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Wang, Ziren. "Correlates of Adolescent Depression in 2021 in the United States." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 32, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/32/20230841.
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The aim of this research paper is to explore the potential links between various factors (socioeconomic, empirical and contextual factors), as well as the likelihood of adolescents experiencing major depressive episodes according to datasets reported in the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). This paper uses secondary data analysis method, where some variables of interests are compared: demographics, school experiences, adult-involvements, peer-involvements, extracurricular, and incomes. The results shows that both contextual factors around adult and peer involvement played a significant role in this research process. In influencing adolescents experiencing major depressive emotions during their growth. During this period, the influence of adult figures become a main object in shaping adolescents emotional health. However, with the frequency of parental arguments, the results show an adverse association, which underscores how the role of family dynamics influence adolescent mental health. Meanwhile, in terms of peer behaviors and related peer pressures, individuals are shaped by their choices and perceptions which also affect mental health of these adolescence.
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Andayani, Friska Tri, and Endang Ekowarni. "Peran Relasi Orang Tua-Anak dan Tekanan Teman Sebaya terhadap Kecenderungan Perilaku Pengambilan Risiko." Gadjah Mada Journal of Psychology (GamaJoP) 2, no. 2 (February 6, 2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamajop.33097.
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Alsa, A. (2014). Pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif serta kombinasinya dalam penelitian psikologi. Cetakan V. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.Badan Koordinasi Keluraga Berencana Nasional (BKKBN). (2011). Kajian profil penduduk remaja (10-24 tahun): Ada apa dengan remaja. Policy Brief Puslitbang Kependudukan. Retrieved fromhttp://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/infodatin/infodatin%20reproduksi%20remaja-ed.pdfBadan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2012). Survei demografi dan kesehatan Indonesia 2012. Kesehatan Reproduksi remaja. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Jakarta. Retrieved from http://www.bkkbn.go.id/litbang/pusdu/Hasil%20Penelitian/SDKI%202012/Laporan%20Pendahuluan%20REMAJA%20SDKI%202012.pdfBadan Pusat Statistik Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta. (2015). Statistik politik dan keamanan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.Baumrind, D., Larzele, R. E., & Owens, E. B. (2010). Effect of preschool parents’ power assertive patterns ang practise on adolescent development. Parenting Science and Practice, 10(3), 157-201.Bonino, Cattelino, & Clairano,. (2005). Adolescents and risk, behavior, functions, and protective factors. Italia: Springer.Burt, S.A., McGue, M., Lacono, W.G., & Krueger, R.F. (2006). Differential parent–childrelationships and adolescent externalizing symptoms: Cross-lagged analyses within a monozygotic twin differences design. Devevelopmental Psychology, 42, 1289–1298.Chein, J., Albert, D., O’Brien, L., Uckert, K., & Steiberg, L. (2011). Peer increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain’s reward circuitry. Journal Development Science, 14(2), F1-F10.Choo, H., & Shek, D. (2013). Quality of parent-child relationship, family conflic, peer pressure, and drinking behaviours of adolescents in an Asian context: the case of Singapore. Social Indication Rescue, 110, 1141-1157.Clasen, D. R., & Brown, B. B. (1987). Understanding peer pressure in the middle school. Journal of Adolescence, 19(1), 21-23.Crawford, L. A., & Novak, K. B. (2002). Parental and peer influences on adolescent drinking: The relative impact of attachment and opportunity. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 12(1), 1-26.Crockett, L. J., Raffaelli, M., & Shen, Y. L. (2006). Linking self-regulation and risk proneness to risky sexual behavior: Pathways through peer pressure and early substance use. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(4), 503-525.Derek, K., & Smiler, A. P. (2013). Norms and peer pressure in adolescent boys and girls alcohol use, Substance Use Misuse, 48(5), 371-378.DiClemente, R. J., Santelli, J. S., & Crosby, R. A. (2009). Adolescent health. Understanding and preventing risk behaviour. San Franscisco: Jossey-Bass: A Wiley Imprint.Dixson, M., Bermes, E., & Fair, S. (2014). An Instrument to investigate expectations about and experiences of the parent-child relationship: The parent-child relationship schema scale. Social Science, 3, 84-114.Eaton, D. K., Kann, L. & Kinchen, S. (2006). Youth risk behavior surveillance. Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,55(5),1-108.Faska. (2015, April 5). Pernikahan dini di Jogja meningkat tajam. Pojoksatu. Retrieved fromhttp://pojoksatu.id/news/berita-nasional/2015/04/05/pernikahan-dini-di-jogja-meningkat-tajam/Fisher, L., & Feldman, S. S. (1998). Familial antecedents of young adulth health risk behavior: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family, 12(1), 68-80.Gardner, M. & Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 625–635.Garnefski, N., & Diekstra, R. F. W. (1996). Perceived social support from family, school, and peers: Relationship with emotional and behavioral problem among adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(12), 1657-1664.Gheorghiu, A., Delhomme, P., & Felonneau, M. L. (2015). Peer pressure and risk taking in young drivers’ speeding behavior. Transportation Research Part F, 35, 101–111.Ghozali, I. (2011). Aplikasi analisis multivariat dengan program IBM SPSS 19, Edisi kelima. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.Gullone, E. & Moore, S. (2000). Developing adolescents: A reference for professionals. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.Informasi Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga. (2009). Kementerian pemuda dan olahraga. Biro Perencanaan: Sekretariat Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga.Jahun, K. (2011). Patterns of parent-child relationship quality, parent depression and adolescent development outcomes (Disertasi tidak terpublikasi). University of Washington, School of Nursing. Jessor, R., & Jessor, T. (2009). Description versus explanation in cross-national research on adolescent. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(6), 527-528.Jessor, R., Turbin, M.S., Costa, F.M., Dong, Q., Zhang, H., & Wang, C. (2003). Adolescent problem behavior in China and the United States: A cross-national study of psychosocial protective factors. Journal of Adolescence Research,13, 329–360.Johnson, & Matthew, D. (2013). Parent-child relationship quality directly and indirectly influences hooking up behaviour reported in young adulthood through alcohol us in adolescence. Arch Sex Behaviour, 42, 1463-1472.Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., Foshee, V. A., Ennett, S. T., & Suchindran, C., (2008). The development of aggression during adolescence: Sex differences intrajectories of physical and social aggression among youth in rural areas. Journal Abnormal.Child Psycholology, 36, 1227–1236.Kementerian Dalam Negeri (Kemendagri). (2014). Kode dan data wilayah administrasi pemerintahan. Jakarta: Ditjen Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil Kemendagri Per Semester I.Klahr, A.M., McGue, M., Lacono, W.G., & Burt, S.A. (2011). The association between parent–child conflict and adolescent conduct problems over time: Results from a longitudinal adoption study. Journal Abnormal Psychology, 120, 46–56.Masten, A. S. (2001) Resiliensi process in development. American Psichological Association, 56(3), 227-228.Mathijssen, J. P. J., Janssen, M. M., Bon-Martens, M., Oers, H. A., Boer, A. D., & Garretsen, H. F. (2014). Alcohol segment-specific associations between the quality of the parent-child relationship and adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Public Health, 872, 1471-2458.Leather, N. C. (2009). Risk-taking behaviour in adolescence: A literature review. Journal of Child Health Care,13(3), 295–304. Oni, A. A. (2010). Peer group pressure as a determinant of adolescent social adjustment in Nigerian schools. Asian Pasific Journal of Educators and Education, 25, 189-202.Peacock, A., & Bruno, R. (2015). Young adults who mix alcohol with energy drink: Typology of risk taking behaviour. Addictive Behaviours, 45, 252-258.Qu, Y., Fuligni, A. J., Galvan, A., & Telzer, E. H. (2015). Buffering effect of positive parent–child relationships on adolescent risk taking: A longitudinal neuro imaging investigation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 26–34.Ritcher. (2010). Risk behavior in adolescence, patterns, determinants, and consequences. Germany: Springer Fachmedien.Sales, J. M., & Irwin, C. E., Jr. (2009). Theories of adolescent risk-taking: A biopsychosocial model. In R. DiClemente & R. Crosby (Eds.), Adolescent health:Understanding and preventing risk behaviors andadverse health outcomes (pp. 31–50). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Santrock, J. W. (2003). Adolescene: Perkembangan remaja. Jakarta: Erlangga.Savitri, A. R. (2015, Desember 11). Inilah organisasi paling nge-hits di Yogyakarta. Youth Forum. Retrieved from http://www.duniaremaja. jogjaprov.go.id/detilberita/14/1/Inilah-Organisasi-Paling-Nge-Hits-di-Yogyakarta,-YouthForum-DIYSkaar, N. R. (2009). Development of the adolescent exploratory and health risk behaviour rating scale(Unpublished dissertation). University of Minnesota, United Stated.Sofronoff, Dalgliesh, & Kosky. (2004). Out of options, a cognitive model of adolescent suicide and risk-taking. USA: Cambridge University Press.Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Developmental, 71, 1072-1085.Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia. (2013). Kesehatan reproduksi remaja. Badan Pusat Statistik. Jakarta: Indonesia.Tsai, K. M. (2013). Continuity and discontinuity in perceptions of family relationship from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Child Development, 84(2), 471-484.Turley, R. N. L., Desmond, M., & Bruch, S. K. (2010). Unanticipated educational consequences of a positive parent-child relationship. 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Armstrong-Mensah, Elizabeth Afibah, Deja Woolcock, Jennifer Jisoo Jeon, and Puru Gaur. "E-cigarette Risk Factors and Effects on Adolescent Health in the United States." Research in Health Science 4, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): p357. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v4n4p357.
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Despite their adverse health effects, e-cigarette use has increased considerably among adolescents (people aged 10-19 years) in the United States. This is due to a number of factors including peer pressure, the availability of a variety of e-liquid flavors, the targeted marketing of these products to adolescents, and the belief by adolescents that e-cigarettes are less harmful to health than tobacco products. Just as traditional tobacco products, e-cigarettes have been found to be harmful to health and responsible for multiple adverse health conditions in adolescents, including inhibited growth and development, poor mental health, certain cancers, lung damage, nicotine dependency, future drug use, and social stigmatization. While the United States government realizes the harmful effects of e-cigarettes on adolescents, and although it has put in place certain policies to regulate the issue, e-cigarette use continues to be a public health problem among adolescents. This article discusses e-cigarettes, their use, risk factors, and health effects on adolescents in the US. It also proposes strategies for safeguarding adolescent health.
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Vuksanović, Gorica, Olivera Kalajdžić, and Ivana Zečević. "Socio-Cultural Aspects of Psychoactive Substance Use in Adolescents." Društvene i humanističke studije (Online) 8, no. 2(23) (September 5, 2023): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/2490-3647.2023.8.2.373.
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The use of psychoactive substances by adolescents is one of the more serious problems of modern society. Socio-cultural context plays a significant role in influencing the form of psychoactive substance use. The aim is to show the most important sociocultural factors for psychoactive substance use among adolescence, as well as a show and analysis of studies on the use of psychoactive substance use in adolescents about cultural, racial, and ethnic affiliation. Identified factors that belong to the category of sociocultural determinants are the quality of family relationships and dynamics; peer pressure; part of the city or other place where young people live, stay and/or go to school; social norms, expectations, and beliefs; legal regulations, and the general characteristics of the society. In the analyzed studies, alcohol is the most used substance among adolescents, and marijuana is the most used illegal psychoactive substance. Male adolescents are more likely to use psychoactive substances, than girls. A high prevalence of the use of psychoactive substances was registered among American Indian adolescents and young people in Colombia, while a low prevalence was recorded in Asian countries. Patterns of drug use among youth were analyzed in several tribes living in India, Thailand, and the United States. Tobacco, alcohol, and opium are the most used substance in members of these tribes.
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Wright, Michelle F. "Popularity and Social Preference Pressure From Parents, Friends, and the Media." Youth & Society 52, no. 3 (May 8, 2018): 332–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x18773222.
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Little attention has focused on how adolescents’ perceptions of the pressure to be popular or socially preferred from parents, friends, and the media influence their engagement in face-to-face and cyber aggressive and prosocial behaviors. The present study examined these relationships among 857 seventh graders ( M age = 12.19; 50.8% girls) from seven middle schools in the Midwestern United States. Adolescents completed questionnaires on their perceptions of the pressure to be perceived as popular and socially preferred from parents, friends, and the media; their face-to-face and cyber social behaviors; and peer nominations of social preference and popularity. The findings revealed that adolescents’ perceptions of their parents’ and friends’ pressure for popularity and social preference related to adolescents’ social behaviors in both the face-to-face and cyber contexts, controlling for social preference and popularity. Gender did not moderate these associations.
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Santhi Muttipoll Dharmarajlu, Sarah Ali Maqbul, Rawaby Hamad Tlhy, Shahad Eisa Aqili, Kholoud Mohammed Arbey, Raseel Uthman Yaqoub, Shahad Mohammed Osaili, and Manar Saleem Aljehani. "The impact of Social Media Affinity on eating attitudes and body dissatisfaction among school-age children and adolescent girls studying in Farasan governorate school, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Contemporary Microbiology 9, no. 1 (August 10, 2023): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijcmicro.v9i1.19515.
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Purpose: The use of the internet for social networking has become a global phenomenon, as the number of social network users worldwide increased from 2.3 billion in 2016 to around 2.6 billion in 2018. 92% of United States adolescents report daily usage of social media, and 24% of them go online “almost constantly”. This study aimed to evaluate the Impact of social media affinity on Eating Attitudes and Body Dissatisfaction among School and adolescent children. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Farasan school from January 2022 to February 2022. A total of 75 students were selected by the non-probability purposive sampling technique. 5-point Likert scale on social media affinity (13 items), Body dissatisfaction was assessed by BSQ 8-c, and a 4-point Likert scale (26 items) was used to assess the eating attitude.Results: The majority of participants were females (81%). Out of this 75% were using social media every day and half of the percentage (50.7%) using WhatsApp. The total mean score for social media affinity was 49.72±5.61 out of 55. It concludes that higher scores indicate higher social media affinity. The mean score for eating attitude was 53.48±9.74. It interprets that a cut-off score of 20 or above indicates children had a high risk of developing an eating disorder. The participants’ Body Shape Dissatisfaction Questionnaire mean score was 23.37±6.39. it shows scores less than 25 mean mild concerns with a shape that indicates probable cases of distorted body image. Conclusion: social media and peer pressure has greatly affected the lifestyle and eating choices of students. Emphasizing the importance of parenting style for adolescents’ sense of empowerment and underscoring the need for parental involvement in prevention programs.Keywords: Social media Affinity, Eating Attitudes, Body Dissatisfaction, School Age Children, Adolescent Girls
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King, Marissa D., Jennifer Jennings, and Jason M. Fletcher. "Medical Adaptation to Academic Pressure." American Sociological Review 79, no. 6 (October 13, 2014): 1039–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122414553657.
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Despite the rise of medical interventions to address behavioral issues in childhood, the social determinants of their use remain poorly understood. By analyzing a dataset that includes the majority of prescriptions written for stimulants in the United States, we find a substantial effect of schooling on stimulant use. In middle and high school, adolescents are roughly 30 percent more likely to have a stimulant prescription filled during the school year than during the summer. Socioeconomically advantaged children are more likely than their less advantaged peers to selectively use stimulants only during the academic year. These differences persist when we compare higher and lower socioeconomic status children seeing the same doctors. We link these responses to academic pressure by exploiting variation between states in educational accountability system stringency. We find the largest differences in school year versus summer stimulant use in states with more accountability pressure. School-based selective stimulant use is most common among economically advantaged children living in states with strict accountability policies. Our study uncovers a new pathway through which medical interventions may act as a resource for higher socioeconomic status families to transmit educational advantages to their children, either intentionally or unwittingly.
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Petersen, Anne C., Nancy Leffert, and Klaus Hurrelmann. "Adolescence and Schooling in Germany and the United States: A Comparison of Peer Socialization to Adulthood." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 94, no. 3 (March 1993): 611–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146819309400301.
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Adrian, Molly, Jessica L. Jenness, Kevin S. Kuehn, Michele R. Smith, and Katie A. McLaughlin. "Emotion regulation processes linking peer victimization to anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 3 (May 17, 2019): 999–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000543.
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AbstractDifficulties with emotion regulation can take many forms, including increased sensitivity to emotional cues and habitual use of maladaptive cognitive or behavioral regulation strategies. Despite extensive research on emotion regulation and youth adjustment, few studies integrate multiple measures of emotion regulation. The present study evaluated the underlying structure of emotion regulation processes in adolescence using both task- and survey-based measures and determined whether differences in these emotion regulation latent factors mediated the association between peer victimization and internalizing psychopathology. Adolescents aged 16–17 years (n= 287; 55% female; 42% White) recruited in three urban centers in the United States completed baseline and follow-up assessments 4 months apart. Three models of emotion regulation were evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. A three-factor model fit the data best, including cognitive regulation, behavioral regulation, and emotional reactivity latent factors. Task-based measures did not load onto these latent factors. Difficulties with behavioral regulation mediated the association between peer victimization and depression symptoms, whereas cognitive regulation difficulties mediated the association with anxiety symptoms. Findings point to potential targets for intervention efforts to reduce risk for internalizing problems in adolescents following experiences of peer victimization.
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Gryglewicz, Kim, Melanie Bozzay, Brittany Arthur-Jordon, Gabriela D. Romero, Melissa Witmeier, Reshawna Chapple, and Marc S. Karver. "A Silenced Population." Crisis 38, no. 6 (September 2017): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000470.
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Abstract. Background: Given challenges that exceed the normal developmental requirements of adolescence, deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) youth are believed to be at elevated risk for engaging in suicide-related behavior (SRB). Unfortunately, little is known about the mechanisms that put these youth potentially at risk. Aims: To determine whether peer relationship difficulties are related to increased risk of SRB in DHH youth. Method: Student records (n = 74) were retrieved from an accredited educational center for deaf and blind students in the United States. Results: Peer relationship difficulties were found to be significantly associated with engagement in SRB but not when accounting for depressive symptomatology. Limitations: The restricted sample limits generalizability. Conclusions regarding risk causation cannot be made due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. Conclusion: These results suggest the need for future research that examines the mechanisms of the relationship between peer relationship difficulties, depression, and suicide risk in DHH youth and potential preventive interventions to ameliorate the risks for these at-risk youth.
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Harris, Michelle A., Eunike Wetzel, Richard W. Robins, M. Brent Donnellan, and Kali H. Trzesniewski. "The development of global and domain self-esteem from ages 10 to 16 for Mexican-origin youth." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416679744.
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The current study investigated the development of global and domain (academic, physical, same-sex peer relationship, opposite-sex peer relationship) self-esteem from age 10 to 16 in a sample of Mexican-origin adolescents. Participants’ ( N = 674) responses on the Self-Description Questionnaire (SDQ; Marsh, 2005) II-S showed moderate rank-order stability across four time points. In terms of mean-level change, global self-esteem and most forms of domain self-esteem decreased across adolescence; the one exception is that opposite-sex peer relationship self-esteem increased. As expected, there were individual differences in rates of change for all SDQ subscales. Most domain self-esteem subscales were concurrently related to global self-esteem ( r’s ranged from .18 to.87), but they did not predict changes in global self-esteem over time. Academic self-esteem had the strongest concurrent associations with global self-esteem. In general, there were no consistent gender differences in rank-order stability, mean levels, or change over time of global and domain self-esteem. These findings provide insight into the development of self-esteem in a rapidly-growing segment of the population of the United States.
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Moreh, Swenda, and Henry O'Lawrence. "Common Risk Factors Associated with Adolescent and Young Adult Depression." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 39, no. 2 (June 2016): 283–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937391603900205.
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Depression is one of the leading causes of disability for all ages and genders in the United States. Historically, depression had been viewed as a condition that only affected older adults; however, in recent years health professionals have recognized depression as a serious condition also affecting adolescence and young adults. The purpose of this study was to identify whether gender was a risk factor of depression within the adolescent and young adult population as literature shows that depression can impact growth and development, school performance, peer or family relationship and at times can be fatal. Data from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was studied to gain understanding into the predictive relationship between adolescent depression and gender. The hypothesis that gender is a predictive factor for depression in this population was supported.
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Carraro, Valentina, and Hortense Jongen. "Leaving the Doors Open or Keeping Them Closed? The Impact of Transparency on the Authority of Peer Reviews in International Organizations." Global Governance 24, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 615–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02404008.
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Abstract Although transparency is frequently employed to enhance the legitimacy of public organizations, several scholars point to its potentially negative implications. This study analyzes the impact of transparency on the authority of peer reviews in international organizations. Authority, here conceived as rooted in legitimacy beliefs, is crucial for peer reviews to produce effects. This research is based on results from an online survey and forty-three interviews with actors involved in two United Nations peer reviews: the Universal Periodic Review in human rights and the Implementation Review Mechanism in the fight against corruption. The article shows that transparency positively affects the perceived development of pressure, yet negatively influences mutual learning and appears to be unable to ensure equal treatment of states.
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Hanna, Andrew Leon. "Socio-Economic Mobility of Youth: Factors, Obstacles, and Potential Solutions." Journal of Youth Development 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2015.420.
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In the face of record levels of youth unemployment and starkly unequal opportunities to climb the socioeconomic ladder, young people are facing difficult challenges. From early childhood to young adulthood, there are several key obstacles to socioeconomic mobility that emerge. These include availability of early childhood education, level of peer support during adolescence, secondary school funding and quality, and skills development and job matching as a young adult. This article explores the dynamics of these critical obstacles, analyzes initiatives that are successfully helping young people overcome these obstacles around the world, and makes policy suggestions to create a society in which young people have strong opportunities to fulfill their potentials and advance socioeconomically. The article focuses on the state of socioeconomic mobility of young people in the United States, drawing on examples of successful models from all over the globe.
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Carraro, Valentina. "Promoting Compliance with Human Rights: The Performance of the United Nations’ Universal Periodic Review and Treaty Bodies." International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 4 (September 10, 2019): 1079–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz078.
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Abstract What mechanisms facilitate state compliance with human rights? This article proposes and applies a model to assess the extent to which two United Nations human rights mechanisms—the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) and the state reporting procedure of the treaty bodies—are perceived as capable of stimulating compliance with human rights, and why. It does so by identifying a set of goals potentially achieved by these organizations—generating pressure, stimulating learning, providing an accurate overview of states’ performance, and delivering practically feasible recommendations—and testing the extent to which reaching these goals is seen to facilitate compliance with human rights. It concludes that the treaty bodies’ perceived strength lies in providing states with learning opportunities and an accurate overview of their internal situations. In contrast, the UPR is deemed particularly strong in generating peer and public pressure on states. From a theoretical point of view, this article shows that, under certain conditions, the three main theoretical schools on compliance—enforcement, management, and constructivist—offer credible explanations for states’ performance in implementing human rights recommendations, with the enforcement school faring relatively better than the other two. Data were collected by means of forty semi-structured interviews and an online survey.
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Oliva, Sonia. "VIP Tickets Required: Latino High School Students and Limited Access." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.3.pp00300x30051600.
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As the Latino population increases, many public school systems throughout the United States are struggling to meet the educational needs of Latino children. Latinos remain the most undereducated segment of the nation's school aged children; they comprise the largest group of highschool dropouts, and high school graduates are much less likely to attain advanced degrees (Zambrana 1995). There are numerous internal and external factors related to the Latinos' relatively low educational attainment including poverty, educators' low expectations, language, low self-esteem and peer group pressure (Reyes et al. 1999).
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De Looze, M. E., A. P. Cosma, W. A. M. Vollebergh, E. L. Duinhof, S. A. de Roos, S. van Dorsselaer, M. J. H. van Bon-Martens, R. Vonk, and G. W. J. M. Stevens. "Trends over Time in Adolescent Emotional Wellbeing in the Netherlands, 2005-2017: Links with Perceived Schoolwork Pressure, Parent-Adolescent Communication and Bullying Victimization." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 49, no. 10 (July 23, 2020): 2124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01280-4.
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Abstract In some Scandinavian countries, the United Kingdom and the United States, there is evidence of a dramatic decline in adolescent emotional wellbeing, particularly among girls. It is not clear to what extent this decline can be generalised to other high-income countries. This study examines trends over time (2005-2009-2013-2017) in adolescent wellbeing in the Netherlands, a country where young people have consistently reported one of the highest levels of wellbeing across Europe. It also assesses parallel changes over time in perceived schoolwork pressure, parent-adolescent communication, and bullying victimization. Data were derived from four waves of the nationally representative, cross-sectional Dutch Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (N = 21,901; 49% girls; Mage = 13.78, SD = 1.25). Trends in emotional wellbeing (i.e., emotional symptoms, psychosomatic complaints, life satisfaction) were assessed by means of multiple regression analyses with survey year as a predictor, controlling for background variables. Emotional wellbeing slightly declined among adolescent boys and girls between 2009 and 2013. A substantial increase in perceived schoolwork pressure was associated with this decline in emotional wellbeing. Improved parent-adolescent communication and a decline in bullying victimization may explain why emotional wellbeing remained stable between 2013 and 2017, in spite of a further increase in schoolwork pressure. Associations between emotional wellbeing on the one hand and perceived schoolwork pressure, parent-adolescent communication, and bullying victimization on the other were stronger for girls than for boys. Overall, although increasing schoolwork pressure may be one of the drivers of declining emotional wellbeing in adolescents, in the Netherlands this negative trend was buffered by increasing support by parents and peers. Cross-national research into this topic is warranted to examine the extent to which these findings can be generalised to other high-income countries.
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Mirpuri, Sheena, Kathryn Traub, Sara Romero, Marisol Hernandez, and Francesca Gany. "Cardiovascular health status of taxi/for-hire vehicle drivers in the United States: A systematic review." Work 69, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 927–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-213525.
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BACKGROUND: Taxi/for-hire vehicle (FHV) drivers are a predominantly immigrant, male, and growing population in large, metropolitan cities in the U.S. at risk for cardiovascular conditions. OBJECTIVE: This review sought to systematically investigate the literature given mounting evidence of poor taxi/FHV driver health. METHODS: A systematic search of peer-reviewed journal articles that included a range of cardiovascular risks and conditions among taxi/FHV drivers in the U.S. was conducted. RESULTS: 8800 journal articles were initially found. 14 eligible articles were included: 3 mixed methods articles, 1 qualitative article, and 10 quantitative articles. Articles spanned 13 cardiovascular risks and conditions, including tobacco, nutrition, physical activity, stress, depression, body mass index/waist circumference, cholesterol, blood glucose/diabetes, air pollution, sleep, blood pressure/hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. The majority of studies were cross-sectional and utilized convenience samples. CONCLUSIONS: Rigorous and high quality research is needed to further investigate rates of cardiovascular health in this population. The complexity of data collection in this group presents challenges to this endeavor. The high prevalence of poor nutrition, limited physical activity, diabetes, and blood pressure across studies indicates an urgent need to address low rates of health care access at a policy level and to design targeted workplace interventions.
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Robertson, Chelsi, Charles Patterson, Hugo St Hilaire, and Frank H. Lau. "Free Tissue Transfer in Pressure Ulcer Reconstruction: A Systematic Review." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery Open 06, no. 01 (January 2021): e35-e39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1729640.
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Abstract Background Pressure ulcers (PUs) affect 2.5 million people in the United States annually and incur health-care costs of 11 billion dollars annually. Stage III/IV PU often require local flap reconstruction. Unfortunately, PU recurrence is common following reconstruction; recurrence rates as high as 82% have been reported. When local flap options are inadequate, free tissue transfer may be indicated but the indications have yet to be delineated. To develop evidence-based guidelines for the use of free flaps in PU reconstruction, we performed a systematic review. Methods A systematic review of the available English-language, peer-reviewed literature was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Articles were manually reviewed for relevance. Results Out of 272 articles identified, 10 articles were included in the final analysis. Overall, this systematic review suggests that free-flap PU reconstruction yields fewer recurrences compared with local flaps (0–20 vs. 13–82%). Further, several types of free flaps for PU reconstruction were identified in this review, along with their indications. Conclusion Free tissue transfer should be considered for recurrent PU. We offer specific recommendations for their use in PU reconstruction.
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Martirano, Melissa. "Bottom of the Pyramid Marketing." International Journal of Marketing Studies 10, no. 4 (November 24, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v10n4p13.
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Throughout the developing world there have been numerous studies of the impact and ethics of marketing to consumers in the lowest socio-economic demographic, known as the Bottom of the Pyramid. These consumers make less than $2 USD per day in many countries, yet will buy expensive items marketing by the media/the Internet, discussed on social media, and to keep up with peers (peer pressure). When such items are of benefit to the purchaser or their region, the result may be positive (computers for schooling, etc.) Yet spending on luxury items can cause such consumers to go deeply into debt or forego necessities, calling into question the ethics of targeting this group. In the United States, the poverty level is higher than in many countries, and access to media/social media/the Internet is ubiquitous. Americans are also susceptible to peer pressure, according to studies. Bottom of the Pyramid research, however, is lacking on American respondents. This proposal would fill that gap, considering such marketing and consumption from a behavioral and perceptive viewpoint. Hypothetical recommendations drawn from survey questions based on research questions developed through theoretical frameworks and scholarly literature review will suggest practical courses for American industry to sell to this population without ethical question. This work may also spur more in-depth analysis involving clearly defined demographic groups for deeper analysis and understanding. The research follows the qualitative method and is to be analyzed thematically using Likert format numbers.
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Winton, John, David Reichenberger, Gina Mathew, Lindsay Master, Isaac Rodriguez, Lauren Hale, and Anne-Marie Chang. "0130 Negative Peer Interactions Among Adolescents Are Associated with More Difficulty Sleeping." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (April 20, 2024): A57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0130.
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Abstract Introduction Adolescence is a turbulent time for sleep health and social and psychological well-being. Adolescents commonly experience negative peer interactions and relationships. Few studies have investigated the associations of physical bullying and social exclusion with sleep, and those that have done so are not generalizable across the United States. The aim of this study was to assess whether negative peer interactions were related to sleep problems among a national, diverse sample of adolescents. Methods Data were from the age 15 wave of the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal birth cohort of adolescents from 20 US cities. Adolescents self-reported whether they experienced different forms of bullying (i.e., being picked on, hit or threatened with physical violence, or purposely excluded) and the number of nights they experienced having difficulty falling or staying asleep throughout the week (N=3,305). Poisson regression analyses for each sleep outcome were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family socioeconomic status, family structure, and caregiver education level. Results About 16% of the sample reported experiencing some form of bullying, and about half reported no nights with difficulty falling or staying asleep. Adolescents who were picked on reported 30% more nights with difficulty falling asleep (p< 0.001) and 39% more nights with difficulty staying asleep (p< 0.001). Those who reported being hit or threatened with physical violence reported 27% more nights with difficulty falling asleep (p< 0.001) and 44% more nights with difficulty staying asleep (p< 0.001). Adolescents who were purposely excluded from activities reported 19% more nights with difficulty falling asleep (p< 0.001) and 38% more nights with difficulty staying asleep (p< 0.001). Conclusion Results support our hypothesis that negative peer interactions at schools across the US are associated with more nights with difficulty falling or staying asleep. If adolescents are already at risk for difficulty sleeping, experiencing bullying may further exacerbate risk. Schools should therefore identify and attempt to prevent negative peer interactions to protect adolescent sleep health and well-being. Support (if any) R01HD073352, R01HD36916, R01HD39135, and R01HD40421
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Wieland, Mark L., Jane W. Njeru, Gladys B. Asiedu, Katherine A. Zeratsky, Matthew M. Clark, Rachel Goetze, Christi A. Patten, et al. "Pilot Social Network Weight Loss Intervention With Two Immigrant Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic." American Journal of Health Promotion 36, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 458–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08901171211053450.
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Purpose To examine the feasibility and acceptability of a social network weight loss intervention delivered by lay health promoters (HPs) to immigrant populations. Design Single-arm, non-randomized, pilot study of a social network weight loss intervention developed by a community-based participatory research partnership and delivered by HPs. Setting Community-based setting in Southeastern Minnesota, United States. Sample Somali and Hispanic immigrants to the United States: 4 social networks of adults (2 Hispanic and 2 Somali) with 39 network participants. Intervention Twelve-week behavioral weight loss intervention delivered by HPs (4 weeks in-person and then 8 weeks virtual). Measures Feasibility was assessed by recruitment and retention rates. Acceptability was assessed by surveys and focus groups with HPs and participants. Behavioral measures included servings of fruits and vegetables, drinking soda, and physical activity. Physiologic measures included weight, blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Analysis Paired t-tests of pre- to post-intervention changes at the end of 12 weeks of treatment. Results Recruitment was feasible and post-intervention was 100%. Participants highly rated the intervention on satisfaction, motivation, and confidence to eat a healthy diet, be physically active, and lose weight. Participants were motivated by group social support and cohesion of their social networks. On average, participants lost weight (91.6 ± 15.9 to 89.7 ± 16.6 kg, P < .0001), lowered their systolic blood pressure (133.9±16.9 to 127.2 ± 15.8 mm Hg; P < .001), lowered their diastolic blood pressure (81 ± 9.5 to 75.8 ± 9.6 mm Hg; P < .0001), had more servings of vegetables per day (1.9 ± 1.2 to 2.6 ± 1.4; P < .001), and increased their physical activity (2690 ± 3231 to 6595 ± 7322 MET-minutes per week; P = .02). Conclusion This pilot study of 2 immigrant communities who participated in a peer-led weight loss social network intervention delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated high feasibility and acceptability. Participants lost weight, improved their health status, and improved their health behaviors.
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Joshi, Sulochana, Anup Raj Bhandari, Eloma Shrestha, and Rabi Shakya. "Prevalence and characteristics of relapse in patients with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome." Journal of Psychiatrists' Association of Nepal 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpan.v11i2.57633.
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Background: Relapse is an important but difficult phase of the management of alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS). Objective: To study the prevalence and characteristics of relapse in patients with ADS. Methods:This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on the patients with ADS presenting at the Department of Psychiatry, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, for the period of one year (June 2016 - May 2017). Data on the demographic and relapse characteristics were collected. Data were entered and analyzed in Microsoft Excel (MS Office 365, Microsoft Corporation, Washington, United States). Numerical variables were summarized with the median (Inter-Quartile Range [IQR]) and the categorical variables with proportions. Results: Altogether, 105 patients with ADS were studied, among which 59 patients had a relapse (56.1%). All of them were male with a median age of 42 years (Interquartile range (IQR) 35 to 52). The majority were married (55, 93.22%), manual labor as an occupation (32, 54.24%), were Janjati by ethnicity (37, 62.71%), and had received secondary education (19, 32.20%). The median age of starting alcohol consumption was 18 years (IQR 15 to 20) and the median duration of consumption was 22 years (IQR 15 to 30). The most common reason for relapse was peer pressure (25, 42.37%). The majority had relapsed once before (26, 44.07%). Mostly relapsed after abstinence of 1 to 3 months (22, 37.29%) and abstinence maintained by self-motivation (30, 50.85%). Comorbidity and family history of substance use was present in higher proportions. Conclusion: A high rate of relapse was found in our patients with peer pressure as the most common reason for the relapse.
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Heris, Christina L., Catherine Chamberlain, Lina Gubhaju, David P. Thomas, and Sandra J. Eades. "Factors Influencing Smoking Among Indigenous Adolescents Aged 10–24 Years Living in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States: A Systematic Review." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 11 (November 27, 2019): 1946–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz219.
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Abstract Introduction Smoking rates are higher among Indigenous populations in most high-income countries with initiation primarily occurring in adolescence for all population groups. This review aims to identify protective and risk factors for smoking behavior among Indigenous adolescents and young adults. Aims and Methods We searched Medline, Embase, and Psychinfo for all original research published between January 2006 and December 2016 that reported influences on smoking for Indigenous adolescents or young adults aged 10–24 living in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States (US). Extracted data were coded to individual, social, and environmental level categories using a modified Theory of Triadic Influence framework. Results A total of 55 studies were included, 41 were descriptive quantitative and 14 qualitative, and 26 included Indigenous participants only. The majority were from the US (32). Frequently reported influences were at the individual and social levels such as increasing age; attitudes and knowledge; substance use; peer and family relationships; smoking norms; mental health; physical activity. At the environmental level, smoke-free spaces; second-hand smoke exposure; high community level prevalence; and social marketing campaigns were also frequently reported. Some studies referenced price, access, and traditional tobacco use. Few reported historical and cultural factors. Conclusions Young Indigenous people experience similar influences to other populations such as smoking among family and friends. Greater youth smoking is related to broader community level prevalence, but few studies explore the distal or historical contributing factors such as traditional tobacco use, colonization, experiences of intergenerational trauma and discrimination, or the role of cultural connection. Implications This review identified a range of factors that influence Indigenous youth smoking and contributes to an understanding of what prevention measures may be effective. Youth tobacco use occurs alongside other substance use and may also serve as an indicator of mental health. Comprehensive community-based programs that work more broadly to address the risk factors related to tobacco, including improving youth mental health, will be important for other behaviors as well. This research highlights the importance of social influence and need for ongoing denormalization of smoking. Future Indigenous led and community owned research is needed to identify likely protective cultural factors.
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Seehusen, Dean A., Meghan F. Raleigh, Julie P. Phillips, Jacob Prunuske, Christopher P. Morley, Molly E. Polverento, Iris Kovar-Gough, and Andrea L. Wendling. "Institutional Characteristics Influencing Medical Student Selection of Primary Care Careers: A Narrative Review and Synthesis." Family Medicine 54, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2022.837424.
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Background and Objectives: There is an ongoing shortage of primary care physicians in the United States. Medical schools are under pressure to address this threat to the nation’s health by producing more primary care graduates, including family physicians. Our objective was to identify institutional characteristics associated with more medical students choosing primary care. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review with narrative synthesis to identify medical school characteristics associated with increased numbers or proportions of primary care graduates. We included peer-reviewed, published research from the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The existing literature on characteristics, including institutional geography, funding and governance, mission, and research emphasis, was analyzed and synthesized into summary statements. Results: Ensuring a strong standing of the specialty of family medicine and creating an atmosphere of acceptance of the pursuit of primary care as a career are likely to increase an institution’s percentage of medical students entering primary care. Training on regional campuses or providing primary care experiences in rural settings also correlates with a larger percentage of graduates entering primary care. A research-intensive culture is inversely correlated with primary care physician production among private, but not public, institutions. The literature on institutional financial incentives is not of high enough quality to make a firm statement about influence on specialty choice. Conclusions: To produce more primary care providers, medical schools must create an environment where primary care is supported as a career choice. Medical schools should also consider educational models that incorporate regional campuses or rural educational settings.
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Finan, Donald, Gregory Flamme, William Murphy, Michael Stewart, James Lankford, Stephen Tasko, and Deanna Meinke. "Prevention of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss from Recreational Firearms." Seminars in Hearing 38, no. 04 (October 10, 2017): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606323.
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In the United States and other parts of the world, recreational firearm shooting is a popular sport that puts the hearing of the shooter at risk. Peak sound pressure levels (SPLs) from firearms range from ∼140 to 175 dB. The majority of recreational firearms (excluding small-caliber 0.17 and 0.22 rifles and air rifles) generate between 150 and 165 dB peak SPLs. High-intensity impulse sounds will permanently damage delicate cochlear structures, and thus individuals who shoot firearms are at a higher risk of bilateral, high-frequency, noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) than peer groups who do not shoot. In this article, we describe several factors that influence the risk of NIHL including the use of a muzzle brake, the number of shots fired, the distance between shooters, the shooting environment, the choice of ammunition, the use of a suppressor, and hearing protection fit and use. Prevention strategies that address these factors and recommendations for specialized hearing protectors designed for shooting sports are offered. Partnerships are needed between the hearing health community, shooting sport groups, and wildlife conservation organizations to develop and disseminate accurate information and promote organizational resources that support hearing loss prevention efforts.
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Bazzano, Alessandra N., Yaoyao Sun, Vaughne Chavez-Gray, Temitope Akintimehin, Jeanette Gustat, Denise Barrera, and Cody Roi. "Effect of Yoga and Mindfulness Intervention on Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Young Adolescents Attending Middle School: A Pragmatic Community-Based Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial in a Racially Diverse Urban Setting." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 12076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912076.
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Mental health conditions in childhood and adolescence are increasing in the U.S. population and require early intervention, as highlighted by a recent Surgeon General’s Advisory on Protecting Youth Mental Health. These health issues, which have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, impair functioning, and may lead to longer term reductions in quality of life. Young adolescents are likely to experience stressors including academic pressure, feelings of loneliness and isolation, and excessive exposure to social media, all of which have been made worse by the pandemic and associated disruptions. Universal preventive programs at school serve as an important strategy for equipping youth with coping skills to address current and future social and emotional challenges. Yoga and mindfulness programs have emerged as a promising preventive approach for schools and have proven feasible and acceptable. The current study evaluated a universal, school-based mindfulness and yoga program among youth aged 11–14 in a racially diverse, urban setting in the United States. Outcomes of interest included symptoms of anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression symptoms decreased in the intervention group, although these differences were not statistically significant. In the control group, anxiety symptoms decreased but depression symptoms increased. The resulting time effect indicated a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms, while the time by group effect revealed a strong trend in depression symptoms. Future research should investigate the utility of yoga and mindfulness interventions for early adolescents in a larger population, and the differences in intervention effect among subgroups, with attention to longer term outcomes.
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Naidoo, Keshrie, Sarah Kaplan, Callie Jordan Roberts, and Laura Plummer. "Three Stressed Systems: Health Sciences Faculty Members Navigating Academia, Healthcare, and Family Life during the Pandemic." Education Sciences 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci12070483.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the academic productivity of health sciences faculty members in one graduate school in the United States. Thirty-two faculty members completed an electronic survey comparing academic productivity in the year prior to the pandemic to a year during the pandemic. In total, 90.7% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that time dedicated to teaching increased, and 81.2% agreed or strongly agreed that they prioritized teaching over research during the pandemic. Participants presented an average of 2.72 peer-reviewed papers at an academic conference the year before and 1.47 during the pandemic, with females more adversely affected than males. Journal submissions with survey participants as the first or last authors decreased during the pandemic. Twelve faculty members including genetic counseling, nursing, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech and language pathology participated in one-to-one interviews. Three themes emerged from qualitative data analysis: stressed systems, balancing act, and meaningful connection. Faculty members were faced with an external locus of control during the pandemic and noted a lack of autonomy and pressure to help students graduate on time and maintain the quality of teaching while dealing with uncertainty in both their professional and personal lives. The pandemic disproportionately impacted women and junior faculty members as connectedness and mentorship declined. Collaboration and research mentorship must be prioritized moving forward to continue to advance healthcare and health sciences education.
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Stansbury, Kim L., Blake Beecher, Mitzi Schumacher, Fayetta Martin, and Mary Ann Clute. "Social service providers' perspectives on casino gambling in older adult clients." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 30 (May 1, 2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2015.30.11.
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There has been an upward trend in gambling, particularly among older adults. With the baby-boomer generation moving toward retirement, this trend is expected to increase. Availability and social acceptability of casinos in the United States are 2 of many precipitating factors for older adults' increased enthusiasm for gambling. Noticeably absent from the literature on casino gambling is the perspective of senior social service providers (SSSPs). The present study used a cross-sectional open-ended questionnaire completed by 88 SSSPs in Washington State. The purpose of this study was to describe the SSSPs' (a) perceptions of older adults' motivations to participate in casino gambling, (b) experience with older adults who have gambling problems, (c) views and knowledge of problem gambling, and (d) perception of the need for training on gambling problems. The most prevalent reasons cited for older adults to patronize casinos were the entertainment of gambling and the desire to win money. The least prevalent reasons included peer pressure, to learn new things, and for a public smoking environment. Many respondents (42.0%) felt that their clients were aware of the risks of casino gambling. However, almost one third (29.5%) reported that their clients were largely unaware of the risks. Almost all of the respondents (85.2%) reported they had not received any training regarding problem gambling. The findings indicate the need to educate SSSPs about the potential positive and negative consequences of casino gambling.
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Wiederhold, Brenda K., Ian Miller, and Mark D. Wiederhold. "Virtual Reality Smoking Cessation–Designed for Teens, by Teens." Open Family Studies Journal 09, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874922401709010021.
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Introduction: Today, about 90% of adult smokers started smoking before the age of 18. As the largest preventable cause of disease and death in the United States, tobacco use accounts for nearly 500,000 deaths and hundreds of billions of dollars to care for smoking-related illnesses every year. While most smoking cessation programs are geared toward adults, there is a void in attempts to curb teen smoking. Objective: With funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the Virtual Reality Medical Center (VRMC) sought to create a more effective way to help teens quit smoking. Utilizing cue exposure therapy to eliminate the association of smoking with objects and activities, the program uses virtual environments containing smoking cues to elicit the addictive behaviors and teach the users how to recognize and resist these triggers. Method: In a novel approach, VRMC recruited students from a local high school to aid in the design and development of virtual worlds in order to create an entertaining and effective program for teens. Researchers and the participants of this TeenSmoking program created a variety of anti-smoking environments ranging from scenarios at home, to peer pressure situations at school, all intended to elicit and educate users on addictive smoking behaviors. Conclusion: With past clinical success, researchers at VRMC hope to continue to implement widely available teen smoking cessation programs with enhanced usability, graphics, and multiplayer functionality. Overall, researchers hope to advance more comprehensive use of virtual reality to curb teen smoking addictions.
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Gmel, Gerhard, Christina Akre, Mariana Astudillo, Caroline Bähler, Stéphanie Baggio, Nicolas Bertholet, Carole Clair, et al. "The Swiss Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors – Findings of two Waves." SUCHT 61, no. 4 (August 2015): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911.a000380.
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Abstract. Aim: To summarize published findings in peer-reviewed journals of the first two waves of the Swiss Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF), a longitudinal study assessing risk and protective factors of 5,987 young men during the phase of emerging adulthood (20 years at baseline, followed-up 15 months later). Methods: Included were 33 studies published until November 2014 focusing on substance use. Results: Substance use in early adulthood is a prevalent and stable behavior. The 12-month prevalence of nonmedical use of prescription drugs (10.6 %) lies between that of cannabis (36.4 %) and other illicit drugs such as ecstasy (3.7 %) and cocaine (3.2 %). Although peer pressure in the form of misconduct is associated with increased substance use, other aspects such as peer involvement in social activities may have beneficial effects. Regular sport activities are associated with reduced substance use, with the exception of alcohol use. Young men are susceptible to structural conditions such as the price of alcohol beverages or the density of on-premise alcohol outlets. Particularly alcohol use in public settings such as bars, discos or in parks (compared with private settings such as the home) is associated with alcohol-related harm, including injuries or violence. Being a single parent versus nuclear family has no effect on alcohol use, but active parenting does. Besides parenting, religiousness is an important protective factor for both legal and illegal substance use. Merely informing young men about the risks of substance use may not be an effective preventive measure. At-risk users of licit and illicit substances are more health literate, e. g., for example, they seek out more information on the internet than non-at-risk-users or abstainers. Discussion: There are a number of risk and protective substance use factors, but their associations with substance use do not necessarily agree with those found outside Europe. In the United States, for example, heavy alcohol use in this age group commonly takes place in private settings, whereas in Switzerland it more often takes place in public settings. Other behaviors, such as the nonmedical use of prescription drugs, appear to be similar to those found overseas, which may show the need for targeted preventive actions. C-SURF findings point to the necessity of establishing European studies to identify factors for designing specific preventive actions.
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Farris, Sarah M. "The rise to dominance of genetic model organisms and the decline of curiosity-driven organismal research." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): e0243088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243088.
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Curiosity-driven, basic biological research “…performed without thought of practical ends…” establishes fundamental conceptual frameworks for future technological and medical breakthroughs. Traditionally, curiosity-driven research in biological sciences has utilized experimental organisms chosen for their tractability and suitability for studying the question of interest. This approach leverages the diversity of life to uncover working solutions (adaptations) to problems encountered by living things, and evolutionary context as to the extent to which these solutions may be generalized to other species. Despite the well-documented success of this approach, funding portfolios of United States granting agencies are increasingly filled with studies on a few species for which cutting-edge molecular tools are available (genetic model organisms). While this narrow focus may be justified for biomedically-focused funding bodies such as the National Institutes of Health, it is critical that robust federal support for curiosity-driven research using diverse experimental organisms be maintained by agencies such as the National Science Foundation. Using the disciplines of neurobiology and behavioral research as an example, this study finds that NSF grant awards have declined in association with a decrease in the proportion of grants funded for experimental, rather than genetic model organism research. The decline in use of experimental organisms in the literature mirrors but predates the shift grant funding. Today’s dominance of genetic model organisms was thus initiated by researchers themselves and/or by publication peer review and editorial preferences, and was further reinforced by pressure from granting agencies, academic employers, and the scientific community.
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Pisani, Anthony R., Peter A. Wyman, Kunali Gurditta, Karen Schmeelk-Cone, Carolyn L. Anderson, and Emily Judd. "Mobile Phone Intervention to Reduce Youth Suicide in Rural Communities: Field Test." JMIR Mental Health 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2018): e10425. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/10425.
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Background Suicide is a leading cause of death among 10- to 19-year-olds in the United States, with 5% to 8% attempting suicide each year. Suicide risk rises significantly during early adolescence and is higher in rural and underserved communities. School-based universal prevention programs offer a promising way of reducing suicide by providing strategies for emotion regulation and encouraging help-seeking behaviors and youth-adult connectedness. However, such programs frequently run into difficulties in trying to engage a broad range of students. Text messaging is a dominant medium of communication among youths, and studies show both efficacy and uptake in text messaging interventions aimed at adolescents. Text-based interventions may, thus, offer a means for school-based universal prevention programs to engage adolescents who would otherwise be difficult to reach. Objective We field tested Text4Strength, an automated, interactive text messaging intervention that seeks to reach a broad range of early adolescents in rural communities. Text4Strength extends Sources of Strength, a peer-led school suicide prevention program, by encouraging emotion regulation, help-seeking behaviors, and youth-adult connectedness in adolescents. The study tested the appeal and feasibility of Text4Strength and its potential to extend universal school-based suicide prevention. Methods We field tested Text4Strength with 42 ninth-grade students. Over 9 weeks, students received 28 interactive message sequences across 9 categories (Sources of Strength introduction, positive friend, mentors, family support, healthy activities, generosity, spirituality, medical access, and emotion regulation strategies). The message sequences included games, requests for advice, questions about students’ own experiences, and peer testimonial videos. We measured baseline mental health characteristics, frequency of replies, completion of sequences and video viewing, appeal to students, and their perception of having benefited from the program. Results Of the 42 participating students, 38 (91%) responded to at least one sequence and 22 (52%) responded to more than a third of the sequences. The proportion of students who completed multistep sequences they had started ranged from 35% (6/17) to 100% (3/3 to 28/28), with responses dropping off when more than 4 replies were needed. With the exception of spirituality and generosity, each of the content areas generated at least a moderate number of student replies from both boys and girls. Students with higher and lower levels of risk and distress interacted with the sequences at similar rates. Contrary to expectations, few students watched videos. Students viewed the intervention as useful—even those who rarely responded to messages. More than 70% found the texts useful (3 items, n range 29-34) and 90% (36) agreed the program should be repeated. Conclusions Text4Strength offers a potentially engaging way to extend school-based interventions that promote protective factors for suicide. Text4Strength is ready to be revised, based on findings and student feedback from this field test, and rigorously tested for efficacy.
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Dasari, Saisamhitha, Bhavya Gopinath, Carter Gaulke, and Sunny Patel. "330 Remote Monitoring of Pediatric Heart Failure: A Systematic Review." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 7, s1 (April 2023): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2023.377.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Pediatric heart failure is a complex disease presenting as an end-stage condition due to various etiologies and symptoms, causing 14,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States. Currently, there is a lack of objective metrics that are monitored non-invasively. This study explores tools to adapt remote monitoring technologies for pediatrics. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The task was determining commercially available and upcoming technologies for remote heart failure monitoring in the pediatric population. Literature and patent reviews were done in various databases with defined eligibility and key terms. Our inclusion criteria were: English peer-reviewed research or review articles, patents filed by cardiac monitoring companies, and independent groups focusing on non-invasive monitoring solutions. Key terms used for the literature search and patent review included pediatric heart failure’, at-home monitoring’, cardiac monitoring’, and non-invasive’. Based on a strong correlation between increased filling pressures and pediatric heart failure, the term filling pressures’ was also included in the search. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary searches demonstrate an abundance of adult-use commercially available devices and patents for monitoring heart failure. Yet, there are no FDA-approved devices for use in the pediatric population. Current devices include monitoring metrics such as lung congestion and multi-parametric monitoring to capture heart rate, thoracic impedance, and oxygen saturation levels. In monitoring filling pressures, Abbott CardioMEMs is a leader in measuring pulmonary arterial pressure invasively in adults. Thus, there is a gap for non-invasive monitoring of filling pressures in both pediatric and adult populations. For further review, a larger focus will be placed on non-invasive methods for direct monitoring or extrapolation of cardiac filling pressures. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Current methods of heart failure monitoring are ineffective in serving the pediatric population. Thus, an identified gap exists in non-invasive filling pressure monitoring for pediatric heart failure. This review informs that innovation within this area would address inefficacies within the current paradigm of heart failure monitoring.
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Vasti, Elena, and Mark J. Pletcher. "Recruiting Student Health Coaches to Improve Digital Blood Pressure Management: Randomized Controlled Pilot Study." JMIR Formative Research 4, no. 8 (August 25, 2020): e13637. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13637.
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Background Hypertension is a significant problem in the United States, affecting 1 in 3 adults aged above 18 years and is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. The prevalence of hypertension has increased in medically underserved areas (MUAs). Mobile health technologies, such as digital self-monitoring devices, have been shown to improve the management of chronic health conditions. However, patients from MUAs have reduced access to these devices because of limited resources and low health literacy. Health coaches and peer training programs are a potentially cost-effective solution for the shortage of physicians available to manage hypertension in MUAs. Activating young people as student health coaches (SHCs) is a promising strategy to improve community health. Objective This pilot study aims to assess (1) the feasibility of training high school students as health technology coaches in MUAs and (2) whether the addition of SHCs to digital home monitoring improves the frequency of self-monitoring and overall blood pressure (BP) control. Methods In total, 15 high school students completed 3-day health coach training. Patients who had a documented diagnosis of hypertension were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 intervention arms. The QardioArm alone (Q) group was provided a QardioArm cuff only for convenience. The SHC alone (S) group was instructed to meet with a health coach for 30 min once a week for 5 weeks to create action plans for reducing BP. The student+QardioArm (S+Q) group received both interventions. Results Participants (n=27) were randomly assigned to 3 groups in a ratio of 9:9:9. All 15 students completed training, of which 40% (6/15) of students completed all the 5 meetings with their assigned patient. Barriers to feasibility included transportation and patient response drop-off at the end of the study. Overall, 92% (11/12) of the students rated their experience as very good or higher and 69% (9/13) reported that this experience made them more likely to go into the medical field. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of cuff use (S+Q vs Q groups: 37 vs 17; P<.001). Participants in the S+Q group reported better BP control after the intervention compared with the other groups. The average BP at the end of the intervention was 145/84 (SD 9/18) mm Hg, 150/85 (SD 18/12) mm Hg, and 128/69 (SD 20/14) mm Hg in the Q, S, and S+Q groups, respectively. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of pairing technology with young student coaches, although challenges existed. The S+Q group used their cuff more than the Q group. Patients were more engaged in the S+Q group, reporting higher satisfaction with their SHC and better control of their BP.
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Barrett, Jaime R., Gabriel K. Innes, Kelly A. Johnson, Guillaume Lhermie, Renata Ivanek, Amelia Greiner Safi, and David Lansing. "Consumer perceptions of antimicrobial use in animal husbandry: A scoping review." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): e0261010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261010.
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Antimicrobial use in animal agriculture is often perceived to play a role in the emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance. Increased consumer awareness of this issue places pressure on animal husbandry to adopt policies to reduce or eliminate antimicrobial use. We use a scoping review methodology to assess research on consumer perceptions of antimicrobial drugs in meat products in the United States, Canada, or the European Union. Evaluating peer-reviewed and grey literature, we included studies for assessment if they met these topical and geographic requirements, involved primary data collection, and were originally published in English. Our screening process identified 124 relevant studies. Three reviewers jointly developed a data charting form and independently charted the contents of the studies. Of the 105 studies that measured consumer concern, 77.1% found that consumers were concerned about antimicrobial use in meat production. A minority of studies (29.8% of all studies) queried why consumers hold these views. These studies found human health and animal welfare were the main reasons for concern. Antimicrobial resistance rarely registered as an explicit reason for concern. A smaller group of studies (23.3%) measured the personal characteristics of consumers that expressed concern about antimicrobials. Among these studies, the most common and consistent features of these consumers were gender, age, income, and education. Regarding the methodology used, studies tended to be dominated by either willingness-to-pay studies or Likert scale questionnaires (73.64% of all studies). We recommend consideration of qualitative research into consumer views on this topic, which may provide new perspectives that explain consumer decision-making and mentality that are lacking in the literature. In addition, more research into the difference between what consumers claim is of concern and their ultimate purchasing decisions would be especially valuable.
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Pebley, Kinsey, Rebecca A. Krukowski, Kathleen Porter, and Melissa A. Little. "Descriptive and Injunctive Norms Related to E-Cigarettes." Military Medicine 185, no. 11-12 (November 1, 2020): e1919-e1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa227.
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Abstract Introduction E-cigarette use has rapidly increased in prevalence in the United States, and rates of use are even higher among military personnel compared to the general population. Descriptive and injunctive norms have previously been shown to impact tobacco use. However, little research has been conducted related to e-cigarette descriptive and injunctive norms, and no research has addressed e-cigarette norms among a military population. Materials and Methods From July, 2018 to February, 2019, 22 focus groups (N = 164) were conducted among airmen, military training leaders, and technical training instructors. The focus groups aimed to gain insight into facilitators and barriers to tobacco use during technical training, where airmen receive training for their specific jobs. Study procedures were approved by the institutional review board of the 59th Medical Wing in San Antonio. Focus group recordings were transcribed, and transcripts coded. Themes related to descriptive and injunctive norms were examined for the current study. Results Many interviewees mentioned the prevalence of e-cigarette use, either generally (“…a lot of people vape but that’s kind of the thing nowadays”) or with specific estimates of how many airmen use (“vaping, probably at least 60-70%”). However, injunctive norms were not commonly discussed, with only a couple of interviewees mentioning that e-cigarette use is the “cool” trend or they feel peer pressure. Conclusions Descriptive norms were more commonly mentioned than injunctive norms, which may indicate that injunctive norms are not as influential for e-cigarette use. Additionally, all estimates related to e-cigarette prevalence were higher than actual rates of use, showing an overestimation of use, which previous literature has shown increases likelihood of e-cigarette use. Future research should specifically ask about injunctive norms as well as determine if descriptive and injunctive norms influence actual e-cigarette use behaviors among military personnel.
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Bernardes Neto, Saint Clair Gomes, Rodrigo Torres, Íllia Lima, Vanessa R. Resqueti, and Guilherme A. F. Fregonezi. "Weaning from mechanical ventilation in people with neuromuscular disease: protocol for a systematic review." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e029890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029890.
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IntroductionNeuromuscular diseases (NMD) are characterised by progressive muscular impairment. The muscle weakness is directly related to respiratory muscles weakness, causing reduction in vital capacity, especially when associated with mechanical ventilation (MV). Conventional MV weaning in NMD is generally difficult. Weaning process can be conducted in protocols such as: ‘T’ piece or Pressure Support Ventilaton. Weaning failure is frequent because of muscle weakness. Protocol aim is to assess the effects of different weaning protocols in NMD patients receiving invasive MV in weaning success rate, duration of weaning, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, hospital stay and ICU mortality.Methods and analysisA search will be carried in the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, United States National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trial Registry Protal, of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs. Inclusion criteria of individuals are adults (above 16 years old) and children (from 5 to 16 years old), with clinical diagnosis of NMD (muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, congenital myasthenia, myasthenia gravis, congenital myopathy, spinal muscular atrophy, Guillian Barré Syndrome, severe inherited neuropathies, metabolic myopathies, inflammatory myopathies, mitochondrial diseases) of any gender. All patients ventilated for at least 48 hours due to respiratory failure and clinically considered ready for weaning. Other respiratory or cardiovascular diagnosis associated will not be included. Intervention assessed will be weaning from MV using a protocol with 30 min to 2 hours of spontaneous breathing trial at the end point. All comparisons of different protocols will be considered.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required as primary data will not be collected, since it will be a systematic review. All studies included should have ethical committee approval. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and in conferences and congresses or symposia.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019117393.
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Enwerem, Nkechi M., Davene White, Zillah J. Wesley, Tiffany Simmons, Mary Shahady, Ashley A. Turner Robinson, Devora Winkfield, and Gina S. Brown. "Assessing the Level of Evidence for Interventions Used for Repeat Pregnancy in Teens for Possible Integration Into Evidence-Based Practice: A Review of Literature for Studies Carried out in the US From 1990 - 2021." International Journal of Studies in Nursing 7, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ijsn.v7i1.1081.
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Background: Repeat teen pregnancy among adolescents represents an important public health challenge worldwide as well as in the USA. Repeat teen pregnancy negatively impacts teen mother and the child, in enormous ways. It can cause emotional, psychological and educational challenges, as well as affect the life and opportunities of young mothers and their children. The children of teenage mothers are more likely to have lower school achievement and to drop out of high school, have more health problems, be incarcerated at some time during adolescence, give birth as a teenager, and face unemployment as a young adult.Understanding the levels of evidence of the interventions for adolescent repeat pregnancy can provide guidance to health practitioners and decision makers in selecting an intervention.The aim of this review is to assess the level of evidence of repeat pregnancy interventions conducted in the U.S. (United States) for possible integration into evidence-based practice.Methods: We focused on articles conducted in the U.S. and published between 1990 and 2021. We searched for articles in: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, EMBASE, Social Science Citation Index, Science Citation Index, Dissertations, Abstracts Online, PsycINFO, CINAHL, POPLINE, and the reference lists of articles.Research Question: ‘What are the levels of evidence for interventions for teen repeat pregnancy?’ Selection criteria: We included and evaluated any intervention that aimed to promote spacing of 2nd birth and reduced repeat teen pregnancies in adolescents ages 13 –19 years. Results: We retrieved fifty-two (52) primary repeat pregnancy intervention studies conducted in the U.S. from 1990 to 2021. Twenty-five (25) interventions met the inclusion criteria and were statistically significant. There were 12 randomized control studies that were statistically significant and met Level I evidence. Six (6) Quasi-experimental studies that were statistically significant and met Level II evidence. There were five (5) Cohort studies that were statistically significant, one prospective and four retrospective studies and met Level III evidence. Two descriptive studies of Level IV evidence.Conclusion: Interventions, can be categorized into: home visitation, peer support, school based and comprehensive interventions including contraceptive use. There were also disparities in the intervention follow-ups, components, study location, statistical analyses and persons conducting the intervention. These disparities, made it difficult to compare and contrast the different interventions. We were able to successfully assign Levels of evidence to each intervention. We identified Twelve (12) Level I; Six(6) Level II; five (5) Level III and two (2) Level IV.
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Cheong, JeeWon, Jalie A. Tucker, and Susan D. Chandler. "Time Horizons, Drug Use, and Risky Sex in Young Women from Poor Urban Areas." SUCHT 68, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000758.
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Abstract: Aims: Emerging adulthood, spanning adolescence into early adulthood, is marked by heightened substance use and sexual risk-taking, and emerging adults living in disadvantaged urban areas experience disproportionately more negative outcomes. Research on the social psychology of time perspective and the behavioral economics of substance use suggests that such impoverished environments contribute to development of a decision-making style characterized by devaluation of delayed rewards and outcomes that support adaptive functioning in favor of persistent preference for short-term rewards associated with longer term costs. This cross-sectional observational study investigated the hypothesis that substance use and sexual risk-taking among young African American women living in such communities were related to present-dominated time perspectives and higher delay discounting, which reflect relative preference for sooner typically smaller than later larger rewards. Methodology: Young African American women ages 15 – 25 ( N = 223, M age = 20.4 years) from disadvantaged urban neighborhoods in the Southern United States were recruited using Respondent Driven Sampling, a peer-driven sampling method suitable for recruiting community-dwelling participants that compensates for biases of snowball sampling. In-person structured field interviews assessed substance use, sexual practices, and risk/protective factors, including time perspectives (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory [ZTPI]) and behavioral impulsivity (delay discounting task). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine whether substance use and sexual risk-taking were associated with delay discounting and ZTPI present hedonistic and future time perspective subscales, controlling for several demographic characteristics. Results: As hypothesized, regression models showed that higher ZTPI present hedonism scores were significantly associated with both greater substance involvement and sexual risk-taking, whereas greater discounting was associated only with greater sexual risk-taking ( ps < .05). Future time perspectives were not associated with either risk behavior. Conclusions: Risk behaviors among young women living in disadvantaged urban areas appear to be associated with hedonistic rewards available in the present without considering future outcomes. Future research should investigate experimentally whether lengthening time perspectives and promoting enriched views of possible futures may prevent and reduce substance involvement and sexual risk-taking among disadvantaged young adults. Those living in disadvantaged communities likely have great need for such interventions because they tend to have limited rewarding economic and social opportunities that can compete with present choices to use substances and engage in risky sex.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Reduced-Order Models Blend Chemistry, Machine Learning for Water-Property Analysis." Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 09 (September 1, 2023): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0923-0097-jpt.
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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 213869, “Water Digital Avatar—Where Chemistry Is Mixed With Machine Learning,” by Jesse Farrell, SPE, and Sergey Makarychev-Mikhailov, SPE, SLB. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Water affects almost every operation in the exploration and production industry. Until now, time-intensive laboratory tests or cumbersome third-party simulators were required to extract physicochemical properties. In the complete paper, a family of machine-learning-based reduced-order models (ROMs) trained on rigorous first-principle thermodynamic simulation results is presented. The developed ROMs that predict water properties enable automated decision-making and improve water-management work flows. The presented approach can be extended to other oilfield, chemical, and chemical-engineering applications. Introduction The properties of the water phase and all produced fluids directly influence flow assurance, three-phase flow pressure/volume/temperature modeling, and fluid-compatibility aspects across the full life cycle of the well, including during well construction, stimulation, and production operations. Modeling these systems enables one to predict, mitigate, and, in some cases, completely prevent deleterious effects in tubing, the reservoir, and near-wellbore regions. First-principle thermodynamic simulations are often considered to be ground truth in the oilfield industry and are widely used in place of time-consuming laboratory experiments. The use of rigorous thermodynamic software, however, is not always practical. In certain cases, commercial and open-source simulators are overloaded with functionality unnecessary for a task, require training of personnel, and are often difficult to incorporate into digital work flows in the cloud or to deploy at the edge on surface equipment or the downhole tools available to model changing conditions in real time. This is where ROMs find their application because they are fast, reasonably accurate, and highly customizable solutions. The authors’ scientific hypothesis was that machine-learning-based ROMs can be used to quantify the physicochemical properties and scaling tendencies of oilfield waters in place of rigorous, first-principle thermodynamic models. Methods The United States Geological Survey (USGS) Produced Waters Geochemical Database was used as the initial data source for this study. The original database contains approximately 115,000 produced-water and other deep-formation water samples collected and characterized in the United States in the past 120 years. Although the USGS database is an excellent source, the data still required cleaning and enrichment. For the first step, inconsistent, poorly populated, and outlier samples were removed, which led to noticeable data attrition and resulted in approximately 85,000 “clean” records. The enrichment phase included several manipulations and alterations of the original data. The resulting data set is not always accurate regarding individual samples but is much better populated than the original one in terms of minor ion concentrations, and is believed to be representative on a large scale.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Study Explores Challenges, Potential of Superlaterals in the Vaca Muerta." Journal of Petroleum Technology 76, no. 05 (May 1, 2024): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0524-0097-jpt.
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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper URTeC 3968851, “Breaking the 5-km Barrier: Superlaterals Delivery Challenges—Are They Feasible in Vaca Muerta?” by Julio Palacio, SPE, Walid Ben Ismail, and Richard Walker, K&M Technology Group, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Driven by increased production rewards, multiple operators in the United States have been improving their unconventional wells by increasing lateral length. Several “superlaterals” with lengths greater than 23,000 ft have been drilled successfully in several US basins. The complete paper describes the technical challenges faced in drilling and running casing in superlaterals and the difficulties in implementing them in the Vaca Muerta unconventional play. Introduction In 2012–2015, many operators began to drill longer laterals. Because production did not appear to decline with increasing lateral length, one operator drilled 11 superlaterals in 2017 in the Utica shale, reporting critical cost reductions and a greater recovery per foot. This operator used the term “superlateral” to describe a lateral length of 15,000 ft or greater. At the time of writing, several wells have exceeded a lateral length of 23,000 ft and can be categorized as extreme-reach wells. Typically, any well in the extended-reach region requires a large focus on operational practices and may require important design changes and special technologies or techniques to achieve its goals. Geomechanics Challenges The Vaca Muerta/Quintuco system is a late Jurassic to early Cretaceous play with a depth of more than 8,200 ft true vertical depth (TVD). Pore pressure in Quintuco can vary between 14.2 and 18.8 lbm/gal. Fractures connecting different zones and depths lead to discontinuity and important uncertainties in both pore pressure and fracture gradient. Historically, Quintuco was isolated by running casing before entering the Vaca Muerta. However, several operators drill Quintuco and Vaca Muerta in the same section to reduce the well cost. Using this approach, Quintuco pressure uncertainties effectively limit the maximum lateral length. To reduce this uncertainty effect, managed pressure drilling (MPD) has been used successfully in current laterals. Bedding-plane instability limited early development of unconventional horizontal wells. Its effect is not commonly perceived while drilling but can affect bit trips and casing runs catastrophically. Higher mud weight (MW) has helped mitigate, but not eliminate, bedding-plane instability in unconventional plays around the world. However, higher MW can constrain more than the MW window requirements in the Quintuco/Vaca Muerta system. As the lateral progresses in length, the annular pressure increases proportionally. Given that the TVD remains almost constant in horizontal wells, the equivalent circulating density (ECD) change will increase proportionally to the lateral length. Because of this ECD behavior in horizontal wells, MPD cannot be used to manage the wellbore-stability (WBS) margin reduction in longer laterals or to eliminate pressure fluctuations during connections. In very long laterals, the only way to better manage the WBS margin, bedding-planes issue, and induced wellbore instability can be a well-design change to increase the annular clearance after performing extensive modeling. MPD and surface-parameter control can marginally help to control the problem.
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O'Sullivan, Therese A., Kelsey A. Schmidt, and Mario Kratz. "Whole-Fat or Reduced-Fat Dairy Product Intake, Adiposity, and Cardiometabolic Health in Children: A Systematic Review." Advances in Nutrition 11, no. 4 (March 2, 2020): 928–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa011.
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ABSTRACT Dietary guidelines commonly recommend that children aged >2 y consume reduced-fat dairy products rather than regular- or whole-fat dairy. In adults, most studies have not found the consumption of whole-fat dairy products to be associated with increased cardiometabolic or adiposity risk. Associations in children could differ due to growth and development. We systematically reviewed the literature in indexed, peer-reviewed journals to summarize pediatric studies (children aged from 2 to 18 y) assessing associations between whole- and reduced-fat dairy intake and measures of adiposity as well as biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk, including the serum lipid profile, blood pressure, low-grade chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and measures of glucose homeostasis. For the purposes of this review, a “whole-fat” dairy product was defined as a product with the natural fat content, whereas a “reduced-fat” dairy product was defined as a product with some or all of the fat removed (including “low-fat” and “skim” versions). A total of 29 journal articles met our criteria for inclusion. The majority were conducted in the United States and were prospective or cross-sectional observational studies, with only 1 randomized controlled trial. Studies were consistent in reporting that whole-fat dairy products were not associated with increased measures of weight gain or adiposity. Most evidence indicated that consumption of whole-fat dairy was not associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, although a change from whole-fat to reduced-fat dairy improved outcomes for some risk factors in 1 study. Taken as a whole, the limited literature in this field is not consistent with dietary guidelines recommending that children consume preferably reduced-fat dairy products. High-quality randomized controlled trials in children that directly compare the effects of whole-fat compared with reduced-fat dairy intake on measures of adiposity or biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk are needed to provide better quality evidence in this area.
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Yim, Gyeyoon, Yuting Wang, Caitlin G. Howe, and Megan E. Romano. "Exposure to Metal Mixtures in Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes: A Scoping Review." Toxics 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030116.
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Since the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) declared conducting combined exposure research as a priority area, literature on chemical mixtures has grown dramatically. However, a systematic evaluation of the current literature investigating the impacts of metal mixtures on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and outcomes has thus far not been performed. This scoping review aims to summarize published epidemiology literature on the cardiotoxicity of exposure to multiple metals. We performed systematic searches of MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studies employing statistical mixture analysis methods to evaluate the impact of metal mixtures on CVD risk factors and outcomes among nonoccupationally exposed populations. The search was limited to papers published on or after 1998, when the first dedicated funding for mixtures research was granted by NIEHS, through 1 October 2021. Twenty-nine original research studies were identified for review. A notable increase in relevant mixtures publications was observed starting in 2019. The majority of eligible studies were conducted in the United States (n = 10) and China (n = 9). Sample sizes ranged from 127 to 10,818. Many of the included studies were cross-sectional in design. Four primary focus areas included: (i) blood pressure and/or diagnosis of hypertension (n = 15), (ii) risk of preeclampsia (n = 3), (iii) dyslipidemia and/or serum lipid markers (n = 5), and (iv) CVD outcomes, including stroke incidence or coronary heart disease (n = 8). The most frequently investigated metals included cadmium, lead, arsenic, and cobalt, which were typically measured in blood (n = 15). The most commonly utilized multipollutant analysis approaches were Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), weighted quantile sum regression (WQSR), and principal component analysis (PCA). To our knowledge, this is the first scoping review to assess exposure to metal mixtures in relation to CVD risk factors and outcomes. Recommendations for future studies evaluating the associations of exposure to metal mixtures with risk of CVDs and related risk factors include extending environmental mixtures epidemiologic studies to populations with wider metals exposure ranges, including other CVD risk factors or outcomes outside hypertension or dyslipidemia, using repeated measurement of metals to detect windows of susceptibility, and further examining the impacts of potential effect modifiers and confounding factors, such as fish and seafood intake.
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Hernandez, Rosalba, Michael Cohn, Alison Hernandez, Martha Daviglus, Lizet Martinez, Angela Martinez, Itzel Martinez, Ramon Durazo-Arvizu, and Judith Moskowitz. "A Web-Based Positive Psychological Intervention to Improve Blood Pressure Control in Spanish-Speaking Hispanic/Latino Adults With Uncontrolled Hypertension: Protocol and Design for the ¡Alégrate! Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): e17721. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17721.
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Background Growing evidence links psychological well-being and resilience with superior cardiac health, but there remains a critical scientific gap about whether (or how) interventions that aim to cultivate psychological well-being reduce cardiac risk. Hispanic/Latino people in the United States have high cardiovascular disease risk and poorly controlled blood pressure (BP) compared with their peers of European ancestry, and they represent a population in need of new and innovative therapeutic approaches. As such, a focused intervention to boost psychological well-being holds promise as a novel therapeutic target for hypertension in Hispanic/Latino adults; to date, however, no research has explored whether a causal link is evident. Objective The aim of this paper is to detail the protocol for the ¡Alégrate! (Be Happy!) intervention, a Phase II randomized controlled trial testing initial efficacy in improving BP of a web-based positive psychological intervention designed to boost psychological well-being in Spanish-speaking Hispanic/Latino people with hypertension. Methods A total of 70 Hispanic/Latino people aged ≥18 years, fluent in Spanish, and with elevated BP (≥140/90 mm Hg) will be recruited in person from a single Federally Qualified Health Center in Chicago. Enrollees will be randomly assigned to 1 of 2 trial arms: (1) web-based positive psychological intervention or (2) an active control condition (eg, 3 times weekly emotion reporting). Our 5-week Spanish-language ¡Alégrate! intervention is web-based and delivers curricular content via didactic instruction, journaling, and assigned at-home practice—all accessed via our website using investigator-purchased tablet computers, with a unique username and password assigned to each enrollee. Targeted skills include noting daily positive events, positive reappraisal of stressful events, effective expression of gratitude, performing acts of kindness, and regular practice of mindfulness and meditation. The primary outcome is improvement in BP, both sitting values and 24-hour ambulatory readings, as measured at baseline and 5 and 12 weeks from baseline. Secondary outcomes include psychological well-being, engagement in healthy behaviors, and circulating levels of inflammatory markers. The outcomes of interest are collected by trained research staff through in-person interviews using the REDCap software. Results Activities of the ¡Alégrate! intervention were funded in August 2017, and data collection is ongoing. We expect to submit trial results for peer-reviewed publications in 2021, soon after recruitment has been concluded and statistical analyses are finalized. Conclusions Findings will provide evidence on whether interventions to boost psychological well-being and resilience have downstream effects on BP control and cardiovascular health, particularly as they are deployed in the Spanish language with cultural tailoring and via a web-based platform. If effective, we will have an easily disseminatable application that can positively impact well-being profiles and BP control in Hispanic/Latino people, with the possibility of addressing health disparities of this US racial/ethnic minority group. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03892057; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03892057 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/17721
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Russell, Kalen Nicole. "Counter-narratives and collegiate success of Black and Latinos." Iris Journal of Scholarship 2 (July 12, 2020): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15695/iris.v2i0.4821.
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Today’s college student is endowed with enormous pressure to succeed; to graduate within four years, to work part-time, to be involved in extracurricular activities, curate friendships, pursue internships, and maintain a competitive grade point average. These pressures can wreak havoc on the physical, mental, psychological, and emotional well-being of students. Eurocentric and patriarchal ideals shape American values and standards exacerbate the social pressures faced by minoritized groups who are already distanced from the status quo. The university campus is no exception to this exacerbation. College and university campuses can be viewed as microcosms of society; which means the same types of social discrimination, racial privileges, and racial oppression observable in the greater society are also observable on a university campus and influence peer-to-peer interactions, student self-perception, students’ relationship with professors, and ability to succeed.
College and university campuses that are comprised of a predominately White student body, with students of color comprising a smaller group, are often referred to as Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs). While some PWIs strive to create a diverse and inclusive campus culture, many university campuses are deemed as unresponsive to the needs to racial minorities (Gomer & White). Unresponsive colleges and universities exhibit the effects of institutional racism: equating success with cultural conformity through campus culture, maintaining a racially homogenous faculty, and exclusionary practices which lead minorities to feel excluded, inferior, or forced to assimilate. In these environments, minorities are pressured to meet societal standards, assimilate and defy stereotypes which decreases their mental bandwidth and limits their capacity to learn and succeed on a university campus (Verschelden, 2017).
Institutional racism, which reduces the cognitive bandwidth of Black and Latino students, can be noted as a contributing factor to the discrepancies in retention and graduation rates of Blacks and Latino students compared to White students. Bandwidth can be reclaimed by decentering Whiteness and empowering marginalized students to define their own identities, name their own challenges, validate their own experiences, find community, and develop strategies to dismantle oppression through rejecting assimilation, cultural expectations, and master-narratives (Verschelden, 2017). These efforts of resisting the assimilation and marginalization are collectively referred to as counter-narrative storytelling, a form of self-actualization which validates the identities, experiences, and capabilities of traditionally oppressed groups. Counter-narrative storytelling has historically been used to uplift and encourage minoritized groups through validating their identities, dismantling stereotypes and stereotype threat and by providing community by creating space for sharing commonalities between individual experiences. Counter-narrative storytelling can help empower marginalized individuals to set and achieve the goals they set for themselves personally, professionally, academically or otherwise.
Counter-narrative storytelling is grounded in Critical Race Theory (CRT). CRT provides a critical means of evaluating the relationships between the success of Black and Latino/a students and their ability to construct a counter-narratives and achieve collegiate success. CRT is referenced in the included research as it. CRT will also provide a framework for evaluating what university practices are most effective in promoting the success of Black and Latino students.
This paper will examine the influence of counter-narrative storytelling on the success collegiate success Black and Latino students at PWIs. The phrase “success” shall be operationalized to mean college retention, feeling included and supported within the university, and graduation from college. The referenced articles examine the experiences of Blacks and Latino/a students enrolled in colleges and universities across the United States and the influence counter-narrative storytelling had on their experience.
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Davidov, Rebecca, and David Yastremski. "Improving Immigrant Adolescent Mental Health: The Role of Cultural Identity." Journal of Student Research 12, no. 3 (August 31, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v12i3.4909.
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As immigration to the United States continues to rise, so does the population of second-generation immigrant children. They often face acculturation stressors, the psychological response of distinct ethnic groups coming into contact with the mainstream culture and the conflicts that may arise, in the face of a new culture, along with culture gaps with their parents as they struggle to find their place in American society. As these stressors proliferate even into their teenage years, youth mental health is at risk. Thus, this review aims to synthesize the best available evidence surrounding immigrant acculturation gaps, parental and peer influence, and cultural identity, along with the impact on mental health. Specifically, this paper seeks to answer the question: to what extent does preserving cultural identity benefit the mental health of second-generation immigrant adolescents in the United States? Of the literature reviewed, I find strong evidence that a stronger cultural identity has positive effects on immigrant youth mental health and can help mitigate acculturative pressures as adolescents immigrate to the U.S. I also examine differing perspectives on the negative role cultural identity plays in navigating adolescence, but overall, the research suggests a benefit of cultural identity on mental health.
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Hsieh, Hsing-Fang, Justin E. Heinze, Elise Caruso, Briana A. Scott, Brady T. West, Ritesh Mistry, Andria B. Eisman, Shervin Assari, Anne Buu, and Marc A. Zimmerman. "The Protective Effects of Social Support on Hypertension Among African American Adolescents Exposed to Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, October 27, 2020, 088626052096939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260520969390.
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African Americans develop hypertension earlier in life than Whites and the racial/ethnic disparities in blood pressure level can appear as early as adolescence. Violence victimization, a prevalent environmental stressor among inner-city youth, may play a role in such disparities. In a sample of inner-city youth in the United States, the current study examines the relationship between violence victimization and hypertension while investigating the role of social support in moderating that relationship. We analyzed eight waves of data from a longitudinal study of African American youth ( n = 353, 56.7% female) from mid-adolescence (9th grade, mean age = 14.9 years old) to emerging adulthood (mean age = 23.1 years old) using probit regression. Higher levels of self-reported violence victimization during ages 14–18 was associated with more reports of hypertension during ages 20–23, after adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status, substance use, and mental distress. The relationship of violence victimization with hypertension was moderated by friends’ support, but not parental support. The association between victimization and hypertension was weaker and non-significant among individuals with more peer support compared to those with less support. Researchers have reported many instances of associations of early violence exposure to later risk for hypertension; however, most have focused on childhood maltreatment or intimate partner violence. We extend these findings to violence victimization in an African American sample of youth from adolescence to early adulthood, while examining social support modifiers. The disparity in African American hypertension rates relative to Whites may partly be explained by differential exposure to violence. Our findings also suggest that having supportive friends when faced with violence can be beneficial for young adulthood health outcomes.
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Dr Sanjay Gupta and Sudhir Kumar Yadav. "A Study of English Verbal Ability of School Students of Gujarat State with Respect To Gender, Age and Area." International Journal of Indian Psychology 4, no. 2 (January 27, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.25215/0402.016.
Full textAbstract:
Aptitude tests have existed from the decade of 1940s with the title of the General Aptitude Test Battery. This was an initiative of the United States Employment Service which for the following decades, have helped students to determine their career aptitude. It has been documented that it leads people to their respective choice of careers with an up sloping growth and with so much feelings of professional fulfillment. Presently, the career aptitude tests have evolved to include not only the tests of skills and abilities but also the tests of personality class or type. Aptitude is not synonymous to one’s intelligence or mental abilities. It should not be confused with other terms such as intelligence quotient or intelligence level that dictate mental classifications such as the genius, child prodigy, mentally delayed, and mentally retarded, to name a few. Aptitude simply means and implies an individual’s good fit and suitability for a certain skill or task in a given environment. Now that it has been settled that career aptitude tests can be administered to both high school undergraduates and graduates, there emerged several discussions regarding the benefits taking the career aptitude tests may render to students who are in their junior and senior high school years, versus when it is taken at a latter age. Early adolescence and late adolescence stage is filled with a lot of developmental tasks and adjustments. Chances of peer pressure, influences of advertisements as well as of those who are within their social circle may create more confusion to the many decisions they have to make, including career related decisions. Although this conclusive theory does not apply to all, this implies that increasing their awareness will somehow provide them an idea of a path that they may take, or a direction in their future careers, and decrease the chances of career mismatches by strengthening their viewpoint on their capabilities and matched career options.
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S, Lin, Fan JM, Zhang V, Chen C, Lam D, Yan J, and Zhang N. "Investigation of the Depression Status of Asian American Adolescents." Journal of Psychiatry and Mental Health 7, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.16966/2474-7769.147.
Full textAbstract:
Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States, and past studies have shown a concerning increase in the rates of depression in youth populations over time. Furthermore, depression is an especially important issue for Asian Americans because of the impact of anti-Asian violence due to the COVID-19 pandemic. While Asian American adolescents are reluctant to seek help for mental health issues, past research has found a prevalence of depressive symptoms in them that have yet to be fully investigated. There have been studies conducted to understand and observe the impacts of multifarious factors influencing the mental well-being of Asian American adolescents; however, they have been generally limited to qualitative investigation, and very few have attempted to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between depression levels and a comprehensive list of factors for those levels at the same time. To better quantify these relationships, this project investigated the prevalence of depression in Asian American teenagers mainly from the Greater Philadelphia Region, aged 12 to 19, and, with an anonymous survey, asked participants 48 multiple-choice questions pertaining to demographic information, daily behaviors, school life, family life, depression levels, school and family support against depression. Each multiple-choice question was assigned as a factor and variable for statistical and dominance analysis to determine the most influential factors on depression levels of Asian American adolescents. The results were validated via Bootstrap analysis and t-tests. While certain influential factors identified in this survey are consistent with the literature, such as parent-child relationship and peer pressure, several dominant factors were relatively overlooked in the past. These factors include the parents’ relationship with each other, the satisfaction with body image, sex identity, support from the family and support from the school. More than 25% of participants desired more support from their families and schools in handling depression issues. This study implied that it is beneficial for Asian American parents and adolescents to take programs on parents’ relationship with each other, parent-child communication, mental health, and sex identity. A culturally inclusive school environment and more accessible mental health service would be helpful for Asian American adolescents to combat depression. This survey-based study paves the way for further investigation of effective approaches for helping Asian American adolescents against depression.