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Journal articles on the topic 'PEG'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Assem, Yasser, Heba A. Mohamed, Rana Said, and Ahmed El-Masry. "Preparation of amphiphilic block copolymers (polyethylene adipate-block-polyethylene glycol) and its application in rotogravure ink formulations." Pigment & Resin Technology 47, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-02-2017-0020.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers polyethylene adipate-block-polyethylene glycol (PEA-b-PEG)s and study their performance as plasticizers in rotogravure ink formulations. Design/methodology/approach Series of amphiphilic block copolymers (PEA-b-PEG1), (PEA-b-PEG2), (PEA-b-PEG3), (PEA-b-PEG4) and (PEA-b-PEG5) were prepared by the reaction of adipic acid, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol of different molecular weights (300, 1,000, 2,000, 10,000 and 20,000 g/mol), respectively. Full characterization of the prepared copolymers was achieved using Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H NMR, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The performance of the prepared copolymers as plasticizers for neat nitrocellulose resin were studied in different formulations, namely, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 containing copolymers (PEA-b-PEG1), (PEA-b-PEG2), (PEA-b-PEG3), (PEA-b-PEG4) and (PEA-b-PEG5), respectively. In addition to formula R0 that contains acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) as a commercial plasticizer. The mechanical properties, thermal analysis (DSC, TGA) and optical properties of the prepared formulations films were investigated. Theses amphiphilic block copolymers were then applied as plasticizers in different rotogravure ink formulations (F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5) and compared with commercial rotogravure ink formula (F0). The color measurements and optical properties of all formulations were achieved. Findings It was found that the performance of the prepared copolymers as plasticizers in different formulations based on nitro cellulose resin gives better gloss, adhesion for R1 compared with the other samples and color strength for F1 compared with F0. Finally, all the samples gave excellent plasticizing effect. Research limitations/implications The authors believe that type of these materials open the way for a new class of plasticizers that upon application or even degradation gives small ecofriendly molecules (adipic acid and or ethylene glycol moieties) taking into consideration the simplicity of the rout of the synthesis process. Practical implications The prepared ecofriendly (PEA-b-PEG)s could be successfully used as plasticizers instead of commercial plasticizer ATBC. Originality/value The research provides that the prepared (PEA-b-PEG)s with different molecular weights can act as plasticizers in rotogravure ink formulations, and their performance was acceptable and available.

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2

Kampars, Valdis, Ruta Kampare, and Aija Krumina. "MgO Catalysts for FAME Synthesis Prepared Using PEG Surfactant during Precipitation and Calcination." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020226.

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To develop a method for the preparation of MgO nanoparticles, precatalyst synthesis from magnesium nitrate with ammonia and calcination was performed in presence of PEG in air. Without PEG, the catalysts are inactive. The conversion to hydroxide was performed using a PEG/MgO molar ratio of 1, but, before the calcination, excess of PEG was either saved (PEG1) or increased to 2, 3, or 4 (PEG 2–4). Catalysts were calcined at 400–660 °C and characterized using XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, TGA, FTIR, and SEM. The FAME yield in the reactions with methanol depend on the PEG ratio used and the calcination temperature. The optimal calcination temperature and highest FAME yield in the 6 h reactions for catalysts PEG1, PEG2, PEG3 and PEG4 were 400 °C, 74%; 500 °C, 80%; 500 °C, 51% and 550 °C, 31%, respectively. The yield dependence on calcination temperature for catalysts with a constant PEG ratio is similar to that of a bell curve, which becomes wider and flatters with an increase in PEG ratio. For most catalysts, the FAME yield increases as the size of the crystallites decreases. The dependence of FAME and the intermediate yield on oil conversion confirms that all catalysts have strong base sites.

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3

Blayney, Douglas W., Stephan Ogenstad, Yuankai Shi, Qingyuan Zhang, Jifeng Feng, Tao Sun, Lihua Du, Lan Huang, and Ramon Mohanlal. "Plinabulin (Plin) combined with half-dose pegfilgrastim (Peg) compared with full-dose peg alone for chemotherapy- induced-neutropenia (CIN): Neutrophil, bone pain, and immunosuppressive effects." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e12017-e12017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e12017.

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e12017 Background: Peg is used for CIN prevention. Plin, a novel, non-G-CSF agent is in Phase (Ph) 3 trials for CIN prevention and as an anticancer (NSCLC) agent. In contrast to Peg, Plin does not cause bone pain and maintains absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) within the normal range. Furthermore, Peg, but not Plin, increases Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR) to immune suppressive values; i.e. NLR>5 and LMR<3.2 (Blayney, ASCO 2018, ESMO 2018, ASCO-SITC 2018). We tested the effects on CIN, bone pain and immune-suppressive profile (i.e. NLR> 5 and LMR<3.2), comparing Plin+half Peg dose to full dose Peg alone (the current CIN standard of care). Methods: Early stage Breast Cancer patients (pts) received high febrile neutropenia (FN) risk TAC (docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) and either full dose Peg 6 mg (Peg6; n=22) or Peg 3 mg (half dose) + Plin 20 mg/m2 (Peg3/Plin; n = 21) in a Ph 2 trial (NCT03294577). Peg was given ~24 hrs after TAC, and Plin ~30 min after TAC. Blood was drawn for ANC, NLR, MLR daily on Day (D) 0 to D15 in cycle 1. Validated bone pain assessments were done at predose D1, 2,3,4,6,7 and 8 in cycle 1. NLR and LMR were calculated from D6 on (ANC effects with Peg or Plin occur after D6). Results: Grade 4 and Grade 3/4 Neutropenia occurred in 59.1% and 81.2% of pts in the Peg6 arm vs 52.4% and 57.1% in the Peg3/Plin arm. Peg3/Plin was well-tolerated and non-inferior to Peg6 for duration of severe neutropenia (P<0.05). FN occurred in 1 pt each in Peg6 and Peg3/Plin. Bone pain with Peg3/Plin was less vs Peg6: frequency of pts with at least 1,3 or 5 days of bone pain was 90.9%, 36.7% and 18.2 % with Peg6, whereas 33.3%, 14.3% and 4.76% with Peg3/Plin (p<0.0001 for at least 1 day). Frequency of NLR≥5 and LMR≤3.2 was higher with Peg6 vs Peg3/Plin (p<0.045 to P<0.0004 between D8 to D15). Clinical trial information: NCT03294577. Conclusions: Half dose Peg combined with Plin is equally effective against CIN as full dose Peg, but with much less bone pain and immune-suppressive potential.[Table: see text]

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4

Tahar, Benaniba Mohamed, and Aouachria Kamira. "Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Analyses of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Blends." Academic Perspective Procedia 1, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.01.01.102.

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Blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with various contents (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 weight %) and with different molecular weights (M&macr;w = 1000, 4000 and 6000 g/mol), called respectively PEG1, PEG2, and PEG3 were prepared by melt blending. Since glass transition temperature (Tg), T? and loss factor (tan ?) are relevant indicators of polymer chain mobility, plasticization has been studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Low molecular weight (LMW) PEG enable increased miscibility with PLA and more efficient reduction of glass transition temperature (Tg) for concentrations of PEG less than 20%. This effect is not only enhanced by the LMW but also by increasing its content up to 20%. As expected, both T? and Tg decrease when increasing PEG molar mass and content up to 20%, which demonstrates the effectiveness of PEG to act as a plasticizer of PLA.

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5

Kojecky, Vladimir, Jiri Dolina, Bohuslav Kianicka, Miroslav Misurec, Michal Varga, Jiri Latta, and Vladimir Vaculin. "A Single or Split Dose Picosulphate/Magnesium Citrate Before Colonoscopy: Comparison Regarding Tolerance and Eficacy with Polyethylene Glycol. A Randomized Trial." Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.232.vk1.

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Background & Aims: To compare the eficacy and tolerance of sodium picosulphate/magnesium citrate(PMC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in a single or split dose regimen for colonoscopy bowel preparation.Methods: A prospective, randomized, endoscopist-blinded, multicenter study. The patients were randomly assigned to receive PMC (PMC4/0) or PEG (PEG4/0) in a single dose 4L day before colonoscopy or a split dose 2+2L PMC (PMC2/2) or 3+1L PEG (PEG3/1) one day before and in the morning before the colonoscopy. Each patient was interviewed to determine his/her subjective tolerance of the preparation before the procedure. The quality of bowel cleansing was assessed in a blinded test performed by multiple endoscopists using the Aronchick scale.Results: A total of 600 patients were enrolled, 88.2% were included in the analysis. Satisfactory bowel cleansing (Aronchick score 1 and 2) was signicantly more frequent when a split dose was used irrespective of the solution type (81.6% PMC2/2, 87.3% PEG3/1 vs. 73.0% PEG4/0, p = 0.024). In single dose regimens, PMC performed better than PEG (82.6% vs. 73.0%). Single or split dose PMC preparations were comparable. A PMC based solution was generally better tolerated than PEG regardless of the regimen used (p < 0.001). Nausea was reported mostly after the 4L PEG (32.8%, p < 0.001), incontinence after a split PMC dose (34.4%, p = 0.002), and bloating after the 4L PEG (38.0%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of vomiting.Conclusion: Colonic preparation with PMC yields similar results as a split PEG dose, regardless of whether PMC is administered in single or separate doses. PMC is better tolerated than any PEG-based preparation. A single 4L PEG the day before the colonoscopy is less appropriate for bowel cleansing.

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6

Gonzalez, Paulina, Sashi Debnath, Yu-An Chen, Elizabeth Hernandez, Preeti Jha, Marianna Dakanali, Jer-Tsong Hsieh, and Xiankai Sun. "A Theranostic Small-Molecule Prodrug Conjugate for Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020481.

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After androgen deprivation therapy, a significant number of prostate cancer cases progress with a therapy-resistant neuroendocrine phenotype (NEPC). This represents a challenge for diagnosis and treatment. Based on our previously reported design of theranostic small-molecule prodrug conjugates (T-SMPDCs), herein we report a T-SMPDC tailored for targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and chemotherapy of NEPC. The T-SMPDC is built upon a triazine core (TZ) to present three functionalities: (1) a chelating moiety (DOTA: 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) for PET imaging when labeled with 68Ga (t1/2 = 68 min) or other relevant radiometals; (2) an octreotide (Octr) that targets the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), which is overexpressed in the innervated tumor microenvironment (TME); and (3) fingolimod, FTY720—an antagonist of sphingosine kinase 1 that is an intracellular enzyme upregulated in NEPC. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains were incorporated via conventional conjugation methods or a click chemistry reaction forming a 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole (Trz) linkage for the optimization of in vivo kinetics as necessary. The T-SMPDC, DOTA-PEG3-TZ(PEG4-Octr)-PEG2-Trz-PEG3-Val-Cit-pABOC-FTY720 (PEGn: PEG with n repeating ethyleneoxy units (n = 2, 3, or 4); Val: valine; Cit: citrulline; pABOC: p-amino-benzyloxycarbonyl), showed selective SSTR2 binding and mediated internalization of the molecule in SSTR2 high cells. Release of FTY720 was observed when the T-SMPDC was exposed to cathepsin B, and the released FTY720 exerted cytotoxicity in cells. In vivo PET imaging showed significantly higher accumulation (2.1 ± 0.3 %ID/g; p = 0.02) of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-PEG3-TZ(PEG4-Octr)-PEG2-Trz-PEG3-Val-Cit-pABOC-FTY720 in SSTR2high prostate cancer xenografts than in the SSTR2low xenografts (1.5 ± 0.4 %ID/g) at 13 min post-injection (p.i.) with a rapid excretion through the kidneys. Taken together, these proof-of-concept results validate the design concept of the T-SMPDC, which may hold a great potential for targeted diagnosis and therapy of NEPC.

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7

Wei, Ling, and Da Wei Li. "¹³C/⁷Li Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study on Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Poly(Propylene Glycol)-Poly(Ethylene Glycol)/LiCF₃SO₃ Copolymer Electrolytes." Materials Science Forum 982 (March 2020): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.982.26.

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Solid-state high-resolution 13C/7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study was performed on the phase structure and chain dynamics of PEG-PPG-PEGn/LiCF3SO3 (n=3, 6, 12) copolymer electrolytes. PEG repeating units and Li+ form PEG3:LiCF3SO3 crystalline complex and PE3/Li+ amorphous complex in all the samples. PPG repeating units and Li+ form different complexes with respect to O:Li+ feed ratio (denoted as PP/Li+-3/6/12). The 13C chemical shifts and half widths of the signals from PP/Li+-3/6/12 remain unchanged, which implies the structures of PP/Li+-3/6/12 are similar at least in a very short range. The half width of the 7Li signals from PP/Li+-3/6/12 becomes narrower and narrower as the Li+ concentration decreases. This indicates the chain mobility of the amorphous phase increases with the decrease of ionic concentration. Moreover, neat crystalline PEG, neat amorphous PEG and neat amorphous PPG start to appear when O:Li+ is greater than 3:1 and their contents increase with the increase of O:Li+. Overall, solid-state high-resolution NMR is a powerful and unique method for understanding the phase structure and chain dynamics of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), more applications of this technique to studies on SPEs is expecting.

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8

Blayney, Douglas W., Lan Huang, and Ramon Mohanlal. "A Randomized Phase 3 Clinical Trial of the Combination of Plinabulin (plin) + Pegfilgrastim (peg) Versus (vs) Peg Alone for Tac (docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) Induced Neutropenia (cin)." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 3590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-127310.

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Trial in Progress: Granulocyte colony stimulating factors (G-CSFs) (including Peg) reduce, but do not completely ameliorate CIN. Plinabulin is a novel, small molecule, single-dose-per cycle therapy, with equal activity against docetaxel CIN vs. Peg, but with several advantages: Plin has 1. Less bone pain, 2. Anticancer effects, and 3. Dosing 30 min after chemotherapy (chemo). The CIN nadir with Plin occurs in week 2 and with Peg in week 1 of the chemo cycle. All these features suggest a mechanism of action (MoA) with Plin that is different from Peg (Blayney, ASCO 2018; IASLC 2018). Neutrophil demargination with Plin and a reduced neutrophil transit time consistent with IL-6 signaling, and reversal of a LSK block in bone marrow, suggest protective rather than a stimulatory MoA for Plin in CIN (Blayney, SLB 2018; Ghosh, AACR 2018, Suwa, Am J Physiol 2000). Due to their differences in MoA, there is a strong rationale to combine Plin and Peg, as this offers the potential of better protection against CIN in both week 1 and 2 in the chemo cycle. In the Phase II portion of study BPI2358-106 (Study 106., NCT03294577), we evaluated the effects of the Plin combined with Peg on CIN and Bone Pain. Study 106 treated breast cancer (BC) patients with TAC with 6 mg Peg alone (Peg6), or Peg6+Plin. Plin dose was 20 mg/m2. Grade (Gr) 3 and 4 neutropenia frequency, duration of Gr 3 and 4 neutropenia (DSMN), and neutrophil nadir was based on absolute neutrophil counts, obtained on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15. Bone pain was assessed by a validated questionnaire on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and expressed as % of patients reporting bone pain. Phase II Results. The confirmatory phase 3 portion of study 106 will test addition of Plin to Peg6, which may offer superior protection against TAC CIN vs Peg alone without bone pain. The Plin/Peg combination is a novel CIN approach with the potential to optimize chemotherapy, by minimizing chemotherapy dose modifications due to CIN or bone pain.*p<0.05; **p<0.001; ***P<0.01 Peg+Plin vs Peg 6mg Table Disclosures Blayney: BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Huang:BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals: Employment. Mohanlal:BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals: Employment.

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Mulaudzi, Anzai, Caven Mguvane Mnisi, and Victor Mlambo. "Enhancing the Utility of Dietary Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal for Sustainable Jumbo quail (Coturnix sp.) Production." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 5067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095067.

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The effect of pre-treating Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) with different levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, hematology, and meat quality parameters of Jumbo quail was evaluated. Two-week-old quail chicks (n = 432; 239.6 ± 6.48 g live-weight) were randomly allocated to six diets formulated by incorporating (10% w/w) untreated MOLP (PEG0) or MOLP pre-treated with PEG at 2.5% (PEG25), 5% (PEG50), 7.5% (PEG75), and 10% (PEG100) (w/w) into a standard grower diet (CON). Overall feed intake linearly increased with PEG levels. At week 4, significant quadratic trends were recorded for weight gain and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) but, at week 5, FCE linearly declined as PEG levels increased. Hemoglobin, phosphorus, and albumin showed quadratic trends, while calcium and chroma (1 h post-mortem) linearly declined in response to PEG levels. Diet PEG50 promoted a higher shear force value (2.41) than diets PEG0 and PEG25. The PEG50 diet promoted a similar (p > 0.05) shear force as diet CON. Based on the quadratic response for weight gain, the optimal PEG pre-treatment level was calculated to be 5.9%. It was concluded that MOLP condensed tannins negatively affect growth performance and should be ameliorated to enhance the utility of this nutraceutical source for Jumbo quail.

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TİMOÇİN, Erdinç, Hüseyin TEMUÇİN, and Oya PAMUKÇU. "Kasım 2021'de Gözlemlenen Jeomanyetik Fırtına ve Düzce Depreminin Jeomanyetik Alan Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Araştırılması." Deu Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik 25, no. 73 (January 26, 2023): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2023257319.

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Bu çalışmada, depremlerin jeomanyetik alan verileri ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Öncelikle konu kapsamında deneysel çalışma olarak 3-4 Kasım 2021 boyunca meydana gelen jeomanyetik fırtınanın etkileri, çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında ise 17 Kasım 2021 Düzce depreminin (M=4,8) jeomanyetik alanlar üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bunun için gözlem (IZN) ve referans (PEG ve PAG) manyetometre istasyonlarında ölçülmüş jeomanyetik alanın X, Y ve Z bileşenlerinin verileri kullanılmıştır. Bu bileşenlerin zamansal çözünürlüğü 60 saniyedir. Ayrıca, jeomanyetik aktivite göstergesi olarak küresel jeomanyetik aktivite indisi (Kp) verileri kullanılmıştır. İlk önce Jeomanyetik fırtınadan ve depremden kaynaklı jeomanyetik anomalileri tespit etmek için istasyonlardaki jeomanyetik alan bileşenlerinin (X, Y, Z) jeomanyetik alan değişim oranı (ROG) ve jeomanyetik alan değişim oranı indeksi (ROGI) hesaplanmıştır. Daha sonra X, Y ve Z bileşenlerinin günlük değişimleri arasındaki ilişkiyi istatistiksel olarak tespit etmek için ROGI(X, Y, Z) değerlerini kullanılarak istasyon çiftlerinin (IZN-PEG, PEG-PAG ve IZN-PAG) korelasyon katsayıları (r) hesaplanmıştır. X, Y ve Z için gözlem ve referans manyetometre istasyonlarından elde edilen sonuçlar birbirleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Jeomanyetik fırtına boyunca IZN, PEG ve PAG için hesaplanan ROGI(X), ROGI(Y) ve ROGI(Z) değerlerinin çok benzer bir günlük değişime sahip oldukları tespit edilmiştir. 17 Kasım 2021 boyunca PEG ve PAG istasyonlarının ROGI(Y) değerleri birbirleriyle uyumlu bir günlük değişime sahipken, 08:15 EZ (Evrensel Zaman) ile 10:10 EZ arasında IZN istasyonunun ROGI(Y) değerlerinde bir artış (anomali) tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlardan, IZN için tespit edilen anomalinin 17 Kasım Düzce depremi ile olası ilişkili sismomanyetik kaynaklı bölgesel öncül bir jeomanyetik anomali olarak değerlendirilebileceği öngörülmektedir.

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11

Pham, Paul. "Peg-interferon 2b (Peg-Intron??)." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 10, no. 5 (June 2001): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019048-200106000-00015.

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12

Guazzelli, Elisa, Matteo Oliva, Carlo Pretti, Gianfranca Monni, Armand Fahs, Christine Bressy, and Elisa Martinelli. "Polyethylene Glycol-b-poly(trialkylsilyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) Hydrolyzable Block Copolymers for Eco-Friendly Self-Polishing Marine Coatings." Polymers 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 4589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214589.

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Hydrolyzable block copolymers consisting of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) first block and a random poly(trialkylsilyl methacrylate (TRSiMA, R = butyl, isopropyl)-co-methyl methacrylate (MMA)) second block were synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Two PEGs with different molar masses (Mn = 750 g/mol (PEG1) and 2200 g/mol (PEG2)) were used as macro-chain transfer agents and the polymerization conditions were set in order to obtain copolymers with a comparable mole content of trialkylsilyl methacrylate (~30 mole%) and two different PEG mole percentages of 10 and 30 mole%. The hydrolysis rates of PEG-b-(TRSiMA-co-MMA) in a THF/basic (pH = 10) water solution were shown to drastically depend on the nature of the trialkylsilyl groups and the mole content of the PEG block. Films of selected copolymers were also found to undergo hydrolysis in artificial seawater (ASW), with tunable erosion kinetics that were modulated by varying the copolymer design. Measurements of the advancing and receding contact angles of water as a function of the immersion time in the ASW confirmed the ability of the copolymer film surfaces to respond to the water environment as a result of two different mechanisms: (i) the hydrolysis of the silylester groups that prevailed in TBSiMA-based copolymers; and (ii) a major surface exposure of hydrophilic PEG chains that was predominant for TPSiMA-based copolymers. AFM analysis revealed that the surface nano-roughness increased upon immersion in ASW. The erosion of copolymer film surfaces resulted in a self-polishing, antifouling behavior against the diatom Navicula salinicola. The amount of settled diatoms depended on the hydrolysis rate of the copolymers.

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Li, Mengshi, Nicholas J. Baumhover, Dijie Liu, Brianna S. Cagle, Frédéric Boschetti, Guillaume Paulin, Dongyoul Lee, et al. "Preclinical Evaluation of a Lead Specific Chelator (PSC) Conjugated to Radiopeptides for 203Pb and 212Pb-Based Theranostics." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020414.

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203Pb and 212Pb have emerged as promising theranostic isotopes for image-guided α-particle radionuclide therapy for cancers. Here, we report a cyclen-based Pb specific chelator (PSC) that is conjugated to tyr3-octreotide via a PEG2 linker (PSC-PEG-T) targeting somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2). PSC-PEG-T could be labeled efficiently to purified 212Pb at 25 °C and also to 212Bi at 80 °C. Efficient radiolabeling of mixed 212Pb and 212Bi in PSC-PEG-T was also observed at 80 °C. Post radiolabeling, stable Pb(II) and Bi(III) radiometal complexes in saline were observed after incubating [203Pb]Pb-PSC-PEG-T for 72 h and [212Bi]Bi-PSC-PEG-T for 5 h. Stable [212Pb]Pb-PSC-PEG-T and progeny [212Bi]Bi-PSC-PEG-T were identified after storage in saline for 24 h. In serum, stable radiometal/radiopeptide were observed after incubating [203Pb]Pb-PSC-PEG-T for 55 h and [212Pb]Pb-PSC-PEG-T for 24 h. In vivo biodistribution of [212Pb]Pb-PSC-PEG-T in tumor-free CD-1 Elite mice and athymic mice bearing AR42J xenografts revealed rapid tumor accumulation, excellent tumor retention and fast renal clearance of both 212Pb and 212Bi, with no in vivo redistribution of progeny 212Bi. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of [203Pb]Pb-PSC-PEG-T and [212Pb]Pb-PSC-PEG-T in mice also demonstrated comparable accumulation in AR42J xenografts and renal clearance, confirming the theranostic potential of the elementally identical 203Pb/212Pb radionuclide pair.

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&NA;. "PEG-interferon-??-2a/PEG-interferon-??-2b." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 935/936 (January 2003): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200309350-00034.

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15

Pennington, Christopher. "To PEG or not to PEG." Clinical Medicine 2, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.2-3-250.

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MAKIN, ANTHONY J. "TO PEG OR NOT TO PEG?" Singapore Economic Review 52, no. 01 (April 2007): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590807002555.

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This paper presents a simple framework for analyzing the macroeconomic effects of internal and external shocks under polar exchange rate regimes. It highlights the significance of fluctuations in competitiveness and real income for exchange rate policy, revealing that positive (negative) real shocks increase (decrease) national income and strengthen (weaken) the balance of payments and exchange rate. It also shows that, ceteris paribus, pegged exchange rates facilitate real income growth for emerging economies while lowering its variability when exports and productivity are improving and monetary shocks predominate. Alternatively, a floating exchange rate system may be most appropriate for less open advanced economies with relatively stable monetary sectors that frequently experience negative real shocks.

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Berger, Helge, Henrik Jensen, and Guttorm Schjelderup. "To peg or not to peg?" Economics Letters 73, no. 2 (November 2001): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(01)00479-7.

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Hwang, Min Ji, Ju Myung Suh, You Han Bae, Sung Wan Kim, and Byeongmoon Jeong. "Caprolactonic Poloxamer Analog: PEG-PCL-PEG." Biomacromolecules 6, no. 2 (March 2005): 885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm049347a.

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Wilcox, C. Mel, and Stephen A. McClave. "To PEG or Not to PEG." Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 11, no. 11 (November 2013): 1451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.009.

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red. "To PEG or not to PEG?" CME 9, no. 12 (December 2012): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11298-012-1450-4.

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Ji, Peng, Danping Lu, Shengming Zhang, Wanying Zhang, Chaosheng Wang, and Huaping Wang. "Modification of Poly(Ethylene 2,5-Furandicarboxylate) with Poly(Ethylene glycol) for Biodegradable Copolyesters with Good Mechanical Properties and Spinnability." Polymers 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11122105.

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Using 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, ethylene glycol, and poly(ethylene glycol) as raw materials and ethylene glycol antimony as a catalyst, poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate) (PEF) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) copolymers (PEGFs) were synthesized by transesterification by changing the molecular weight of PEG (from 600 to 10,000 g/mol) and the PEG content (from 10 to 60 wt %). The thermal, hydrophilic, degradation, and spinnility characteristics of these copolymers were then investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that PEGF is thermally stable at 62 °C, much lower than the temperature for PEF. The intrinsic viscosity of the obtained copolyester was between 0.67 and 0.99 dL/g, which is higher than the viscosity value of PEF. The contact angle experiment shows that the hydrophilicity of PEGFs is improved (the surface contact angle is reduced from 91.9 to 63.3°), which gives PEGFs a certain degradability, and the maximum mass loss can reach approximately 15%. Melt spinning experiments show that the PEGF polymer has poor spinnability, but the mechanical properties of the polymer monofilament are better.

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Jareonsri, L., S. Nawalertpanya, and W. Jantaporn. "Preparation and Characterization of Novel Membrane from Waste Polyethylene terephthalate and Bio-based Polymer." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1280, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1280/1/012010.

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Abstract A large amount of post-consumer Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle waste could be recycled for downstream products. In this work, used PET bottles were utilized as a raw material to develop environmentally-friendly ultrafiltration membranes by phase inversion technique. Poly(ethylene-2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF), prepared from a sustainable bio-based monomer, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), was blended into rPET matrix to improve the mechanical properties of the membrane. Ethanol was also used as a non-solvent in a coagulation bath and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a molecular weight of 400 Da was added as a hydrophilic additive. The effects of PEF and PEG incorporation to waste PET-based membranes have been thoroughly studied. The morphology of obtained membrane was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The membrane’s permeation and resistance were tested using a pressure-driven dead-end membrane module. The result revealed that adding PEF increased the roughness of the membrane surface, which lowered the flux recovery ratio and rejection performance. However, the filtration performance and the membrane resistance could be improved by adjusting the content of the PEG additive.

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Xu, Mengda, Jie Liu, Xiankui Xu, Shanhu Liu, František Peterka, Yanrong Ren, and Xianfeng Zhu. "Synthesis and Comparative Biological Properties of Ag-PEG Nanoparticles with Tunable Morphologies from Janus to Multi-Core Shell Structure." Materials 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101787.

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Silver nanoparticles synthesized with polymers as coating agents is an effective method to overcome their poor stability and aggregation in solution. Silver-polyethylene glycol (Ag-PEG) nanoparticles were synthesized with the thiol-functionalized polyethylene glycol (SH-PEA) as the coating, reducing and stabilizing agent. The UV irradiation time, polymer and silver nitrate concentration for the synthesis were investigated. The concentration of silver nitrate had significant effect on the morphology of Ag-PEG nanoparticles. When increasing the concentration of silver nitrate, SEM and TEM images showed that Ag-PEG nanoparticles changed from Janus to multi-core shell structure. Meanwhile, pure silver particles in the two hybrid nanoparticles presented spherical shape and had the similar size of 15 nm. The antibacterial activities and cytotoxicity of the two structural Ag-PEG nanoparticles were investigated to understand colloid morphology effect on the properties of AgNPs. The results of antibacterial activities showed that the two structural Ag-PEG nanoparticles exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The Janus nanoparticles had larger minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) values than the multi-core shell counterparts. The results of cytotoxicity showed the Janus Ag-PEG nanoparticles had lower toxicity than the multi-core shell nanoparticles.

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Afan, Haitham Abdulmohsin, Mohammed Suleman Aldlemy, Ali M. Ahmed, Ali H. Jawad, Maryam H. Naser, Raad Z. Homod, Zainab Haider Mussa, Adnan Hashim Abdulkadhim, Miklas Scholz, and Zaher Mundher Yaseen. "Thermal and Hydraulic Performances of Carbon and Metallic Oxides-Based Nanomaterials." Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (May 3, 2022): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091545.

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For companies, notably in the realms of energy and power supply, the essential requirement for highly efficient thermal transport solutions has become a serious concern. Current research highlighted the use of metallic oxides and carbon-based nanofluids as heat transfer fluids. This work examined two carbon forms (PEG@GNPs & PEG@TGr) and two types of metallic oxides (Al2O3 & SiO2) in a square heated pipe in the mass fraction of 0.1 wt.%. Laboratory conditions were as follows: 6401 ≤ Re ≤ 11,907 and wall heat flux = 11,205 W/m2. The effective thermal–physical and heat transfer properties were assessed for fully developed turbulent fluid flow at 20–60 °C. The thermal and hydraulic performances of nanofluids were rated in terms of pumping power, performance index (PI), and performance evaluation criteria (PEC). The heat transfer coefficients of the nanofluids improved the most: PEG@GNPs = 44.4%, PEG@TGr = 41.2%, Al2O3 = 22.5%, and SiO2 = 24%. Meanwhile, the highest augmentation in the Nu of the nanofluids was as follows: PEG@GNPs = 35%, PEG@TGr = 30.1%, Al2O3 = 20.6%, and SiO2 = 21.9%. The pressure loss and friction factor increased the highest, by 20.8–23.7% and 3.57–3.85%, respectively. In the end, the general performance of nanofluids has shown that they would be a good alternative to the traditional working fluids in heat transfer requests.

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Kayani, Anum, Muhammad Asim Raza, Arsalan Raza, Tajamal Hussain, Muhammad Sarfraz Akram, Aneela Sabir, Atif Islam, Bilal Haider, Rafi Ullah Khan, and Sang Hyun Park. "Effect of Varying Amount of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-600) and 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane on the Properties of Chitosan based Reverse Osmosis Membranes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052290.

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Chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG-600) membranes were synthesized and crosslinked with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The main purpose of this research work is to synthesize RO membranes which can be used to provide desalinated water for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes. Hydrogen bonding between chitosan and PEG was confirmed by displacement of the hydroxyl absorption peak at 3237 cm−1 in pure chitosan to lower values in crosslinked membranes by using FTIR. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that PEG lowers Tg of the modified membranes vs. pure chitosan from 128.5 °C in control to 120 °C in CS-PEG5. SEM results highlighted porous and anisotropic structure of crosslinked membranes. As the amount of PEG was increased, hydrophilicity of membranes was increased and water absorption increased up to a maximum of 67.34%. Permeation data showed that flux and salt rejection value of the modified membranes was increased up to a maximum of 80% and 40.4%, respectively. Modified films have antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli as compared to control membranes.

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Nishiguchi, Yukio, Yuichi Fuyuhiro, Jae-To Lee, Soon-Myoung Kang, Mitsuru Baba, Yuichi Arimoto, Kazuhiro Takeuchi, et al. "Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy, Duodenostomy and Jejunostomy." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.1.37.

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Although enteral feeding by nasal gastric tube is popular for the patients who have a swallowing disability and require long-term nutritional support, but have intact gut, this tube sometimes causes aspiration pneumonia or esophageal ulcer. For these patients, conventional techniques for performance of a feeding gastrostomy made by surgical laparotomy have been used so far. However, these patients are frequently poor anesthetic and operative risks. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) which can be accomplished with local anesthesia and without the necessity for laparotomy has become popular in the clinical treatment for these patients. PEG was performed in 31 cases, percutaneous endoscopic duodenostomy (PED) in 1 case, and percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ) in 2 cases. All patients were successfully placed, and no major complication and few minor complications (9%) were experienced in this procedure. After this procedure, some patients could discharge their sputa easily and their pneumonia subsided. PED and PEJ for the patients who had previously received gastrostomy could also be done successfully with great care. Our experience suggests that PEG, PED, and PEJ are rapid, safe, and useful procedures for the patients who have poor anesthetic or poor operative risks.

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Shevchenko, L. M. "Laboratory drought resistance of pea breeding accessions in PEG-6000." Plant Breeding and Seed Production, no. 120 (December 30, 2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30835/2413-7510.2021.251035.

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The results on the laboratory drought resistance determined by germination of pea seeds in 8.6% PEG-6000 are presented. The depression of root and shoot growth processes was determined for seeds harvested in different years (2018–2020). The study purpose was to evaluate the laboratory drought resistance of pea varieties and breeding material in PEG-6000. Materials and methods. Seeds harvested in 2018–2020 were investigated. Fifty-nine pea (Pisum sativum L.) accessions (breeding varieties, breeding material, collection specimens) were tested. Pea seeds were germinated in 8.6% PEG-6000. Control seeds were germinated in distilled water. The germination temperature was 20°C. On day 7, the shoot and root lengths were measured in the control and experiment and the depression of root and shoot growth processes was evaluated. Results and discussion. Across the study years, the depression of the «root length» trait in the pea accessions represented by varieties and breeding material varied -96.3% to 67.8%, and the depression of the «shoot length» trait was not negative in the study years, ranging 8.3% to 91.7%. The root length depression in the pea accessions ranged -52.1% to 67.8% in 2018, -96.3% to 67.7% in 2019, and -33.6% to 61.6% in 2020. The shoot length depression also varied significantly across the study years: from 22.3% to 88.7% in 2018, from 8.3% to 91.7% in 2019, and from 15.8% to 87.1% in 2020. If we take into account the significant values of the coefficient of variation for the depression of root growth processes, it may confirm the fact that differences in the response to drought can be predicted from this trait. For the convenience of analysis of the obtained data, the accessions were ranked according to the depression of «root length» and «shoot length» traits. It should be noted that the coefficient of variation for the depression of the «shoot length» trait in 2018 and 2020 was high (23.0% and 28.3%, respectively) and very similar. In general, no stimulatory effect of PEG-6000 was observed for this parameter, unlike the «root length» trait in some accessions. Despite the fact that Zekon, Hotik and Mascara are varieties bred in Western Europe, they were among the best ones in this sample according to the depression level. Of the pea accessions bred at PPI NAAS, breeding line SL 15-95 was the best one; variety Ramonskiy 77, a leafy variety bred in the USSR, was highly resistant, judging from the depression of growth processes. It should be noted that in our experiments the depression level of growth processes in PEG-6000 was not associated with yield. Thus, the accession with the lowest rank sum, SL 15-95, gave an average yield of 1.86 t/ha in 2018–2020. At the same time, Rezonator, a variety with the rank sum of 261, produced 1.84 t/ha; Hotik with the rank sum of 89–1.90 t/ha. Ramonskiy 77 with the rank sum of 83 gave a yield of 1.49 t/ha, and Chekryhinskyi with the largest rank sum in the experiment (294) gave a yield of 1.33 t/ha. The Spearman coefficient for the matrices of depression ranks showed high identity. Thus, the Spearman coefficient (rs) was 0.98 between the matrices for all study years. Hence, to determine the laboratory drought resistance by germination in PEG-6000, it is sufficient to replicate the experiment on seeds harvested in two years. Conclusions. Thus, the obtained data on the depression of growth processes in the pea accessions in PEG-6000 are not mature and require further, more in-depth study.

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Yan, Long, Xinyu Tang, Xiaojiang Xie, and Zhisheng Xu. "Fire Resistance, Thermal and Anti-Ageing Properties of Transparent Fire-Retardant Coatings Modified with Different Molecular Weights of Polyethylene Glycol Borate." Polymers 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 4206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234206.

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Four kinds of polyethylene glycol borate (PEG-BA) with different molecular weights were grafted into cyclic phosphate ester (PEA) to obtain flexible phosphate esters (PPBs), and then applied in amino resin to obtain a series of transparent intumescent fire-retardant coatings. The comprehensive properties of the transparent coatings containing different molecular weights of PEG-BA were investigated by various analytical instruments. The transparency and mechanical analyses indicate that the presence of PEG-BA slightly decreases the optical transparency of the coatings but improves the flexibility and adhesion classification of the coatings. The results from fire protection and cone calorimeter tests show that low molecular weight of PEG-BA exerts a positive flame-retarded effect in the coatings, while high molecular weight of PEG800-BA behaves against flame-retarded effect. Thermogravimetric and char residue analyses show that the incorporation of low molecular weight of PEG-BA clearly increases the thermal stability and residual weight of the coatings and generates a more compact and stable intumescent char on the surface of the coatings, thus resulting in superior synergistic flame-retarded effect. In particular, MPPB1 coating containing PEG200-BA exerts the best flame-retarded effect and highest residual weight of 36.3% at 700 °C, which has 57.6% reduction in flame spread rate and 23.9% reduction in total heat release compared to those of MPPB0 without PEG-BA. Accelerated ageing test shows that low molecular weight of PEG-BA promotes to enhance the durability of structural stability and fire resistance of the coatings, while PEG800-BA with high molecular weight weakens the ageing resistance. In summary, the fire-resistant and anti-ageing efficiencies of PEG-BA in the coatings depend on its molecular weight, which present the order of PEG200-BA > PEG400-BA > PEG600-BA > PEG800-BA.

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Jeong, Ji Hoon, Sun Hwa Kim, Sung Wan Kim, and Tae Gwan Park. "Intracellular Delivery of Poly(ethylene glycol) Conjugated Antisense Oligonucleotide Using Cationic Lipids by Formation of Self-Assembled Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.414.

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A polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) micelle-based antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) delivery system was designed to overcome intrinsic limitations of cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer. Cationic lipid (Lipofectamine™, LF) and ODN conjugated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were ionically complexed to form self-assembled spherical PEC micelles. They have a distinctive structural feature: a charge-neutralized core surrounded by highly flexible PEG corona. The PEC micelles could be visualized as a nano-sized sphere by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The DNA/LF PEC micelles exhibited far improved transfection efficiency compared to those of conventional lipoplex formulations (ODN/LF) in the presence of serum. They showed enhanced cellular uptake followed by rapid nuclear localization of ODN in human epithelial carcinoma (KB) cells. In addition, anti-proliferative activity of c-raf gene-directed antisense ODN was almost fully maintained in KB cells in the presence of serum.

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Tamblyn, Amber. "Peg Entwistle." Iowa Review 44, no. 1 (March 2014): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.7454.

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&NA;. "PEG 3350." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1384 (January 2012): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201213840-00179.

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&NA;. "PEG-3350." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1395 (March 2012): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201213950-00108.

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Arak, Marcelle, and Richard W. Foster. "PEG Ratios." Journal of Investing 12, no. 2 (May 31, 2003): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/joi.2003.319540.

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&NA;. "PEG 3350." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1186 (January 2008): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200811860-00095.

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&NA;. "PEG 3350." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1123 (October 2006): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200611230-00053.

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&NA;. "PEG 3350." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1354 (June 2011): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113540-00121.

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&NA;. "PEG 3350." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1113 (August 2006): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200611130-00053.

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Hussain, Sajid, Kashif Ali, Hafiz Muhammad Farhan Rashid, Abrar Hussain Khosa, and Aushter Abbas. "PEG TUBE." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 02 (February 10, 2016): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.02.1066.

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Objectives: To determine the efficacy of Cephalexin and Co-amoxiclave inpreventing Peristomal infection after PEG tube placement in head and neck and other cancerpatients. Study Design: Prospective, randomized clinical trial. Setting: Internal MedicineDepartment Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore. Period:February 2009 to September 2009. Material and Methods: A total of 160 patients includingboth males and females were selected by Non probability purposive sampling. Patients meetinginclusion and exclusion criteria were registered in the study from outpatient department afterinformed consent. These patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A was startedon Cephalexin 500mg q6h Per-orally started 24 hrs before the procedure with the 4th dosegiven one hour before the procedure and continued it as q6h for five days after the procedure.Group B was given Co-amoxiclav 1G Per-orally 12 hrs before the procedure with the seconddose of 1G, one hour before the procedure and then same dose advised q12h for five daysafter PEG tube placement. Results: Male to female ratio in both groups was 2:1 with 63.3%males and 33.8% females. Patients were aged between 19-80years, divided in four age groupswith 38.8% falling in age group 50-64 years. Mean age is 52.11+-13.59 years and median age54 years. The efficacy of Cephalexin and Co-amoxiclave was 84.7% and 78.6% respectivelywith no significant statistical difference among two groups. Conclusion: We concluded thatCephalexin and Co-amoxiclave were both equally effective in preventing peristomal infection.

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&NA;. "PEG 3350." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1235 (January 2009): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912350-00084.

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&NA;. "PEG-interferon-??" Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 996-997 (April 2004): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200409960-00033.

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&NA;. "PEG-interferon-??" Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1007 (June 2004): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200410070-00041.

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McCashland, T. "PEG infections." American Journal of Gastroenterology 97, no. 3 (March 2002): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05658.x.

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Singh, Udaya. "PEG 400." Synlett 23, no. 18 (October 1, 2012): 2721–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1317353.

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Singh, Udaya. "PEG 400." Synlett 23, no. 20 (December 7, 2012): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1317942.

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Fu, Cecilia H., and Kathleen M. Sakamoto. "PEG-asparaginase." Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 8, no. 12 (August 2007): 1977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.8.12.1977.

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Sevastianos, V. A., and E. K. Manesis. "Peg-Interferon." Clin-Alert 41, no. 10 (May 31, 2003): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0069477003041010008.

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Mutabagani, K. H., M. C. Townsend, and M. W. Arnold. "PEG ileus." Surgical Endoscopy 8, no. 6 (June 1994): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00678570.

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Hoontrakul, Pongsak. "Triangular Peg." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 01, no. 04 (December 1998): 511–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091598000302.

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Maruyama, Kazuo. "PEG-Immunoliposome." Bioscience Reports 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020138622686.

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This review deals with the current status of newly developed pendant-type PEG-immunoliposomes (Type C), carrying monoclonal antibodies or their fragments (Fab') at the distal ends of the PEG chains. In terms of target binding of Type C, two different anatomical compartments are considered. They are mouse lung endothelium as a readily accessible site via the intravascular route and the implanted solid tumor as a much less accessible target site reached via extravasation. Small unilamellar liposomes (90–130 nm in diameter) were prepared from phosphatidycholine and cholesterol (2:1, m/m) containing 6 mol.% of DSPE-PEG-COOH or DPPE-PEG-Mal. For targeting to the vascular endothelial surface in the lung, 34A antibody, which is highly specific to mouse pulmonary endothelial cells, was conjugated to PEG-liposomes (34A-Type C). The degree of lung binding of 34A-Type C in BALB/c mouse was significantly higher than that of 34A-Type A, which is an ordinary type of immunoliposome (without PEG derivatives). For targeting to solid tumor tissue, 21B2 antibody (anti-human CEA) and its Fab' fragment were used. The targeting ability of Fab'-Type C was examined by using CEA-positive human gastric cancer strain MKN-45 cells inoculated into BALB/c nu/nu mice. Fab'-Type C showed low RES uptake and a long circulation time, and enhanced accumulation of the liposomes in the solid tumor was seen. The small Fab'-Type C predominantly passed through the leaky tumor endothelium by passive convective transport. These studies offer important insights into the potential of Type C liposomes for target-specific drug delivery.

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Iqbal, Shahzad, Viren Shah, Gerald Posner, Eric Jaffe, Deepak Mahajan, Mohammad Fareed Hasan, Mohamad Mansour, Franklyn Marsh, and Pranjal M. Agrawal. "PEG Placement." American Journal of Gastroenterology 100 (September 2005): S346. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-200509001-00946.

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