hamiltonian at high temperature. By examining the Hamiltonian with temperature and its relationship to a PEMFC output, the efficiency of the PEMFC can be increased by minimizing heat. Because PEMFC generates electricity and heat as a result of the chemical process. The collision of free electrons and protons around the electrodes generates heat energy. Because the Hamiltonian is inversely proportional to distance and directly proportional to current density and power density, the energy carried by free electrons and proton decreases as the distance between them decreases, resulting in the generation of heat energy during collisionless collisions. The free electrons and free protons circulate faster to form PEMFC outputs due to the short distance gap.
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Aryal, Utsav Raj, Gaohua Zhu, and Debasish Banerjee. "Modeling and Simulation of a High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 25 (August 28, 2023): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01251665mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
High temperature (HT) (around 120-200°C) PEM FCs are predicted to be the next generation of PEMFCs particularly for hydrogen-powered automobiles and combined heat and power (CHP) systems because the water management can be simplified at such temperatures as only a single phase of water vapor needs to be considered. Additionally, the cooling system can be streamlined due to an increase in temperature gradient between the coolant and the FC stack. This will also allow easy recovery of waste heat that can be used as a practical heat source. Furthermore, the CO tolerance improves dramatically at high temperatures thereby allowing HT PEMFCs to utilize reformed and impure hydrogen. A single phase three-dimensional, steady-state, isothermal model for a single 5 HT PEM fuel cell with serpentine flow channels is implemented in COMSOL to investigate the effect of various operating conditions like temperature, back pressure and cathode flow rate and design parameters like catalyst layer loading, cathode GDL porosity, and flow field channels including parallel and interdigitated channels. Different performance indicators in terms of polarization curve, loss mechanisms, oxygen molar concentration, and anode and cathode pressure are represented for a complete overall analysis. In fact, the breakdown of different overpotential loss mechanism for HT PEMFC presented here is unique that not only quantifies these losses but also provides an accurate comparison with corresponding low temperature counterpart. The result from the computational model follows the experimental result very closely, thus, validating our model. The simulations stipulates that the performance of a HT PEMFC improves with increasing temperature, back pressure, and air flow rate. Increasing catalyst layer loading improves the performance up to a point after which it starts to drop at low voltages because of hindered gas diffusion. Similarly, a comparative study among different flow field channel is also presented indicating improved performance when going from parallel to interdigitated and serpentine channels. Furthermore, this study provides guidelines to optimize HT PEMFC performance through comprehensive parametric study.
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Mulyazmi, Wan Ramli Wan Daud, and Edy Herianto Majlan. "Design Models of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell System." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.554.
Full textAbstract:
One important aspect to develop fuel cell design is to use the concept of computational models. Mathematical modeling can be used to help research complex, estimates the optimal performance of fuel cells stack, compare several different processes, save costs and time in the investigation. This paper focuses on several reviews of research models to develop the system design of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). Purposes of this study are to determine the factors that affect system performance include: stack of PEMFC system, water management system and Supply of reactants to the PEMFC stack.