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Journal articles on the topic 'Pelophylax esculentus complex'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Paunovic, Ana, Olivera Bjelic-Cabrilo, and Smiljka Simic. "The diet of water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus 'complex') from the Petrovaradinski Rit marsh (Serbia)." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 3 (2010): 797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1003797p.

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In the Petrovaradinski Rit marsh region, the composition, dynamics and importance of the food components of three syntopic anuran species of the genus Pelophylax were analyzed through all the seasons of their activity in order to determine the vulnerability of each species in the trophic competition. The results of the studies have shown that the trophic niche breadth, according to the importance index of contents, was the smallest for the species Pelophylax kl. esculentus and largest for the species Pelophylax ridibundus, meaning that the species Pelophylax kl. esculentus has the most uniform diet and is therefore most vulnerable to competition by other species. .

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2

Kierzkowski, Piotr, Piotr Kosiba, Mariusz Rybacki, Małgorzata Socha, and Maria Ogielska. "Genome dosage effect and colouration features in hybridogenetic water frogs of the Pelophylax esculentus complex." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 4 (2013): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002904.

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There are three taxons of central European water frogs of the Pelophylax esculentus complex: two morphologically distinct species, Pelophylax lessonae (LL) and Pelophylax ridibundus (RR), and hybrids Pelophylax esculentus, which can be either diploid (RL) or triploid (LLR or RRL). The morphology of hybrids is supposed to follow genome dosage effect. We describe colouration of water frogs with genome composition verified by chromosome analysis. Typical colouration features in LL were: spots on the ventral side, brown limbs, “weak” femur spotting pattern, brown dorsal folds and yellow-green colour in “waist”. Typical RR had dark-green or olive-green limbs, “full” femur spotting pattern, no hip spot and no yellow colour in “waist”. For all hybrids the most typical features were strong spots on the ventral side and a mosaic of green and brown colour on limbs. Typical LLR had brown-greenish dorsal folds underlined by a partial black line, “weak” femur spotting pattern and yellow-greenish colour in “waist” and on femur. Typical RL had greenish hind limbs, green dorsal folds, no yellow colour in “waist”, and no hip spot. Typical RRL was similar to RL, but had a continuous black line under dorsal folds. There were, however, numerous exceptions to these trends, with the most prominent being much higher than expected variability of colouration of Pelophylax lessonae. Therefore caution must be advised when trying to estimate genome composition of water frogs solely on the basis of colouration.

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3

Dedukh, D. V., and A. V. Krasikova. "Methodological approaches for studying the european water frog Pelophylax esculentus complex." Russian Journal of Genetics 53, no. 8 (August 2017): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s102279541708004x.

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4

Snegin, Eduard, Anatoliy Barkhatov, Anton Sychev, and Elena Snegina. "Species composition of green frogs (Pelophylax Esculentus Complex) of the Belgorod agglomeration based on DNA markers." BIO Web of Conferences 30 (2021): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213004008.

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On the basis of molecular genetic analysis of the intron-1 of the nuclear serum albumin gene (SAI-1) were identified 177 individuals of Pelophylax esculentus complex of 9 localities Belgorod. Two types of population systems R and RE were identified. Pure populations of L-type, E-type and LE-type as well as P. lessonae individuals were not identified.

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5

Suriadna, N. M., G. I. Mykytynets, M. Pupiņš, and V. Y. Gasso. "Population systems of Eurasian water frogs (Pelophylax) in the south of Ukraine." Biosystems Diversity 28, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012021.

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Ecological and evolutionary consequences of population-genetic processes that occur because of natural cross-species hybridization can show mechanisms of overcoming the reproductive barrier and obtaining the species status by a hybrid taxon. This is clearly seen in the population systems of Eurasian water frogs – Pelophylax esculentus complex. The P. esculentus (E) hybrid usually discards one of the parental genomes of P. lessonae (L) or P. ridibundus (R) and reproduces semi-clonally. The genetic structure and direction of gene flows precisely depend on the type and distribution of mixed or pure population systems of water frogs. Three population systems in the south of Ukraine were identified and confirmed as RR, RE and REL. The populations of P. ridibundus are most common (76.2%). A mixed population systems of P. ridibundus and P. esculentus (20.0%) are concentrated in the floodplains of large rivers where triploids were found and the unisexual hybrids (1.0♂ : 0.1♀) were proved. Parent species populations having different ploidy of P. esculentus such as 3n and for the first time 4n were found. A mixed system of three taxa (REL) is rare (3.8%) and locally concentrated in the lower Danube and Dnieper with the smallest proportion of P. lessonae. We did not find populations of P. lessonae (LL), P. esculentus (EE, very rare system of hybrids only), and two mixed populations of parental species RL and semi-clonal LE in the south of Ukraine, but they are known for northern areas. The high number of P. ridibundus tends to decrease; the scarce P. esculentus and the extremely rare P. lessonae require special conservation measures. P. ridibundus (RR) occupies a wide range of diverse natural, permanent, temporary, coastal, continental, and artificial freshwater bodies, including synanthropic ecosystems. Mixed population systems inhabit willow and poplar forests in the floodplains of large rivers. In the south of Ukraine rare and isolated populations of the water frogs occurring outside the main range can be relict. Biotopic preferences, ratio and number of constituent taxa are crucial for an adequate assessment of biological (taxonomic) diversity and development of an appropriate strategy for the population systems’ conservation. Such characteristics as unisexuality of hybrids, their spreading patterns, specific sex structure and ploidy in different population systems of the P. esculentus complex contribute to the understanding of the hybridogenetic dynamics; produce new tendencies of becoming independent hybridogenous taxa and emergence of new evolutionary relationships.

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6

Popiołek, M., B. Rozenblut-Kościsty, M. Kot, W. Nosal, and M. Ogielska. "Endoparasitic helminths of water frog complex in Poland: do differences exist between the parental species Pelophylax ridibundus and Pelophylax lessonae, and their natural hybrid Pelophylax esculentus?" Helminthologia 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-011-0020-8.

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AbstractParasitic fauna of water frogs was mainly studied in the second half of the 20th century. However, these studies were done without differentiation into species and hybrids and pooled the 3 taxa as “water frogs” or “green frogs”. The aim of this study was to make an inventory of helminth species as well as their prevalence and intensity of infection in the two parental species (Pelophylax ridibundus and P. lessonae) and the hybrid (P. esculentus) of water frogs from 3 big populations composed of hundreds or thousands of individuals inhabited natural and seminatural landscapes in Poland. Eight helminth species were found: Polystoma integerrimum, Diplodiscus subclavatus, Opisthoglyphe ranae, Gorgodera cygnoides, Haematoloechus variegatus, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Cosmocerca ornata and Acanthocephalus ranae. The results were compared with data from other, polish and European studies. Additionally we compared the level of infection among water frog taxa.

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Kravchenko, M. O., D. A. Shabanov, M. V. Vladimirova, and G. M. Zholtkevych. "Исследование устойчивости гемиклональных популяционных систем гибридогенного комплекса зеленых лягушек при помощи имитационного моделирования." Biosystems Diversity 19, no. 1 (January 28, 2011): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011108.

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Проанализировано понятие устойчивости в экологии и математике. Обосновывается трактовка устойчивости как способности системы оставаться в ограниченной зоне фазового пространства, соответствующей определенному типу рассматриваемых систем. Этот подход применен для описания изменений состава гемиклональных популяционных систем гибридогенного комплекса зеленых лягушек (Pelophylax esculentus complex). Использована имитационная модель, построенная на рекуррентных разностных уравнениях в MS Excel. Описана динамика переходов в части фазового пространства гемиклональных популяционных систем зеленых лягушек. Проанализирована типология состояний устойчивости биосистем.

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8

Akulenko, N. M. "Pecular Features of Hematopoiesis in the Liver of Mature and Immature Green Frogs (Pelophylax Esculentus Complex)." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0062.

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Abstract The article describes characteristic features of the hematopoiesis in mature and immature green frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex). Quantitative differences in liver myelograms were insignificant. However, in a sample of mature animals numerous significant correlations between the number of pigment inclusions in the liver and indicators of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis were observed. Those correlations were absent in the immature frogs. We concluded that aft er the frogs’ breeding a lack of plastic resources, in particular, hemosiderin remains up to the hibernation.

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9

Herczeg, Dávid, Judit Vörös, Zsolt Végvári, Yuriy Kuzmin, and Daniel R. Brooks. "Helminth Parasites of the Pelophylax esculentus Complex (Anura: Ranidae) in Hortobágy National Park (Hungary)." Comparative Parasitology 83, no. 1 (January 2016): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-83.1.36.

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10

Zamaletdinov, Renat I., Alexey V. Pavlov, Mikhail M. Zaks, Alexandr Y. Ivanov, and Oleg A. Ermakov. "Molecular-genetic characteristic of Pelophylax esculentus complex from the eastern range of distribution (Volga region, Tatarstan Republic)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, no. 31(1) (September 1, 2015): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988591/31/5.

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11

Hermaniuk, Adam, Magdalena Czajkowska, Anetta Borkowska, and Jan R. E. Taylor. "Body size variation in hybrids among populations of European water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) with different breeding systems." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10005.

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Abstract In some populations, hybrids reproduce with a parental species by eliminating the genome of this species from their own germline and produce gametes that only contain the genome of the other parental species (sexual host). This mode of reproduction, known as hybridogenesis, leads to a conflict of interest between the two parties because the sexual host should avoid mating with the hybrid to prevent a reduction in reproductive success, whereas the hybrid depends on such matings for survival. We investigated European water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex), including hybrids (P. esculentus, genotype LR) and two sexual host species (P. lessonae, LL and P. ridibundus, RR). We hypothesized that to maximize fitness, hybrid males should be morphologically more similar to the sexual host that is preferred by females for successful reproduction. To test this hypothesis, we compared hybrid males in two different population types, L-E (hybrids coexist with LL) and L-E-R (hybrids coexist with both LL and RR). The latter was described in terms of genome composition, sex ratio, and mate choice preferences; the sex ratio of hybrids was significantly male-biased. We found that LR males from the L-E-R populations were significantly larger than those from the L-E, which makes them more similar to P. ridibundus, the largest species within the P. esculentus complex. We suggest that a larger body size of hybrid males may provide a reproductive advantage in the L-E-R population type, where the most common type of pair caught in the breeding season was LR males × RR females.

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12

Konowalik, Agnieszka, Anna Najbar, Kamil Konowalik, Łukasz Dylewski, Marzena Frydlewicz, Paweł Kisiel, Agata Starzecka, Anna Zaleśna, and Krzysztof Kolenda. "Amphibians in an urban environment: a case study from a central European city (Wrocław, Poland)." Urban Ecosystems 23, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-019-00912-3.

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AbstractIn 2016, we studied the occurrence of amphibians in 231 selected ponds in the city of Wrocław (Lower Silesia, Poland) and confirmed the occurrence of 10 species: Bombina bombina, Bufo bufo, Bufotes viridis, Hyla arborea, Pelobates fuscus, Pelophylax esculentus complex, Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria, Lissotriton vulgaris and Triturus cristatus. Among all studied sites, the most common were P. esculentus complex (146 occupied sites, 63.2%) and B. bufo (119, 51.5%), while the rarest was P. fuscus (8, 3.5%). The number of species at a single site varied from 0 (28 sites, 12.1%) to 9 (1 site, 0.4%). Frequency and mean amphibian species richness reached 87.9% and 2.7 ± 1.9, respectively. The composition of amphibian species did not change in comparison to previous studies conducted in the years 1997–2009, but declining trends in five species (B. bombina, B. viridis, H. arborea, P. esculentus complex, P. fuscus) were observed (28 compared sites). The results revealed that the permanency of ponds, their occurrence in the vicinity of river valleys, and a high ratio of watercourse length and green area around ponds are positively correlated and have a significant influence on amphibian species richness within the city. Thus, these identified factors should be considered in the course of sustainable urban planning in order to avoid potential conflicts between nature conservation and urban development.

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13

Dedukh, Dmitrij, Julia Litvinchuk, Anton Svinin, Spartak Litvinchuk, Juriy Rosanov, and Alla Krasikova. "Variation in hybridogenetic hybrid emergence between populations of water frogs from the Pelophylax esculentus complex." PLOS ONE 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): e0224759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224759.

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14

Szydłowski, Paweł, Magdalena Chmielewska, Beata Rozenblut-Kościsty, and Maria Ogielska. "The frequency of degenerating germ cells in the ovaries of water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex)." Zoomorphology 136, no. 1 (November 29, 2016): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00435-016-0337-4.

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15

BREKA, Katarina, Imre KRIZMANIĆ, Tanja VUKOV, and Srdjan STAMENKOVIĆ. "A procedure for taxon assessment based on morphological variation in European water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex)." TURKISH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 44, no. 3 (May 18, 2020): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1912-29.

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16

Stakh, V. O., Iu M. Strus, and I. S. Khamar. "Genetic diversity in population systems of green frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) in waterbodies of Western Ukraine." Studia Biologica 12, no. 3–4 (2018): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sbi.1203.575.

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17

Dedukh, Dmitry, Glib Mazepa, Dmitry Shabanov, Juriy Rosanov, Spartak Litvinchuk, Leo Borkin, Alsu Saifitdinova, and Alla Krasikova. "Cytological maps of lampbrush chromosomes of European water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) from the Eastern Ukraine." BMC Genetics 14, no. 1 (2013): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-14-26.

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18

Holsbeek, G., and R. Jooris. "Potential impact of genome exclusion by alien species in the hybridogenetic water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex)." Biological Invasions 12, no. 1 (January 30, 2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-009-9427-2.

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19

Biriuk, O., O. Usova, O. Meleshko, and D. Shabanov. "Stability of spermatogenesis and displays of natural selection at the cellular and individual level in immature representatives of the Pelophylax esculentus complex." Biosystems Diversity 24, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011624.

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Pelophylax esculentus is an interspecific hybrid which reproduces hemiclonally by crossing with the parental species (P. ridibundus or P. lessonae). The structure of hemiclonal population systems is of great interest. The majority of investigations into populations of water frogs deal with samples of mature animals, while subadults are less studied. We collected a random sample of 73 small water frogs from three localities in the Siverskyi Donets River floodplain. All frogs were measured, injected with colchicines and killed after anesthesia. We determined the species specifity, sex, age and ploidy of every individual. In addition, we measured testis length and studied the germ cells of all males by means of karyological analysis. We calculated the portion of triploids in the largest subsample from the vicinity of the Biological Station of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University and carried out a meta-analysis of previous publications dealing with composition of green frog samples from this locality. The proportion of triploids in our sample appeared to be approximately the same as 12 years ago. However, this proportion in our sample differed significantly from that obtained in recent samples of green frogs belonging to other age groups (adults and metamorphs) from the same locality. The share of triploids of P. esculentus is the lowest in the sample of metamorphs. This proportion increases in froglets because of early death of representatives of parental species which originated from hybrid-hybrid crossing. Then the number of triploids among adult P. esculentus individuals declines again probably because of their lower viability compared to diploids. We have revealed that subadult diploids have erythrocytes smaller than 28 microns, while triploids’ erythrocytes exceed 27 microns. Therefore, in borderline cases true ploidy could be determined only by the karyological technique. The average ratio between testis length and body length appeared to be larger in the parental species than in both diploid and triploid hybrids. Karyological analysis has revealed that P. esculentus had significantly lower portions of spermatocytes I with normal karyotype (13 bivalents) in the testis in comparison with P. ridibundus, but this value increases in adult hybrids. We suggest that increasing of spermatogenesis stability in adult frogs as opposed to subadults might be the consequence of both selection of germ cell lines in the testis and more frequent survival of individuals with stable gametogenesis.

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20

Prokić, Marko, Slavica Borković-Mitić, Imre Krizmanić, Jelena Gavrić, Svetlana Despotović, Branka Gavrilović, Tijana Radovanović, Slađan Pavlović, and Zorica Saičić. "Comparative study of oxidative stress parameters and acetylcholinesterase activity in the liver of Pelophylax esculentus complex frogs." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 2017): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.003.

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Prokić, Marko D., Jelena P. Gavrić, Tamara G. Petrović, Svetlana G. Despotović, Branka R. Gavrilović, Tijana B. Radovanović, Imre I. Krizmanić, and Slađan Z. Pavlović. "Oxidative stress in Pelophylax esculentus complex frogs in the wild during transition from aquatic to terrestrial life." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 234 (August 2019): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.05.004.

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22

Hofman, Sebastian, Maciej Pabijan, Daria Dziewulska-Szwajkowska, and Jacek M. Szymura. "Mitochondrial genome organization and divergence in hybridizing central European waterfrogs of the Pelophylax esculentus complex (Anura, Ranidae)." Gene 491, no. 1 (January 2012): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2011.08.004.

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23

Kozynenko, Iryna, and Elena Zhalai. "Immunogenetic analysis of hybrid populations of the green frog complex pelophylax esculentus-ridibundus of the fauna of Ukraine." ScienceRise 3, no. 1 (8) (March 22, 2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2313-8416.2015.39370.

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Prokić, Marko D., Slavica S. Borković-Mitić, Imre I. Krizmanić, Jelena J. Mutić, Jelena P. Gavrić, Svetlana G. Despotović, Branka R. Gavrilović, Tijana B. Radovanović, Slađan Z. Pavlović, and Zorica S. Saičić. "Oxidative stress parameters in two Pelophylax esculentus complex frogs during pre- and post-hibernation: Arousal vs heavy metals." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 202 (November 2017): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.07.006.

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25

Barkhatov, Anatoliy S., Eduard A. Snegin, and Sergeu R. Yusupov. "Genetic structure of the water frog (Pelophylax esculentus complex) populations in the south of the Central Russian Upland." Ecological genetics 19, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen48555.

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BACKGROUND: The water frog (Pelophylax esculentus complex) is hybrid in composition. In view of the fact that a large number of data on the species composition of the water frog and very scarce material on the genetic structure of populations are available in the literature, we aimed to analyze the genetic structure of populations of the water frog in the southern part of the Middle Russian upland, which was one of the refugia for many species during the glacial epoch and the center of dispersion in the postglacial time, based on DNA microsatellite markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 36 local populations. DNA variability was analyzed by multiplex SSR-PCR. Seven loci (Res 14, Res 15, Res 17, Res 22, Rrid059A, Rrid082A, and Rrid171A) were used for amplification. Fragment analysis of PCR products was performed on an ABI PRISM 3500 automated capillary DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA). RESULTS: The total number of alleles detected ranged from 13 to 41. The effective number of alleles (Ae) averaged 4.569 0.219, the Chenon index (I) 1.567 0.04, level of expected heterozygosity (Не) 0.68 0.01. According to Wrights model, the greatest contribution to genetic variability is made by the heterogeneity of individuals within populations, some of which are of a hybrid nature (Fis = 0.281 0.069, Fit = 0.413 0.053, Fst = 0.180 0.017). The average indicator of the intensity of gene exchange between populations (Nm) was 1.212 0.142 individuals per generation. The calculation of the effective abundance using the LD method indicates a high level of viability of the studied groups of the frogs. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated a high level of genetic diversity and viability of most of the studied groups, which, due to the intense gene exchange between them, can represent a single panmictic population. The data of the genetic analysis support the active adaptation of P. esculentus complex to living in an urbanized environment.

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26

Mezhzherin, S. V., S. Yu Morozov-Leonov, O. V. Rostovskaya, D. A. Shabanov, and L. Yu Sobolenko. "The ploidy and genetic structure of hybrid populations of water frogs Pelophylax esculentus complex (Amphibia, Ranidae) of Ukraine fauna." Cytology and Genetics 44, no. 4 (August 2010): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0095452710040043.

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27

Prokić, Marko D., Slavica S. Borković-Mitić, Imre I. Krizmanić, Jelena J. Mutić, Jelena Đ. Trifković, Jelena P. Gavrić, Svetlana G. Despotović, et al. "Bioaccumulation and effects of metals on oxidative stress and neurotoxicity parameters in the frogs from the Pelophylax esculentus complex." Ecotoxicology 25, no. 8 (September 15, 2016): 1531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-016-1707-x.

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28

Lada, Georgiy A. "Dynamics of Population Systems of Green Frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) on the Territory of the Russian Plain." Field Biologist Journal 3, no. 1 (2021): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52575/2658-3453-2021-3-1-53-63.

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29

Nekrasova, O. D., and V. V. Kuibida. "Researching Malformations in Frogs of the Pelophylax esculentus Complex (Amphibia: Anura) in the Natural Populations of the Trakhtemyriv Peninsula (Ukraine)." KnE Life Sciences 4, no. 3 (May 3, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v4i3.2112.

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30

Samgina, Tatiana Yu, Konstantin A. Artemenko, Jonas Bergquist, Polonca Trebse, Gregor Torkar, Miriam D. Tolpina, and Albert T. Lebedev. "Differentiation of frogs from two populations belonging to the Pelophylax esculentus complex by LC-MS/MS comparison of their skin peptidomes." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 409, no. 7 (December 23, 2016): 1951–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-0143-3.

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31

Kaczmarski, Mikołaj, Michał Michlewicz, and Piotr Tryjanowski. "Ants biting amphibians: a review and new observations." European Journal of Ecology 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eje-2019-0018.

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Abstract Antagonistic interactions between insects and amphibians are the subject of many scientific articles, mostly concerning amphibian predation on insect, but many fewer examples exist of the opposite situation. In this article we review available information from the literature and add our own observations collected during amphibian pitfall trap monitoring in 2012–2016 in Western Poland, as well as discuss potential conservation implications of observed behavior. We identified a total of 29 cases involving 94 individual ants attacking four species of Anura, Rana temporaria, Pelophylax esculentus complex, Bufo bufo, and Pelobates fuscus, and biting their back, cloaca, armpits, or hind legs. Bites were inflicted by three ant species: Myrmica rubra, Lasius fuliginosus, and Formica polyctena. The number of ants found on an amphibian was positively and significantly correlated with its body length. To date, direct damage by ants on amphibians was reported mainly from the tropics in general predation accident. However, as we document here, it is probably a more common phenomenon, especially in some ecological traps or during pitfall trapping, which is a common method to mitigate road mortality of frogs and toads.

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Akulenko, N. M. "Changes in Liver Parenchyma of Green Frogs (Pelophylax Esculentus Complex) Under Conditions of Anthropogenic Pollution and Their Use in Monitoring of Water Bodies." Vestnik Zoologii 49, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2015-0053.

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Determination of the total biological effects of anthropogenic water pollution remains an important issue. Our long-term studies have shown that numerous alterations occur in the frog liver histological structure under pressure of anthropogenic pollution factor. Th e leukocyte infiltration, fat dystrophy, protein dystrophy and necrosis are well known on the mammal liver. Also we first described the rebuilding in the normal liver structure and the depletation of the fibrous tissue which are characteristic for the amphibians. Quantitative analysis of these alterations can identify significant differences in the pattern of pathological changes in the liver of the green frogs, which pick up in anthropogenically contaminated landscapes and in the clear ponds. Th is method allows quantifying the degree of biological effect of pollution.

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Leuenberger, Julien, Antoine Gander, Benedikt R. Schmidt, and Nicolas Perrin. "Are invasive marsh frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus) replacing the native P. lessonae/P. esculentus hybridogenetic complex in Western Europe? Genetic evidence from a field study." Conservation Genetics 15, no. 4 (February 20, 2014): 869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0585-0.

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Krizmanic, I. I. "Basic morphological characteristics of the Rana (Pelophylax) synklepton esculenta complex in relation to legal regulations in Serbia." Archives of Biological Sciences 60, no. 4 (2008): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0804629k.

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The main purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the basic morphological characteristics of all three taxa of this complex on the territory of Serbia in relation to legal regulations, e.g., the prescribed exploitation limitations. Altogether, 789 water frogs were collected at 22 localities in Serbia and analyzed. The two legally prescribed measures - total body length (L) and body weight (M) - were utilized for this analysis. Inasmuch as the law allows for the choice of characters, this particular formulation is harmful for the reproductively active part of the population. If the formulation of the act could be altered so as to satisfy both criteria, the presented results show that only 5% of the population would qualify for exploitation.

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Barkhatov, A. S., and E. A. Snegin. "Phenotypic structure of Pelophylax esculentus complex population in urbanized landscapes in the South Central Russian Upland." University proceedings. Volga region. Natural sciences, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.21685/2307-9150-2021-3-7.

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Lada, G. A., M. V. Pyatova, E. Yu Kholoburdina, and D. S. Aksenov. "ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THREE SPECIES OF WATER FROGS (PELOPHYLAX ESCULENTUS COMPLEX) IN MIXED REL-POPULATION SYSTEM." University proceedings. Volga region. Natural sciences, no. 3 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.21685/2307-9150-2018-3-2.

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Dedukh, D., S. Riumin, M. Chmielewska, B. Rozenblut-Kościsty, K. Kolenda, M. Kaźmierczak, A. Dudzik, M. Ogielska, and A. Krasikova. "Micronuclei in germ cells of hybrid frogs from Pelophylax esculentus complex contain gradually eliminated chromosomes." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (May 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64977-3.

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Abstract In most organisms, cells typically maintain genome integrity, as radical genome reorganization leads to dramatic consequences. However, certain organisms, ranging from unicellular ciliates to vertebrates, are able to selectively eliminate specific parts of their genome during certain stages of development. Moreover, partial or complete elimination of one of the parental genomes occurs in interspecies hybrids reproducing asexually. Although several examples of this phenomenon are known, the molecular and cellular processes involved in selective elimination of genetic material remain largely undescribed for the majority of such organisms. Here, we elucidate the process of selective genome elimination in water frog hybrids from the Pelophylax esculentus complex reproducing through hybridogenesis. Specifically, in the gonads of diploid and triploid hybrids, but not those of the parental species, we revealed micronuclei in the cytoplasm of germ cells. In each micronucleus, only one centromere was detected with antibodies against kinetochore proteins, suggesting that each micronucleus comprises a single chromosome. Using 3D-FISH with species-specific centromeric probe, we determined the role of micronuclei in selective genome elimination. We found that in triploid LLR hybrids, micronuclei preferentially contain P. ridibundus chromosomes, while in diploid hybrids, micronuclei preferentially contain P. lessonae chromosomes. The number of centromere signals in the nuclei suggested that germ cells were aneuploid until they eliminate the whole chromosomal set of one of the parental species. Furthermore, in diploid hybrids, misaligned P. lessonae chromosomes were observed during the metaphase stage of germ cells division, suggesting their possible elimination due to the inability to attach to the spindle and segregate properly. Additionally, we described gonocytes with an increased number of P. ridibundus centromeres, indicating duplication of the genetic material. We conclude that selective genome elimination from germ cells of diploid and triploid hybrids occurs via the gradual elimination of individual chromosomes of one of the parental genomes, which are enclosed within micronuclei.

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Dedukh, D., S. Riumin, M. Chmielewska, B. Rozenblut-Kościsty, K. Kolenda, M. Kaźmierczak, A. Dudzik, M. Ogielska, and A. Krasikova. "Author Correction: Micronuclei in germ cells of hybrid frogs from Pelophylax esculentus complex contain gradually eliminated chromosomes." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (November 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76320-x.

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Akulenko., N. M. "LIVER PIGMENT CELLS OF THE GREEN FROG (PELOPHYLAX ESCULENTUS COMPLEX) ARE INVOLVED IN HEMATOPOIESIS AND LIVER PARENCHYMA REPAIR." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, October 1, 2021, 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijsr/8731395.

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The article examines the factors inuencing hematopoiesis in the liver of green frogs under conditions of anthropogenic pollution. For this, the experiment compared the indicators of animals from groups with maximum and minimum signs of the liver damage taken from a contaminated biotope. It has been shown that there are no differences between the groups in the indices of hematoposis, but there are signicant differences in the content of pigments in the liver. Also, signicant correlations were found between the amount of pigments and indicators of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis. It was concluded that the reserves of pigments in the liver of frogs are involved in compensatory reactions.

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Fayzulin, Alexander I., Renat I. Zamaletdinov, Spartak N. Litvinchuk, Juriy M. Rosanov, Leo J. Borkin, Oleg A. Ermakov, Alexander B. Ruchin, et al. "Species composition and distributional peculiarities of green frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) in Protected Areas of the Middle Volga Region (Russia)." Nature Conservation Research 3, Suppl. 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2018.056.

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Rubenina, Ilze, Muza Kirjusina, Andris Ceirans, Evita Gravele, Inese Gavarane, Mihails Pupins, and Boris R. Krasnov. "Environmental, anthropogenic, and spatial factors affecting species composition and species associations in helminth communities of water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) in Latvia." Parasitology Research, September 3, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07303-8.

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