Relevant bibliographies by topics / PEG HYDROGEL

Academic literature on the topic 'PEG HYDROGEL'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 21 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PEG HYDROGEL"

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Wen, Jie, Xiaopeng Zhang, Mingwang Pan, Jinfeng Yuan, Zhanyu Jia, and Lei Zhu. "A Robust, Tough and Multifunctional Polyurethane/Tannic Acid Hydrogel Fabricated by Physical-Chemical Dual Crosslinking." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010239.

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Commonly synthetic polyethylene glycol polyurethane (PEG–PU) hydrogels possess poor mechanical properties, such as robustness and toughness, which limits their load-bearing application. Hence, it remains a challenge to prepare PEG–PU hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties. Herein, a novel double-crosslinked (DC) PEG–PU hydrogel was fabricated by combining chemical with physical crosslinking, where trimethylolpropane (TMP) was used as the first chemical crosslinker and polyphenol compound tannic acid (TA) was introduced into the single crosslinked PU network by simple immersion process. The second physical crosslinking was formed by numerous hydrogen bonds between urethane groups of PU and phenol hydroxyl groups in TA, which can endow PEG–PU hydrogel with good mechanical properties, self-recovery and a self-healing capability. The research results indicated that as little as a 30 mg·mL−1 TA solution enhanced the tensile strength and fracture energy of PEG–PU hydrogel from 0.27 to 2.2 MPa, 2.0 to 9.6 KJ·m−2, respectively. Moreover, the DC PEG–PU hydrogel possessed good adhesiveness to diverse substrates because of TA abundant catechol groups. This work shows a simple and versatile method to prepare a multifunctional DC single network PEG–PU hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties, and is expected to facilitate developments in the biomedical field.
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Lu, Qiqi, Mirali Pandya, Abdul Jalil Rufaihah, Vinicius Rosa, Huei Jinn Tong, Dror Seliktar, and Wei Seong Toh. "Modulation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Odontogenesis in a Tunable PEG-Fibrinogen Hydrogel System." Stem Cells International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/525367.

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Injectable hydrogels have the great potential for clinical translation of dental pulp regeneration. A recently developed PEG-fibrinogen (PF) hydrogel, which comprises a bioactive fibrinogen backbone conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) side chains, can be cross-linked after injection by photopolymerization. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of this hydrogel, which allows tuning of its mechanical properties, as a scaffold for dental pulp tissue engineering. The cross-linking degree of PF hydrogels could be controlled by varying the amounts of PEG-diacrylate (PEG-DA) cross-linker. PF hydrogels are generally cytocompatible with the encapsulated dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), yielding >85% cell viability in all hydrogels. It was found that the cell morphology of encapsulated DPSCs, odontogenic gene expression, and mineralization were strongly modulated by the hydrogel cross-linking degree and matrix stiffness. Notably, DPSCs cultured within the highest cross-linked hydrogel remained mostly rounded in aggregates and demonstrated the greatest enhancement in odontogenic gene expression. Consistently, the highest degree of mineralization was observed in the highest cross-linked hydrogel. Collectively, our results indicate that PF hydrogels can be used as a scaffold for DPSCs and offers the possibility of influencing DPSCs in ways that may be beneficial for applications in regenerative endodontics.
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Henise, Jeff, Shaun D. Fontaine, Brian R. Hearn, Samuel J. Pfaff, Eric L. Schneider, Julia Malato, Donghui Wang, Byron Hann, Gary W. Ashley, and Daniel V. Santi. "In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation for the Degradation of Tetra-PEG Hydrogel Microspheres with Tunable β-Eliminative Crosslink Cleavage Rates." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (February 10, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9483127.

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The degradation of Tetra-PEG hydrogels containing β-eliminative crosslinks has been studied in order to provide an in vitro-in vivo correlation for the use of these hydrogels in our chemically controlled drug delivery system. We measured time-dependent gel mass loss and ultrasound volume changes of 13 subcutaneously implanted Tetra-PEG hydrogel microspheres having degradation times ranging from ~3 to 250 days. Applying a previously developed model of Tetra-PEG hydrogel degradation, the mass changes correlate well with the in vitro rates of crosslink cleavage and hydrogel degelation. These results allow prediction of in vivo biodegradation properties of these hydrogels based on readily obtained in vitro rates, despite having degradation times that span 2 orders of magnitude. These results support the optimization of drug-releasing hydrogels and their development into long-acting therapeutics. The use of ultrasound volume measurements further provides a noninvasive technique for monitoring hydrogel degradation in the subcutaneous space.
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Sousa, Gustavo F., Samson Afewerki, Dalton Dittz, Francisco E. P. Santos, Daniele O. Gontijo, Sérgio R. A. Scalzo, Ana L. C. Santos, et al. "Catalyst-Free Click Chemistry for Engineering Chondroitin Sulfate-Multiarmed PEG Hydrogels for Skin Tissue Engineering." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 2 (April 18, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13020045.

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The quest for an ideal biomaterial perfectly matching the microenvironment of the surrounding tissues and cells is an endless challenge within biomedical research, in addition to integrating this with a facile and sustainable technology for its preparation. Engineering hydrogels through click chemistry would promote the sustainable invention of tailor-made hydrogels. Herein, we disclose a versatile and facile catalyst-free click chemistry for the generation of an innovative hydrogel by combining chondroitin sulfate (CS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Various multi-armed PEG-Norbornene (A-PEG-N) with different molecular sizes were investigated to generate crosslinked copolymers with tunable rheological and mechanical properties. The crosslinked and mechanically stable porous hydrogels could be generated by simply mixing the two clickable Tetrazine-CS (TCS) and A-PEG-N components, generating a self-standing hydrogel within minutes. The leading candidate (TCS-8A-PEG-N (40 kD)), based on the mechanical and biocompatibility results, was further employed as a scaffold to improve wound closure and blood flow in vivo. The hydrogel demonstrated not only enhanced blood perfusion and an increased number of blood vessels, but also desirable fibrous matrix orientation and normal collagen deposition. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of the hydrogel to improve wound repair and hold promise for in situ skin tissue engineering applications.
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Mazzarotta, Alessia, Tania Mariastella Caputo, Edmondo Battista, Paolo Antonio Netti, and Filippo Causa. "Hydrogel Microparticles for Fluorescence Detection of miRNA in Mix-Read Bioassay." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 7671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227671.

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Herein we describe the development of a mix-read bioassay based on a three-dimensional (3D) poly ethylene glycol—(PEG)-hydrogel microparticles for the detection of oligonucleotides in complex media. The key steps of hydrogels synthesis and molecular recognition in a 3D polymer network are elucidated. The design of the DNA probes and their density in polymer network were opportunely optimized. Furthermore, the diffusion into the polymer was tuned adjusting the polymer concentration and consequently the characteristic mesh size. Upon parameters optimization, 3D-PEG-hydrogels were synthetized in a microfluidic system and provided with fluorescent probe. Target detection occurred by double strand displacement assay associated to fluorescence depletion within the hydrogel microparticle. Proposed 3D-PEG-hydrogel microparticles were designed for miR-143-3p detection. Results showed 3D-hydrogel microparticles with working range comprise between 10−6–10−12 M, had limit of detection of 30 pM and good specificity. Moreover, due to the anti-fouling properties of PEG-hydrogel, the target detection occurred in human serum with performance comparable to that in buffer. Due to the approach versatility, such design could be easily adapted to other short oligonucleotides detection.
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Wang, Xiaoyan, Yu Zhang, Wei Xue, Hong Wang, Xiaozhong Qiu, and Zonghua Liu. "Thermo-sensitive hydrogel PLGA-PEG-PLGA as a vaccine delivery system for intramuscular immunization." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 31, no. 6 (November 25, 2016): 923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328216680343.

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In this work, we explored the potential of thermo-sensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA with sol-gel transition temperature around 32℃ as an intramuscular vaccine delivery system by using ovalbumin as a model antigen. First, in vitro release test showed that the PLGA-PEG-PLGA-deriving hydrogels could release ovalbumin in vitro in a more sustainable way. From fluorescence living imaging, 50–200 mg/mL of PLGA-PEG-PLGA formulations could release antigen in a sustainable manner in vivo, suggesting that the PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogel worked as an antigen-depot. Further, the sustainable antigen release from the PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogels increased antigen availability in the spleens of the immunized mice. The intramuscular immunization results showed that 50–200 mg/mL of PLGA-PEG-PLGA formulations promoted significantly more potent antigen-specific IgG immune response. In addition, 200 mg/mL of PLGA-PEG-PLGA formulation significantly enhanced the secretion of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. From in vitro splenocyte proliferation assay, 50–200 mg/mL of PLGA-PEG-PLGA formulations all initiated significantly higher splenocyte activation. These results indicate that the thermo-sensitive and injectable PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogels (particularly, 200 mg/mL of PLGA-PEG-PLGA-based hydrogel) own promising potential as an intramuscular vaccine delivery system.
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Tanaka, Shizuma, Shinsuke Yukami, Yuhei Hachiro, Yuichi Ohya, and Akinori Kuzuya. "Application of DNA Quadruplex Hydrogels Prepared from Polyethylene Glycol-Oligodeoxynucleotide Conjugates to Cell Culture Media." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101607.

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Application of Na+-responsive DNA quadruplex hydrogels, which utilize G-quadruplexes as crosslinking points of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) network as cell culture substrate, has been examined. PEG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) conjugate, in which four deoxyguanosine (dG4) residues are tethered to both ends of PEG, was prepared by modified high-efficiency liquid phase (HELP) synthesis of oligonucleotides and used as the macromonomer. When mixed with equal volume of cell culture media, the solution of PEG-ODN turned into stiff hydrogel (G-quadruplex hydrogel) as the result of G-quadruplex formation by the dG4 segments in the presence of Na+. PEG-ODN itself did not show cytotoxicity and the resulting hydrogel was stable enough under cell culture conditions. However, L929 fibroblast cells cultured in G-quadruplex hydrogel remained spherical for a week, yet alive, without proliferation. The cells gradually sedimented through the gel day by day, probably due to the reversible nature of G-quadruplex formation and the resulting slow rearrangement of the macromonomers. Once they reached the bottom glass surface, the cells started to spread and proliferate.
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Güney, Aysun, Christina Gardiner, Andrew McCormack, Jos Malda, and Dirk Grijpma. "Thermoplastic PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL and HDI Polyurethanes for Extrusion-Based 3D-Printing of Tough Hydrogels." Bioengineering 5, no. 4 (November 14, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5040099.

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Novel tough hydrogel materials are required for 3D-printing applications. Here, a series of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) based on poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL) triblock copolymers and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) were developed with PEG contents varying between 30 and 70 mol%. These showed excellent mechanical properties not only when dry, but also when hydrated: TPUs prepared from PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL with PEG of Mn 6 kg/mol (PCL7-PEG6-PCL7) took up 122 wt.% upon hydration and had an E-modulus of 52 ± 10 MPa, a tensile strength of 17 ± 2 MPa, and a strain at break of 1553 ± 155% in the hydrated state. They had a fracture energy of 17976 ± 3011 N/mm2 and a high tearing energy of 72 kJ/m2. TPUs prepared using PEG with Mn of 10 kg/mol (PCL5-PEG10-PCL5) took up 534% water and were more flexible. When wet, they had an E-modulus of 7 ± 2 MPa, a tensile strength of 4 ± 1 MPa, and a strain at break of 147 ± 41%. These hydrogels had a fracture energy of 513 ± 267 N/mm2 and a tearing energy of 16 kJ/m2. The latter TPU was first extruded into filaments and then processed into designed porous hydrogel structures by 3D-printing. These hydrogels can be used in 3D printing of tissue engineering scaffolds with high fracture toughness.
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Cao, Ye, Bae Hoon Lee, Scott Alexander Irvine, Yee Shan Wong, Havazelet Bianco Peled, and Subramanian Venkatraman. "Inclusion of Cross-Linked Elastin in Gelatin/PEG Hydrogels Favourably Influences Fibroblast Phenotype." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 17, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030670.

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The capacity of a biomaterial to innately modulate cell behavior while meeting the mechanical property requirements of the implant is a much sought-after goal within bioengineering. Here we covalently incorporate soluble elastin into a gelatin–poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel for three-dimensional (3D) cell encapsulation to achieve these properties. The inclusion of elastin into a previously optimized gelatin–PEG hydrogel was then evaluated for effects on entrapped fibroblasts, with the aim to assess the hydrogel as an extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking 3D microenvironment for cellular guidance. Soluble elastin was incorporated both physically and covalently into novel gelatin/elastin hybrid PEG hydrogels with the aim to harness the cellular interactivity and mechanical tunability of both elastin and gelatin. This design allowed us to assess the benefits of elastin-containing hydrogels in guiding fibroblast activity for evaluation as a potential dermal replacement. It was found that a gelatin–PEG hydrogel with covalently conjugated elastin, supported neonatal fibroblast viability, promoted their proliferation from 7.3% to 13.5% and guided their behavior. The expression of collagen alpha-1(COL1A1) and elastin in gelatin/elastin hybrid gels increased 16-fold and 6-fold compared to control sample at day 9, respectively. Moreover, cells can be loaded into the hydrogel precursor solution, deposited, and the matrix cross-linked without affecting the incorporated cells adversely, thus enabling a potential injectable system for dermal wound healing.
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Yao, Fang, Xiao Xia Ji, Bao Ping Lin, and Guo Dong Fu. "Synthesis of High Strength and Well-Defined PEG-Based Hydrogel Networks via Click Chemistry." Advanced Materials Research 304 (July 2011): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.304.131.

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Click Chemistry was used to synthesize a series of PEG-based hydrogel networks. Attributable to the controlled nature and the quantitative yields of Click Chemistry, the prepared PEG-based hydrogels have the well-defined structures, which resulted in the improved mechanical properties and the high swelling ratios of hydrogels
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PEG HYDROGEL"

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Phelps, Edward Allen. "Bio-functionalized peg-maleimide hydrogel for vascularization of transplanted pancreatic islets." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45899.

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Type 1 diabetes affects one in every 400-600 children and adolescents in the US. Standard therapy with exogenous insulin is burdensome, associated with a significant risk of dangerous hypoglycemia, and only partially efficacious in preventing the long term complications of diabetes. Pancreatic islet transplantation has emerged as a promising therapy for type 1 diabetes. However, this cell-based therapy is significantly limited by inadequate islet supply (more than one donor pancreas is needed per recipient), instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction, and loss of islet viability/function during isolation and following implantation. In particular, inadequate revascularization of transplanted islets results in reduced islet viability, function, and engraftment. Delivery of pro-vascularization factors has been shown to improve vascularization and islet function, but these strategies are hindered by insufficient and/or complex release pharmacokinetics and inadequate delivery matrices as well as technical and safety considerations. We hypothesized that controlled presentation of angiogenic cues within a bioartificial matrix could enhance the vascularization, viability, and function of transplanted islets. The primary objective of this dissertation was to enhance allogenic islet engraftment, survival and function by utilizing synthetic hydrogels as engineered delivery matrices. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-maleimide hydrogels presenting cell adhesive motifs and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were designed to support islet activities and promote vascularization in vivo. We analyzed the material properties and cyto-compatibility of these engineered materials, islet engraftment in a transplantation model, and glycemic control in diabetic subjects. The rationale for this project is to establish novel biomaterial strategies for islet delivery that support islet viability and function via the induction of local vascularization.
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Rohn, Mathias. "Strukturcharakterisierung photochemisch vernetzter tetra-PEG Hydrogele mit unterschiedlichem Aufbau." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-229602.

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Die Funktionalisierung von tetra-PEG Makromolekülen mit fotoreaktiven Gruppen und die anschließende Umsetzung zu Hydrogelen durch fotochemische Vernetzung werden beschrieben. Die Funktionalisierung der Makromoleküle wird mittels UV-Vis- und NMR-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen, während der Verlauf der Vernetzung über die dynamische Lichtstreuung und IR-Spektroskopie betrachtet wird. Die hergestellten Hydrogele werden hinsichtlich des Sol-Anteils und der Quelleigenschaften untersucht. Über den Umsatz wird die Konzentration der Netzketten theoretisch berechnet. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bildet die Charakterisierung der Hydrogele hinsichtlich der mechanischen Eigenschaften. Über den Speichermodul wird die Konzentration der Netzketten experimentell bestimmt. Mittels dynamischer Lichtstreuung werden die kooperativen Diffusionskoeffizienten und Maschenweiten der Hydrogele bestimmt.
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Weber, Laney M. "Biologically active PEG hydrogel microenvironments for improving encapsulated beta-cell survival and function." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256423.

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Patterson, Patrick Branch. "Creation of a Mechanical Gradient Peg-Collagen Scaffold by Photomasking Techniques." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1384720879.

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Öberg, Hed Kim. "Advanced polymeric scaffolds for functional materials in biomedical applications." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Ytbehandlingsteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-139944.

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Advancements in the biomedical field are driven by the design of novel materials with controlled physical and bio-interactive properties. To develop such materials, researchers rely on the use of highly efficient reactions for the assembly of advanced polymeric scaffolds that meet the demands of a functional biomaterial. In this thesis two main strategies for such materials have been explored; these include the use of off-stoichiometric thiol-ene networks and dendritic polymer scaffolds. In the first case, the highly efficient UV-induced thiol-ene coupling (TEC) reaction was used to create crosslinked polymeric networks with a predetermined and tunable excess of thiol or ene functionality. These materials rely on the use of readily available commercial monomers. By adopting standard molding techniques and simple TEC surface modifications, patterned surfaces with tunable hydrophobicity could be obtained. Moreover, these materials are shown to have great potential for rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices. In the second case, dendritic polymer scaffolds were evaluated for their ability to increase surface interactions and produce functional 3D networks. More specifically, a self-assembled dendritic monolayer approach was explored for producing highly functional dendronized surfaces with specific interactions towards pathogenic E. coli bacteria. Furthermore, a library of heterofunctional dendritic scaffolds, with a controllable and exact number of dual-purpose azide and ene functional groups, has been synthesized. These scaffolds were explored for the production of cell interactive hydrogels and primers for bone adhesive implants. Dendritic hydrogels decorated with a selection of bio-relevant moieties and with Young’s moduli in the same range as several body tissues could be produced by facile UV-induced TEC crosslinking. These gels showed low cytotoxic response and relatively rapid rates of degradation when cultured with normal human dermal fibroblast cells. When used as primers for bone adhesive patches, heterofunctional dendrimers with high azide-group content led to a significant increase in the adhesion between a UV-cured hydrophobic matrix and the wet bone surface (compared to patches without primers).

QC 20140116

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Oborná, Jana. "Řízené uvolňování léčiv z biodegradabilních hydrogelů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-385283.

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This dissertation is focused on the controlled release of drugs from a biodegradable amphiphilic hydrogel based on hydrophobic poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA, ABA) and its modification with itaconic anhydride (ITA). The resulting ,-itaconyl(PLGA-PEG-PLGA) copolymer is referred to as ITA/PLGA-PEG-PLGA/ITA or ITA/ABA/ITA. Itaconic acid provides reactive double bonds and a functional carboxyl group at the ends of the PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer chain, thereby rendering the modified ITA/ABA/ITA copolymer less hydrophobic and offering the possibility of forming a carrier for hydrophilic drug substances. These functional copolymers are thermosensitive and change in the external environment (e.g. temperature) causes a sol-gel phase transition due to the formation of micellar structure. The bioactive substances can thus be mixed with a copolymer which is in a low viscous phase (sol phase) and subsequently the mixture can be injected into patient's body at the target site where it forms a gel at 37 °C. This hydrogel becomes a drug depot, which gradually releases the active substance. Prediction of the substance’s release profile from the hydrogel is an effective tool to determine the frequency of administration, potentially enhancing efficacy, and assessment of side effects associated with dosing. The analgesic paracetamol and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfathiazole were used as model drugs, representing hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, respectively. The active substances had a significant effect on the resulting hydrogel stiffness. Type of solvent, incubation medium and nanohydroxyapatite also influenced on the gel stiffness and subsequent stability of the hydrogel-drug system. Controlled release of drugs took place in simulated conditions of the human body. Verification of Korsmeyer-Peppas (KP) drug-release model is also discussed in this thesis. The KP model was found suitable for simulating the release of sulfathiazole from ABA and ITA/ABA/ITA hydrogels. On the contrary, the performance of KP model was not suitable for describing the release of paracetamol from the ABA hydrogels. Therefore, a new regression model suitable for both buffered simulated media and water has been proposed. The proposed model fitted better the release of both sulfathiazole and paracetamol from composite material prepared from ABA hydrogel and nanohydroxyapatite.
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Westergren, Elisabeth. "Analysis of hydrogels for immobilisation of hepatocytes (HepG2) in 3D cell culturing systems." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Teknisk biologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-145392.

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In pharmaceutical development cell cultures are used as in vitro models to evaluate the function of drug candidates. In such research it is vital to have models that resemble the in vivo environment to get reliable results. In 3D models with hydrogels ECM like scaffolds are supporting the cells in a more in vivo like environment than flat 2D cultures. In this project PEG-peptide based hydrogels with cell binding RGD incorporated on one PEG-peptide type has been evaluated for culturing of HepG2 cells. Structure and viscoelastic properties were evaluated with techniques like circular dichroism spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and rheology. Sterilisation impact was also evaluated for PEG-peptides. For cell culturing, observations in light microscope and evaluation with Live/Dead assay and albumin assay were performed. A few companies were interviewed regarding 3D culturing and interest in mechanically tuneable hydrogels. The HepG2 cells grows and forms spherical clusters in the 3D environment with hydrogels, percentage of RGD seems to not impact cell adhesion, growth or albumin secretion. UV irradiation was the most suitable sterilisation method for gel components. The most rigid gel combination formed had storage modulus of around 230 Pa. Mechanically tuneable hydrogels is interesting for the industry. The PEG-peptide based gels are suitable tor growing cells but too soft to closely resemble the in vivo rigidity of hepatocytes.
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Bellat, Vanessa. "Ingénierie d'un nouveau nanobiohybride à base de nanorubans de titanates pour la médecine régénérative." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS056/document.

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Ce travail de recherche est consacré à l’ingénierie d’un nouveau nanobiohybride à base de nanorubans de titanates pour la médecine régénérative. Dans un premier temps, les nanorubans ont été synthétisés par traitement hydrothermal et leurs caractéristiques morphologiques, structurales et chimiques ont été définies. Une caractérisation fine par différentes techniques de microscopie électronique à transmission a notamment permis de déterminer leur épaisseur; dimension qui n’avait encore jamais été mesurée. Par la suite, les nanorubans de titanates ont été fonctionnalisés par différents PEG hétérobifonctionnels préalablement synthétisés au laboratoire. Ces polymères présentent à l’une de leurs extrémités des groupements fonctionnels spécifiques pouvant se coupler à de nombreuses molécules biologiques. Des peptides de type collagène contenant des sites de reconnaissance cellulaire ont alors été greffés sur ces extrémités. Le nanobiohybride ainsi formé devra permettre l'adhésion et la prolifération des cellules favorisant in fine la cicatrisation et la régénération tissulaire. Pour évaluer les propriétés biologiques du nouveau nanobiohybride, la cytoxicité et le pouvoir agrégeant des nanorubans de titanes ont été déterminés par des tests MTT, réalisés sur deux populations de cellules (cardiomyocytes et fibroblastes) et par des tests d’agrégation plaquettaire (sang humain). Enfin, dans le cas d’une utilisation pour favoriser le processus de cicatrisation, le nouveau nanobiohybride a été formulé sous forme d’un hydrogel d’alginate de sodium permettant une application directe sur les tissus lésés. Pour confirmer l’intérêt de cette formulation galénique, des premiers tests in vivo ont été réalisés
This research work is devoted to new nanohybrid engineering composed of titanate nanoribbons for regenerative medicine. Over a first phase, nanoribbons were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment and their morphological, structural and chemical features were defined. A fine characterization by means of different techniques of transmission electron microscopy mainly enabled to determine their thickness; dimension which had never been measured so far. Subsequently, titanate nanoribbons were functionalized by different home-made heterobifunctional PEG. Those polymers present at one of their extremities specific functional groups being able to couple with numerous biological molecules. Some collagen type peptides containing cellular recognition sites were grafted onto those extremities. The so-formed nanobiohybrid will permit cellular adhesion and proliferation favouring in fine tissue healing and regeneration. To evaluate new nanohybrid biological properties, titanate nanoribbons cytoxicity and aggregating power were determined by MTT tests, performed on two cell populations (fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes) and platelet aggregation tests (human blood). Finally, when used to promote healing process, the new nanobiohybrid was formulated in the form of sodium alginate hydrogel permitting a direct application on damaged tissues. To confirm the interest of this galenic form, initial in vivo tests were realized
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Worrell, Kevin. "Chemical and mechanical characterization of fully degradable double-network hydrogels based on PEG and PAA." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/48985.

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Biodegradable hydrogels have become very promising materials for a number of biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and drug delivery. For optimal tissue engineering design, the mechanical properties of hydrogels should match those of native tissues as closely as possible because these properties are known to affect the behavior and function of cells seeded in the hydrogels. At the same time, high water-contents, large mesh sizes and well-tuned degradation rates are favorable for the controlled release of growth factors and for adequate transport of nutrients through the hydrogel during tissue regeneration. With these factors in mind, the goal of this research was to develop and investigate the behavior of injectable, biodegradable hydrogels with enhanced stiffness properties that persist even at high degrees of swelling. In order to do this, degradable functionalities were incorporated into photo-crosslinkable poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels, and these two components were used to make a series of double-network hydrogels. Synthesis of the precursor macromers, photopolymerization of the hydrogels, and structural parameters of the hydrogels were analyzed. The composition and the molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc) of the hydrogel components were varied, and the degradation, swelling, thermal and mechanical properties of the hydrogels were characterized over various time scales. These properties were compared to corresponding properties of the component single-network hydrogels.
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Feliciano, Danielle Ferreira. "Cinética de formação do hidrogel de polivinil álcool - polietileno glicol (PVAl-PEG) para a reparação de cartilagem articular." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263577.

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Orientadores: Cecília Amélia de Carvalho Zavaglia, Ana Beatriz Albino Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Defeitos, doenças e acidentes que acometem a cartilagem articular para suportar às constantes solicitações mecânicas que estas regiões estão sujeitas, sendo indicada a utilização de estruturas viscoelástica resistente alto grau de atrito para preencher tais defeitos. Desta forma, foi selecionado o uso de hidrogéis para esta aplicação específica. Hidrogéis a base de poli(álcool vinilico) (PVAl) e polietileno glicol (PEG) apresentam propriedades mais adequadas, como biocompatibilidade, não estimulando reação imunológica ao organismo; baixa adesão de células sanguíneas, evitando coágulos; capacidade de absorção de água (intumecimento), proporcionando lubrificação do material e alto grau de transparência. O processo para obtenção desta blenda e formação de hidrogel foi realizado utilizando uma proporção de 1:9 (PEG:PVAl). O iniciador 2- hidroxi-4'-(2-hidroxietoxi)-2-metilpropiofenona foi adicionado à blenda, em 1% do volume total. È este iniciador, quando estimulado via temperatura, laser ou infravermelho, que irá desencadear as ligações intermacromoleculares de PEG-PVAl permitindo a formação de uma organização grafitizada da blenda dentro do hidrogel. Foi acompanhada a cinética de formação deste hidrogel através de reometria de placas, Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC). As amostras também foram devidamente caracterizadas quanto à condutividade térmica, densidade e absorção óptica. Observou-se que o iniciador ativou as ligações do grupo acetato do PVAl com as hidroxilas do PEG, resultando em formação de grupos ester. São estas ligações que caracterizam a formação do hidrogel grafitizado. Além disso, ocorreu a inversão do módulo viscoso em relação ao módulo de elasticidade, comprovando a reação de grafitização
Abstract: Defects, diseases and accidents that affect the articular cartilage can withstand constant mechanical stresses that they are subject, which indicated the use of viscoelastic structures resistant to high friction to fill these defects. In this way, the use was selected of hydrogels for this application it specifies. To base of I polished hydrogels polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) present more appropriate properties, biocompatibility, not stimulating reaction immunologically to the organism; low adhesion of blood cells, avoiding clots; capacity of absorption of water (swelling), providing lubrication of the material and high degree of transparency. The process for getting this blend and formation of hydrogel was carried out using a proportion of 1:9 (PEG:PVA). The initiator hidroxi 2-hidroxi-4 '-(2-hidroxietoxi)-2- metilpropiofenona was added to the blend, in 1 % of the total volume. This initiator, when stimulated he was seeing temperature, laser or infrared, what will be going to unleash the connections intermacromoleculares of PEG-PVA allowing the formation of an grafiting organization of the blend inside the hydrogel. There was accompanied the kinetic one of formation of this hydrogel through parallel plates rheometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The samples also were characterized property as for the thermal condutivity, density and optical absorption. It noticed to itself that the initiator activated the connections of the group acetate of the PVA with the hydroxyl group of PEG, when ester is turning in formation of groups. It is these connections that characterize the formation of the hydrogel grafiting. Besides, it took place to inversion of the viscous module regarding the module of elasticity, proving the reaction of grafiting
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Books on the topic "PEG HYDROGEL"

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Linee guida per la definizione di un piano strategico per lo sviluppo del vettore energetico idrogeno. Pisa: PLUS, 2004.

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Rakwichīan, Watthanaphong, and Mahāwitthayālai Narēsūan. Phāk Wichā Fisik., eds. Rāingān kānwičhai rư̄ang kānphatthanā ʻilekthrōlaisœ̄ phư̄a kānphalit haidrōgēn pen chư̄aphlœ̄ng saʻāt čhāk sēn sǣngʻāthit: Development of the hydrogen electrolyzer for clean fuel production from solar cell. [Bangkok?]: Phāk Wichā Fisik, Khana Witthayāsāt, Mahāwitthayālai Narēsūan, 1996.

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Krywawych, Steve. Metabolic Acidosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0081.

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Hydrogen ion turnover in resting adults exceeds 500 mole/24 hours and maintenance of hydrogen ion balance is an essential requirement for normal cellular, organ and body function. A variety of mechanisms co-operate to ensure that the hydrogen concentration in plasma can be tightly controlled between 35 to 46 nano moles per litre and any deviation being rapidly compensated. Inherited metabolic diseases can to a variable degree impact to disturb this equilibrium. The underlying causes responsible for this outcome are disease dependent and may occur due to generation of overwhelming quantities of hydrogen per se, or at the level of renal reabsorption or generation of bicarbonate or due to tissue hypoxia resulting from either poor pulmonary or cardiac function.
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PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Li, Hui, Haijiang Wang, Dmitri Bessarabov, and Nana Zhao. PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Li, Hui, Haijiang Wang, Dmitri Bessarabov, and Nana Zhao. PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Li, Hui, Haijiang Wang, Dmitri Bessarabov, and Nana Zhao. PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Li, Hui, Haijiang Wang, Dmitri Bessarabov, and Nana Zhao. PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Qian, Dianwei, Shiwen Tong, and Chunlei Huo. Hydrogen-Air PEM Fuel Cell: Integration, Modeling and Control. De Gruyter, Inc., 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "PEG HYDROGEL"

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Mendez, Uziel, Hong Zhou, and Ariella Shikanov. "Synthetic PEG Hydrogel for Engineering the Environment of Ovarian Follicles." In Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering, 115–28. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7741-3_9.

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Gao, Guifang, Karen Hubbell, Arndt F. Schilling, Guohao Dai, and Xiaofeng Cui. "Bioprinting Cartilage Tissue from Mesenchymal Stem Cells and PEG Hydrogel." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 391–98. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7021-6_28.

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Zustiak, Silviya Petrova. "Hydrolytically Degradable Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Hydrogel: Synthesis, Gel Formation, and Characterization." In Extracellular Matrix, 211–26. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2083-9_17.

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Kobel, Stefan A., and Matthias P. Lutolf. "Fabrication of PEG Hydrogel Microwell Arrays for High-Throughput Single Stem Cell Culture and Analysis." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 101–12. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-388-2_7.

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Hiemstra, Christine, Zhiyuan Zhong, Pieter J. Dijkstra, and Jan Feijen. "Stereocomplexed PEG-PLA Hydrogels." In Hydrogels, 53–65. Milano: Springer Milan, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1104-5_6.

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Millet, Pierre. "PEM Water Electrolysis." In Hydrogen Production, 63–116. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527676507.ch3.

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Beyer, Ulrike, Sebastian Porstmann, Christoph Baum, and Clemens Müller. "Production of PEM systems, upscaling and rollout strategy." In Hydrogen Technologies, 289–320. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22100-2_11.

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Lee, Doo Sung, and Chaoliang He. "In-Situ Gelling Stimuli-Sensitive PEG-Based Amphiphilic Copolymer Hydrogels." In Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels Handbook, 123–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5919-5_7.

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Barbir, F. "Progress in PEM Fuel Cell Systems Development." In Hydrogen Energy System, 203–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0111-0_14.

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Secanell, M., A. Jarauta, A. Kosakian, M. Sabharwal, and J. Zhou. "PEM Fuel Cells: Modeling." In Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Production, 235–93. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7789-5_1019.

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Conference papers on the topic "PEG HYDROGEL"

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Jang, Eunji, Saemi Park, Hyun Jong Lee, Keshava Murthy P.S, and Won-Gun Koh. "Development of phenol detecting biosensor using PEG hydrogel microparticles." In 2010 IEEE 3rd International Nanoelectronics Conference (INEC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inec.2010.5425132.

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Arcaute, K., L. Ochoa, B. K. Mann, and R. B. Wicker. "Stereolithography of PEG Hydrogel Multi-Lumen Nerve Regeneration Conduits." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81436.

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Peripheral nerve regeneration conduits available today are single lumen conduits. Multi-lumen conduits offer advantages over currently available conduits in that multiple lumen better mimic the natural structure of the nerve, provide a greater surface area for neurite extension, and allow for more precisely located growth factors or support cells within the scaffold. This work describes and demonstrates the use of the stereolithography (SL) rapid prototyping technique for fabricating multi-lumen nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) out of photopolymerizable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). NGCs were fabricated from PEG-dimethacrylate (PEG-dma) molecular weight 1000 with 30% (w/v) aqueous solution and 0.5% (w/v) of the photoinitiator Irgacure 2959. The selection of the PEG-dma and photoinitiator concentration was based on previous work [13]. A 3D Systems 250/50 SL machine with a 250 μm laser beam diameter was used for the experiments in a slightly modified process where the NGCs were fabricated on a glass slide within a small flat-bottom cylindrical container placed on top of the SL machine’s original build platform. SL successfully manufactured three-dimensional, multi-layered and multi-material NGCs with varying overall NGC lengths and lumen sizes. Minimum lumen size, spacing, and geometric accuracy were constrained by the laser beam diameter and path, curing characteristics of the polymer solution, and UV transmission properties of the polymer solution and cured PEG-dma. Overall lengths of the NGCs were constrained by the ability of the conduit to self-support its own construction. Multiple material conduits were demonstrated by varying the build solution during the layering process. In summary, SL shows promise for fabrication of bioactive NGCs using PEG hydrogels, and the use of SL in this application offers the additional advantage of easily scaling up for mass production.
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Coelho, Carlos D. F., João A. Jesus, Daniela C. Vaz, Ricardo Lagoa, and Maria João Moreno. "BSA-PEG Hydrogel: A Novel Protein-Ligand Binding 3D Matrix." In Biosystems in Toxicology and Pharmacology – Current Challenges. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bitap-12878.

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Abdul Hamid, Zuratul Ain, Anton Blencowe, Berkay Ozcelik, Greg Qiao, Geoff Stevens, Jason Palmer, Eighth Keren M. Abberton, Wayne A. Morrison, and Anthony K. J. Penington. "In vivo studies of biocompatible PEG-based hydrogel scaffolds with biofactors." In 2014 IEEE Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecbes.2014.7047498.

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Watanabe, Takaichi, and Shoji Takeuchi. "Microfluidic formation of monodisperse tetra-PEG hydrogel microbeads for cell encapsulation." In 2016 IEEE 29th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2016.7421728.

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Earnshaw, Audrey L., Justine J. Roberts, Garret D. Nicodemus, Stephanie J. Bryant, and Virginia L. Ferguson. "The Mechanical Behavior of Engineered Hydrogels." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206705.

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Agarose and poly(ethylene-glycol) (PEG) are commonly used as scaffolds for cell and tissue engineering applications [1]. Agarose is a natural biomaterial that is thought to be inert [2] and permits growing cells and tissues in a three-dimensional suspension [3]. Gels synthesized from photoreactive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromonomers are well suited as cell carriers because they can be rapidly photopolymerized in vivo by a chain radical polymerization that is not toxic to cells, including chondrocytes. This paper explores the differences in mechanical behavior between agarose, a physically cross-linked hydrogel, and PEG, a chemically cross-linked hydrogel, to set the foundation for choosing hydrogel properties and chemistries for a desired tissue engineering application.
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Lee, Y. E., and W. Chen. "Synthesis and characterization of novel crosslinked PEG-graft-chitosan/hyaluronic acid hydrogel." In 2007 IEEE 33rd Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nebc.2007.4413372.

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Geisler, Chris G., Ho-Lung Li, Qingwei Zhang, Jack G. Zhou, David M. Wootton, and Peter I. Lelkes. "Thermosensitive/Photocrosslinkable Hydrogel for Soft Tissue Scaffold Printing." In ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2011-50166.

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A new type of hydrogel for solid free-form fabrication (SFF) and rapid prototyping (RP) that obtains the qualities of a photocrosslinkable and thermosensitive hydrogel would benefit the tissue engineering field. For a material to best suit SFF and RP, it must: 1) be a low-viscous solution before being printed, 2) involve easily joined on-substrate mixing to form a homogenous gel, 3) have a short solution to gel transition time, 4) be a mechanically strong gel, and 5) have an irreversible gelation processes. A biodegradable, biocompatable thermosensitive triblock copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol-b-(DLlactic acid-co-glycolic acid)-b-ethylene glycol) (PEG-PLGA-PEG), crosslinked with photocrosslinkable Irgacure 2959 allows for quick irreversible transition from solution to gel with a post-processing step utilizing UV light. A material that gels instantaneously from a non-viscous solution to a 3-dimensional building gel could be used in multiple different types of SFF methods already developed. Since the material is also biocompatible, it can be used to replicate many different types of tissues. In this paper, the mechanism of gelation is proposed and the material relationship to the initial viscosity is investigated.
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Geisler, Chris G., Ho-Lung Li, David M. Wootton, Peter I. Lelkes, and Jack G. Zhou. "Soft Biomaterial Study for 3-D Tissue Scaffold Printing." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34274.

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In 3-D scaffold printing, it is critical to find a material that is suitable for your printing method, printing speed, and ease of use. For a biomaterial to best suit solid freeform fabrication techniques, it must: 1) be a low-viscous solution before being printed, 2) involve easily joined on-substrate mixing to form a homogenous gel, 3) have a short solution to gel transition time, 4) be a mechanically strong gel, and 5) have an irreversible gelation processes. Ionic crosslinkable, photocrosslinkable, and thermo-sensitive hydrogels have all been investigated and found to not fully satisfy our every requirement for SFF printing. Ionic crosslinking hydrogels can gel rapidly but tend to involve additional steps for crosslinking like freeze drying, stirring, and shaking, while some form beads, not homogenous gels. Some photocrosslinkable hydrogels would not work due to the concern for viability of cells in initial gel layers receiving copious amount of UV light. Thermosensitive hydrogels meet most of the requirements except that they are reversible gels. A new type of gel that obtains the qualities of a photocrosslinkable and thermosensitive hydrogel satisfies every requirement. A PEG-PLGA-PEG thermosensitive triblock copolymer additionally crosslinked with photocrosslinkable Irgacure 2959 allows for quick transition from solution to gel with a post-processing step utilizing UV light would add additional crosslinks to the gel structure resulting in an irreversible hydrogel.
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Cherukupalli, Abhimanyu, Michael Pellegrini, Ron Falkowski, Michael Medini, and Ronke Olabisi. "The influence of PEG molecular weight on apparent hydrogel microsphere size as measured by the Coulter principle." In 2014 40th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nebec.2014.6972754.

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Reports on the topic "PEG HYDROGEL"

1

James, Brian D., George N. Baum, Julie Perez, and Kevin N. Baum. Technoeconomic Analysis of Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Hydrogen Production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1218403.

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Staples, L., and D. P. Bloomfield. Hydrogen Supply System for Small PEM Fuel Cell Stacks. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada396718.

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Joseph Schwartz, Hankwon Lim, and Raymond Drnevich. Novel Hydrogen Purification Device Integrated with PEM Fuel Cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1026502.

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Barbir, F., F. Marken, B. Bahar, and J. A. Kolde. Development of a 10 kW hydrogen/air PEM fuel cell stack. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/460279.

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Mahadevan, K., K. Judd, H. Stone, J. Zewatsky, A. Thomas, H. Mahy, and D. Paul. Identification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen PEM Fuel Cell Markets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219590.

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Beckert, Werner F., Ottmar H. Dengel, Robert D. Lynch, Gary T. Bowman, and Aaron J. Greso. Solid Hydride Hydrogen Source for Small Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada371137.

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Sieverman, Joe, and Stephen Szymanski. Validation of an Advanced High-Pressure PEM Electrolyzer and Composite Hydrogen Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1783792.

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Walker, Charles W., Jiang Jr., Chu Rhongzhong, and Deryn. An Overview of Hydrogen Generation and Storage for Low-Temperature PEM Fuel Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada372504.

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Thomas H. Vanderspurt, Zissis Dardas, Ying She, Mallika Gummalla, and Benoit Olsommer. On-Board Vehicle, Cost Effective Hydrogen Enhancement Technology for Transportation PEM Fuel Cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861890.

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Edward F. Kiczek. Research and Development of a PEM Fuel Cell, Hydrogen Reformer, and Vehicle Refueling Facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/913332.

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