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Journal articles on the topic 'PEFCs'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Mirfarsi, Seyed Hesam, Mohammad Javad Parnian, and Soosan Rowshanzamir. "Self-Humidifying Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications: Advances and Challenges." Processes 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091069.

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Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) provide efficient and carbon-free power by converting the hydrogen chemical energy. The PEFCs can reach their greatest performance in humidified condition, as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) should be humidified for their proton transportation function. Thus, external humidifiers are commonly employed to increase the water content of reactants. However, being burdened with external humidifiers can make the control of PEFCs complicated and costly, in particular for transportation application. To overcome this issue, self-humidifying PEMs have been introduced, with which PEFC can be fed by dry reactants. In fact, internal humidification is accomplished by produced water from the recombination of permeated hydrogen and oxygen gases on the incorporated platinum catalysts within the PEM. While the water production agent remains constant, there is a broad range of additives that are utilized to retain the generated water and facilitate the proton conduction path in the PEM. This review paper has classified the aforementioned additives in three categories: inorganic materials, proton-conductive materials, and carbon-based additives. Moreover, synthesis methods, preparation procedures, and characterization tests are overviewed. Eventually, self-humidifying PEMs endowed with platinum and different additives are compared from performance and stability perspectives, such as water uptake, proton conductivity, fuel cell performance, gas cross-over, and the overall durability. In addition, their challenges and possible solutions are reviewed. Considering the concerns regarding the long-term durability of such PEMs, it seems that further investigations can be beneficial to confirm their reliability for prolonged PEFC operation.

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2

Yang, Zehui, Xinxin Yu, Yunfeng Zhang, and Guodong Xu. "Remarkably durable platinum cluster supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with high performance in an anhydrous polymer electrolyte fuel cell." RSC Advances 6, no. 110 (2016): 108158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19487g.

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3

Fushinobu, Kazuyoshi, Kenji Shimizu, Nariaki Miki, and Ken Okazaki. "Optical Measurement Technique of Water Contents in Polymer Membrane for PEFCs." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 1 (August 22, 2005): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2133801.

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The feasibility of an optical technique is examined for the measurement of the membrane water content in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Transmission of the infrared light of 1.92 μm wavelength is used to measure the water content in the polymer electrolyte membrane. A calibration procedure is examined, and the technique is applied for the transient measurement of a Nafion membrane that gives the value of water diffusion coefficient, consistent with previous reports. The technique is then applied to an operating PEFC to show its applicability for in situ measurement.

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4

Pak, Chanho, Sangkyun Kang, Yeong Suk Choi, and Hyuk Chang. "Nanomaterials and structures for the fourth innovation of polymer electrolyte fuel cell." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 11 (November 2010): 2063–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0280.

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Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are drawing attention as energy conversion devices for next generations because of their highly efficient, environmentally benign, and portable features. In the last five decades, three distinguishable innovations were achieved in terms of proton conductive membranes and electrodes: introduction of perfluorinated membranes into PEFCs, adoption of ionomers for electrodes, and increased toughness of membranes by reinforced membranes. The efficiency, cost, and durability achieved from the past three innovations are still not enough to replace competing technologies such as combustion engines. In this review, the authors would elucidate the three different methods based on nanotechnology to overcome the limits: nanoporous carbon-supported catalysts, nanocomposite membranes, and nanostructured membrane electrode assemblies, which will bring the fourth innovation to PEFCs. With the innovation, PEFCs will fulfill the goals of being clean-energy conversion devices in the major applications of stationary, portable, and vehicle markets.

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5

Meng, Hua, and Chao-Yang Wang. "Electron Transport in PEFCs." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151, no. 3 (2004): A358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1641036.

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6

Das, Prodip. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Tuning Gas-Diffusion-Layer Surface Wettability for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381709mtgabs.

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In the present scenario of a global initiative toward securing global net-zero by mid-century and keeping 1.5 degrees within reach, polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are considered to play an important role in the energy transition, particularly for the decarbonization of transit buses, trucks, rail transport, ships and ferries, and the residential heating sector. However, PEFCs are not economically competitive with the internal combustion engine powertrains [1]. Moreover, their durability standards in widely varying conditions have yet to be established and water management remains a critical issue for performance degradation and durability [1-3]. Thus, the mission of my research team is to conduct original research to make PEFCs economically viable and optimize their performance and durability [4,5]. In this talk, I will highlight our research on PEFC’s gas diffusion layer (GDL), as its interfaces with the flow channel and microporous layer play a significant role in water management. This research was aimed at selectively modifying GDL surfaces with a hydrophobic pattern to improve water transport and water removal from flow channels; thus, improving the durability and performance of PEFCs. Sigracet® GDLs were used as a base substrate and two different monomers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) added with fumed silica (Si) and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) were used to print a selective pattern on the GDL surfaces [6]. Both the additive manufacturing and spray coating techniques were utilized for creating the hydrophobic pattern on the GDL surfaces. The results of this study demonstrated a novel but simple approach to tune GDL surfaces with selective wetting properties and superhydrophobic interfaces that would enhance water transport. I will discuss some of these results and highlight how these results will benefit the water management of next-generation high-power PEFCs. This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P03098X/1) and the STFC Batteries Network (ST/R006873/1) and was supported by SGL Carbon SE (www.sglcarbon.com). References [1] A.Z. Weber et al., "A critical review of modeling transport phenomena in polymer electrolyte fuel cells," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 161, pp. F1254-F1299, 2014. [2] A.D. Santamaria et al., "Liquid-water interactions with gas-diffusion layers surfaces," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 161, pp. F1184-F1193, 2014. [3] P.K. Das and A.Z. Weber, "Water management in PEMFC with ultra-thin catalyst-layers," ASME 11th Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference, Paper No. FuelCell2013-18010, pp. V001T01A002, 2013. [4] L. Xing et al., "Membrane electrode assemblies for PEM fuel cells: A review of functional graded design and optimization," Energy, vol. 177, pp. 445-464, 2019. [5] L. Xing et al., "Inhomogeneous distribution of platinum and ionomer in the porous cathode to maximize the performance of a PEM fuel cell," AIChE J., vol. 63, pp. 4895-4910, 2017. [6] D. Thumbarathy et al., "Fabrication and characterization of tuneable flow-channel/gas-diffusion-layer interface for polymer electrolyte fuel cells," J. Electrochem. Energy Convers. Storage, vol. 17, pp. 011010, 2020.

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7

Koga, Maito, Hidetoshi Matsumoto, Mitsunori Kunishima, Masatoshi Tokita, Hiroyasu Masunaga, Noboru Ohta, Akihisa Takeuchi, et al. "Microstructure Investigation of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers Containing Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer." Membranes 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11070466.

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Perfluorosulfonated ionomers are the most successful ion-exchange membranes at an industrial scale. One recent, cutting-edge application of perfluorosulfonated ionomers is in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). In PEFCs, the ionomers are used as a component of the catalyst layer (CL) in addition to functioning as a proton-exchange membrane. In this study, the microstructures in the CLs of PEFCs were characterized by combined synchrotron X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The CL comprised a catalyst, a support, and an ionomer. Fractal dimensional analysis of the combined ultrasmall- and small-angle X-ray scattering profiles indicated that the carbon-black-supported Pt catalyst (Pt/CB) surface was covered with the ionomer in the CL. Anomalous X-ray scattering revealed that the Pt catalyst nanoparticles on the carbon surfaces were aggregated in the CLs. These findings are consistent with the ionomer/catalyst microstructures and ionomer coverage on the Pt/CB surface obtained from TEM observations.

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8

Gamaleev, Vladislav, Kengo Kajikawa, Keigo Takeda, and Mineo Hiramatsu. "Investigation of Nanographene Produced by In-Liquid Plasma for Development of Highly Durable Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." C 4, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c4040065.

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Recently, polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are attracting a lot of attention owing to their small size and relatively low working temperature (below 80 °C), which enables their usage in automobiles and household power generation. However, PEFCs have a problem with decreased output caused by corrosion of amorphous carbon, which is commonly used as a catalytic carrier. This problem could be solved by the usage of carbon nanostructures with a stronger crystal structure than amorphous carbon. In this work, nanographene supported by Pt nanoparticles was synthesized and examined for possible applications in the development of PEFCs with increased durability. Nanographene was synthesized by in-liquid plasma generated in ethanol using alternating current (AC) high voltage. A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was constructed, where Pt nanoparticle-supported nanographene was used as the catalytic layer. Power generation characteristics of the MEA were evaluated and current density for the developed MEA was found to be approximately 240 mA/cm2. From the electrochemical evaluation, it was found that the durability of Pt nanoparticle-supported nanographene was about seven times higher than that of carbon black.

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9

Mohamed, Hamdy F. M., Seiti Kuroda, Yoshinori Kobayashi, Bruno Tavernier, Ryoichi Suzuki, and Akihiro Ohira. "Study of Thin Nafion^® Films for Fuel Cells Using Energy Variable Slow Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy." Materials Science Forum 733 (November 2012): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.733.57.

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Nafion® is one of the most popular proton conducting membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). For the integration of Nafion® to the catalyst layers, very thin layers of the polymer are often formed on the catalysts of PEFC from dilute solutions. We applied energy variable positron annihilation to characterizing the structure of thin Nafion® films prepared by spin and dip coating from ethanol/water solutions of Nafion® on Si substrates. Experimental data suggest that the nano-structure of 23 nm thick spin coated Nafion® film is different from 220 nm thick film and also from 26 and 227 nm thick dip coated films, possibly due to the preservation of the unique rod-like structure of Nafion® in the dilute solution.

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10

Tsuji, Naruki, Tetsuya Miyazawa, Takuma Kaneko, Yuki Orikasa, Yoichiro Tsuji, Yoshiharu Uchimoto, Hideto Imai, and Yoshiharu Sakurai. "Imaging Liquid Water in a PEFC with High-Energy X-Ray Compton Scattering." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 39 (October 9, 2022): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02391384mtgabs.

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Water management is important for stable operation of PEFCs (Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells), since the proton conductivity depends on water content and excessive water hinders electrochemical reactions. As the durability of PEFC has become a major issue, the correlative behavior between liquid water and cerium oxides (radical scavengers) is drawing much attention. Till now, the water content and its inhomogeneous distributions have been reported by neutron radiography and X-ray computed tomography (CT). In this paper, we present a high-energy Compton scattering imaging (CSI) technique for non-destructive observation of liquid water in PEFC. The advantage of high-energy CSI over X-ray CT is that the CSI technique has direct access to a two-dimensional cross section inside a PEFC without its rotation. The radiation damage on polymer electrolyte membranes is negligibly small since the photoelectric absorption is substantially reduced at such high-energy X-rays. Although high-energy X-ray CT is not sensitive to light-element materials, X-ray Compton scattering has its sensitivity to light elements. Figure 1 shows the cross-sectional images of GDL (Gas Diffusion Layer) materials and liquid water [1]. The GDL materials are made of porous carbon fibers and carbon composites with Teflon treatment, TGP-H-300 (TORAY Industries, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). The area of the cross sections is 2mm x 2mm, and its thickness is 10μm. The spatial resolution is 75 μm. Figure 1(a) shows the image of dry GDL materials, displaying the distribution of carbon fibers and carbon composite, and Figure 1(b) does the difference image between dry and wet, representing the liquid water distribution. Negative contributions are observed in the carbon fiber and carbon composite region, which indicates possible interactions between the GDL materials and liquid water. In this presentation, applications to a model cell under operation are also presented, together with correlation mappings of liquid water and cerium. The capability of CSI for vehicles’ PEFCs (TOYOTA MIRAI) is also discussed. This work was performed under the NEDO FC-Platform project. [1] N. Tsuji et al., Appl. Sci. 11, 3851 (2021) Figure Caption: Fig.1: Cross-sectional images of GDL materials and liquid water. Figure 1

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11

Zhang, Qingxin, Hooman Homayouni, Byron D. Gates, Michael H. Eikerling, and Amir M. Niroumand. "Electrochemical Pressure Impedance Spectroscopy for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells via Back-Pressure Control." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 044510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6326.

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Electrochemical pressure impedance spectroscopy (EPIS) analyses the voltage response of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) as a function of an applied pressure signal in the frequency domain. EPIS is similar to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and its development was inspired by the diagnostic capabilities of the latter. The EPIS introduced in this work modulates the cathode pressure of a PEFC with a sinusoidal signal through the use of a back-pressure controller, and monitors the cell voltage while holding the cell at a constant current. A sinusoidal pressure wave propagates along the flow field channels because of this pressure modulation. This pressure wave impacts local reaction rates and transport properties in the cathode, resulting in a sinusoidal voltage response. The amplitude ratio and phase difference between these two sinusoidal waves entail diagnostic information on processes that take place within the PEFC. To demonstrate the utility of the EPIS technique, experiments have been carried out to measure and analyze the frequency response of PEFCs with two different flow fields. A parametric study has been conducted to characterize the effect of pressure oscillation amplitude, load, oxygen concentration, oxygen stoichiometry and cathode gas flow rate on the EPIS signal.

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12

Yang, Zehui, and Naotoshi Nakashima. "Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)–wrapped carbon nanotube-based fuel cell electrocatalyst shows high durability and performance under non-humidified operation." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 46 (2015): 23316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06735a.

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13

Kim, Yu Seung, Melinda Einsla, James E. McGrath, and Bryan S. Pivovar. "The Membrane–Electrode Interface in PEFCs." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 157, no. 11 (2010): B1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3481577.

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14

Kim, Yu Seung, and Bryan S. Pivovar. "The Membrane–Electrode Interface in PEFCs." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 157, no. 11 (2010): B1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3481580.

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15

Kim, Yu Seung, and Bryan S. Pivovar. "The Membrane–Electrode Interface in PEFCs." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 157, no. 11 (2010): B1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3481581.

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16

Iwami, M., D. Horiguchi, Z. Noda, A. Hayashi, and K. Sasaki. "Pt-decorated TiO2 Electrocatalysts for PEFCs." ECS Transactions 69, no. 17 (October 2, 2015): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06917.0603ecst.

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17

Uddin, M. A., X. Wang, J. Qi, M. O. Ozdemir, L. J. Bonville, U. Pasaogullari, and T. Molter. "Effects of Chloride Contamination on PEFCs." ECS Transactions 58, no. 1 (August 31, 2013): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05801.0543ecst.

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18

Weber, Adam Z., Robert M. Darling, and John Newman. "Modeling Two-Phase Behavior in PEFCs." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151, no. 10 (2004): A1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1792891.

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19

Pivovar, B. S., and Y. S. Kim. "The Membrane–Electrode Interface in PEFCs." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 154, no. 8 (2007): B739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2740005.

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20

Naito, Hiroshi, and Shuichiro Hirai. "Unsteady Three-Dimensional Simulation of Water Condensation in Gas Diffusion Layer." ECS Transactions 109, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10909.0071ecst.

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Liquid water accumulates inside polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) prevents gas transport and degrades the cell performance. In this study, we performed an unsteady numerical simulation of water condensation and accumulation in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of PEFCs using the three-dimensional structure of the GDL obtained by X-ray CT measurement. The temperature and gas concentration fields were solved to obtain the amount of condensation, and the volume of fluid (VOF) method was used for the transport of the gas-liquid interface. As a result of the simulation, the region where condensation occurs was identified and the formation mechanisms of the liquid-water structure is observed.

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21

Dhanasekaran, P., S. Vinod Selvaganesh, and Santoshkumar D. Bhat. "Preparation of TiO2:TiN composite nanowires as a support with improved long-term durability in acidic medium for polymer electrolyte fuel cells." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 8 (2017): 2987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj00374a.

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22

Dhanasekaran, P., S. Vinod Selvaganesh, and Santoshkumar D. Bhat. "Enhanced catalytic activity and stability of copper and nitrogen doped titania nanorod supported Pt electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells." New J. Chem. 41, no. 21 (2017): 13012–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj03463f.

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23

Trogadas, P., J. I. S. Cho, T. P. Neville, J. Marquis, B. Wu, D. J. L. Brett, and M. O. Coppens. "A lung-inspired approach to scalable and robust fuel cell design." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 1 (2018): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee02161e.

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24

Rahman, Md Mijanur, Kenta Inaba, Garavdorj Batnyagt, Masato Saikawa, Yoshiki Kato, Rina Awata, Byambasuren Delgertsetsega, et al. "Synthesis of catalysts with fine platinum particles supported by high-surface-area activated carbons and optimization of their catalytic activities for polymer electrolyte fuel cells." RSC Advances 11, no. 33 (2021): 20601–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra02156g.

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25

Hwang, Sun-Mi, YongMan Choi, Min Gyu Kim, Young-Jun Sohn, Jae Yeong Cheon, Sang Hoon Joo, Sung-Dae Yim, et al. "Enhancement of oxygen reduction reaction activities by Pt nanoclusters decorated on ordered mesoporous porphyrinic carbons." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 16 (2016): 5869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta09915c.

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26

Ogawa, Taichi, Yusuke Inoue, Kotaro Yamamoto, Masahiro Yasutake, Zhiyun Noda, Stephen Matthew Lyth, Junko Matsuda, Masamichi Nishihara, Akari Hayashi, and Kazunari Sasaki. "Power Generation Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Electrocatalysts Supported on SnO₂ in High Current Density Range." ECS Transactions 109, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10909.0241ecst.

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The durability of conventional Pt/C catalysts is still an important technical issue for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). SnO2-supported electrocatalysts with carbon materials as electronic conductive frameworks have the potential to achieve both high catalytic activity and high durability against carbon support corrosion. However, it is still necessary to optimize cell preparation conditions to improve electrochemical cell performance especially in the high current density range. Here, PEFCs with such electrocatalysts are prepared by varying the preparation conditions of the catalyst layer in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and a combination of gas diffusion layers (GDLs) and sealant thicknesses. Microstructural optimization is still needed for improving cell performance and minimizing overvoltages.

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27

Yamamoto, Kotaro, Masahiro Yasutake, Zhiyun Noda, Stephen Matthew Lyth, Junko Matsuda, Masamichi Nishihara, Akari Hayashi, and Kazunari Sasaki. "Metallic Gas Diffusion Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 109, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10909.0265ecst.

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Porous carbon materials are widely used as gas diffusion layers (GDL) in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Further improvements of these carbon materials are required, including cost reduction and improved mechanical strength. For example, the low mechanical strength of carbon-based GDLs limits the extent to which they can be thinned to reduce PEFC size and cost. Here, the applicability of various metallic GDLs is examined for reducing thickness and cost. Stainless steel GDLs coated with gold (Au) were prepared via physical vapor deposition, as a proof-of-concept. It is revealed that a thin Au coating results in reduced overvoltage and improved cell performance. Whilst Au is expensive and should eventually be replaced with inexpensive materials for practical applications, this work shows that conventional metallic materials could be applied as GDLs if the electrical contact is sufficiently improved.

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28

Amemiya, Kazuki, Kazuhiko Shinohara, Motoaki Kawase, Hideto Imai, and Keitaro Sodeyama. "(Invited) FC-Platform and Gen2 Mirai Analysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 45 (October 9, 2022): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02451692mtgabs.

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FC-Platform, specialized in PEFC's analysis and evaluation, has been launched as a NEDO's funded project. PF-Platform consists of 5 groups of the electrochemical evaluation, simulation, materials analysis, materials informatics and management, involves 21 institutions. An number of various materials research themes are also running in the NEDO's project. FC-Platform provides better direction of improving for these materials research by analysis and evaluation. Moreover, visualizing and predicting phenomena in the PEFCs are important for realizing high performance and durability at a material level. Therefore, we are focusing on advanced visualization techniques and multi-scale stack modeling development. We conducted analysis and evaluation of Gen2 MIRAI's MEAs and its materials employing developed analytics and modeling in this framework. This work was supported by a NEDO FC-Platform project commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). Toyota Motor Corporation supported for providing MIRAI's MEAs and materials.

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29

Isegawa, Kazuhisa, Tetsuo Nagami, Shinji Jomori, Masaaki Yoshida, and Hiroshi Kondoh. "In situ S-K XANES study of polymer electrolyte fuel cells: changes in the chemical states of sulfonic groups depending on humidity." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 36 (2016): 25183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp04052g.

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30

Appel, Marina, Galin Borisov, Olaf Holderer, Marie-Sousai Appavou, Reiner Zorn, Werner Lehnert, and Dieter Richter. "Proton diffusion in the catalytic layer for high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells." RSC Advances 9, no. 65 (2019): 37768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06431a.

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The present study focuses on quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) of the proton dynamics in phosphoric acid (PA) inside the catalytic layer of high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (HT-PEFCs).

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31

Santana-Villamar, Jordy, Mayken Espinoza-Andaluz, and Martin Andersson. "Impact of the Temperature on the Proton Conductivity and Power Output of a PEFC Operating at High Current Densities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 994, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/994/1/012006.

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Abstract Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs) have great potential as clean energy conversion devices. Therefore, studies are required to increase the understanding of a PEFC at real operating conditions. Two variables that significantly affect the performance are the temperature and the current load. In the present study, a fundamental constitutive part’s performance, e.g., the polymeric membrane (PM) Nafion 212, was evaluated by obtaining its proton conductivity. Also, the cell performance is evaluated considering its output power. Tests were performed in a temperature range of 40-90 °C in steps of 5 °C at a constant current of 50 A. The results show a direct correlation between the proton conductivity and the temperature, and for temperatures greater than 85 °C, the proton conductivity has a growth negligible. It was also found that the PEFC output power has an exponential trend with maximum performance at 75 °C with a power of 25.1 W and proton conductivity of 63 mS.cm−1. Besides, an analysis of the internal factors that impact the proton conductivity and the performance is presented. Finally, empirical correlations for proton conductivity and power output as a function of the temperature with an R-squared larger than 0.96 are proposed.

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32

Uddin, M. A., U. Pasaogullari, and T. Molter. "Computational Modelling of Cation Contamination in PEFCs." ECS Transactions 64, no. 3 (August 18, 2014): 705–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06403.0705ecst.

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33

Xie, Jian, David L. Wood, David M. Wayne, Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Plamen Atanassov, and Rodney L. Borup. "Durability of PEFCs at High Humidity Conditions." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 152, no. 1 (2005): A104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1830355.

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34

Ihonen, Jari, Mikko Mikkola, and Göran Lindbergh. "Flooding of Gas Diffusion Backing in PEFCs." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151, no. 8 (2004): A1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1763138.

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35

Odoi, Hirotoshi, Zhiyun Noda, Junko Matsuda, Akari Hayashi, and Kazunari Sasaki. "Pt-Decorated Oxide/MPL/GDL-Supported PEFCs." ECS Transactions 86, no. 13 (July 23, 2018): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/08613.0461ecst.

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36

Odoi, Hirotoshi, Daiki Kawachino, Zhiyun Noda, Junko Matsuda, Akari Hayashi, and Kazunari Sasaki. "MPL/GDL-Supported Pt Electrocatalysts for PEFCs." ECS Transactions 92, no. 8 (July 3, 2019): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/09208.0507ecst.

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37

Hatanaka, Tatsuya, Tomohiro Takeshita, Hajime Murata, Naoki Hasegawa, Takashi Asano, Masaya Kawasumi, and Yu Morimoto. "Electrode and Membrane Durability Issues of PEFCs." ECS Transactions 16, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 1961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2982036.

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38

Mori, Y., M. Ueda, M. Hashimoto, Y. Aoi, S. Tanase, and T. Sakai. "Amorphous carbon coated stainless separator for PEFCs." Surface and Coatings Technology 202, no. 17 (May 2008): 4094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.02.020.

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39

Trogadas, Panagiotis, and V. Ramani. "Hybrid Catalysts for Degradation Mitigation in PEFCs." ECS Transactions 11, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 949–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2781007.

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40

Trogadas, Panagiotis, and V. Ramani. "Hybrid Electrocatalysts for Degradation Mitigation in PEFCs." ECS Transactions 6, no. 21 (December 19, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2837816.

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41

Freunberger, Stefan A., Alexander Wokaun, and Felix N. Büchi. "In-Plane Effects in Large-Scale PEFCs." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153, no. 5 (2006): A909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2185282.

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42

Ahn, Chi-Yeong, Juhee Ahn, Sun Young Kang, Ok-Hee Kim, Dong Woog Lee, Ji Hyun Lee, Jae Goo Shim, Chang Hyun Lee, Yong-Hun Cho, and Yung-Eun Sung. "Enhancement of service life of polymer electrolyte fuel cells through application of nanodispersed ionomer." Science Advances 6, no. 5 (January 2020): eaaw0870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0870.

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Abstract:

In polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), protons from the anode are transferred to the cathode through the ionomer membrane. By impregnating the ionomer into the electrodes, proton pathways are extended and high proton transfer efficiency can be achieved. Because the impregnated ionomer mechanically binds the catalysts within the electrode, the ionomer is also called a binder. To yield good electrochemical performance, the binder should be homogeneously dispersed in the electrode and maintain stable interfaces with other catalyst components and the membrane. However, conventional binder materials do not have good dispersion properties. In this study, a facile approach based on using a supercritical fluid is introduced to prepare a homogeneous nanoscale dispersion of the binder material in aqueous alcohol. The prepared binder exhibited high dispersion characteristics, crystallinity, and proton conductivity. High performance and durability were confirmed when the binder material was applied to a PEFC cathode electrode.

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43

Zhang, Hanguang, Hoon T. Chung, David A. Cullen, Stephan Wagner, Ulrike I. Kramm, Karren L. More, Piotr Zelenay, and Gang Wu. "High-performance fuel cell cathodes exclusively containing atomically dispersed iron active sites." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 8 (2019): 2548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee00877b.

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Platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with atomically dispersed FeN₄ sites have emerged as a potential replacement for low-PGM catalysts in acidic polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs).

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44

Kaneko, Reiya, Tatsuki Furukawa, and Kosuke Nishida. "(Digital Presentation) Effect of Compression Pressure on Water Removal and Power Generation Performance of PEFC with Modified Electrode/Channel Structure." ECS Transactions 109, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10909.0127ecst.

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To prevent the water flooding in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), it is essential to investigate the water transport in cathode diffusion media of operating cells and design the optimum electrode/channel structure for encouraging the water discharge. Our research group has proposed a hybrid structure with the electrode perforation and channel hydrophilization. This study directly visualized the water distribution in the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a customized PEFC using X-ray radiography and characterized the cell performance under the constant-current operations. Furthermore, the influence of compression pressure on the water behavior in the perforated GDL and the performance characteristics of the customized cell was examined. It was found that the modified electrode/channel structure enhances the water discharge from the diffusion media and effectively reduces the water saturation around the penetration groove. The excessive mechanical compression of the customized cell suppresses the water removal through the diffusion media.

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45

Ito, Hiroshi, Taiki Mimoto, Satoshi Someya, and Tetsuo Munakata. "Net Water Drag Coefficient during High Temperature Operation of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 124505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3b08.

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For polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) systems in vehicle applications, net water drag coefficient ( α NWD ) is an essential index and must be negative for system operation. The feasibility of PEFC operation at temperatures over 100 °C was examined here by measuring and comparing the current density (j)— α NWD characteristics using PEFCs with either an Aquivion or Nafion membrane. The effect of cell temperature ( T cell ) on α NWD was evaluated at T cell range from 80 °C to 120 °C. Results clearly demonstrated that, for both membrane types, α NWD significantly increased with increasing T cell . Results also confirmed that, at a constant flow rate of H2 at the anode, α NWD decreased with decreasing stoichiometric ratio of air ( γ air ), although the effect of γ air on α NWD was relatively small. Finally, the effect of relative humidity (RH) balance of supplied gases in both sides (anode/cathode) on water transport at temperature up to 120 °C was examined for the Aquivion cell. Results revealed that α NWD could be significantly decreased by decreasing the RH of hydrogen supplied to the anode (RHA) and that the control of RHA is an effective method for lowering α NWD at elevated temperature operation.

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Ikehara, Teppei, Zhiyun Noda, Junko Matsuda, Masamichi Nishihara, Akari Hayashi, and Kazunari Sasaki. "PEFCs Using Metallic Ti and Sn Electrocatalyst Supports." ECS Transactions 104, no. 8 (October 1, 2021): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10408.0389ecst.

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Ikehara, Teppei, Zhiyun Noda, Junko Matsuda, Masamichi Nishihara, Akari Hayashi, and Kazunari Sasaki. "PEFCs Using Metallic Ti and Sn Electrocatalyst Supports." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 39 (October 19, 2021): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02391180mtgabs.

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Nakazato, Y., M. Iwami, M. Okumura, Z. Noda, A. Hayashi, and K. Sasaki. "SnO2-Supported Electrocatalysts on Conductive Fillers for PEFCs." ECS Transactions 75, no. 14 (September 23, 2016): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/07514.0841ecst.

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MLYATAKE, Kenji, and Masahiro WATANABE. "Recent Progress in Proton Conducting Membranes for PEFCs." Electrochemistry 73, no. 1 (January 5, 2005): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.73.12.

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TAKASU, Yoshio, Wataru SUGIMOTO, and Masaru YOSHITAKE. "Development of Materials and Evaluation Methods for PEFCs." Electrochemistry 75, no. 2 (2007): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.75.105.

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