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Journal articles on the topic 'Peer pressure'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

V.Vaithyanathan, V. Vaithyanathan, and Dr P. Sivakumar Dr.P.Sivakumar. "Peer pressure-problems and solutions." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 9 (October 1, 2011): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/jun2012/20.

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2

Coggans, Niall, and Susan McKellar. "Drug Use Amongst Peers: peer pressure or peer preference?" Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 1, no. 1 (January 1994): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09687639409028532.

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3

Lou, Wanzheng. "Research on the Influence of Peer Pressure on Adolescents." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 8, no. 1 (September 14, 2023): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/8/20230090.

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Peer pressure is influential in swaying adolescents actions and decisions. To investigate the holistic influence of peer pressure on adolescence, this paper conducts literature reviews on peer pressures influence on adolescents regarding risky behavior, romantic relationships, and academic investment. The results show that peers are capable of bringing up and down adolescents rate of engaging in risky behavior depending on the quality of the friendship. Peers influence adolescent sexual behavior and partner selection, and they have a high level of intervention in their romantic relationships, presenting both positive and negative influences. Peers influence adolescents effort exerted on academic work depending on the type of image that adolescents are trying to maintain and the degree to which an adolescents school value hard work. The paper also traces the biological and sociocultural causes of peer pressures huge influence on adolescents and provides recommendations for alleviating negative peer pressure.

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4

Bali, Turan G., K. Ozgur Demirtas, Armen Hovakimian, and John J. Merrick. "Peer Pressure." Journal of Portfolio Management 32, no. 3 (April 30, 2006): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2006.628409.

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5

Calvó-Armengol, Antoni, and Matthew O. Jackson. "Peer Pressure." Journal of the European Economic Association 8, no. 1 (January 2010): 62–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00495.x.

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6

Calvó-Armengol, Antoni, and Matthew O. Jackson. "Peer Pressure." Journal of the European Economic Association 8, no. 1 (March 2010): 62–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jeea.2010.8.1.62.

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7

Long, Johnny. "Peer pressure." Infosecurity 5, no. 3 (April 2008): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1754-4548(08)70049-4.

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8

Davenport, R. J. "Peer Pressure." Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2004, no. 22 (June 2, 2004): nf56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sageke.2004.22.nf56.

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9

Coleman, Deepa. "Peer pressure." New Scientist 205, no. 2752 (March 2010): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(10)60652-5.

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10

Kerno, Steven. "Peer Pressure." Mechanical Engineering 132, no. 08 (August 1, 2010): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-aug-1.

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This article outlines various inside and outside influences that organizational leadership has to deal with during decision making. Governmental regulatory agencies have the vested authority to impose sanctions upon non-compliant companies. The dictates of regulatory agencies often create legalistic mazes and bureaucratic rituals that bear little relation to a framework conducive to rational decision making. Deviation from legally codified procedures can subject an organization to a situation where its legitimacy is threatened. Socially conscious groups, from NOW to PETA, have also gained significant constituencies, as well as credibility, for their causes within society as a whole. Many such organizations use more formal methods to give various populations of workers protected legal status. The number of stakeholders relevant to an organization has also increased sharply during the past 50 years. To complicate matters further, different stakeholders are likely to have competing interests. There are cases where organizational leadership proposes actions that are reasonable and necessary for the continuation of the organization, but are resisted very strongly, even by constituencies that might benefit, either immediately or eventually, from their implementation.

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11

Việt, Thiện. "Peer pressure." Index on Censorship 52, no. 3 (September 2023): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03064220231201271.

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12

Connor, M. J. "Peer Relations and Peer Pressure." Educational Psychology in Practice 9, no. 4 (January 1994): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0266736940090403.

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13

Chaudhary, Garima. "Virtual Peer Pressure." International Journal of Management Studies V, no. 3(2) (July 1, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i3(2)/10.

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14

Muralitharan, Rikeish R., Hamdi A. Jama, Liang Xie, Alex Peh, Matthew Snelson, and Francine Z. Marques. "Microbial Peer Pressure." Hypertension 76, no. 6 (December 2020): 1674–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14473.

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There is increasing evidence of the influence of the gut microbiota on hypertension and its complications, such as chronic kidney disease, stroke, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. This is not surprising considering that the most common risk factors for hypertension, such as age, sex, medication, and diet, can also impact the gut microbiota. For example, sodium and fermentable fiber have been studied in relation to both hypertension and the gut microbiota. By combining second- and, now, third-generation sequencing with metabolomics approaches, metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine N-oxide, and their producers, have been identified and are now known to affect host physiology and the cardiovascular system. The receptors that bind these metabolites have also been explored with positive findings—examples include known short-chain fatty acid receptors, such as G-protein coupled receptors GPR41, GPR43, GPR109a, and OLF78 in mice. GPR41 and OLF78 have been shown to have inverse roles in blood pressure regulation, whereas GPR43 and GPR109A have to date been demonstrated to impact cardiac function. New treatment options in the form of prebiotics (eg, dietary fiber), probiotics (eg, Lactobacillus spp.), and postbiotics (eg, the short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate, and butyrate) have all been demonstrated to be beneficial in lowering blood pressure in animal models, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood and translation to hypertensive patients is still lacking. Here, we review the evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in hypertension, its risk factors, and cardiorenal complications and identify future directions for this exciting and fast-evolving field.

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15

Morrison, George H. "Positive Peer Pressure." Analytical Chemistry 57, no. 8 (July 1985): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00285a600.

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16

Lowe, Nancy K. "Peer (Review) Pressure." Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 36, no. 2 (March 2007): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00124.x.

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17

Stupak, Rose Thomas. "Peer pressure problems." Music Educators Journal 73, no. 1 (September 1986): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002743218607300102.

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18

Derrick, Gemma. "Take peer pressure out of peer review." Nature 554, no. 7690 (January 30, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-01381-y.

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19

Carraro, Valentina, Thomas Conzelmann, and Hortense Jongen. "Fears of peers? Explaining peer and public shaming in global governance." Cooperation and Conflict 54, no. 3 (January 8, 2019): 335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836718816729.

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This article conducts a comparative analysis of peer and public pressure in peer reviews among states. Arguing that such pressure is one increasingly important form of shaming in global politics, we seek to understand the extent to which five different peer reviews exert peer and public pressure and how possible variation among them can be explained. Our findings are based on responses to an original survey and semi-structured interviews among participants in the reviews. We find that peer and public pressure exist to different degrees in the peer reviews under study. Such differences cannot be explained by the policy area under review or the international organization in which peer reviews are organized. Likewise, the expertise of the actors involved in a peer review or perceptions of the legitimacy of peer review as a monitoring instrument do not explain the variation. Instead, we find that institutional factors and the acceptance of peer and public pressure among the participants in a peer review offer the best explanations.

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20

Cobb, Kristin. "Peer Pressure in Numbers." Science News 162, no. 8 (August 24, 2002): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4013715.

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21

Johnston, Chad W., and James J. Collins. "Engineering microbial peer pressure." Science 365, no. 6457 (September 5, 2019): 986–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3157.

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22

Edwards, C. "Peer pressure targets Facebook." Engineering & Technology 13, no. 4 (May 1, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2018.0400.

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23

Parisky, K. M. "HONEY BEE PEER PRESSURE." Journal of Experimental Biology 214, no. 5 (February 9, 2011): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.049676.

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24

Daido, Kohei. "Peer Pressure and Incentives." Bulletin of Economic Research 58, no. 1 (January 2006): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2006.00233.x.

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25

Gov, Nir. "Moving under peer pressure." Nature Materials 10, no. 6 (May 23, 2011): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3036.

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26

Williams, Ruth. "Peer Pressure Starts Early." Scientific American Mind 23, no. 4 (August 2, 2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0912-7a.

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27

Kandel, Eugene, and Edward P. Lazear. "Peer Pressure and Partnerships." Journal of Political Economy 100, no. 4 (August 1992): 801–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/261840.

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28

Sattar, Aqsa, and Dr Sadia Malik. "PEER PRESSURE AS PREDICTOR OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR." Mind-Journal of Psychology 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36755/tmjp.v1i1.4.

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The purpose of present study was examined Peer Pressure as Predictor of Delinquent Behavior and Impulsivity as moderating role among adolescents. Self-Report Delinquency Scale (naqvi, 2005), Peer Pressure Assessment Scale (PPAS; Mehmood et al., 2012) and Impulsivity by Impulsiveness scale (Biss-11; Patton et al.,1995), individually administered to check peer pressure, Delinquency and level of impulsiveness, the relationship in above mentioned variables the Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used. Multiple Regressions was applied to check prediction. Results revealed that there was a strong relationship among delinquent behavior, peer pressure; Impulsiveness and Delinquent Behavior Furthermore findings suggested that healthy and mentally positive bond with peers, and strong self-control will become less delinquent behavior shows less impulsive behavior among adolescents (Rotter, 2000).

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29

Radetić-Paić, Mirjana, Sandra Kadum, and Emina Kopas-Vukašinović. "Susceptibility to Peer Pressure – Self-Assessment of Students of Primary School and Preschool Education." Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 14, no. 2 (May 9, 2022): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/14.2/564.

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People are known to change their behavior and decisions to conform to others i.e., to be accepted by peers. Peers play a significant role in adolescent growth. This study shows the findings of the research of which the point was to gain insight into students’ – future school and preschool teachers’ – self-assessment of their own relationships with peers i.e. to determine the areas and differences in susceptibility to peer pressure and in relationships with peers. The research was conducted on students of the Faculty of Educational Sciences Pula, Croatia and the Faculty of Education in Jagodina, Serbia (N=411). The results we obtained show that the area of greatest susceptibility to peer pressure on the observed sample of students supports the interpersonal theory. Variability in self-assessment of certain areas of responsiveness to peer pressure and relationships with peers according to place of study of the observed groups of students at the latent and the manifested level were also found. It can be concluded that the observed cities have different degrees of social and also psychological relations. The value of these results is that they enable insight into students’ various areas of susceptibility to peer pressure and differences with respect to different environments or places of study, which opens space for improvements.

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30

Aqsa Sattar and Dr. Sadia Malik. "PEER PRESSURE AS PREDICTOR OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: ROLE OF IMPULSIVITY." Mind-Journal of Psychology 1, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36755/themind.v1i1.38.

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The purpose of present study was examined Peer Pressure as Predictor of Delinquent Behavior and Impulsivity as moderating role among adolescents. Self-Report Delinquency Scale (naqvi, 2005), Peer Pressure Assessment Scale (PPAS; Mehmood et al., 2012) and Impulsivity by Impulsiveness scale (Biss-11; Patton et al.,1995), individually administered to check peer pressure, Delinquency and level of impulsiveness, the relationship in above mentioned variables the Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used. Multiple Regressions was applied to check prediction. Results revealed that there was a strong relationship among delinquent behavior, peer pressure; Impulsiveness and Delinquent Behavior Furthermore findings suggested that healthy and mentally positive bond with peers, and strong self-control will become less delinquent behavior shows less impulsive behavior among adolescents (Rotter, 2000).

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31

Raniseski, Jean M., and Carol K. Sigelman. "Conformity, Peer Pressure, and Adolescent Receptivity to Treatment for Substance Abuse: A Research Note." Journal of Drug Education 22, no. 3 (September 1992): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/rlxr-8uxc-x7wn-dvlf.

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To explore the possibility that peer influences not only contribute to adolescent substance abuse but shape feelings about being in treatment for substance abuse, forty adolescent inpatients were surveyed. Misconduct, including substance abuse, was predicted best by perceived peer pressure toward misconduct, low opinions of the value of treatment by disposition to conform to antisocial peers, and sense of stigma associated with being treated by perceived peer pressure toward conformity. Concerns over peer acceptance may be one basis for resistance to substance abuse treatment.

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32

Bowes, Stanley A. "The Power of Peer Pressure." Science News 136, no. 6 (August 5, 1989): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3973970.

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33

Magzoub, Mazin, and Andrew D. Miranker. "p53 succumbs to peer pressure." Nature Chemical Biology 7, no. 5 (April 18, 2011): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.569.

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34

Abbott, Alison. "Italian peer review under pressure." Nature 358, no. 6381 (July 1992): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358009c0.

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35

Kline, Rachel. "Can robots peer-pressure children?" Science 361, no. 6403 (August 16, 2018): 657.7–658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.361.6403.657-g.

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36

Kwiat, Paul. "Photons yield to peer pressure." Nature 412, no. 6850 (August 2001): 866–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35091173.

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37

Chau, H. F., F. K. Chow, and K. H. Ho. "Minority game with peer pressure." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 332 (February 2004): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2003.10.009.

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38

Chan, Siu Mui, and Kwok-Wai Chan. "Adolescents’ Susceptibility to Peer Pressure." Youth & Society 45, no. 2 (September 2, 2011): 286–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x11417733.

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39

Niewalda, T., I. Jeske, B. Michels, and B. Gerber. "'Peer pressure' in larval Drosophila?" Biology Open 3, no. 7 (June 6, 2014): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.20148458.

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40

Moyer, Susanne C., and Robert J. Cotter. "Peer Reviewed: Atmospheric Pressure MALDI." Analytical Chemistry 74, no. 17 (September 2002): 468 A—476 A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac022091j.

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41

Duncan-Ricks, Elizabeth N. "Adolescent sexuality and peer pressure." Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal 9, no. 4 (August 1992): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00757087.

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42

Norman, C. "NSF Peer Review: Under Pressure." Science 249, no. 4974 (September 14, 1990): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.249.4974.1239.

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43

Kudek Mirošević, Jasna, Mirjana Radetić-Paić, and Ivan Prskalo. "STUDENTS’ MENTAL HEALTH RISKS REGARDING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PEER PRESSURE." Acta kinesiologica, N1 2021 (2021): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.1.7.

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Given that adolescents and young people spend most of their time in the educational system, advancements in neurodevelopmental research emphasize the important and complex role of peers’ influence on adolescents’ behaviour, suggesting that supportive programmes led by peers have a strong potential benefit (King, & Fazel, 2019). In many cases peers are the most important source of social support, and are therefore an important target group to investigate the factors of risk, signs of poor mental health and ways to assess their health behaviour and awareness of the care which should be taken regarding their mental health, as well as the resources and prevention models. The wish is to study whether there are differences regarding the mental behaviour in certain characteristics of susceptibility to peer pressure as a risk for the mental health of students of the Faculty of Educational Sciences of the Juraj Dobrila University of Pula and students of the Faculty of Teacher Education of the University of Zagreb, Division of Petrinja (N=440). The set hypothesis states that there is a statistically significant difference among students of the faculty in Pula and those in Petrinja in their assessment of certain features of peer pressure susceptibility as a possible risk for mental health. The results obtained at the x2-test showed a statistically significant difference between certain peer pressure features among students regarding their study environment linked to hanging out with peers who consume drugs and being tempted to try them, getting involved in risky behaviours if their peers ask them to, and betting or gambling because their friends also do that. The results indicate that in smaller communities social control and conformity in the students’ behaviour is more present due to their wish to fit in a peer group as well as possible, suggesting the need for strengthening the positive health behaviour of young people during their whole education in order to secure a healthy and productive adult population.

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44

Shin, Kyulee, Sukkyung You, and Euikyung Kim. "Sociocultural pressure, internalization, BMI, exercise, and body dissatisfaction in Korean female college students." Journal of Health Psychology 22, no. 13 (March 1, 2016): 1712–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105316634450.

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This research investigated the differential effects of sociocultural pressures from media, peers, and parents on the thin ideal internalization and body dissatisfaction of 472 Korean female college students using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that after controlling for body mass index and exercise, media pressure exerted the largest effects, followed by peer pressure and parental pressure, on thin ideal internalization, and in turn, body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, parent and media pressures were found to exert direct effects on body dissatisfaction as well as indirect effects through thin ideal internalization. The results and implications of the study are discussed.

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45

Hossain Mohammad Shahriar. "IMPACT OF PEER PRESSURE ON DIVIDEND POLICY: EVIDENCE FROM FOOD & ALLIED AND POWER & FUEL SECTORS IN BANGLADESH." International Journal of Banking and Finance 19, no. 2 (July 15, 2024): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/ijbf2024.19.2.2.

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Firms’ decisions are not independent of their peers. This study aims to assess the impact of peer pressure on firms’ dividend policy. In a sample of 29 firms from 2014–2020, this study employed a fixed effect regression model and revealed that Bangladeshi firms adjusted their dividend policy in response to their peers. Firms adjust the dividend payout ratio (DPR) by 5.6 percent as a response to their peers. Social learning theory, reputation-based model of peer influence, persuasion bias and rivalry-based theory of mimicking explain how peer influence affects a firm’s dividend policy. The findings of positive peer effects on dividend policy are robust to an alternative proxy of dividend policy – dividend yield. Therefore, the study implied that managers’ decisions regarding the dividend policy are not independent of their peer firms. Investors can adjust their expectations of a firm’s dividend policy based on the overall dividend policy in the industry.

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46

Pidi Seme, Anunsiana Roswita, R. Pasifikus Ch Wijaya, and Juliana Marlin Y. Benu. "Intensity of Alchohol Consumption, Peer Pressure and Popularity of Adolescent in NTT." Journal of Health and Behavioral Science 5, no. 1 (May 29, 2023): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jhbs.v5i1.7451.

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Adolescence is a time of transition from child to adult. At this point there are various biological and psychological changes that affect the nature of the individual in relationships. Peers are one of the most important factors and should not be underestimated in adolescence. Peer pressure can have a positive or negative impact. Peer pressure and popularity can influence individuals' behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between the intensity of alcohol consumption in relation to peer pressure and popularity among adolescents in NTT. This type of research is quantitative correlation and is tested using Spearman's correlation hypothesis test. The sample in this study included 361 adolescents aged 15-20 years. The sampling technique was carried out according to the convenience sampling method. Collection of data using a questionnaire and analysis using the JASP program. The results of this study indicate that there is an association between peer pressure and the intensity of alcohol consumption (r = 0.165 p = 0.002) and an association between popularity and the intensity of alcohol consumption (r = 0.155 p = 0.155 p = 0.003), such that H0 discarded and H1 is received. The conclusion is that there is a correlation between peer pressure and popularity with the intensity of alcohol consumption.

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47

Koning, Ina, and Carmen Voogt. "Adolescents Spending Time with Their Parents: Does It Matter?" Youth 4, no. 2 (April 22, 2024): 556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/youth4020038.

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The current study aims to explore the relevance of ‘time spent with parents’ for different risk behaviors (i.e., alcohol use, smoking, gambling and problematic social media use), peer factors (i.e., time spent with peers, peer pressure and peer support) and parenting behaviors (i.e., control, relatedness and family support). A cross-sectional design was employed, including 2165 adolescents aged from 12 to 18 years (Mage = 14.7, SD = 1.33; 52% girls; 30% in pre-vocational education). Independent sample t-tests were performed to compare different contrasting groups (≤1 h vs. >1 h; ≤2 h vs. >2 h; ≤3 h and >3 h) for relevant outcomes. Results. Adolescents spending on average >1 h per day with their parents in joint activities reported lower levels of risk behavior, less peer pressure, more peer support and more parental control, relatedness and family support. At the same time, this does not seem to come at the expense of spending time with peers, as adolescents spending 1 h or more with their parents did not spend less time with their peers. All the findings point at the relevance of parents spending time and undertaking joint activities with their adolescent children.

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48

Sandler, Allen G., Leslie B. Arnold, Robert A. Gable, and Phillip S. Strain. "Effects of Peer Pressure on Disruptive Behavior of Behaviorally Disordered Classmates." Behavioral Disorders 12, no. 2 (February 1987): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874298701200206.

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The effect of a peer confrontation procedure on the disruptive classroom behavior of three behaviorally disordered classmates was evaluated. Immediately following each episode of disruptive behavior, the classroom teacher prompted the target student's peers to (a) label the target behavior, (b) indicate why the behavior was unacceptable, and (c) suggest an alternative appropriate behavior. The results suggest that peer confrontation may be an effective procedure for decreasing inappropriate classroom conduct of children with behavioral disorders.

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49

Gansino, Missy L., Jezcelle N. Liwa, Progelie G. Maambong, Eljohn S. Balili, Wyll-Khen C. Barreza, Robert Justin D. Cortez, Royce L. Domingo, et al. "The Influence of Peer and Parental Pressures to the Academic Achievement of Grade 11 Students: A Quantitative Analysis." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. IV (2024): 3057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.804285.

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This study dealt with the influence of peer and parental pressure on the Academic Achievement of grade 11 students in Lorenzo S. Sarmiento Sr. National High School. The primary goal of the study was to determine the level of peer pressure, parental pressure and academic achievement in terms of their respective indicators, the significant difference between peer pressure, parental pressure and academic achievement, and what domains of peer pressure and parental pressure substantially influence academic achievement. Also, this study utilized a quantitative-correlational design with 202 respondents among Grade 11 students in Lorenzo S. Sarmiento Sr. National High School. The average weighted mean, Pearson R, and multiple regression analysis were the statistical tools used in this study. Along with this, results showed a low level of peer pressure and a low level of parental pressure among Grade 11 students in terms of yielding to peer pressure, resistance to peer pressure, and peer encouragement as to Peer Pressure; and Self-efficacy, Creativity and Self-esteem as to Parental Pressure. Likewise, results showed a high level of academic achievement in Grade 11 students regarding mastery approach goal, performance approach goal and performance avoidance goal. In addition, there is a negligible correlation, and significant relationship between peer pressure and academic achievement. Hence, this leads to rejection of the null hypothesis. On the other hand, parental pressure and academic achievement shows no correlation and no significant relationship. Thus, this leads to not rejecting of the null hypothesis. Also, all domains of peer pressure and parental pressure showed a low rating as perceived by students. Thus, less evident peer pressure can subtly influence individuals to conform to social norms, affecting their choices and behavior. Parental pressure, when infrequent but intense, may create stress and impact decision-making, influencing a person’s life choices.

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50

Jankowiak, Barbara, and Agata Matysiak-Błaszczyk. "Ryzyko i ochrona w środowisku rówieśniczym. Czyli o znaczeniu relacji koleżeńskich w życiu nastolatków." Studia Edukacyjne, no. 53 (June 15, 2019): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2019.53.4.

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This article is devoted to the issue of peer relations, which are an important developmental factor and affect the welfare of adolescent boys and girls. According to many authors, relationships with peers during adolescence carry not only risk as a consequence of peer pressure to undertake unfavourable behaviors, but may also potentially contribute to well-being and life success. The analysis of available research results helped to distinguish two main risk factors resulting from peer relations, which include: mutual influence and modelling of disadaptive behaviours and rejection by peers. The protective factors, in turn, included: mutual influence and modelling of adaptive behaviours, a sense of happiness resulting from peer relations and compensating for other difficulties through peer relations.

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