Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pedogenesis'

This work examines the use of pedo-properties to identify dune soil system responses to environmental change on the Sefton coast, based on the development of conceptual pedogenic models. Previous environmental change and shoreline dynamics are determined through O.S. maps and aerial photographs, while present day processes are investigated through a dune-toe photographic survey and seasonal monitoring by fixed point photography. Topsoil (0-5 cm) physico-chemical characteristics are presented in a series of baseline GIS maps, displaying spatial pedo-property variation across the dune landscape. Combined with vegetation data, topsoil analysis identifies 10 distinct pedo-environments. Physico-chemical characteristics of associated National Soil Resources Institute (NSRI) soil profile classifications and an exposed stratigraphic section are presented graphically in a proposed sequence of development. Topsoil and soil profile samples are analysed for soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM) content, particle size, geochemical composition and mineral magnetism. Significant differences (p <0.05) are apparent for the suite of topsoil characteristics collated, indicating discrete dune environments are influenced by specific soil properties. Distinct down-profile variations in soil characteristics are also apparent between dune environments, highlighting pedological dynamism. Multivariate Factor analysis groups bare sand and mobile dune communities into ‘frontal dunes’ and fixed dune community, pasture, scrub, deciduous woodland and coniferous plantations into ‘hind dunes’, separating these topsoil environments from heath and slack communities. Factor analysis also identifies linkages between pedo-characteristics within soil profile horizons, suggesting pedogenesis on the Sefton dunes initiates as raw sand, progressing to sand-pararendzinas through leaching of nutrients. Desalinization and decalcification processes lead to brown earth development, followed by increased acidicification, subsequently, resulting in micro-podzol formation. Groundwater gley soils are associated with dune slacks, where drainage is inhibited and anaerobic conditions prevail. Analysis of buried soils suggests such pedo-environment formations are cyclic, responding to phases of shoreline regression/transgression, dune activity and stabilization. Conceptual models are designed to graphically demonstrate pedogenesis under both erosion and deposition regimes on the Sefton coast. Regression equations and correlation coefficients between pedo-properties and distance from mean high water are used as a proxy for soil age, which represent lateral soil maturity from the unstable frontal dunes to the stable hind dunes inland. The models simulate formation and process of the full array of soil properties, accounting for geomorphological impacts and anthropogenic influences. This has great implications for dune managers by raising awareness of pedogenesis as an integral part of nature and associated habitats, which could be incorporated in future shoreline management plans (SMPs).

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>The last eustatic events, coupled with the intense amount of sediments in the coastal plain gave rise to a set of geo-environmental units, such as the marine fluvial plains, home to the apicuns. This subunit is an area for the expansion of mangroves in periods of increase in the average sea level. Moreover, it is a environment related with the reproduction, protection and development of mangrove fauna as well as assists in the socio-economic and cultural aspects of local people. However, despite its important ecological function, there are few research involving the genesis of its soils. In this sense, this study aimed to contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of this coastal system under the pedological view. Apicuns located southeast and northwest of Cearà were selected and were held morphological, physical, chemical, geochemical, morphoscopic and micromorphological analyzes. The results showed that the fluctuation of the water table allowed the intense iron oxide precipitation and the incipient structuring of the soil. The contribuition of sandy material with nature thin to very thin and well selected grain from dunes has been verified. Furthermore, it was found that the northwest apicum have a lower degree of development as compared with the other soils, since the morphology and mineralogy support this fact. Also, there is differentiation in iron content between the two estuaries and disfavoring in the genesis of pyrites. In this case, the presence of pyrite in conditions not conducive to their formation indicates that apicum has its genesis correlated with areas of mangroves and should be considered, before the law, member of the mangrove ecosystem.<br>Os Ãltimos eventos eustÃticos, aliado ao intenso aporte de sedimentos na planÃcie costeira deram origem a um conjunto de unidades geoambientais, como por exemplo, as planÃcies fluviomarinhas, que abrigam os apicuns. Essa subunidade à uma Ãrea para a expansÃo do manguezal em perÃodos de aumento do nÃvel mÃdio do mar. AlÃm disso, à um ambiente relacionado com a reproduÃÃo, proteÃÃo e desenvolvimento da fauna do manguezal, bem como auxilia nos aspectos sÃcioeconÃmico- cultural da populaÃÃo local. No entanto, apesar da sua importante funÃÃo ecolÃgica, poucas sÃo as pesquisas que envolvam a gÃnese de seus solos. Neste sentido, esse estudo teve por finalidade contribuir para o entendimento da dinÃmica deste sistema costeiro sob a visÃo pedolÃgica. Para tanto, foram selecionados apicuns situados a sudeste e a noroeste do Estado do CearÃ, onde foram realizadas anÃlises morfolÃgicas, fÃsicas, quÃmicas, geoquÃmicas, morfoscÃpicas e micromorfolÃgicas. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que a flutuaÃÃo do lenÃol freÃtico permitiu a intensa formaÃÃo de mosquedos e a incipiente estruturaÃÃo do solo. Foi verificada a contribuiÃÃo de material arenoso de natureza fina a muito fina e de grÃos bem selecionados proveniente de dunas. AlÃm disso, verificou-se que os solos do apicum a noroeste possuem menor grau de desenvolvimento, em comparaÃÃo com os demais solos estudados, visto que a mineralogia e a micromorfologia suportam este fato. AlÃm disso, hà diferenciaÃÃo nos teores de ferro entre os dois estuÃrios e desfavorecimento na gÃnese de piritas. Neste caso, a presenÃa de pirita em condiÃÃes nÃo propÃcias à sua formaÃÃo indica que o apicum possui sua gÃnese correlacionada com os domÃnios de mangues, devendo ser considerado, diante das leis, integrante do ecossistema manguezal.

Three studies were completed to investigate the influence of mineral assemblage on soil organic carbon (SOC) cycling and pedogenesis in forest soils. Two studies utilized a lithosequence of four parent materials (rhyolite, granite, basalt, limestone/volcanic cinders) under Pinus ponderosa, to explicitly quantify the contribution of parent material mineral assemblage to the character of the resulting soil. The first study explored variation in pedogenesis and elemental mass loss as a product of parent material through a combination of quantitative X-ray diffraction and elemental mass balance. Results indicated significant differences in degree of soil development, profile characteristics, and mass flux according to parent material.The second study utilized the same lithosequence of soils, but focused on organic C cycling. This study explored variation in SOC content among soils of differing mineralogy and correlations among soil physiochemical variables, SOC content, soil microbial community composition and respiration rates. Metal-humus complex and Fe-oxyhydroxide content emerged as important predictors of SOC dynamics across all parent materials, showing significant correlation with both SOC content and bacterial community composition. Results indicated that within a specific ecosystem, SOC dynamics and microbial community vary predictably with soil physicochemical variables directly related to mineralogical differences among soil parent materials.The third study focused specifically on the influence of goethite and gibbsite on dissolved organic matter characteristics and microbial communities which utilize DOM as a growth substrate. Iron and aluminum oxides were selected for this study due to their wide spread occurrence in soils and their abundance of reactive surface area, qualities which enable them to have a significant effect on SOC transported through forest soils. Results indicated that exposure to goethite and gibbsite surfaces induces significant differences in DOM quality, including changes in thermal properties, molecular structure, and concentrations of P and N. Investigation of the decomposer communities indicated that exposure to goethite and gibbsite surfaces caused significant differences in microbial community structure.These investigations emphasize the important role of mineral assemblage in shaping soil characteristics and regulating the cycling of C in soils, from the molecular scale to the pedon scale.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>The soils formed on limestone rocks in semiarid climate of the Apodi Plateau show distinct characteristics of the rest of the state of CearÃ. In Apodi Plateau soils factors of soil formation are homogeneous, what suggests that this geomorphological formation sat up so the exposure time of the parent material of different soils is the same, the relief is homogeneous, the vegetation is caatinga across the Plateau and the distance between different profiles is small to suggest a possible change in climate, so it is supposed that the strong variations in soil classes are closely related to lithological variations. The Apodi Plateau in its Cearense portion covers four municipalities: QuixerÃ, Tabuleiro do Norte, Alto Santo and Limoeiro do Norte, the latter being the search location. The lithological constitution is predominantly limestone with different facies. It was established a transect with approximately 300 m, where observations were made by auger evaluations that allowed to select the locations of the five profiles. Morphological descriptions of the profiles were made and samples collection for physical analysis: granulometry, particle and soil density,determination of the gravel fraction, clay dispersed in water, quantity of nodules, and these were divided into five classes C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5, with diameter from 0.053 to 0.25 mm, 0.25 to 2 mm, 2 to 4.76 mm, 4.76 to 7.9 mm, 7.9 to 19.1 mm, respectively . Chemical analysis were to determine cation exchange capacity - CEC, phosphorus, total organic carbon - TOC, pH in water and KCl, selective dissolution of Fe in Citrate Dithionite Bicarbonate - DCB, Ammonium Oxalate and Sulfuric acid to determine the levels of total Fe, Al and Si in the clay fraction, and determine the molecular indices Ki and Kr. Three profiles were classified as Argissolos and two as Cambissolos. All the profiles showed significative quantity of nodules, which decreased in diameter yet increasing mechanical resistance as they neared the surface, where it had an aspect similar to "chumbo de caÃa." The data showed variations within and between profiles, such as the amount of gravel, which in one of the profiles of Cambissolos fell in the order of 780 g.kg-1 for 30 g.kg-1, a fact corroborated by the levels of Titanium, which indicate that such variations are due to different lithogenic origins. This allows us to conclude that among the factors of soil formation, parent material prints its characteristics as reflected in the different soil classes within a few meters between soil profiles and even a few inches of soil horizons.<br>Os solos formados sobre rochas calcÃrias no clima semiÃrido da Chapada do Apodi apresentam caracterÃsticas distintas da grande maioria do restante do estado do CearÃ. Nos solos da Chapada, os fatores de formaÃÃo sÃo homogÃneos, ou seja, esta formaÃÃo geomorfolÃgica soergueu e o tempo de exposiÃÃo do material de origem de diferentes solos à o mesmo, o relevo à plano, a vegetaÃÃo à caatinga em toda a extensÃo e a distÃncia entre perfis diferentes à pequena para sugerir uma possÃvel variaÃÃo no clima. Desta maneira, suspeita-se que as fortes variaÃÃes nas classes de solos estÃo intimamente ligadas a variaÃÃes litolÃgicas. A Chapada do Apodi na sua porÃÃo cearense abrange quatro municÃpios, QuixerÃ, Tabuleiro do Norte, Alto Santo e Limoeiro do Norte, sendo neste Ãltimo o local da pesquisa. A constituiÃÃo litolÃgica à predominantemente carbonÃtica, com diferentes fÃcies. No local foi definido um transecto de aproximadamente 300 m, onde foram feitas observaÃÃes por tradagens, que permitiram selecionar os locais dos cinco perfis. Foram feitas as descriÃÃes morfolÃgicas dos perfis e coletas das amostras para anÃlises fÃsicas: granulomÃtrica, densidade das partÃculas e do solo, determinaÃÃo da fraÃÃo cascalho, argila dispersa em Ãgua quantidade de nÃdulos, sendo que estes foram divididos em cinco classes, C1, C2, C3, C4 e C5, com os seguintes diÃmetros 0,053 a 0,25 mm, 0,25 a 2 mm, 2 a 4,76 mm, 4,76 a 7,9 mm, 7,9 a 19,1 mm, respectivamente. As anÃlises quÃmicas foram para determinar capacidade de troca de cÃtions - CTC, fÃsforo, carbono orgÃnico total â COT, pH em Ãgua e KCl, dissoluÃÃes seletivas do Fe em Ditionito Citrato Bicarbonato de SÃdio â DCB, Oxalato de AmÃnio e Ataque SulfÃrico para determinaÃÃo dos teores de totais de Fe, Al e Si na fraÃÃo argila, alÃm de determinar os Ãndices moleculares Ki e Kr. Foram encontrados trÃs perfis de Argissolos e dois Cambissolos. Em todos estes perfis foi encontrada significativa quantidade de nÃdulos, que diminuÃam de diÃmetro, porÃm aumentavam sua resistÃncia mecÃnica à medida que se aproximavam da superfÃcie do solo, onde tinha um aspecto semelhante a âchumbo de caÃaâ. Os dados obtidos mostraram variaÃÃes intra e inter perfis, tais como o teor de cascalho, que em um dos perfis de Cambissolos caiu da ordem de 780 g.kg-1, para 30 g.kg-1 fato corroborado pelos teores de TitÃnio, que sugerem que tais variaÃÃes se devam a diferentes origens litogÃnicas. Isso nos permite concluir que dentre os fatores de formaÃÃo destes solos, o material de origem imprime suas caracterÃsticas de forma que isso se reflete nas diferentes classes de solos distanciados de poucos metros entre perfis e mesmo em poucos centÃmetros entre horizontes de solos.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences and Landscape Architecture. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>The Coastal Tablelands are a geomorphological unit associated with sediments of Barreiras Formation and feature great interest to farm. However, some soils of this region have subsurface horizons with cohesive character, which can cause physical impediments to the development of the root system and the dynamics of water. The genesis of the cohesive character has not yet been fully elucidated, but it is known that occurs naturally. However, some studies have linked the genesis of these horizons to several factors such as particle size of the soil, clay translocation processes and the action of organic and inorganic cementing agents. Thus, this study was conducted in order to obtain greater insight into the characteristics and the genesis of soils with this character. Therefore, soils were studied presenting horizons with cohesive character, seeking to identify and characterize processes that govern the genesis horizons with cohesive character in soils of Coastal Tablelands of CearÃ. The study was conducted in two areas of the Coastal Plains of the state of Cearà (Pacajus and Trairi), where soils are arranged in topossequence and present cohesive character. The samples were subjected to physical fractionation of the sand fraction and morphoscopic analysis. Sequential extraction was carried out on Si surface and subsurface horizons, as well as chemical fractionation of humic substances. The results show that the two areas of study have different processes associated with the genesis of cohesive. In Pacajus soils showed moderate degree of selection, however the high concentration of clay subsurface influences the density of these soils. The cohesive soils of Trairi have a poor degree of selection, which facilitates the adjustment of these particles and the action of low crystalline compounds as cementing agent.<br>Os Tabuleiros Costeiros constituem uma unidade geomorfolÃgica associada aos sedimentos da FormaÃÃo Barreiras e apresentam grande interesse para exploraÃÃo agrÃcola. No entanto, alguns solos dessa regiÃo apresentam horizontes subsuperficiais com carÃter coeso, os quais podem causar impedimentos fÃsicos ao desenvolvimento do sistema radicular e à dinÃmica da Ãgua. A gÃnese do carÃter coeso ainda nÃo foi completamente esclarecida, apenas sabe-se que ocorre de forma natural. No entanto, alguns trabalhos tÃm associado a gÃnese desses horizontes a diversos fatores como a granulometria dos solos, processos de translocaÃÃo de argila e a aÃÃo de agentes cimentantes orgÃnicos e inorgÃnicos. Dessa forma, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de obter maior conhecimento sobre as caracterÃsticas e a gÃnese de solos que apresentam esse carÃter. Para tanto, foram estudados solos que apresentem horizontes com carÃter coeso, procurando-se identificar e caracterizar processos que regem a gÃnese de horizontes com carÃter coeso nos solos dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do CearÃ. O estudo foi realizado em duas Ãreas dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do estado do Cearà (Pacajus e Trairi), nas quais os solos estÃo dispostos em topossequÃncia e apresentam carÃter coeso. As amostras foram submetidas a fracionamento fÃsico da fraÃÃo areia e anÃlise morfoscÃpica. A extraÃÃo sequencial de Si foi realizada em horizontes de superfÃcie e subsuperfÃcie, assim como o fracionamento quÃmico das substÃncias hÃmicas. Os resultados apontam que, as duas Ãreas de estudos apresentam diferentes processos associados à gÃnese do coeso. Em Pacajus os solos apresentaram moderado grau de seleÃÃo, no entanto a elevada concentraÃÃo de argila em subsuperfÃcie influencia o adensamento desses solos. Os solos coesos de Trairi apresentam um pobre grau de seleÃÃo, o que facilita o ajuste dessas partÃculas e a aÃÃo de compostos de baixa cristalinidade como agente cimentante. Os fracionamentos horizontes com carÃter coeso e sem carÃter coeso, entretanto os compostos de baixa cristalinidade apresentam Al com teores mais altos e Si em menor proporÃÃo.

This study measured the effects of spoil type and amendments on Appalachian mine soil properties over time. The Controlled Overburden Placement Experiment was installed in 1982 in two parts, the Rock Mix (RM) Experiment compares mixes of sandstone (SS) and siltstone (SiS) spoils while the Surface Amendment (SA) Experiment compares a fertilized control (CON), sawdust (SD at 112 Mg ha-1), topsoil (TSâ 15 cm), and biosolids (BS) at 22, 56, 112 & 224 Mg ha-1. Both experiments were sampled in 2008 and compared with historical data. After 26 years, all RM treatments had higher silt+clay and decreased sand. Mine soil pH and electrical conductance (EC) were lower in high SS spoils and overall pH was lower and EC higher in surface layers. Fe-oxides increased over time and adversely affected extractable P. Exchangeable cations and total N increased in all treatments. Annual C-sequestration rates were 0.51 Mg ha-1 for 1:1 SS:SiS and 0.32 Mg ha-1 for SiS. In the SA experiment, extractable P and exchangeable cations increased over time in organically amended plots. The CON and TS sequestered C at 0.54 Mg ha-1 and 0.87 Mg ha-1 annually while higher BS and SD treatments lost C, but mobilized significant C into their subsoils. In the SA, an apparent C retention maximum of 30-35 Mg ha-1 was noted. Overall, rock type and amendment effects were still evident after 26 years and the long-term benefits of organic amendments were reflected in sustained higher C, exchangeable cations, total N and P levels.<br>Master of Science

This thesis is an anthropological inquiry into the emergence of urban soils as matters of concern in the worlds of soil scientists and other fields more traditionally involved with cities. Through the lens of soil-making practices, it seeks to elucidate the specificity of urban pedogenesis, including the growth of soils and the lives of the humans associated with them. City soils have typically been neglected in modern thinking about nature and urbanism. They have long been framed solely as a technical question for engineers which seemed to require no further pondering until – in the last two decades – they entered the scope of the soil sciences. This thesis draws on over thirteen months of multi-locale fieldwork conducted in Paris and Lorraine with soil scientists, gardeners and foundation builders. The research does not define a priori what should count as 'urban', 'agricultural' or 'natural' soils. Building on scholarship in anthropology, the soil sciences, science studies, and speculative philosophy, it follows how these actors learn to be affected in the material performance of different relations between people and soils. The chapters are built in counterpoint to one another, occasionally turning to narrative to complement analysis and more traditional ethnography. Each chapter pulls a different diffractive string from the mesh of urban soil matters, and follows where it leads. As ways of knowing that emerge from soil construction are described, the question of what making soils does to knowing them becomes a central thread of the thesis. In this, it looks at how soils participate in apparatuses where they become 'lures for feelings' – affective interweavings in which worlds are experienced.

The increasing interest around the protection of coastal wetlands highlighted the scarce knowledge achieved about these systems and the consequent inability to operate efficiently during conservation and restoration programs. One crucial issue is related to saltmarshes, whose functioning appears highly complex and where a strong connection between soil and halophytes drives the definition of the main characteristics. For its complexity, this thesis work used a holistic approach with the aim to evaluate the main driving forces involved in the definition of saltmarsh functions. It focused on the effect of flooding, soil features and plant-soil feedback mechanisms. Following a flooding gradient, the soil was described using a pedological approach and plant communities were analysed though vegetation surveys. Vegetation was considered a consequence of different soil features as well as a primary factor affecting pedogenesis. In fact, some species are able to release oxygen from roots, as suggested by the red-mottles present along soil profiles, and the litter deposition contributes to soil organic carbon. This multidisciplinary approach entailed also the evaluation of the uptake ability of different plant species for the main macro-nutrients. Therefore, vegetation revealed itself a great tool also to describe soil hydric and nutritional conditions, where the nutritional status varied within plant communities. Flooding has a negative effect on soil redox status and on plant growth. Nevertheless, plant community richness seemed only indirectly influenced by flooding. A combination of multiple variables, tested in a structural equation model, returned a high influence of plants in mitigating the negative effect of flooding on soil and in shaping plant communities. Halophytes are plants extremely well-adapted to flooding involving several different strategies. Internal tissue aeration is the most common strategy based on the presence of high tissues porosity. The role of internal plant aeration was investigated in the halophytes Limonium narbonense and Sarcocornia fruticosa during submergence. Internal aeration seemed relevant only for S. fruticosa, which benefitted from snorkelling, transporting oxygen from green shoots to submerged tissues. L. narbonense flooding tolerance seemed instead more complex: the high tissue porosity did not support aeration even during partial submergence. These achievements suggested that other processes could be even more important when under water, e.g. fermentative processes supporting plant metabolism during anoxia. In addition to anoxia, saltmarsh soils suffer considerably from the accumulation of sulphides. Species like L. narbonense, able to alter the redox conditions in the rhizosphere, seemed however not capable to diminish sulphides concentrations in soils, probably due to the restricted radial area of oxygen diffusion from roots. Sulphides are toxic for plants and for this reason can interfere with zonation but, few works investigated this aspect and adequate field methods are not available, especially for the determination of the acid volatile sulphides (AVS), the most bioavailable fraction. For this reason, a quick field colorimetric procedure for a semi-quantitative determination of AVS was assessed. Sulphides evolved from acidification as H2S were trapped in a paper strip previously treated, precipitating as lead sulphide. The colour of the strip corresponded to the amount of sulphides in the sample, which was determined through comparison with reference charts. This highly reproducible method can benefit from future implementation of smart-phone apps that, through image analysis, will enable to determine sulphides concentration instantly. A deeper knowledge of these mechanisms appears nowadays essential for understanding the functioning of saltmarsh systems, especially regarding the alarming increase of the sea level and the more frequent flooding events forecasted in the next future.

Hypersaline tidal flats (HTFs) are transitional ecosystems commonly occurring in arid and semiarid coastal areas. (e.g. Australia and New Caledonia), Africa (e.g. Senegal, Gambia, and Madagascar), Central America (e.g. Nicaragua), South America (e.g. Ecuador and on the north, northeast, and southeast Brazilian coasts). Due to their location, HTFs might exert biogeochemical control over cycling of nutrients (e.g. Fe and Si) across the land to ocean transition, accelerating or retarding the nutrient export to the ocean and other adjacent ecosystems. This biogeochemical control is governed by soil physicochemical conditions (e.g. pH and salinity) and pedogenesis (e.g. redox processes). Thus, study of the soil coloidal fraction, the pedogenic processes, and the distribution of Si in the different soil components can provide a detailed characterization of HTF soils and give insights into the Si dynamics in these environments. In view of this, two HTFs on the Brazilian coast were studied on the Brazilian coast and the data are presented here. The first chapter aims to investigate the pedogenesis in HTF soils based on detailed morphological descriptions and Fe and Mn sequential extractions. The second chapter discusses silicon geochemistry in HTF soils based on sequential extractions, SEM, and XRD modeling of the fine clay fraction. And lastly, the third one reports the characteristics, distribution, and genesis of clay minerals in HTF soils on the basis of XRD modeling, TEM-EDS, FTIR, and XRF analysis. Redox reactions control the pedogenic evolution in HTF soils. These processes lead to a mobilization of Fe2+ and Mn2+ upward in the soils profiles, followed by oxidation and precipitation of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides. These reactions, along with pyrite oxidation, lead to a transformation of the deeper soil horizons. Formation of Fe oxyhydroxides in the uppermost soil horizons exerts control on Si dynamics by co-precipitation and adsorption reactions. Together, Si associated with Fe oxyhydroxides and amorphous silicates are the main components of the readily soluble Si pool in HTF soils. The environmental conditions are conducive to clay transformations in the soils. Our data indicate that kaolinite is progressively altered to Mg-rich smectite through mixed-layering, withdrawing Si from the soil porewater.<br>Planícies hipersalinas costeiras (PHCs) são ecossistemas transicionais comumente encontrados em regiões áridas e semiárias. Estes ambientes são encontrados em várias regiões do mundo, tais como Oceania (e.g. Austrália e Nova Caledónia), África (e.g. Senegal, Gambia e Madagascar), América Central (e.g. Nicarágua), América do Sul (e.g. Equador e as costas norte, nordeste e sudeste do Brasil). Por estarem posicionados na transição entre os ecossistemas marinhos e de terras altas, os solos de PHCs devem exercer um controle biogeoquímico na ciclagem de nutrientes (e.g. Si e Fe), afetando o fluxo dos mesmo para o oceano e ecossitemas adjacentes. Este controle biogeoquímico é governado pelas condições fisico-químicas do meio (e.g. pH e salinidade) e pelos processos pedogenéticos atuantes nos solos (e.g. processos redox). Desta forma, o estudo da fração coloidal, da pedogênese e da distribuição do Si nos diferentes componentes do solo possibilita caracterizar detalhadamente os solos de PHCs e desvendar os processos que controlam a dinâmica de Si no ambiente. Portanto, duas PHCs localizadas na costa brasileira foram estudadas e os resultados estão apresentados em três capítulos nesta tese. O primeiro capítulo teve por objetivo investigar a pedogênese em PHCs com base em estudos morfológicos e extrações sequenciais de Fe e Mn. O segundo discute a geoquímica de silício nos solos com base em extrações sequenciais, MEV e modelagem de raios-X da fração argila fina. O terceiro capítulo discorre sobre as características, distribuição e gênese de argilominerais nos solos com base em modelagem de raios-X, MET-EDS, FTIR e FRX. As reações redox parecem controlar a evolução pedogenética nestes solos, as quais levam à mobilização ascendente de Fe2+ e Mn2+ nos perfis, oxidação da pirita e, consequentemente, transformação dos horizontes mais profundos. Estes processos também são responsáveis pela formação de oxihidróxidos de Fe e Mn nos horizontes superiores dos perfis de solo, levando à um controle do Si por reações de co-precipitação e adsorção envolvendo oxihidróxidos de Fe. O Si associado aos oxihidróxidos de Fe e silicatos amorfos são os principais componentes da fração mais solúvel de Si nos solos estudados. As condições ambientais nas PHCs são favoráveis às transformações minerais. Os dados indicam que a caulinita é alterada para esmectitas magnesianas por processos de interestratificação, removendo Si da solução do solo.

The emerging evidence of preferential accumulation and long residence time of proteinaceous compounds in soil are counter to the traditional view that their structure is readily broken down through microbial activity. The shift in thinking of their residence time is, however, heavily influenced by physical and chemical protections in soil, representing an important change for understanding global biogeochemical carbon and nitrogen cycling. We investigated the accumulation patterns of proteinogenic amino acids for a long term (thousands of years) related to their sources and sinks. We found clear patterns of change in the amino acids in a 4000 year-chronosequence adjacent to Lake Michigan, USA (Michigan chronosequence) and they were tightly related to the shifts in their biological sources, namely aboveground vegetative community (r2=0.66, p<0.0001) and belowground microbial community (r2=0.71, p<0.0001). Results also showed great variations of approximately 49% between seasons (summer and winter). Moreover, seasonal dynamic patterns (22% variations) of the amino acids in soil mineral associated fraction were rather counter to the conceptual view that it represents a slow soil organic pool with long residence times. The amino acids enriched in the mineral associated fraction, (e.g., positively charged, aromatic, and sulfur containing amino acids), tended to preferentially accumulate in whole soil pool during the 4000 years of ecosystem development. Their interaction with soil minerals, therefore, may play a critical role in the long-term sink and selective accumulation of proteinaceous compounds with some degree of the displacement. This was further confirmed by another chronosequence system near Haast River, New Zealand, which is geologically separated and climatically- and ecologically- different from the Michigan chronosequence. Common trends between two chronosequences suggested that either polar interactions or redox reactions may be relatively more important in the mineral interaction of amino acids than non-polar interactions. The consistency of results at two disparate locations in the southern and northern hemispheres is strong evidence that the processes of pedogenesis and ecosystem development are parsimonious and predictable. Our research demonstrated fundamental understanding of behavior of proteinaceous compounds at the molecular species level, and further provided their partitioning mechanisms associated with soil components.<br>Ph. D.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Biological Resources Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Parmi les processus pédogénétiques, le lessivage des argiles dans les sols est un processus très répandu qui consiste en un transfert de particules, d’un horizon supérieur éluvié vers un horizon illuvié. Néanmoins, un certain nombre de lacunes persiste dans la compréhension de ce processus. Nous avons donc étudié : les processus d’écoulement de l’eau dans la porosité active, l’effet des cycles pluie - interpluie sur la rétention des particules, et les conséquences des perturbations physico-chimiques de la solution du sol sur la stabilité en suspension des particules de sols. Pour aborder ces différents points, nous avons fait le choix d’une approche réductionniste de laboratoire couplée à des méthodes analytiques modernes, souvent peu usitées en sciences du sol. Comme matériaux modèle, des horizons E de luvisol non remanié et des particules argileuses naturelles extraites de ces mêmes horizons ont été utilisés. Pour la première fois nous avons pu visualiser que les écoulements macroporeux préférentiels s’effectuent sous forme de ruisselets. Notre travail permet en outre, une première avancée vers l’estimation de la surface de contact eau – sol. Nous montrons que la rétention des particules s’effectue dans une zone de matrice à proximité macropores actifs, zone plus ou moins importante selon la durée de l’interpluie. Nous avons enfin montré que les variations de la concentration en calcium et du pH de la solution, consécutives à l’infiltration de l’eau de pluie dans la porosité, provoquent une évolution de l’arrangement des particules en suspension sur une échelle de temps correspondant à la durée d’un évènement pluvieux<br>Clay translocation is a widespread process of particle transfer from a surface eluviated horizon to a deeper illuviated horizon. Nevertheless, a number of gaps persist in understanding this process. We therefore investigated: the water flow processes in the active porosity, the effect of rain-interrain cycles on the retention of particles, and the consequences of physical and chemical disturbances of the soil solution on the stability of soil particles in suspension. To address these issues, we have made the choice of a laboratory reductionist approach coupled with modern analytical methods, poorly used in soil science. As a model materials, we used undisturbed luvisol E horizons and natural clay particles extracted from these horizons. We show experimentaly for the first time that macroporous preferential flow consist in rivulets. Our work also provides a first step towards estimating the water-soil specific surface area. We show that particle retention occurs in the matrix close to active macropores, the thickness of the concern matrix being a function of the interrain duration. Finally we have shown that the variations of the calcium concentration and pH of the soil solution, subsequent to the infiltration of rain water into the pores, cause a change in the arrangement of the particles in the soil suspension on a timescale corresponding to the duration of a rainfall event

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2018-07-20T13:43:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ygor Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva.pdf: 6841009 bytes, checksum: 05eace80554b9b314e20e7a6a100f05d (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T13:43:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ygor Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva.pdf: 6841009 bytes, checksum: 05eace80554b9b314e20e7a6a100f05d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-16<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>Granites underlie large land areas and play a key role in global weathering patterns. This study provides insights into the effects of I- and S-type granites on weathering, pedogenesis, mineralogy and soil geochemistry of major, trace and rare earth elements across a climosequence in a tropical environment. We hypothesized that soils derived from I-type granites lead to huge differences in weathering, pedogenesis, mineralogical and geochemical patterns in comparison to those derived from S-type granites. The study was carried out in Borborema Province, NE Brazil, using petrological, mineralogical, geochemical and soil standard analyses; multivariate analysis and geographic information system approaches were used to evaluate such data. In general, results showed that the highest major, trace and rare earth element concentrations in soils derived from I-type granites are related to their higher proportion of accessory minerals: allanite, titanite, apatite, amphibole and opaque minerals. Bastnaesite and monazite seems to the major sources of rare earth elements in soils derived from I- and S-type granites, respectively. Geophysical field measurements show different magnetic susceptibilities, whereby I-type granites have substantial higher magnetic properties than S-type granites. Soils originated from I-type granites are quantitatively more significant carbon pools. Multivariate statistical techniques are useful to guide and support environmental management decisions not only to understand soils variability but also to contribute to agriculture production and soil-related environmental issues. Spatial distribution maps are suitable for supportting soil fertility management and crop specific fertilization. These results highlight the following issues: i) The importance of detailed characterization of granite types to understand the weathering patterns and carbon stocks in tropical settings; ii) Granitic composition and climate-related weathering processes are soil formation key factors to understanding major, trace and rare earth element distributions in soils; iii) The geologic factor on soil formation cannot be neglected in climosequence studies aiming to allow the understanding of environmental issues such as pedogenesis, soil geochemistry and carbon stocks. In addition, our findings provide wider implications in large parts of the tropics (S-America, sub-Saharan Africa, India, SE and East Asia, Australia) which are underlying by igneous rock types including I- and S-type granites and where effective management tools are needed to increase nutrient use efficiencies for increased productivity of food, fodder and energy crops.<br>Os granitos são a base de grandes áreas de terra e desempenham um papel fundamental nos padrões globais de intemperismo. Este estudo fornece insights sobre os efeitos dos granitos do tipo I e S sobre o intemperismo, a pedogênese, a mineralogia e a geoquímica do solo de elementos principais, traços e terras raras, em uma escala climática em um ambiente tropical. Nossa hipótese é que os solos derivados de granitos do tipo I levam a enormes diferenças nos padrões de intemperismo, pedogênese, mineralogia e geoquímica, em comparação àqueles derivados de granitos tipo S. O estudo foi realizado na Província de Borborema, nordeste do Brasil, utilizando análises petrológicas, mineralógicas, geoquímicas e de padrões de solo; análise multivariada e abordagens do sistema de informações geográficas foram utilizadas para avaliar tais dados. Em geral, os resultados mostraram que as maiores concentrações de elementos principais, traços e terras raras em solos derivados de granitos do tipo I estão relacionadas à maior proporção de minerais acessórios: allanita, titanita, apatita, anfibólio e minerais opacos. Bastnaesita e monazita parecem ser as principais fontes de elementos terras raras em solos derivados de granitos tipo I e tipo S, respectivamente. As medições geofísicas do campo mostram diferentes susceptibilidades magnéticas, pelo que os granitos do tipo I têm propriedades magnéticas substancialmente mais altas do que os granitos do tipo S. Solos originados de granitos tipo I são conjuntos de carbono quantitativamente mais significativos. As técnicas estatísticas multivariadas são úteis para orientar e apoiar as decisões de gestão ambiental, não apenas para entender a variabilidade dos solos, mas também para contribuir para a produção agrícola e questões ambientais relacionadas ao solo. Mapas de distribuição espacial são adequados para apoiar o manejo da fertilidade do solo e adubação específica da cultura. Esses resultados destacam as seguintes questões: i) A importância da caracterização detalhada dos tipos de granito para entender os padrões de intemperismo e os estoques de carbono em ambientes tropicais; ii) A composição granítica e os processos de intemperismo relacionados ao clima são fatores-chave na formação do solo para entender as distribuições de elementos principais, traços e terras raras nos solos; iii) O fator geológico na formação do solo não pode ser negligenciado estudos de climosequência visando a compreensão de questões ambientais como pedogênese, geoquímica do solo e estoques de carbono. Além disso, nossas descobertas fornecem implicações mais amplas em grandes partes dos trópicos (América do Sul, África Subsaariana, Índia, sudeste e leste da Ásia, Austrália) que são subjacentes por tipos de rochas ígneas, incluindo granitos do tipo I e S e onde São necessárias ferramentas de gestão eficazes para aumentar as eficiências de uso de nutrientes para aumentar a produtividade de alimentos, forragem e culturas energéticas.

Böden aus Mudde entstehen in ehemaligen Seen, meist unter Luftzutritt infolge von künstlicher Entwässerung. Entwässerung und Nutzung führen zu einer sekundären Pedogenese, einhergehend mit der Veränderung der chemischen und physikalischen Bodeneigenschaften. Die nachhaltige Nutzung dieser meist jungen Böden ist von besonderer Bedeutung, da es sich überwiegend um Niedermoorflächen mit großer Bedeutung der Filter- und Speicher- sowie der Lebensraumfunktion handelt. Dabei ist, um negative Konsequenzen ihrer Entwicklung zu verhindern, folgende Wirkungskette zu untersuchen: Entstehung des subhydrischen Sedimentes -> Entwässerung -> landwirtschaftliche Nutzung und Bodenentwicklung -> Degradation. In Nordeuropa sind Böden aus Mudde vor allem in Norddeutschland und Polen sowie Finnland und Schweden zu finden. Es wurden 60 Bodenprofile auf 13 Untersuchungsflächen in Deutschland und Polen detailliert beschrieben und untersucht. Dabei erfolgte für jeden Horizont die Entnahme von ungestörten Proben mittels Stechzylindern für die Analyse der bodenphysikalischen Parameter (pF-Kurven, Trockenrohdichte) und von gestörten Beutelproben für die chemische Analytik (Glühverlust, Kalkgehalt, Elementgehalte mittels RFA und ICP). Bisher noch nicht beschriebene Horizonte wurden vorzugsweise anhand des Bodengefüges identifiziert. Mudden unterscheiden sich in ihrer mineralischen Zusammensetzung erheblich von allen anderen Ablagerungen. Der Anteil an organischer Substanz und Kalziumkarbonat beträgt zwischen 5 und 95 %. Wegen ihres hohen Anteils an kleinen Partikeln weisen sie ein sehr großes Porenvolumen bis zu 90 % auf, wobei die Mittel- und Feinporen mehr als 50 % ausmachen. Das Porenvolumen steigt mit dem Anteil an organischer Bodensubstanz. Als Folge der Bodenentwicklung verringert sich das Porenvolumen bei gleichzeitiger Zunahme des Anteils der Feinporen auf Kosten der Mittelporen.<br>The formation of gyttja soils takes place in former lakes, predominantly under aeration. This phenomenon of now terrestrial, but formerly subhydric soils (so called gyttja soils) is mainly due to artificial drainage. Their cultivation led to a secondary pedogenesis, which had an effect on their chemical and physical properties. Thus, the sustainable use of this special type of very young land (subhydric soils) is of special importance. Hence, special emphasis has to be directed towards evaluating sequential changes: formation of sediment under water -> drainage/drying -> agricultural use/pedogenesis -> degradation/devastation in order to prevent negative consequences for the environment. In Northern Europe, gyttja deposits can be found in Northern Germany, Finland, Sweden, and mainly in Poland. 13 sites in Germany and Poland with gyttja soils have been investigated. A total of 60 profiles are described in detail. For each horizon, undisturbed samples for physical (tension curves for pF 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5 and 4.2, dry bulk density) and disturbed samples for chemical analysis have been taken (loss on ignition, CaCO3 content, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy). Previously not described horizons could be visually distinguished mainly by their structure. Subhydric soils have a very specific composition, which differs greatly from other soils. The amount of organic matter and CaCO3 ranges from 5 to 95 %. Almost all sediments contain a high amount of very small particles and, as a consequence, a high pore space volume of up to 90 %. The amount of the medium and micro-pores is more than 50 %. The porosity increases with the content of organic matter. As a result of pedogenesis, the porosity decreases while the volume of micro-pores increases and the volume of medium pores decreases.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:42:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 luz_lrqp_dr_botfca.pdf: 1562344 bytes, checksum: 1549f653cebb07c521832df2df4e1837 (MD5)<br>Em extensas áreas planas, processos pedogenéticos relacionados às condições de drenagem, que em amplos tabuleiros ocorrem de maneira fechada, concentrando o excesso de água em pequenas depressões, atuam sobre os solos modificando suas propriedades. Estudar aspectos pedológicos relacionados à agricultura irrigada, buscando relacionar aspectos edáficos com a dinâmica da água nos perfis e ao longo do relevo, foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Foram descritos e amostrados perfis nos terços superior, médio e inferior em área com declividade média de 1,3%, cultivada com citros sob irrigação localizada e em outra área adjacente sob as mesmas condições de relevo, mantida em pousio há mais de 10 anos. Foram feitas análises físicas, químicas, mineralógicas e micromorfológicas. O estudo concluiu que as diferenças entre os perfis refletem as condições de drenagem impostas pelo relevo e que as diferenças entre os horizontes dos perfis, principalmente quanto à granulometria e estrutura, proporcionam condições diferenciadas de retenção e infiltração e água no solo, favorecendo o fluxo lateral e o acúmulo de água em camadas mais profundas das áreas mais baixas da encosta, influenciando processos pedogenéticos relacionados à hidrólise. Concluiu ainda que para a preservação ambiental e a sustentabilidade da citricultura faz-se necessário buscar soluções para possibilitar melhor eficiência de uso da água, considerando a variabilidade dos solos e as condições impostas pelo relevo.<br>The aim of this work was studding pedologic aspect related to irrigated agriculture in plan surfaces, where the drainage is closed, concentrating the excess of water in small depths, act on the soils modifying its prorieties. Soil profiles were described and analyzed on the superior, medium and lower positions of the hill in a flat area (average of declivity 1,3%) cultivated with citric plants by micro sprinkler in comparison to a neighbor area, with de same relief conditions, kept without cultivation by a superior time ten years. Physical, Chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological analysis were done, relating these characteristics to the pedogenetics procedures involved on those soil formations. The study concluded that differences between the profiles of the areas with the irrigated cultivation and non cultivated, based on the morphologic, physical, chemical and micromorphological proves the conditions of drainage imposed by the positioning of the soil on the landscape and that the adding of water have provided conditions of flooding on deep layers of the soil accelerating pedogenetics procedures. For the environment preservation and the sustainability of the fruit culture in similar areas to the studied is necessary to search solutions to provide efficiency of the use of the water added to the soil by irrigation, considering the variability of the soils and the imposed conditions by the relief in relation to natural draying.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>Dada a importÃncia das condiÃÃes climÃticas para o desenvolvimento dos solos, aliado a ocorrÃncia de variaÃÃes de umidade e temperatura em Ãreas muito prÃximas, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e caracterizar os solos altimontanos nas vertentes Ãmida (VU) e seca (VS) do MaciÃo de BaturitÃ, considerado, em parte, um enclave Ãmido inserido na regiÃo semi-Ãrida do Estado do CearÃ. Analisaram-se 08 (oito) perfis, sendo 04 (quatro) em cada vertente, a partir da descriÃÃo morfolÃgica, atributos fÃsicos, quÃmicos e micromorfolÃgicos necessÃrias para o entendimento dos principais processos pedogenÃticos atuantes. Foram identificadas as seguintes classes de solos: Cambissolo HÃplico (P1 e P4) e Argissolo Amarelo (P3 e P4) na vertente Ãmida e Argissolo Vermelho (P1), Luvissolo CrÃmico (P2) e Cambissolo HÃplico (P3 e P4) na vertente seca. O lado Ãmido apresentou caracterÃsticas de um maior potencial de percolaÃÃo da Ãgua que ocasionou maiores perdas de bases por lixiviaÃÃo e altos conteÃdos de Al trocÃvel, cujos valores mÃdios foram de S = 2,2 cmolc.kg e Al = 4,1 cmolc.kg e, consequentemente, reaÃÃo fortemente Ãcida (pH mÃdio = 5,1). A vertente seca apresentou caracterÃstica de ambiente mais propÃcio a oxidaÃÃo, causada pela maior aeraÃÃo do pedoambiente, denunciado pela cor mais avermelhada. Confrontando os dados da VU com os da VS, a menor espessura do solum dos pedons desta Ãltima, assim como, menor concentraÃÃo de argila nos horizontes B (306 à 343 g.kgÂ) e elevados teores de cÃtions trocÃveis (S = 12,8 cmolc.kgÂ), alÃm de outros atributos fÃsicos, quÃmicos e morfolÃgicos, indicam o menor grau de evoluÃÃo dos solos na VS, confirmando o contraste entre os solos localizados em lados opostos do MaciÃo.<br>Given the importance of the climate conditions for the development of soils, together with the occurrence of moisture and temperature variations in very near areas, The purpose of this work was to identify and characterize the soils into a sequence in the moist and dry slopes of MaciÃo de BaturitÃ, which is considered a moist enclave inserted in the semi-arid region of Cearà State. It was analyzed eight profiles, 04 out of them in each slope, from the morphological description, physical, chemical and micromorphological attributes on necessaries for the understanding of the main pedogenetic processes acting. It was identified the following soil classes: Haplic Cambisoil (P1 and P4) and Yellow Argisoil (P3 and P4) in the moist slope and Red Argisoil (P1), Chronis Luvisoil (P2) and Haplic Cambisoil (P3 and P4) in the dry slope. The moist side showed characteristics of a large potential of water percolation that caused greater loses of bases by lixiviation and high contents of exchangeable A1, whose values were S = 2,2 cmolc.kg and Al = 4,1 cmolc.kg and, consequently, strongly acid reaction (middle pH = 5,1). The dry slope showed a characteristic of an environment favorable for oxidation caused by greater aeration of the pedoenvironment, denounced by the reddish color. Comparing the moist slopeâs data with the dry slopeâs, the smallest thickness of the solum of the dry slopeâs pedons, as well as, lower concentration of clay in the horizons B (306 to 343 g.kgÂ) and high contents of exchangeable cations (S = 12,8 cmolc.kgÂ), besides other physical, chemical and morphological attributes, indicate the lower degree of evolution of soils in the dry slope, confirming the contrast among the soils located in opposite sides of MaciÃo.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-05T14:42:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elis Regina Guimaraes Camara.pdf: 4238472 bytes, checksum: db9cbd9a8d649eff24b6588125b239b5 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T14:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elis Regina Guimaraes Camara.pdf: 4238472 bytes, checksum: db9cbd9a8d649eff24b6588125b239b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>In the Northeast, the semiarid region presents areas susceptible to desertification. Are areas known as Nuclei of Desertification and these compromotem 20% of the region. The Cabrobó desertification Center, belongs to the state of Pernambuco and is inserted in the geo-environmental unit Country Depression. In this environment the predominant soils and associated with the most impacted areas are Luvisols and Planosols. The study aimed to characterize morphological, physical, chemical, mineralogical and micromorphologically Luvisols and Planosols spread over a segment located in Cabrobó desertification core inserted in the Country Depression from a lithological variation, as well as understand the pedogenic processes involved in the formation of these soils. chemical analysis (pH, exchangeable cations, available phosphorus, exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, organic carbon); physical (grain size, water dispersible clay and flocculation), selective extractions with DCB and ammonium oxalate; chemical composition analysis by fluorescence X-rays; mineralogical analysis by diffraction of X-rays (fraction sand and clay); micromorphological analyzes and petrographic analyzes. Despite quite different lithologies, soils presented mineralogical composition very similar clay minerals. The sand fraction presented quarzto and feldspar and clay fraction with smectite (beidelita, nontronite and montmorillonite), and mica, vermiculite and kaolinite. The distribution of Luvisols and Planosols in the study area is associated with the lithology, regardless of their position in the landscape, where Luvisols are formed by basic rocks and Planosols by acid rocks. The clay formation in situ (argilic) seems to be the main process responsible for the formation of the B horizon in both soils. The expressive textural difference between the A and B horizons is possibly related to the elutriation and pedimentation process on the horizon training A. The smectite main mineral found in the clay fraction of the subsurface layers Luvisols was nontronite.<br>No Nordeste, a região semiárida, apresenta áreas susceptíveis à desertificação. São áreas conhecidas como Núcleos de Desertificação e estas compromotem 20% da região. O Núcleo de desertificação de Cabrobó, pertence ao estado de Pernambuco e está inserido na unidade geoambiental da Depressão Sertaneja. Neste ambiente os solos predominantes e associados às áreas mais impactadas são Luvissolos e Planossolos. O trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar morfológica, física, química, mineralógica e micromorfologicamente Luvissolos e Planossolos, distribuídos ao longo de um segmento localizado no Núcleo de desertificação de Cabrobó inserido na Depressão Sertaneja a partir de uma variação litológica, bem como compreender os processos pedogenéticos envolvidos na formação desses solos. Foram realizadas análises químicas (pH, cátions trocáveis, fósforo disponível, alumínio trocável, acidez potencial, carbono orgânico); física (granulometria, argila dispersa em água e grau de floculação), extrações seletivas com DCB e oxalato de amônio; análise da composição química por fluorescência de raios-X; análises mineralógicas por difração de raios-X (fração areia e argila); análises micromorfológicas e análises petrográficas. Apesar das litologias bastantes distintas, os solos apresentaram composição mineralógica de argilominerais bastante semelhantes. A fração areia apresentou quarzto e feldspatos e a fração argila com esmectitas (beidelita, nontronita e montmorilonita), além de mica, vermiculita e caulinita. A distribuição de Luvissolos e Planossolos na área estudada está associada à litologia, independente de sua posição na paisagem, onde Luvissolos são formados pelas rochas básicas e os Planossolos pelas rochas ácidas. A formação de argila in situ (argilização) parece ser o principal processo responsável pela formação do horizonte B em ambos os solos. A diferença textural expressiva entre os horizontes A e B possivelmente está relacionada ao processo de elutriação e pedimentação na formação do horizonte A. O principal mineral esmectítico encontrado na fração argila nos horizontes subsuperficiais dos Luvissolos foi nontronita.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1371533 bytes, checksum: b97d4c2cad0d3c06a4626e29f77d5568 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>In areas of the Barreiras and sandbank on southern Bahia, the occurrence of Spodosols that are much differentiated morphologically is common. In the sediment domains of the Barreiras formation in this region, it is common to observe an edaphologically differentiate environment and locally co-called "muçununga" which occurs in depressed areas of the Tabuleiros Costeiros and flood in the rainy season. In those muçunungas, one may observe the Spodosols with horizon E (white muçunungas) and without this horizon (black muçunungas), that show characteristics differing among each other and in relation to those found in the sandbank. Because the shortage of studies on Spodosols in Brazil, there is a need for knowing their physiochemical characteristics in order to get a better understanding of its genesis in those environments. So, this study was carried out to accomplish the chemical, physical and mineralogical characterization of those soils and to evaluate the possible differences in the Spodosol formation processes of both Barreiras and sandbank on extreme southern Bahia. Eight soil profiles with spodic materials were described and collected. Then, the following procedures were performed under laboratory conditions: selective extractions of either iron and aluminum by sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) and the ammonium oxalate and sodium pyrophosphate, characterization and fractioning of the organic matter and extraction of the low molecular weight organic acids, mineralogical by x-ray diffractometry in the clay, silt and sand fractions of the spodic horizons in the soils under study, and physical analyses for textural characterization. The analysis for visualization and obtainment of the photographs by optical microscopy were also performed in the coarse sand fraction. In Barreiras environment, the Spodosols showed fragipan below the spodic horizons. The white muçunungas showed a cemented spodic B horizon, whereas the black ones show small granular structure with dark coloration from the surface. Besides presenting sandy texture and increased clay contents in the spodic horizons, those are acid, distrophic and alic soils. So-called H + Al, the CTC is basically represented by the organic matter. The results obtained by the sulfuric attack to TFSA show relatively higher silica contents in the fragipans of the profiles, but low Fe and Al contents, so suggesting destructed clay in the cohesive Yellow Ultisols that occur surrounding the Spodosols in Barreiras areas. The soils show accumulation of organic matter, mainly both fulvic and humic acids and the Al and Fe oxides in the spodic B horizons B. The participation of Al is more accentuated in relation to Fe in the podzolization process, as well as that of the poorly crystallized forms in relation to those with better crystallinity. So, the brown and dark coloration found in those soils seems to be more related to the organic compounds than to the iron oxides. In the analysis for determination of the organic acids with low molecular weight, the occurrence of the acids (acetic, butyric, succinic, malic, malonic, tartaric, and oxalic) were verified, and the acetic, butyric and succinic acids showed the more expressive values, therefore they are probably contributing to the Spodosol formation process, when together with other organic materials they promote the solubilization and translocation of the ions along the profile, therefore favoring the accumulation of the organometallic complexes as a function of depth, consequently the formation and development of the spodic B horizons. The main components at the mineral phase of the clay fraction in the spodic horizons are the minerals caulinite and probably the vermiculite with inter layers hydroxy (VHE), as being the last one at very low amounts. Quartz, mica and caulinite traces were observed in the silt fraction, but only quartz in the sand fraction. Chemical physical, morphological and mineralogical differences were found in the Spodosols of both Barreiras Formation and sandbank. The white and black muçunungas showed only morphologic and chemical differences among each other.<br>Em áreas do Barreiras e de restinga do sul da Bahia é comum a ocorrência de Espodossolos muito diferenciados morfologicamente. No domínio dos sedimentos da Formação Barreiras dessa região é comum a observação de um ambiente edafologicamente diferenciado, localmente chamado de muçununga , o qual ocorre em áreas deprimidas dos Tabuleiros Costeiros, e que alagam no período chuvoso. Nessas muçunungas observam-se Espodossolos com horizonte E (muçunungas brancas) e sem este horizonte (muçunungas pretas) que apresentam características diferenciadas entre si e em relação àqueles encontrados na restinga. Em razão da pequena quantidade de trabalhos realizados sobre os Espodossolos do Brasil existe a necessidade de conhecer suas características físico-químicas para melhor compreensão de sua gênese nestes ambientes. Assim, com o objetivo de caracterizar química, física e mineralogicamente e avaliar as possíveis diferenças nos processos de formação dos Espodossolos do Barreiras e da restinga no extremo sul da Bahia, foram descritos e coletados oito perfis de solos com materiais espódicos e realizadas análises químicas como extrações seletivas de ferro e alumínio pelo ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato de sódio (DCB), oxalato de amônio e pirofosfato de sódio, caracterização e fracionamento da matéria orgânica e extração de ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular, mineralógicas, através da difratometria de raios-x nas frações argila, silte e areia dos horizontes espódicos dos solos estudados, e física para caracterização textural. Foi feita, também na fração areia grossa, a análise de visualização e obtenção de fotografias por microscopia ótica. No ambiente Barreiras, os Espodossolos apresentaram fragipã abaixo dos horizontes espódicos. As muçunungas brancas apresentaram horizonte B espódico cimentado, enquanto as pretas possuem estrutura pequena granular e coloração escura desde a superfície. Os solos apresentam textura arenosa e aumento dos teores de argila nos horizontes espódicos. São solos ácidos, distróficos e álicos. A CTC, dominada por H + Al, é representada basicamente pela matéria orgânica. Os resultados obtidos pelo ataque sulfúrico à TFSA mostram teores de sílica relativamente mais elevados nos fragipãs dos perfis e baixos teores de Fe e Al sugerindo destruição de argila dos Argissolos Amarelos coesos que ocorrem circundando os Espodossolos em áreas do Barreiras. Os solos apresentam acúmulo de matéria orgânica, principalmente ácidos fúlvicos e ácidos húmicos, e óxidos de Al e Fe nos horizontes B espódicos. A participação do Al é mais marcante em relação ao Fe no processo de podzolização, bem como a de formas mal cristalizadas em relação àquelas de melhor cristalinidade. Assim, A coloração parda e escura verificada nesses solos parece estar mais relacionada aos compostos orgânicos do que aos óxidos de ferro. Na análise de determinação de ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular constatou-se a ocorrência dos ácidos acético, butírico, succínico, málico, malônico, tartárico, oxálico e cítrico, sendo o acético, butírico e succínico os de valores mais expressivos, que podem estar contribuindo para o processo de formação dos Espodossolos ao promover, junto à outros materiais orgânicos, a solubilização e translocação de íons ao longo do perfil, favorecendo o acúmulo de complexos organometálicos em profundidade e, assim, a formação e o desenvolvimento dos horizontes B espódicos. Os principais componentes da fase mineral da fração argila dos horizontes espódicos são os minerais caulinita e, possivelmente, vermiculita com hidróxi entre camadas (VHE), este último em quantidades muito pequenas. Quartzo, mica e traços de caulinita foram observados na fração silte e apenas quartzo na fração areia. Foram constatadas diferenças químicas, físicas, morfológicas e mineralógicas entre os Espodossolos da Formação Barreiras e os da restinga. As muçunungas pretas e brancas apresentaram apenas diferenças morfológicas e químicas entre si.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciane_Marcolin.pdf: 2229524 bytes, checksum: cfa5a592966f92c513c066d150d08843 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-25<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The following work had as its goal to comprehend the evolution of the pedological cover and the active pedogenetic processes in the landscape unities in Marechal Cândido Rondon/PR. It has been selected two profiles of Oxisol, one under native vegetation and the other under agriculture. Through mineralogical analyses, allied with chemical, physical and morphological data, it was possible to interpret the current level of weathering of the soil profiles. Also, aiming to contribute with the studies about the geomorphic surfaces in the southwest of Paraná, it has been investigated the hypothesis of these surfaces' continuities in the west region of Paraná. The correlation between the results of this research and those from the studies which have already been done by the Grupo Gênese e Evolução de Superfícies Geomórficas e Formações Superficiais (GESGFS) point out that the studied soils in the west of Paraná are in advanced stage of weathering, presenting a mineralogy composed mainly by minerals 1:1 (Kaolinite), the minerals 2:1 (Vermiculite with hydroxy-interlayered). The mineralogy and other Oxisols attributes studied indicate that it has been occurred a process of monossialitization with partial hydrolysis along the pedogenesis. Considering the local landscape, the soil is in accordance with the formation environment in subtropical climate and in relation to the regional landscape they present the same pedological characteristics of the soils in the Incompletely Planed Surfaces V and VI in the southwest of PR, indicating that there is pedogenetic similarity between the soils from these surfaces and the studied soils.<br>O trabalho exposto teve como objetivo compreender a evolução da cobertura pedológica e os processos pedogenéticos atuantes nas unidades de paisagem de Marechal Cândido Rondon/PR. Foram selecionados dois perfis de LATOSSOLO, um sob vegetação nativa e outro sob agricultura. Através de análises mineralógicas, aliadas a dados químicos, físicos e morfológicos do solo foi possível interpretar o atual estágio de intemperismo dos perfis de solos. Visando também contribuir com os estudos sobre as superfícies geomórficas no sudoeste do Paraná, investigou-se a hipótese de continuidade dessas superfícies para região oeste do Paraná. A correlação entre os resultados dessa pesquisa e aqueles dos estudos já realizados pelo Grupo Gênese e Evolução de Superfícies Geomórficas e Formações Superficiais (GESGFS), apontam que os solos estudados no oeste paranaense estão em avançado estágio de intemperismo apresentando uma mineralogia composta predominantemente por minerais 1:1 (Caulinita), e minerais 2:1 (Vermiculita com hidroxi-entrecamadas). A mineralogia e demais atributos dos LATOSSOLOS estudados indicam que ocorreu um processo de monossialitização com hidrólise parcial ao longo da pedogênese. Considerando a paisagem local o solo esta em concordância com o ambiente de formação em clima subtropical e em relação à paisagem regional apresenta as mesmas características pedológicas dos solos nas Superfícies Incompletamente Aplainadas V e VI, no sudoeste do PR, indicando haver similaridade pedogenética entre os solos dessas superfícies e os solos estudados.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T12:52:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 5729542 bytes, checksum: 5d7bd2e52fd6129fda123a027c3917dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30<br>Protected areas (PAs) of the Caparaó and Itatiaia are in alignment with mountain pronounced northeast-southwest direction of the Serra da Mantiqueira mountains, with the National Park of Itatiaia southwest of Rio de Janeiro and the south of Minas Gerais, and National Park of Caparaó southwest of Espírito Santo and eastern Minas Gerais. These two protected areas represent high mountains ecosystems dominated by altitude fields, where they differ from their surroundings by presenting endemic pedoenvironment, water stress, nutrient content and accumulation of humified organic matter. Because of the major soil and climatic differences between these areas and their surroundings, there are particular vegetation, refuge areas considered environmentally friendly. Given the lack of research of the physical environment, the goal was to study the micromorphological features of the profiles P2 and P6 of National Park of Caparaó-MG and the physical, chemical and mineralogical soil of two toposequence in each of the alignment of National Parks in the Serra Mantiqueira mountains in the portion of Minas Gerais of the Protection Areas (PAs) of Caparaó and Itatiaia, establishing relations between pedogenesis, variations litho-structural, morphology and vegetation cover. The geological foundation of the PAs is formed by syenite (Itatiaia) and migmatized gneiss, migmatite occurrence with amphibolite dikes (Caparaó). The soil toposequence of the two, regardless of the geological matrix, the depth of the solum and vegetation type that grows on them, are poor in nutrients and have high levels of aluminum saturation. The amounts of exchangeable aluminum (exchangeable acidity) are low, even negligible in the subsurface layers. This fact indicates that the action of stable complexes of aluminum and organic matter stabilizes the organic matter and make it more resistant to microbial decomposition in the high mountains environment of Minas Gerais. Poverty chemistry of these soils is mainly due to the geological nature of the matrix dominant in these high mountains environments and, in part, to losses by leaching and erosion that the system presents. These losses are associated with prominent and very busy little thickness of the solum. In these high mountains environments litholic neo soils predominate and humic cambisols, herbaceous vegetation and undergrowth and rocky outcroppings. In two toposequence studied in the area of occurrence of scrub vegetation type and field with candles, the oligotrophic, shallow soils and more exposed position in the landscape are obstacles to the occurrence of a denser forest type. The upper montane and montane forests occupy the western part of the Minas Gerais portion of National Park of Caparaó, and the atlantic fase of Itatiaia. The dominant tree vegetation (montane forest and upper montane) is conditioned by the most effective soil depth and water availability. In PA Caparaó the upper montane forest occurs on steep slopes with deeper soils in amphitheaters, which potentiate the development of denser vegetation. These forms of amphitheaters are conditioned geotectonic by the structure of fractured rocks that form the Maciço do Caparaó meso environments, corresponding to the modeled differential dissection with the deepening of drainage. In these areas of deeper soils, even if a note apparent wealth (arboreal vegetation) predominate extremely nutrient-poor soils. The occurrence of suspended structural valleys in both PAs, morphology abaca (area of sedimentation and clogging) plays a decisive role in the formation of histosols, responsible for strong immobilization of carbon. These areas of peatland in histosols with the National Park of Caparaó are responsible for the immobilization of approximately 1120.50 megagram of carbon per hectare, and 426 megagram of carbon per ha in the National Park of Itatiaia. Despite the importance of environmental and ecotourism of high mountains scenarios of Minas Gerais (Caparaó and Itatiaia), little is known about its physiographic characteristics.<br>As unidades de conservação (UCs) do Caparaó e Itatiaia encontram-se no alinhamento montanhoso com direção pronunciada nordeste-sudoeste da Serra da Mantiqueira, estando o Parna Itatiaia a sudoeste do Rio de Janeiro e ao sul de Minas Gerais e o Parna Caparaó a sudoeste do Espírito Santo e leste de Minas Gerais. Estas duas UCs representam os ecossistemas altimontanos dominados pelo Campo de Altitude, onde diferem do seu entorno por apresentarem pedoambientes endêmicos, estresse hídrico, oligotrofismo e o acúmulo de matéria orgânica humificada. Em virtude das grandes diferenças edafo-climáticas entre estas áreas e seus entornos, observam-se vegetações particulares, consideradas áreas de refúgio ecológico. Diante da lacuna de estudos do meio físico, o objetivo foi estudar as características micromorfológicas dos perfis P2 e P6 do Parna Caparaó-MG e os atributos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos dos solos de duas topossequências em cada um dos Parques Nacionais no alinhamento da Serra da Mantiqueira, na porção mineira das Unidades de Conservação (UCs) do Caparaó e Itatiaia, estabelecendo as relações entre pedogênese, as variações lito-estruturais, a morfologia e a cobertura vegetal. A base geológica das UCs é formada pelo sienito (Itatiaia) e pelo gnaisse migmatizado, migmatito com ocorrência de diques de anfibolitos (Caparaó). Os solos das duas topossequências, independentemente da matriz geológica, da profundidade do solum e da fitofisionomia que sobre eles se desenvolve, são pobres em nutrientes e apresentam elevados índices de saturação por alumínio. Os valores de alumínio trocável (acidez trocável) são baixos, chegando a negligenciáveis nos horizontes subsuperficiais. Tal fato sinaliza que a ação dos complexos estáveis de alumínio e matéria orgânica estabiliza a MO e a tornam mais resistente à decomposição microbiana nos ambientes altimontanos de Minas Gerais. A pobreza química desses solos é devida principalmente à natureza da matriz geológica dominante nestes ambientes altimontanos e, em parte, às perdas por lixiviação e erosão que o sistema apresenta. Tais perdas estão associadas ao relevo muito movimentado e à pouca espessura do solum. Nestes ambientes altimontanos predominam Neossolos Litólicos e Cambissolos Húmicos, vegetação herbácea e subarbustiva e Afloramentos Rochosos. Nas duas topossequências estudadas, na área de ocorrência da tipologia vegetal, escrubes e campo com candeias, o oligotrofismo, solos mais rasos e a posição mais exposta na paisagem são obstáculos para a ocorrência de uma tipologia florestal mais densa. As Florestas Alto-Montana e Montana ocupam a porção oeste da parte mineira do Parna Caparaó, e a face atlântica do Itatiaia. A vegetação com dominância arbórea (Floresta Montana e Altomontana) está condicionada pela maior profundidade efetiva do solo e disponibilidade de água. Na UC do Caparaó a Floresta Alto-Montana ocorre em encostas íngremes com solos de maior profundidade em anfiteatros, que potencializam o desenvolvimento de cobertura vegetal mais densa. Essas formas em anfiteatros são mesoambientes condicionados pela estrutura geotectônica fraturada das rochas que formam o Maciço do Caparaó, correspondendo aos modelados de dissecação diferencial com o aprofundamento da drenagem. Nestas áreas de solos mais profundos, ainda que se observe uma riqueza aparente (porte arbóreo da vegetação) predominam solos extremamente pobres em nutrientes. A ocorrência de vales estruturais suspensos em ambas as UCs, com morfologia abaciada (área de sedimentação e colmatagem) tem papel primordial na formação dos Organossolos, responsáveis por forte imobilização de carbono. Estas áreas de turfeiras com Organossolos no Parna Caparaó são responsáveis pela imobilização de aproximadamente 1.120,50 megagramas de carbono por hectare e de 426 megagramas de carbono por ha no Parna Itatiaia. Apesar da importância ambiental e ecoturística dos cenários altimontanos de Minas Gerais (Caparaó e Itatiaia), pouco se conhece sobre suas características fisiográficas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The knowledge and the determination of the flow and production of elements for the bad weather are important, once they allow understanding the interactions among biological phenomena, hydrological and climatologically, serving of subsidy for the understanding of the modeling of the natural sources of nutrients and movement of pollutant. In that context, the objective of the work was to estimate the weathering processes through the earnings and losses of elements for different soils in RS. The study took place in six representative profiles of units of formed state southern Brazil mapping starting from different origin materials. In what it concerns the geochemical variation, the titanium seemed to be the most appropriate for use as element of index. The total chemical analysis associated to the geochemical variation revealed an interesting analysis in pedogenetic studies. In most of the cases, there was coherence among the behavior of the total elements, the pedogenetic processes and the mineralogical composition of the soils. This work was constituted in an application of the pedologic bases in field profiles that so much showed their potentialities as their limitations. Therefore, in relation to the studied soils, several fronts of studies can be developed starting from the results.<br>O conhecimento e a determinação do fluxo e produção de elementos pelo intemperismo são importantes, uma vez que permitem entender as interações entre fenômenos biológicos, hidrológicos e climatológicos, servindo assim, de subsídio para o entendimento da modelagem das fontes naturais de nutrientes e movimentação de poluentes. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi estimar os processos de intemperismo através da avaliação dos ganhos e perdas de elementos para diferentes solos no RS. Realizou-se o estudo em seis perfis representativos de unidades de mapeamento formados a partir de distintos materiais de origem. No que diz respeito ao balanço geoquímico, o titânio pareceu ser o mais adequado para uso como elemento índice. A análise química total acoplada ao balanço geoquímico se mostrou uma análise interessante em estudos pedogenéticos. Na maior parte dos casos, houve coerência entre o comportamento dos elementos totais, os processos pedogenéticos e a composição mineralógica dos solos. Este trabalho se constituiu numa aplicação das bases pedológicas em perfis de campo, que tanto mostraram suas potencialidades quanto suas limitações. Assim, em relação aos solos estudados, várias frentes de estudos podem ser desenvolvidas a partir dos resultados.

Em função de seu importante papel funcional e de sua posição de transição entre o ambiente marinho e terrestre, os ecossistemas estuarinos vêm sendo objeto de estudo das mais diversas áreas do conhecimento. Entretanto, poucos são os estudos destinados ao entendimento da biogeoquímica e gênese de seus solos. Os compostos de ferro e enxofre são tidos como de importância chave para os ciclos biogeoquímicos ativos nestes ambientes, principalmente pelo fato de a redução bacteriana do sulfato (RBS) ser considerada como a forma de respiração preponderante nestes locais. O ciclo biogeoquímico destes elementos se encontra, entretanto, governado pelas variações físico-químicas do meio devido a variações incessantes em função da freqüência de inundação pelas marés, das diferentes estações climáticas e da atividade da fauna e da flora presentes nestes ambientes. Diante do escasso número de informações sobre estes solos pretende-se, em um estudo biogeoquímico detalhado dos solos de mangue do Estado de São Paulo, gerar informações adicionais sobre a gênese destes solos e avaliar os efeitos das variações sazonais, da atividade biológica (plantas e macro-fauna) e das distintas posições fisiográficas dentro dos manguezais, sobre a biogeoquímica do Fe e S. Para isso, foram realizadas análises morfológicas, químicas, mineralógicas (DRX e MEV), determinações na água intersticial (pH, salinidade, concentrações de Mn2+, Fe2+, HS-, SO4 2-e Cl-) e na fase sólida (COT, Fe total, S total, Mn total, AVS, C biomassa microbiana, densidade de raízes vivas e mortas, porcentagem de areia e extração seqüencial das diferentes formas de Fe) em diferentes perfis sob vegetação de mangue do Estado de São Paulo (Guarujá e Cananéia). Com base nas evidências obtidas neste estudo fica evidente a ação de processos pedogenéticos nos substratos de mangue (adição de matéria orgânica, translocação de Fe2+ e de partículas minerais e a transformação de elementos como Fe e S) os quais devem, portanto, ser denominados, entendidos e estudados como solos e não como sedimentos. Os resultados sugerem a oxidação das frações pirítica e AVS pela ação do sistema radicular das plantas e pela atividade da macro-fauna, principalmente caranguejos, evidenciando ainda a presença de um ciclo sazonal na biogeoquímica do Fe e S o qual se mostra, em grande parte, governado pela ação das plantas e da macro-fauna. Foram encontradas diferenças drásticas entre as condições geoquímicas da água intersticial dos solos e sedimentos de mangue estudados, sendo estas devidas a um maior dinamismo dos processos biogeoquímicos atuantes nos solos, ocasionado pelo efeito das plantas (oxidação, liberação de exudatos pelas raízes). Os resultados obtidos apontam que a participação e a intensidade de cada um dos processos ligados à decomposição da matéria orgânica nos solos de mangue podem variar em função das distintas posições fisiográficas, devido a seus efeitos sobre a freqüência e duração de inundação e composição granulométrica dos solos. Os resultados indicam também, que a ocorrência ou a dominância de um processo sobre os demais afeta de forma significativa a composição das fases sólida e líquida dos solos de mangue, no que se refere ao Fe e S.<br>Due to the important functional role of mangrove forest communities and their transitional position between marine and terrestrial environments, these ecosystems have been the object of study by a variety of scientific disciplines; however, there are only a few published studies on the genesis and biogeochemistry of its soils. Iron and sulfur compounds play a key role on the active biogeochemical cycles in these environments, mainly because sulfate reduction is considered the preponderant respiration process in these sites. The biogeochemical cycles of these elements are, however, ruled by physicochemical variations constantly generated by tide flooding, different climatic seasons and fauna and flora activity. Considering the scarce information about these soils, a detailed biogeochemical study of mangrove sites located in the State of São Paulo was undertaken to generate additional information on the genesis of these soils and also to evaluate the effects of seasonal variations, biological activity (plants and macrofauna) and physiographic positions on Fe and S biogeochemistry. Morphological, chemical and mineralogical data (XRD and SEM) were examined for evidence of pedogenic processes; interstitial water (pH, salinity, concentrations of Mn2+, Fe2+, HS-, SO4 2-e Cl-) and solid phase (TOC, total Fe, total S, total Mn, AVS, microbial biomass C, density of living and dead roots, sand percentage and sequential extraction of Fe) analysis were undertaken in different soil profiles under mangrove vegetation from São Paulo State (Guarujá and Cananéia) to asses Fe and S biogeochemistry. The evidences presented in this study indicate that pedogenic processes (addition of organic material; translocation of Fe2+ and mineral particles; transformation of elements such as Fe and S) have occurred in mangrove substrates and that these substrates are more properly referred to, understood and studied as soils and not sediments. Results also evidence that pyrite and AVS oxidation is taking place in response to plants and macro-fauna activity and that the seasonal cycle of Fe and S biogeochemistry is mostly ruled by plants and macro-fauna. Results indicate important differences between physicochemical conditions of the pore water in the vegetated (soils) and non-vegetated (sediment) zones, which are related to the faster dynamics of the biogeochemical soil processes caused by the effect of plants (oxidation, liberation of the exudates by the roots). Our data also show that the contribution and intensity of each process coupled to organic matter mineralization in mangrove soils may vary significantly between the distinct physiographic positions. These variations are generated by physiographic positions effects on frequency and duration of tidal flooding and grain size composition of soils. In this context, the occurrence, or dominance, of one process over the others, affects, in a significant way, pore water and solid phases chemistry.

Seagrass meadows, or submerged aquatic vegetation, constitute an ecosystem with great importance to the coastal zone, and may be characterized as the most productive ecosystem on Earth. In addition to the provision of habitat for a wide variety of species, protection of the coastal zone and production of organic matter base for the marine trophic web, these environments have been recognized for their great capacity to store organic carbon in their soils and are, therefore, a priority area for the mitigation of increased carbon in the atmosphere. In spite of the great importance of these areas, there is little information about the soils of these ecosystems, mainly using an approach based on the genesis of its soils. Thus, this thesis covers 4 chapters aiming to: (i) evaluate changes in the characteristics of seagrass meadows publications in the last 50 years, identify knowledge gaps and priorities for future studies; (ii) to discuss the paradoxical lack of information on Brazilian seagrass meadows soils, stimulate studies to understand their characteristics and contribute to the correct inclusion of seagrass meadows soils in the Brazilian System for Soil Classification; (iii) characterize and investigate soils of seagrass meadows along the Brazilian coast, in order to understand the pedogenetic processes within these soils; and (iv) identify variations in the biogeochemical processes related to the dynamics of Fe, Mn and S along the Brazilian coast, aiming to provide an improved basis for the understanding of this ecosystem and subsidies for the use and protection policies of these coastal areas.<br>As pradarias marinhas (seagrasses), ou vegetação aquática submersa, constituem um ecossistema de grande importância para a zona costeira, caracterizando-se como o ecossistema mais produtivo da Terra. Além de fornecer habitat para uma grande variedade de espécies, favorecer a estabilidade costeira e produzir matéria orgânica base para a teia trófica marinha, estes ambientes têm sido reconhecidos pela grande capacidade de armazenar carbono orgânico em seus solos e são, portanto, prioritários para as medidas de mitigação do aumento de carbono na atmosfera. Apesar da grande importância desse ecossitema, há pouca informação a respeito dos solos onde estes ecossistemas estão inseridos, principalmente utilizando uma abordagem baseada na gênese dos solos. Esta tese contempla 4 capítulos cujos objetivos visam avaliar as mudanças nas características das publicações sobre pradarias marinhas nos últimos 50 anos, identificando lacunas de conhecimentos e prioridades para estudos futuros; discutir a paradoxal ausência de informação sobre os solos das pradarias marinhas do Brasil, estimulando estudos para o entendimento de suas características e contribuindo para a correta inclusão de solos de pradarias marinhas no Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de solos; caracterizar e investigar os solos das pradarias marinhas ao longo da costa brasileira, com vistas a entender os processos pedogenéticos atuantes nestes solos; e Identificar variações nos processos biogeoquímicos relacionados à dinâmica de Fe, Mn e S ao longo da costa brasileira, com a finalidade de fornecer base para o entendimento deste ecossistema e subsídios para as políticas de proteção e de uso destas áreas costeiras.

Submitted by LAÉRCIO SANTOS SILVA null (laerciosantos18@gmail.com) on 2016-03-21T21:18:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Laercio_Santos_Silva_espelhada_2016.pdf: 1714650 bytes, checksum: 47f05faa577cbb7bf53e0c788cea097a (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-22T19:10:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ls_me_jabo.pdf: 1714650 bytes, checksum: 47f05faa577cbb7bf53e0c788cea097a (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T19:10:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ls_me_jabo.pdf: 1714650 bytes, checksum: 47f05faa577cbb7bf53e0c788cea097a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>A diversidade geológica do Planalto condicionou a formação de diversos solos, predominando na fração argila caulinita, óxidos e hidróxidos de ferro e gibbsita. Entre estes, os óxidos e hidróxidos de ferro e a gibbsita são considerados pedoindicadores ambientais na região tropical. Desta forma, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: i) caracterizar os óxidos de ferro pedogênicos formados a partir de compartimentos geológicos com baixos e altos teores de ferro total do Planalto Ocidental Paulista e associá-los com o grau de dissecação da paisagem; ii) caracterizar os óxidos de ferro dos solos do Planalto Ocidental Paulista por espectroscopia de reflectância difusa. Baseado nas informações geológicas, geomorfológica e na amplitude de variação dos teores de ferro pedogênicos (Fed e Feo). Foram coletadas doze amostras de solo na profundidade de 0,0 – 0,2 m para caracterização mineralógica e espectral. A magnitude dos teores totais obtida pela digestão com ácido sulfúrico evidenciou a diferença do material de origem, geologia, intensidade de pedogênese e geomorfologia. Nos solos da Formação Vale do Rio do Peixe predominaram a mineralogia caulinítica, enquanto na Formação Serra Geral, hematítica. Os atributos granulométricos, químicos e mineralógicos foram influenciados pelo grau de dissecação dos solos do Planalto Ocidental Paulista. O comportamento espectral das regiões em diferentes estágios de dissecação, foram diferentes na faixa espectral dos óxidos (530 a 570 nm) e caulinita (1880 a 2380 nm). A caulinita foi melhor pedoindicador para caracterizar a paisagem em diferentes estágios de dissecação nos solos de arenito, enquanto que a hematita e goethita foram melhores pedoindicadores para caracterizar a paisagem em diferentes estágios de dissecação nos solos basalto. Esse resultado pode auxiliar na compreensão da evolução da paisagem e do solo em outras bacias sedimentares.<br>The geological diversity of Plateau conditioned the formation of various soils, predominantly kaolinite in the clay fraction, iron oxides and hydroxides and gibbsite. Among these, the oxides and hydroxides of iron and gibbsite are considered environmental pedoindicadores in the tropical region. Thus, aimed to The geological diversity of Plateau conditioned the formation of various soils, predominantly kaolinite in the clay fraction, iron oxides and hydroxides and gibbsite. Among these, the oxides and hydroxides of iron and gibbsite are considered environmental pedoindicadores in the tropical region. Thus, aimed to characterize the oxides and hydroxides of iron (hematite and goethite), kaolinite and gibbsite Western Paulista Plateau and associate them with the landscape of the state of play in different environments with total iron content. Based on geological, geomorphological and amplitude variation of pedogenic iron levels (Fed and Feo). Twelve soil samples were collected at a depth 0.0 to 0.2 m for mineralogical and spectral characterization. The magnitude of the total contents obtained by digestion with sulfuric acid showed the difference in the source material, geology, geomorphology and pedogenesis intensity. In soils Training Fish River Valley predominated kaolinitic mineralogy, while the Serra Geral Formation, hematítica. The granulometric, chemical and mineralogical attributes were influenced by the degree of dissection of the Western Paulista Plateau soil. The spectral behavior of the regions at different stages of dissection were different in the spectral range of oxides (530 to 570 nm) and kaolinite (1880 to 2380 nm). The kaolinite was better environmental indicators to characterize the landscape in different stages of dissection in sandy soils, whereas hematite and goethite were better environmental indicators to characterize the landscape at different stages of dissection in basalt soils. This result may help to understand the evolution of the landscape and soil in other sedimentary basins. the oxides and hydroxides of iron (hematite and goethite), kaolinite and gibbsite Western Paulista Plateau and associate them with the landscape of the state of play in different environments with total iron content. Based on geological, geomorphological and amplitude variation of pedogenic iron levels (Fed and Feo). Twelve soil samples were collected at a depth 0.0 to 0.2 m for mineralogical and spectral characterization. The magnitude of the total contents obtained by digestion with sulfuric acid showed the difference in the source material, geology, geomorphology and pedogenesis intensity. In soils Training Fish River Valley predominated kaolinitic mineralogy, while the Serra Geral Formation, hematítica. The granulometric, chemical and mineralogical attributes were influenced by the degree of dissection of the Western Paulista Plateau soil. The spectral behavior of the regions at different stages of dissection were different in the spectral range of oxides (530 to 570 nm) and kaolinite (1880 to 2380 nm). The kaolinite was better environmental indicators to characterize the landscape in different stages of dissection in sandy soils, whereas hematite and goethite were better environmental indicators to characterize the landscape at different stages of dissection in basalt soils. This result may help to understand the evolution of the landscape and soil in other sedimentary basins.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 6579469 bytes, checksum: 9862ca3367aceb7a1a4c07a073c7ae45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-13<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>This work surveyed some anthropogenic soils, the so-called Archaeo-Anthroposols. Those soils show advanced degree of pedogenesis, displaying tokens of their anthropic origin such as chemical and mineralogical characters and soil micromorphology. Some pottery shards are also constantly found in places where pottery making peoples dwelt, as well as shells and human skeletons, whose weathering increases soil pH, and other resistant material, such as stone made instruments and partially charred debris. These archaeologic soils were formed as a result of pre-historic human activity, and they shelter poorly studied cultural remains, so pedologic studies may help reconstruct the environment in which those cultures flourished and the soils began to form. The most widely studied Archaeo-Anthroposols in Brazil are found in the Amazon region, locally known as Indian Dark Earths (IDE), where they may occupy relatively large areas, up to several hectares wide, with thick altered soil mantles and higher chemical fertility than the surrounding non-anthropogenic soils. In coastal regions or in past hinterland riverine-marine systems human ancient human activity originated vast and generally high anthropic shell mounds, known as Sambaquis, which underwent intense pedogenesis and are chemically very rich, mainly in P, Ca, and Mg. The aim of this work was to increase the pedologic knowledge on Archaeo-Anthroposols by studying the anthropic and pedogenetic processes which originated some soil types by relating them to the environment supporting capacity, and comparing and classifying the soils through their physical, chemical and microchemical characterization. The maintenance for a long time span of high nutrient contents was observed in the IDE, which contrasts with the surrounding soils, whose nutrient levels are normally very low. This higher nutrient status in IDE soils is due to the presence of incompletely weathered nutrient sources such as biogenic apatite providing Ca and P; abundant pottery debris providing K and Na; copper, Mn, and Zn are held because of the formation of stable complexes with soil organic matter, which abounds in anthropic soil horizons. In floodplains IDE s, the concentrations of some chemical elements in non-anthropic soil horizons are equivalent to those in anthropic soil horizons, contrary to what is observed in upland IDE s, even without evidence of significant pedobioturbation and eluviation in the floodplains, which is an evidence of anthropic input of earth material from floodplains in the formation of upland IDE s. The main P and Ca sources in the Sambaqui Archaeo-Anthroposols are bone tissues, mollusk shelves and fish bones besides other more labile sources, no longer present in the soil, such as less dense and resistant (non-osseous) mollusk, fish and terrestrial animals tissues. This material is probably the cause of an initial increase in Ca and P levels, which inhibits the dissolution of more stable forms of bone apatite. In older horizons (more ancient human settlements), soil plasma is composed mainly by newly-formed calcium phosphate extremely fine fabric.<br>Dentre os chamados solos antropogênicos, o presente estudo enfoca os Arqueo-antropossolos. Estes mostram grau de pedogênese bastante avançado, possuindo testemunhos de sua origem antrópica, na forma de atributos químicos, mineralógicos e feições micromorfológicas. Encontram-se, ainda, restos de cerâmicas (para os povos ceramistas), restos de conchas e esqueletos (onde o pH é mais elevado) e outros materiais de difícil degradação, como instrumentos da indústria lítica ou restos parcialmente carbonizados. Esses solos originaram se através de atividades antrópicas em períodos Pré-históricos, remontando testemunhos culturais ainda pouco conhecidos, nos quais os estudos pedológicos podem auxiliar na reconstituição de seu ambiente de formação. Os Arqueo-antropossolos mais expressivos do Brasil são encontrados principalmente na região amazônica, onde podem ocupar áreas de algumas dezenas de hectares, com espesso horizonte de solo alterado e elevada fertilidade em comparação aos solos do entorno, sendo conhecidos regionalmente como Terra Preta de Índio. Nas regiões costeiras ou em antigos sistemas fluvio-marinhos, ocorrem os Sambaquis, constituídos basicamente de grandes amontoados antrópicos de restos de conchas, submetidos a intensa pedogênese, sendo quimicamente muito ricos em P, Ca e Mg, principalmente. Com o intuito de desenvolver o conhecimento pedológico sobre os Arqueo-antropossolos, estudou-se os processos antrópicos e pedogenéticos que resultaram em alguns tipos de solos, relacionando-os à capacidade de suporte do meio, comparando-os e classificando-os através de sua caracterização física, química e microquímica. Foi verificado a manutenção de elevados valores de nutrientes por longos períodos nos solos de TPI, contrariando os padrões de fertilidade regionais esperados, devendo-se esses à existência de reservas em diferentes compartimentos ainda não totalmente degradados como: Ca e P presentes nas apatita biogênica, ainda encontradas no solo; K e Na presentes nos abundantes fragmentos de cerâmicas; Cu, Mn e Zn com boa estabilidade em associação a colóides orgânicos, abundantes em horizontes antrópicos. Nas TPI de várzea, muitos elementos de horizontes não antrópicos se sobrepõem aos antrópicos, ao contrário do que foi verificado nas TPI de terra firme, mesmo sem processo significativo de pedobioturbação e eluviação nas áreas de várzea, evidenciando a associação de materiais aportados da várzea na formação das TPI em área de terra firme.Os Arqueo- antrossolos de sambaquis apresentam como principais fontes de P e Ca tecido ósseo, carapaças de moluscos e espinhas de peixes, além de outras fontes mais prontamente disponíveis, não mais presentes no solo, como conteúdos menos densos e maciços (não ósseo) de moluscos, peixe e animais terrestres. Esses conteúdos, mais prontamente degradáveis, seriam os responsáveis pela elevação inicial dos valores de Ca e P, proporcionando um bloqueio à dissolução das formas de apatita de osso mais estáveis. Nos horizontes mais velhos (ocupações humanas mais remotas), o plasma do solo é composto principalmente por estrutura microgranular de fosfatos de cálcio neoformados.

Orientador: Sérgio Lazaro de Lima<br>Banca: Célia Regina Lopes Zimback<br>Banca: João Carlos Cury Saad<br>Banca: Carlos Roberto Espíndola<br>Banca: Jairo Antonio Mazza<br>Resumo: Em extensas áreas planas, processos pedogenéticos relacionados às condições de drenagem, que em amplos tabuleiros ocorrem de maneira fechada, concentrando o excesso de água em pequenas depressões, atuam sobre os solos modificando suas propriedades. Estudar aspectos pedológicos relacionados à agricultura irrigada, buscando relacionar aspectos edáficos com a dinâmica da água nos perfis e ao longo do relevo, foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Foram descritos e amostrados perfis nos terços superior, médio e inferior em área com declividade média de 1,3%, cultivada com citros sob irrigação localizada e em outra área adjacente sob as mesmas condições de relevo, mantida em pousio há mais de 10 anos. Foram feitas análises físicas, químicas, mineralógicas e micromorfológicas. O estudo concluiu que as diferenças entre os perfis refletem as condições de drenagem impostas pelo relevo e que as diferenças entre os horizontes dos perfis, principalmente quanto à granulometria e estrutura, proporcionam condições diferenciadas de retenção e infiltração e água no solo, favorecendo o fluxo lateral e o acúmulo de água em camadas mais profundas das áreas mais baixas da encosta, influenciando processos pedogenéticos relacionados à hidrólise. Concluiu ainda que para a preservação ambiental e a sustentabilidade da citricultura faz-se necessário buscar soluções para possibilitar melhor eficiência de uso da água, considerando a variabilidade dos solos e as condições impostas pelo relevo.<br>Abstract: The aim of this work was studding pedologic aspect related to irrigated agriculture in plan surfaces, where the drainage is closed, concentrating the excess of water in small depths, act on the soils modifying its prorieties. Soil profiles were described and analyzed on the superior, medium and lower positions of the hill in a flat area (average of declivity 1,3%) cultivated with citric plants by micro sprinkler in comparison to a neighbor area, with de same relief conditions, kept without cultivation by a superior time ten years. Physical, Chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological analysis were done, relating these characteristics to the pedogenetics procedures involved on those soil formations. The study concluded that differences between the profiles of the areas with the irrigated cultivation and non cultivated, based on the morphologic, physical, chemical and micromorphological proves the conditions of drainage imposed by the positioning of the soil on the landscape and that the adding of water have provided conditions of flooding on deep layers of the soil accelerating pedogenetics procedures. For the environment preservation and the sustainability of the fruit culture in similar areas to the studied is necessary to search solutions to provide efficiency of the use of the water added to the soil by irrigation, considering the variability of the soils and the imposed conditions by the relief in relation to natural draying.<br>Doutor

Uma evidência contundente da ocupação pré-histórica na Amazônia são os solos de cor escura com material arqueológico, conhecidos regionalmente como Terra Preta de Índio (TPI). Apesar de amplamente estudados, alguns de seus atributos permanecem ainda pouco conhecidos, especialmente os micromorfológicos, mineralógicos e geoquímicos. Esses estudos podem identificar os processos envolvidos na gênese e evolução desses solos, e quando empregados em conjunto com estudos fitolíticos, podem auxiliar na elucidação das suas formas de uso pretéritas. O objetivo desse estudo foi obter uma aproximação da hierarquia dos processos envolvidos na gênese desses solos e as suas prováveis formas de uso em tempos pré-colombianos. A pesquisa foi conduzida no Campo Experimental do Caldeirão, Iranduba - AM. Foram estudados dois perfis com TPI (P1 e P2) e um solo adjacente com horizonte A moderado (P3). Em cada horizonte foram coletadas amostras deformadas para análises físico-químicas, mineralógicas e geoquímicas e a cada 5 cm de profundidade para análise fitolítica e isotópica. Lâminas delgadas de amostras indeformadas de horizontes selecionados foram confeccionadas e descritas em sua micromorfologia, com posterior exame em microscópio eletrônico de varredura com microanálise química. A idade dos solos foi estabelecida com base em datações 14C de carvões. A microestrutura granular das TPI é de origem zoogenética e geoquímica. A gênese dos horizontes antrópicos envolveu: i) a ação do homem descartando e queimando resíduos (antropização); ii) espessamento do horizonte A e escurecimento dos horizontes subsuperficiais por bioturbação (cumulização e melanização); iii) dispersão e translocação de colóides (argiluviação); iv) condições pedoambientais diferentes das atuais (pedorrelíquia - nódulos ferruginosos). Revestimentos de argila com extinção forte, contínua e estriada nas cerâmicas indica que o processo de argiluviação é atual. O processo de elutriação predomina no solo não antrópico. A degradação dos nódulos de ferro na TPI favorece a xantização e atua como fonte de argila (pedoplasmação). Arecaceae e Cyperaceae são mais abundantes nos horizontes antrópicos, notadamente nos níveis com maior quantidade de cerâmica. A ausência de fitólitos de plantas domesticadas indica que a formação das TPI não está relacionada com práticas agrícolas. As evidências fitolíticas demonstram que as atividades antrópicas ocorreram de forma mais intensa no P1. A rápida ciclagem de silício, evidenciada pela presença de fitólitos com silicificação incompleta, favorece a estabilidade da mineralogia caulínitica. VHE, ilita e variscita-estrengita ocorrem somente nos perfis com TPI. P2O5-CaO-K2O-NaO-Cs-Co-Zn-Cu-Ba-Rb-Ni representa a assinatura geoquímica das TPI. A presença de variscita-estrengita, tridimita e maghemita nas TPI, notadamente nas cerâmicas, confirma a formação de minerais em decorrência das práticas antrópicas. As cerâmicas apresentam predominantemente cauixi (Tubella reticulata e Parnula betesil) e cariapé (Licania utilis). A presença comum de micas primárias nesses artefatos sugere material alóctone em seu fabrico. As TPI resultam da adição de artefatos arqueológicos e melanização de horizontes pedogenéticos não antropizados. Tais atividades enriqueceram em nutrientes e alteraram a assinatura geoquímica do solo, assim como promoveram a formação de minerais. Essa antropização acelerou os processos de argiluviação e de degradação de petroplintitas. No decorrer de sua evolução, foram utilizados e adicionados resíduos de plantas, destacadamente de palmeiras e Cyperaceae.<br>A remarkable evidence of human occupation in Amazonian region is the existence of soils with dark colors and presence of ceramic materials, known as Indigenous Dark Earth (IDE). Despite of widely studied some of their features are still poorly understood, mainly that related to micromorphology, mineralogy and geochemical aspects. Such approach, in combination to phytolytic studies, is able to identify soil genesis processes and unravel the comprehension of occupation mechanisms of human. The aim of this study was to establish the hierarchy of these processes and their association with ancient activities of pre-Columbian populations. The research was carried out in the experimental site of Caldeirão, Iranduba city (Amazon state, Brazil). Two pedons containing surface anthropogenic horizons (P1 and P2) were directly compared to a non-anthropogenic soil (P3). In each soil horizon disturbed soil samples were sampled in order to perform physical, chemical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses. For phytolitic analyses samples were taken each 5 cm of depth. Micromorphological samples were studied in thin sections in the optical microscope and further analyzed in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The chronology was accomplished after 14C dating. The microaggregates in anthropogenic horizon are related to geochemical and biological processes. The genesis of IDE implicates in the following mechanisms: i) disposal and burning of residues by humans (anthropization); ii) deepening A horizons and darkening subsurface horizons by bioturbation (cumulization and melanization processes); iii) dispersion and migration of colloidal particles leading to argiluviation process; iv) different condictions of environment that not occur nowdays (pedorelict - ferruginous nodules). Clay coatings with extinction bands and continuous orientation in the ceramic artifacts suggest a current argiluviation process. The degradation of Fe nodules enhances the xantization process also providing clay (source of clay). The prevalent soil genesis in non-anthropic soil is the elutriation. The degradation of Fe nodules in the IDE enhances the xantization process also providing clay (pedoplasmation). The number of phytoliths of Arecaceae and Cyperaceae is higher in IDE than non-IDE, mainly in the horizons with more ceramics. The phytolitic evidence demonstrate that activities anthropic was more intense in the P1. The rapid Si cycling, highlighted by the presence of phytoliths without complete silicification, contribute to stability of kaolinitic mineralogy. HIV, illite and variscite-strengite are constrained to IDE pedons. P2O5-CaO-K2O-NaO-Cs-Co-Zn-Cu-Ba-Rb-Ni represents the geochemical signature of IDE. The presence of maghemite, variscite-strengite and tridimite strengthen a mineral forming process linked to human activity. In ceramic materials there is a prevalence of phytoliths from cauixi (Tubella reticulata and Parnula betesil) and cariapé (Licania utilis). The presence of mica suggests an alloctone material for their manufacturing. Hence the anthropic horizons result from the addition of archeological artifacts and melanization of non-anthropic horizons. These activities chemically enriched and modify the geochemical signature of soil, as soon as promoted formation of minerals. The anthropic activities conducted the argiluviation and degradation of Fe nodules. During their evolution there was a clear addition of plant residues, notably related to palm trees and Cyperaceae species.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 8632368 bytes, checksum: cfc60cd987ef96573599b0395420b8df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-22<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>The study area is located south of Espirito Santo. Corresponds to the river basin Alegre municipality of Alegre, a tributary of the river Itapemirim. The river basin Alegre is almost fully inserted in the broad field of "Mares de Morros" forested (rainforest). Were selected and collected 14 representative soil profiles were divided into three toposequences and extra samples: Toposequence 1 (T1) comprised two Oxisols Yellow (P1 and P2), an "Pseudogleissolo" (P3) and Haplic Gleysoil (P4), the toposequence 2 (T2) was composed by an Oxisol (P5) and Cambisol (P6); topossequence and 3 (T3) by an Oxisol (P7), a 'Pseudogleissolo "(P8) and Haplic Gleysoil (P9). Was collected two profiles Haplic Cambisols (P10 and P11), one Haplumbrept (P12), a Red (P13) and Fluvent (P14) to represent the atmosphere of these classes. Was performed semi-detailed mapping of the soils of river basin Alegre, in the scale of 1:50,000, using the method of traversal free. The area is typically small and medium farms. Except for the areas occupied by pastures and forest fragments, diversification of crops already notes: reforestation with eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp); cultivation of peach palm (Euterpe edulis), coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is grown as a single crop, or sometimes cultivated with crops such as corn (Zea mays), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and banana (Musa spp.) mainly. The relief classes prevalent in river basin Alegre are wavy and strongly undulated, may also consider the mountain. The basin has an area of approximately 20,518.77 ha, and due to the predominance of reliefs rougher, the area has been used by family farms. In soil survey conducted, the predominant class is the Oxisol (LVAd), corresponding to more than 80% of the area. Since the total mapping unit inclusions are LVAd Ultisol, Oxisol, Cambisol and rock outcroppings. The second mapping unit higher espressividade are Haplic Cambisols (TD) with a little over 13% of the area. In mapping unit of Haplic Cambisols (CXbd1) is inclusions Oxisol and Haplic Cambisol Húmico.Os Gleissolos with mapping unit GXbd, is spatialized in the area of the river basin areas Alegre relief plan. Is this map unit inclusion of Pseudogleissolo, class is not yet defined in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (Embrapa, 2006). This class is in a position in the landscape undulated relief, always in the sequence of a Gleysol. The Pseudogleissolo has all the characteristics of an Ultisol, but his regime is no more constant moisture, so not matching the class of Gleissolos. The contents of particle size fractions ranging from the very sandy loam clay, or clay content of 200-700 g kg-1, since the material has the granite-gneiss grained average, justifying higher levels of clay. The soils are dystrophic (V <50%), with values of sum of bases (S value), generally less than 0.5 cmolc dm-3 and low cation exchange capacity (CEC), generally less than 7.0 cmolc dm-3. These values reflect the high degree of weathering and leaching suffered. The content of Al3+ is considered high, but not enough to characterize them as alic or aluminic. The values of Kr and Ki molecular relationships ranging respectively from 0.69 to 1.48 and 0.62 to 1.43 for the subsurface horizons and from 0.86 to 1.39 and 0.71 to 1.34 for the surface horizons of the soils studied. These values indicate a high degree of weathering suffered by such materials, this feature observed in all soils. There was a tendency for higher values of the Feo / Fed in the surface horizon than in subsurface profiles of the predominant forms of crystalline iron, ie, P1, P2, P5, P6 and P7, showing the effect of organic matter in the inhibition the crystallinity of the iron oxides. This trend is no longer observed in the profiles with higher content of amorphous iron, recovered by ammonium oxalate. The XRD patterns show peaks at 0.718, 0.446, 0.358, 0.238 nm, indicating the presence of kaolinite clay mineral that prevails in the clay fraction of these soils. The presence of gibbsite identified by XRD peaks 0.485 and 0.437 nm the majority of the soil is characterized as a heavily weathered. The removal of silica and bases by percolating large amount of water, moist in a longer period, resulting in a soil solution with an ionic concentration such that the clay mineral gibbsite would be more stable. The values obtained from the crystallinity index of Hughes & Brown (1979) for kaolinite in the soils were found ranging between 9.65 and 23.16 in Oxisols, from 11.86 to 22.52 in Pseudogleissolos and Gleissolos and 16, 08 to 48.25 in Haplic Cambisols. The largest variations in micromorphological characteristics were found in the degree of development and the pedalidade micropedological features. The Oxisol (P1) showed a plasma consisting of isotropic material typical. On the horizon were observed anisotropic rare areas with weak pedalidade and microstructure composed of the strong medium subangular blocky granular. Met many micropedological features like channels and microgalerias currently filled with mineral matrix, fecal pellets termíticas with size ranging from 10 to 50 m and excremental pellets indiscriminate microarthropods. This feature is consistent with the description of the structure in the field and seems to be a common occurrence in many dystrophic Red - Yellow developed on crystalline rocks in places Seas hills of southeastern Brazil. In all soils the amounts of kaolinite were superior to gibbsite, with the exception of P10, cambisol Háplico.Mesmo so these amounts of gibbsite are considered high, since the study area is characterized as intensely weathered. The removal of silica and bases by percolation of large quantities of water in wet periods, resulting in a soil solution at a concentration such that the ionic seriously clay mineral gibbsite more stable.<br>A área de estudo localiza-se ao sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Corresponde à bacia hidrográfica do rio Alegre, município de Alegre, afluente do rio Itapemirim. A bacia do rio Alegre encontra-se quase que totalmente inserida no amplo domínio dos Mares de Morros Florestados (mata atlântica). Foram selecionados e coletados 14 perfis representativos de solos, distribuídos em três topossequências e amostras extras: Topossequência 1 (T1) compreendeu dois Latossolos Amarelos (P1 e P2), um Pseudogleissolo (P3) e um Gleissolo Háplico (P4); a Topossequência 2 (T2) foi composta por um Latossolo Amarelo (P5) e um Cambissolo Háplico (P6); e a topossequência 3 (T3) por um Latossolo Amarelo (P7), um Pseudogleissolo (P8) e um Gleissolo Háplico (P9). Coletou-se dois perfis de Cambissolos Háplicos (P10 e P11), um Cambissolo Húmico (P12), um Argissolo Vermelho (P13) e um Neossolo Flúvico (P14) para representar o ambiente destas classes. Foi executado mapeamento semi-detalhado dos solos da bacia hidrográfica do rio Alegre, na escala de 1:50.000, utilizando o método do caminhamento livre. A área é tipicamente de pequenas e médias propriedades rurais. Excetuando as áreas ocupadas com pastagens e com os fragmentos florestais, a diversificação de culturas já se faz notar: reflorestamento com eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp); cultivo de pupunha (Euterpe edulis); café (Coffea arabica L.) é cultivado como cultura solteira, ou às vezes, cultivado com culturas como milho (Zea mays), feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e banana (Musa spp.), principalmente. As classes de relevo predominante na bacia hidrográfica do rio Alegre são ondulado e forte ondulado, podendo se considerar também o montanhoso. A bacia conta com uma área de aproximadamente 20518,77 ha, e devido à predominância de relevos mais acidentados, a área vem sendo usada pela agricultura familiar. No levantamento de solo realizado, a classe predominante é o Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVAd), correspondendo a mais de 80% da área. Sendo que no total da unidade de mapeamento LVAd existem as inclusões de Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Latossolo Amarelo, Cambissolo Háplico e afloramentos de rocha. A segunda unidade de mapeamento de maior espressividade são os Cambissolos Háplicos (CXbd) com um pouco mais de 13% da área. Na unidade de mapeamento dos Cambissolos Háplicos (CXbd1) se encontra inclusões de Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo e de Cambissolo Húmico. Os Gleissolos Háplicos com unidade de mapeamento GXbd, se encontra espacializado na área da bacia do rio Alegre, nas áreas de relevo plano. Nesta unidade de mapeamento encontra-se a inclusão do Pseudogleissolo, classe que ainda não definida no Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solo (Embrapa, 2006). Essa classe se encontra em posição na paisagem em relevo suave ondulado, sempre na seqüência de um Gleissolo. O Pseudogleissolo possui todas as características de um Gleissolo, mas seu regime de umidade constante não existe mais, sendo assim, não se enquadrando na classe dos Gleissolos. Os teores das frações granulométricas variaram de muito argiloso a franco arenosa, ou seja, teores de argila de 200 a 700 g kg-1, uma vez que o material granito-gnaisse apresenta granulação fina a média, justificando os teores mais elevados de argila. Os solos estudados são distróficos (V < 50%), com valores de soma de bases (Valor S), em geral, menor que 0,5 cmolc dm-3 e baixa capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), em geral inferior a 7,0 cmolc dm-3. Valores estes que refletem o alto grau de intemperismo e lixiviação sofridos. Os teores de Al3+ são considerados altos, mas não o suficiente para caracterizá-los como álicos ou alumínicos. Os valores das relações moleculares Ki e Kr variaram, respectivamente, de 0,69 a 1,48 e de 0,62 a 1,43 para os horizontes subsuperficiais e 0,86 a 1,39 e de 0,71 a 1,34 para os horizontes superficiais do solos estudados. Esses valores indicam a alto grau de intemperismo sofrido por esses materiais, característica essa observada em todos os solos estudados. Observou-se uma tendência de valores maiores da relação Feo/Fed no horizonte superficial que nos subsuperficiais dos perfis que predominaram formas de ferro cristalino, ou seja, o P1, P2, P5, P6 e P7, evidenciando o efeito da matéria orgânica na inibição da cristalinidade dos óxidos de ferro. Essa tendência deixa de ser observada nos perfis com maiores teores de ferro amorfo, recuperados pelo oxalato de amônio. Os difratogramas apresentam picos em 0,718, 0,446, 0,358, 0,238 nm, indicando a presença da caulinita, argilomineral que prevalece na fração argila desses solos. A presença de gibbsita, identificada pelos picos do DRX 0,485 e 0,437 nm, na maioria dos solos caracteriza-os como intensamente intemperizados. A remoção de sílica e de bases pela percolação de grande quantidade de água, num período mais úmido, resultou numa solução de solo, com uma concentração iônica tal que a gibbsita seria o argilomineral mais estável. Os valores obtidos a partir do índice de cristalinidade de Hughes & Brown (1979) para as caulinitas dos solos estudados encontraram-se variando entre 9,65 e 23,16 nos Latossolos; 11,86 a 22,52 nos Pseudogleissolos e Gleissolos e 16,08 a 48,25 nos Cambissolos Háplicos. As maiores variações nas características micromorfológicas foram encontradas no grau de desenvolvimento da pedalidade e nas feições micropedológicas. O Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (P1) apresentou plasma constituído por material isotrópico típico. No horizonte A foram observados raras zonas anisotrópicas com fraca pedalidade, e microestrutura composta de blocos subangulares a forte média granular. Encontraram-se muitas feições micropedológicas como canais e microgalerias, atualmente preenchidas com matriz mineral, pelotas fecais termíticas com tamanho variando de 10 a 50 &#956;m e pelotas excrementais indiscriminadas de microartrópodes. Esta feição é condizente com a descrição da estrutura a campo e parece ser um fato comum em muitos Latossolos Vermelho Amarelo desenvolvidos sobre rochas cristalinas em locais dos mares de morros do Brasil sudeste. Em todos os solos analisados os teores de caulinita foram superiores aos de gibbsita, com exceção do P10, um Cambissolo Háplico. Mesmo assim estes teores de gibbsita são considerados elevados, uma vez que a área de estudo se se caracteriza como intensamente intemperizada. A remoção da sílica e de bases pela percolação de grandes quantidades de água, em períodos mais úmidos, resultou numa solução de solo, com uma concentração iônica tal que a gibbsita serio o argilo mineral mais estável.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01 - capa_introducao.pdf: 368912 bytes, checksum: 152675e010f7831bc2f315ddd307521f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-26<br>The Serra do Divisor National Park , in the Upper Jurua River, west of the State of Acre, with 784.077 hectares, is covered by primary forest vegetation, with high biodiversity. In this study, we caracterized and mapped the geoenvironmental units and the land use of the northern sector of the Park (319.373 ha), and we also studied the pedogenetics aspects of a topossequence in Serra do Divisor and aluvial soils of Moa River, in northwest of Acre. For identification, characterization and mapping of the geoenvironmental units, we used pedological, geomorpholgical and vegetation data obtained by The Ecologic-Economical Zoning of Acre (2006), elevation data by SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission), digital semi-controled mosaic of vertical aerophotographics, soils profiles and fields observations. The land use was mapped and quantifed, using a Landsat 5 TM image from 2005,, vertical aerophotographs and field observations. In the pedological study, we analized physical, chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological attributes, of the Serra do Divisor and Moa river foodplain soils, explaining the factors and processes of soil formation in the northwestern part of the Acre State. We identified nine geoenvironmental units: (i) Deep valley and hillside with forests and young soils in Serra do Divisor; (ii) Highlands with Ceja Forest in sandy soils; (iii) Valleys and hillsides with forest and eutrofic soils; (iv) Upper Moa river floodplain with eutrofic soils; (v) Upper Moa river valleys with Bamboo Forest in eutrofic soils; (vi) Dissecated hills and plateaus with forest in eutrofic soils of the upper Moa and Azul rivers; (vii) Hills and plateau with forest in aluminic soils; (viii) Upper Moa river and tributaries foodplains with aluminic soils and; (ix) Sandy deposits with Buriti forests in distrofic soils. The land use was classified in farming areas and regeneration areas, representing 1.15 % and 0.43 %, respectively, of the northern sector. In general, the northwestern of Acre have typical environments of the Andean region;specially the highlands with Ceja Forest in Serra do Divisor. This area consists of important ecossystems with high biodiversity, representing a good attraction for research and ecoturism in this region. The land uses prevail in the border of most important Rivers, indicating activities with low impacts. More studies are necessary for the zonation of the Park, because of low impacts in the land use. The Serra do Divisor soils have an expressive acumulation of organic material in the surface horizons, because of the low nutrients, high Al levels and association with vegetation of difficult decomposition. The sandy texture, with high soil porosity, associated with high precipitation in this region, favor the migration of organic compounds bound to poorly crystalline Fe and Al forms. Sediment discontinuity represents the dominant factor in soil genesis at the Moa river foodplain. Those soils have evidences of 2:1 clays with hidroxy-Al interlayers in subsurface horizons.<br>O Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, localizado na região do Alto Juruá, no extremo oeste do Estado do Acre, possui extensão territorial de 784.077 hectares coberta, em grande parte, por vegetação florestal primária, apresentando elevada biodiversidade. No presente trabalho, foram caracterizadas e mapeadas as unidades geoambientais e o uso da terra no setor norte do Parque (319.373 ha), bem como estudados aspectos pedogenéticos ao longo de uma topossequência na Serra do Divisor e solos aluviais do Rio Môa, no noroeste do Acre. Para a identificação, caracterização e delineamento das unidades geoambientais foram utilizados dados pedológicos, geomorfológicos e florísticos, obtidos do Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico do Acre (2006), dados de altimetria da imagem SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission), mosaico digital semi-controlado de aerofotos verticais, perfis de solos e observações de campo. O uso da terra foi mapeado e quantificado, por meio da imagem do satélite Landsat 5 TM de 2005 (bandas 5,4 e 3) e as aerofotos verticais, além das observações de campo. No estudo pedológico, foram analisados atributos físicos, químicos, mineralógicos e micromorfológicos dos solos da Serra do Divisor e várzea do Rio Môa, elucidando-se os fatores e os processos de formação desses solos no noroeste do Acre. Foram identificadas 9 unidades geoambientais, a saber: (i) Encostas e vales profundos florestados da Serra do Divisor em solos pouco desenvolvidos; (ii) Topos serranos com Floresta de Ceja sob solos arenosos; (iii) Encostas e Vales encaixados florestados com solos eutróficos; (iv) Planície Fluvial do Alto Rio Môa com solos eutróficos; (v) Vales do Alto Rio Môa com Florestas de Bambu sob solos eutróficos; (vi) Colinas e Tabuleiros Dissecados Florestados do Alto Rio Môa e Azul com solos eutróficos; (vii) Colinas e Tabuleiros Florestados com solos alumínicos; (viii) Planície Fluvial do Médio Rio Môa e afluentes com solos alumínicos e; (ix) Depósitos arenosos de sopé com Buritizais em solos distróficos. O uso da terra foi classificado em áreas com atividade agropecuária e áreas em regeneração, representando 1,15% e 0,43% do setor norte e entorno do PNSD, respectivamente. De modo geral, o Noroeste do Acre apresenta ambientes característicos da região Andina, destacando-se a Floresta de Ceja no topo da Serra do Divisor. Estas elevações constituem importantes ecossistemas com elevada biodiversidade, representando um grande atrativo para pesquisa científica e ecoturismo na região. O uso da terra prevalece nas margens dos rios, indicando atividades com baixo impacto. São necessários aprofundamentos no zoneamento do Parque, em razão do baixo impacto no uso da terra. Os solos da Serra do Divisor apresentam acúmulo expressivo de material orgânico nos horizontes superficiais, devido, em grande parte, à pobreza química do material de origem, com teores elevados de Al trocável, ou ainda, associado a uma cobertura vegetal de difícil decomposição. A textura arenosa destes solos, com elevada porosidade, associada à precipitação elevada da região, favorece a migração dos compostos orgânicos ligados a formas pouco cristalinas de Fe e Al. As descontinuidades sedimentológicas representam um fator dominante na gênese dos solos da várzea do Rio Môa. Estes solos apresentam evidências da presença de minerais 2:1 com hidroxi entrecamadas nos horizontes subsuperficiais.

Soils formed from ultramafic rocks are normally by pH values close to neutrality, a high base status and are usually rich in Mg, Fe and heavy metals. The low Ca/Mg ratio and the high heavy metal content could cause toxic effects in the biological communities. Plant communities, in particular, are usually different from nearby areas with different substrates and rich in endemisms and adapted species and subspecies. Despite their great environmental and ecological interest, pedological and ecological properties of mountain or boreal soils developed on similar substrates have seldom been studied worldwide. 198 soil pits (associated with phytosociological surveys) have been opened and analyzed in the ophiolitic area of Mont Avic Natural Park (Val d’Aosta, Western Alps, Italy), beween 900 and 2900 m above see level. Soils formed from ultramafic, mafic rocks and calcschists have been observed, in order to recognize the most ecologically important soil factors. The results show that soil properties are related with altitude and slope aspect in forest habitats, while the effect of substrate becomes important above timberline. Strong leaching in forest soils, related to high acidity and to the podzolization process, decrease the total and bioavailable heavy metal contents, above the treeline pedogenic and geomorphic processes release and accumulate large quantities of potentially hazardous trace elements. The plant communities strictly depend on the edaphic properties above the treeline, while in the forest habitats the differences caused by substrate are less discernible. Microbial and microarthropodal communities suffer stress caused by heavy metals in forest soils, while at the alpine level non significant statistical or ecological correlation are visible. Heavy metals (Ni, in particular) are the most important edaphic properties in differentiating plant communities on different substrata, while the Ca/Mg ratio (usually considered the most influencing soil properties on ultramafic soils) has no particular ecological effect.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-03T17:25:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Denilson Dortzbach.pdf: 2628494 bytes, checksum: 615986b2b9f4992ad6bc0756d35c6669 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T17:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Denilson Dortzbach.pdf: 2628494 bytes, checksum: 615986b2b9f4992ad6bc0756d35c6669 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02<br>CAPES<br>The soils of fine wines producing regions of Santa Catarina State, has particular altitude characteristics resulting from its lithology and high levels of organic matter. That differentiate the soil of the major producing regions of the world wine. The study was conducted in the regions of west and mountain through Santa Catarina, covering over 80 % of the properties where descriptions and collections of 38 modal profiles and vineyards spread over 45 farms were carried out. The objectives were: a) To characterize the distribution and interaction of soil formation factors and chemical weathering rates; b) evaluate and quantify the carbon, humic fractions in the profiles and ?13C in surface horizons of Cambisols; c) To characterize physical and chemically soils of the vineyards; d) To evaluate the agricultural potential through different methods, with subsequent adaptation of the System for Agricultural Assessment of land for the grape culture in addition to formulating a proposal for zoning for the wine industry of the state. The results indicate that pedogenetic soil was strongly influenced by the source material, weather and terrain. Cluster analysis separated by the similarity the soil profiles in three different groups. Predominate classes Cambisols and Nitossols. Humic substances allowed to discriminate the taxonomic orders of soil and showed ?13C in soil with the humic, little change in isotopic signature, and soils with moderate. The observed changes were derived from C3 and C4 plants crops. The vineyards have similar chemical properties, and thus can be grouped in a single region for a determination of Geographical Indication. As for agricultural suitability evaluating different methods indicated that the evaluated profiles have low agricultural aptitude for annual crops. Therefore, it was proposed an adaptation of the evaluation system of agricultural suitability of the land for the growing of vines, taking into account specific conditions of altitude in the SC state. Allied to this, the drafting of the zoning proposal is an important tool for the implementation of new vineyards.<br>Os solos das regi?es produtoras de vinhos finos de altitude do estado de Santa Catarina apresentam caracter?sticas particulares decorrentes da sua litologia e dos elevados teores de mat?ria org?nica, que os diferenciam dos solos das grandes regi?es produtoras de vinho do mundo. O estudo foi realizado nas regi?es do meio oeste e serrana de Santa Catarina, abrangendo mais de 80 % das propriedades, onde foram realizadas descri??es e coletas de 38 perfis modais e em vinhedos espalhados em 45 propriedades rurais. Os objetivos foram: a) caracterizar a distribui??o e a intera??o dos fatores de forma??o dos solos e a taxa de intemperismo qu?mico; b) avaliar e quantificar os teores de carbono, fra??es h?micas nos perfis e o ?13C em horizontes superficiais de Cambissolos; c) caracterizar f?sica e quimicamente os solos dos vinhedos; e d) avaliar a aptid?o agr?cola atrav?s dos diferentes m?todos, com posterior adapta??o do Sistema de Avalia??o Agr?cola das Terras, para a cultura da videira, al?m de formular proposta de zoneamento para a vitivinicultura do estado. Os resultados indicam que a pedog?nese dos solos foi fortemente influenciada pelos fatores material de origem, clima e relevo. A an?lise do agrupamento separou pela similaridade os perfis de solo em tr?s grupos distintos. Predominam as classes de Cambissolos e Nitossolos. As subst?ncias h?micas permitiram discriminar as ordens taxon?micas de solos e o ?13C revelando pouca altera??o na assinatura isot?pica nos solos com horizonte A h?mico. Nos solos com A moderado foram observadas altera??es decorrentes de mudan?as nas coberturas (plantas C3 ou C4). As ?reas dos vinhedos apresentam atributos qu?micos similares, podendo ser agrupadas em uma regi?o ?nica para eventual determina??o de Indica??o Geogr?fica. Quanto ? aptid?o agr?cola, ? avalia??o atrav?s de m?todos usuais na literatura resultou em classes que indicam baixa aptid?o para culturas anuais. Diante disto, foi proposta adapta??o do sistema de avalia??o da aptid?o agr?cola das terras, para a cultura da videira, considerando condi??es especificas de altitude no estado de SC e associada ? elabora??o de uma proposta de zoneamento para a implanta??o de novos vinhedos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 6697490 bytes, checksum: 432fa5fbd38ef6f966233ccfb63748b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-24<br>The Serra Sul, located in the southeastern portion of the Pará State, is the largest plateau in Serra dos Carajás, comprising highly preserved ecosystems developed on ferruginous rocks. Despite the great geological and economic importance of this region, which is the largest deposit of iron ore in the world, there are very few pedological studies. The objective of the present work was to study the soils of the main geoenvironments of Serra Sul, in terms of their morphological, physical chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological characteristics, seeking to understand the main factors and processes in this singular landscape. Thirtheen soil profiles were described and analyzed. Plintossolos Pétricos, with continuous (lithoplintic) or fragmented (concretionary) horizon, is the main soil type. There is a clear influence of soils on the distribution of the different phyto-physiognomies. Latossolos Vermelhos occur on forested slopes while Organossolos Háplicos occurs on flat, poorly drained grasslands. In general soils are acid, dystric, with very low P avilability and high Al3+. Soils located close to caves, poorly frained areas and termite mounds have high levels of available P, evidencing the effect of the fauna on soil nutrient status. The high levels of total organic carbon (TOC) in all soils indicate conditions which favor the incorporation and conservation of vegetal residues as soil organic matter. Soils have high levels of iron oxide obtained by both sulphuic attack and DCB extractions and present very strong red color. Expressive amounts of maghemita occur and, together with hematite and goethite, comprise the mineralogy of the clay fraction. Microanalysis illustrate the high Fe2O3 levels (> 80%) and very low SiO2 and macronutrient levels, which is attributed to the chemical composition of the parent material (jaspelite), which is rich in iron oxide and poor in nutrientbearing primary minerals. The results indicate that the iron-rich parent material and the pedoclimate are the main factors determining the characteristics of the sudied soils.<br>A serra Sul, localizada no Sudeste do Estado do Pará, representa o mais extenso platô de canga na paisagem da serra dos Carajás, abrigando diversos ecossitemas desenvolvidos sobre formações ferríferas com elevado grau de conservação. Apesar da grande importância geológica e econômica da região (maiores jazidas de minério de ferro do mundo) e de outros minérios de importância econômica, são ainda escassos os estudos pedológicos nesta área. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os solos dos principais geoambientes que compõem a paisagem da serra Sul, quanto aos seus aspectos morfológicos, físicos, químicos, mineralógicos e micromorfológicos, procurando entender os principais fatores e processos pedogenéticos atuantes nestas condições singulares deste ambiente amazônico. Para tanto, foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de 13 (treze) perfis de solo, representativos dos diferentes geoambientes encontrados. Na serra Sul, predominam os Plintossolos Pétricos, ora com horizonte endurecido contínuo (litoplíntico) ora com horizonte endurecido fragmentado (concrecionário), existindo um forte controle dos solos sobre as diferentes fitofisionomias presentes nas áreas de canga, evidenciando uma relação direta entre a profundidade do solo e o porte da vegetação. São ainda observados Latossolos Vermelhos nas encostas e grotas florestadas e Organossolos Háplicos nas depressões e patamares campestres mal drenados. No geral, os solos são ácidos, distróficos, com P disponível muito baixo e teores elevados de Al3+ no complexo de troca. Foram observados teores elevados de P disponível nos solos coletados proximo às cavernas, nas áreas brejosas e nos montículos dos termiteiros, evidênciando a relação entre a fauna e o enriquecimento nutricional dos solos, conforme constatado pelas quantidades expressivas de fezes e guano de morceno observados nestes ambientes. Os teores de COT elevados em todos os solos estudados indicam condições favoráveis à incorporação dos resíduos vegetais à matéria orgânica do solo. Ao lado dos teores bastante elevados de óxido de ferro obtidos pelo ataque sulfúrico e pelo DCB, os solos da serra Sul diferenciam-se pela intensa cor vermelha e expressiva ocorrência de maghemita, que, ao lado de hematita e goethita, constituem os minerais dominantes na fração argila. Os resultados das microanálises ilustram os elevados teores de Fe2O3 (> 80%) e teores muito baixos de SiO2 e dos macronutrientes Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, características atribuídas à riqueza em óxidos de Fe do material de origem (Jaspelito), a pobreza em minerais primários ricos em bases e ao intenso intemperismo destes solos. Pelos resultados das análises conclui-se que o material de origem rico em ferro e o pedoclima são os principais fatores que controlam a diversidade de características observadas nestes solos.

Dans le contexte de la rareté croissante des ressources naturelles non renouvelables, le génie pédologique permet de construire des Technosols fertiles exclusivement à partir du recyclage de sous-produits industriels délaissés. Cependant, la croissance des plantes peut être limitée par différentes contraintes liées à la présence de contaminants inorganiques dans les matériaux utilisés. L’agromine, qui vise à recycler les métaux stratégiques de l’environnement, représente alors une stratégie écologique et prometteuse pour la gestion durable de ces agrosystèmes. Afin de mieux comprendre les processus contrôlant la pédogenèse et l’évolution des Technosols, ainsi que le potentiel d’agromine sur ces sols, une série d’expériences en conditions contrôlées et sur le terrain ont été réalisées avec (i) Noccaea caerulescens, espèce hyperaccumulatrice de Cd, Ni et Zn (ii) sur des Technosols construits à partir de matériaux délaissés contaminés ou non en métaux (iii) amendés ou non en produits résiduaires organiques (compost ou biochar). A l’échelle du terrain, les résultats attestent que les propriétés des Technosols construits sont fortement influencées par les matériaux parents utilisés. Les sous-produits industriels utilisés dans la construction de sol peuvent avoir un effet initial indésirable pour la production de biomasse végétale due à l’augmentation de la salinité du sol. Une caractérisation fine de la spéciation des métaux a mis en évidence une évolution très rapide des Technosols, en particulier, la dissolution et la lixiviation des phases minérales solubles et la formation de nouvelles phases sorbantes (oxydes de Fe et de Mn) réduisant la disponibilité chimique des métaux. En conditions contrôlées, les amendements en biochar ou en compost tendent à améliorer la disponibilité en éléments nutritifs. Ceci peut être attribué à l’augmentation des activités enzymatiques et de la diversité microbienne, tant structurelle que fonctionnelle, en particulier lors d’addition de compost. Il en résulte une augmentation des teneurs en éléments essentiels dans les parties aériennes de la plante. Concernant les éléments en traces, l’addition au sol de biochar conduit à une diminution de leur disponibilité, alors qu’un effet inverse a été observé lors d’addition de compost. Toutefois les deux amendements augmentent les teneurs en métaux dans les parties aériennes avec un effet supérieur du compost par rapport au biochar. Ainsi, l’espèce hyperaccumulatrice Noccaea caerulescens a montré son aptitude à s’établir sur des Technosols peu fertiles et à concentrer Cd et Zn à des valeurs supérieures au seuil d’hyperaccumulation démontrant la faisabilité de l’agromine de ces métaux. Par ailleurs, les deux amendements organiques semblent pertinents pour améliorer la phytoextraction sur des Technosols construits<br>In the context of the increasing scarcity of non-renewable natural resources, the soil engineering has already allowed to build fertile Technosols exclusively from the recycling of abandoned industrial byproducts. However, it has also been shown that plant growth can be limited by various constraints related to the presence of inorganic contaminants in the used materials. Therefore agromining, which aims to recycle strategic metals from the environment, represents a promising strategy for ecological and sustainable management of these agricultural systems. To better understand the processes controlling pedogenesis and evolution of Technosols and the potential of agromining on these soils, a series of experiments in controlled conditions and field were performed with (i) Noccaea caerulescens, a hyperaccumulator species of Cd and Zn, (ii) on Technosols constructed from abandoned materials (iii) amended or not with organic compounds (compost or biochar). At the field scale, the results attest that Technosols properties are strongly influenced by the used parent materials. Industrial by-products used in soil construction can have an adverse effect for the initial plant biomass production due to the increase in soil salinity. A detailed characterization of metal speciation highlighted a very rapid evolution of Technosols in particular the dissolution and leaching of soluble mineral phases and the formation of new sorbent phases (Fe oxides and Mn) reducing the chemical availability metals. Under controlled conditions, biochar or compost amendments tend to improve nutrient availability. This can be attributed to the increase in enzyme activities and microbial diversity, at both structural and functional level, particularly in case of compost addition. This results an increase of essential elements content in the aerial parts of the plant. Regarding trace elements, adding to the soil biochar leads to a decrease of their availability, while an opposite effect was observed during compost addition. However, the two amendments increase the concentration of metals in shoots with a superior effect of compost with respect to biochar. Thus, hyperaccumulator species Noccaea caerulescens has shown its ability to establish on low fertility Technosols and concentrate high levels of Cd and Zn above the threshold of hyperaccumulation demonstrating then the feasibility of agromining of these metals. Moreover, both amendments appeared relevant to improve phytoextraction from abandoned industrial materials

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-26T20:13:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Deyvid Diego Carvalho Maranh?o.pdf: 3511156 bytes, checksum: 353d33c1ec8bd59e0324501bd6a5033a (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T20:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Deyvid Diego Carvalho Maranh?o.pdf: 3511156 bytes, checksum: 353d33c1ec8bd59e0324501bd6a5033a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-20<br>CAPES<br>Calcareous soils represent a significant portion of agricultural areas of the planet; commonly have high contents of calcium, magnesium, carbonates, associated with high pH values. In general, although there is little information about their attributes, they are located in areas with great potential for agricultural use. This study aimed to evaluate aspects involved in the genesis of calcareous soils of the Bambu? Group in the municipalities of Lavandeira and Aurora, southeast of Tocantins state, using morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical attributes, and to compare methods for analytical evaluation ofthis soil attributes. Mostly, these soils havea low degree of pedogenetic development, highlighting the pedogenic processes of melanization and calcification, as well as high levels of silt fraction, which are related to the occurrence of siltstones layers associated with the limestone. From the evaluations, it is suggested that the carbonate character or calcic horizon must be included in the large group level in the class of Luvissolos H?plicos in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. In this study, the profil P4 of toposequence T2 showed high calcium carbonate content, but were classified as "?rtico" respectively; thus omitting a feature of great importance in the management aspect. This attribute should be emphasized in the classification, since it influences the soil pH, available phosphorus content and micronutrients. The use of the suffix "r" should be reviewed in the Manual for Soil Description and Sampling in the Field, as this suffix has been used exclusively to the horizon and / or layer C, omitting this feature to other horizons, as it is featured in profile P1 of toposequence T2. As for the analytical methods, the phosphorus (P) determination more efficiently to calcareous soilsuses a buffered alkaline solution extraction (Olsen et al., 1954), and the use of acidic nature extractors (Mehlich 1) may overestimate the values of available phosphorus. Moreover, the method for determining calcium carbonateequivalent, with the changes proposed by Donagemma et al. (2011), quantified higher concentrations of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), suggesting that other methods have underestimating the CaCO3 content of the samples. As for the particle size analysis of fine earth, the usage of sodium hydroxide as chemical dispersant was more efficient in determining the clay fraction, with better dispersion of this fraction compared to the sodium hexametaphosphate solution. In contrast, the method for organic carbon measurement proposed by Yeomans and Bremner (1988) was more efficient, when compared to the method of Donagemma et al. (2011), as shown by the values similar to the ones obtained from elemental analysis (CHNS-O) in samples pretreated with an acid solution.<br>Os solos calc?rios representam uma parcela significativa das ?reas agr?colas do planeta; comumente, apresentam elevados teores de c?lcio, magn?sio, carbonatos, associados a elevados valores de pH. De modo geral, embora haja poucas informa??es acerca de seus atributos, est?o em ?reas de grande potencial para a utiliza??o agr?cola. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aspectos envolvidos na g?nese de solos calc?rios do Grupo Bambu?, nos munic?pios de Lavandeira e Aurora, sudestedo estado do Tocantins, a partir de atributos morfol?gicos, f?sicos, qu?micos e mineral?gicos, bem como comparar m?todos anal?ticos para avalia??o de atributos desses solos. Majoritariamente, esses solos apresentaram baixo grau de desenvolvimento pedogen?tico, destacando-se os processos pedogen?ticos de melaniza??o e calcifica??o, al?m de elevados teores da fra??o silte, o que est? relacionado ? ocorr?ncia de l?minas de siltitos associadas ao calc?rio. A partir das avalia??es realizadas, sugere-se que o car?ter carbon?tico ou horizonte c?lcico devem ser inclu?dos no n?vel de grande grupo na classe dos Luvissolos H?plicos do Sistema Brasileiro de Classifica??o de Solos. Neste estudo, os perfis P1 e P4 da topossequ?ncia T2 apresentaram elevados teores de carbonato de c?lcio, por?m foram classificados como ?L?tico? e ??rtico?, respectivamente, omitindo-se essa caracter?stica que ? de grande relev?ncia no aspecto de manejo. Esse atributo deve ser ressaltado na classifica??o, visto que ? determinante do pH, teor de f?sforo e de micronutrientes dispon?veis. A utiliza??o do sufixo ?r? deve ser revista no Manual de Descri??o e Coleta de Solo no Campo, pois esse sufixo tem sido de uso exclusivo para o horizonte e/ou camada C, omitindo essa caracter?stica para os demais horizontes, assim como caracterizado no perfil P1 da topossequ?ncia T2. Quanto aos m?todos anal?ticos, o m?todo de determina??o de f?sforo (P) mais eficiente para solos calc?rios faz uso de uma solu??o extratora alcalina tamponada (Olsen et al., 1954), sendo que a utiliza??o de extratores de natureza ?cida (Mehlich-1) pode superestimar os teores de P dispon?vel. Por outro lado, o m?todo de determina??o de carbonato de c?lcio equivalente, com altera??es da metodologia proposta pela Donagemma et al. (2011), quantificou maiores teores de carbonatos de c?lcio (CaCO3), sugerindo que os demais m?todos t?m subestimando os teores de CaCO3 das amostras. Quanto ? an?lise granulom?trica da terra fina, o hidr?xido de s?dio, como dispersante qu?mico, mostrou-se mais eficiente na determina??o da fra??o argila do solo, por ter proporcionado maior dispers?o dessa fra??o, quando comparado ? solu??o de hexametafosfato de s?dio. Em contrapartida, o m?todo de determina??o de carbono org?nico proposto por Yeomans e Bremner (1988) mostrou-se mais eficiente em compara??o ao m?todo da Donagemma et al. (2011), apresentando valores mais pr?ximos dos obtido na an?lise elementar (CHNS-O) em amostras pr?-tratadas com solu??o ?cida.

Dans le but de mieux comprendre les processus régissant la pédogenèse des Technosols, un ancien bassin à boues sidérurgiques riches en métaux et recouvert par une forêt caducifoliée de milieu tempéré, a fait l'objet d'une caractérisation approfondie, à partir d'un profil de 2 m et en colonnes lysimétriques sous l'influence du climat et de la végétation. Le Technosol, qui s'est développé sur les boues, résulte de plusieurs étapes de pédogenèse localisées dans le temps et dans l'espace. Les principaux moteurs ont d'abord été les cycles de dessiccation-humectation et les changements de conditions physiques et chimiques associés, puis l'activité biologique, notamment en lien avec l'apport de matières organiques en surface et l'installation des racines. Le développement d'une végétation diversifiée malgré les fortes teneurs en métaux toxiques s'explique par la nature des constituants minéraux et les propriétés chimiques (pH alcalin, forte CEC) et physiques (forte porosité, forte capacité de rétention en eau) qui limitent jusqu'à présent la disponibilité des métaux. Le Technosol est le produit d'une combinaison de processus normalement rencontrés dans des sols naturels d'évolution pédogénétique différente (e.g. Andosols, sols carbonatés) en lien avec la diversité des matériaux parents technogéniques et le mélange original des constituants qui les compose. Cette concomitance de processus coexistant rarement dans la nature pourrait être une caractéristique génétique des Technosols formés sur des matériaux complexes et être appelée « technosolisation »<br>With the aim of better understanding pedogenetic processes occurring in Technosols, a former settling pond of iron industry containing metal-rich sludge and covered by a deciduous forest of temperate region was thoroughly characterized, from a 2-m profile and in lysimeter experiments under the influence of climate and vegetation. The Technosol developing on iron industry sludge resulted from several stages of pedogenesis with areas of more intense changes. Main pedogenesis drivers were, first, drying-wetting cycles and involved changes of physical and chemical conditions, then biological activity, especially related to organic matter input at the surface and root colonization. The development of diversified vegetation despite high contents of toxic metals can be explained by the nature of mineral constituents and chemical (alkaline pH, high CEC) and physical (high porosity, high water retention capacity) properties which have limited metal availability until now. The Technosol resulted from a combination of processes which occurred usually in natural soils with distinct pedogenetic evolution (e.g. Andosols, carbonated soils) due to the diversity of technogenic parental materials and the original mixture of constituents they contained. This simultaneity of processes coexisting rarely in natural environments could be a genetic particularity of Technosols formed on complex materials and could be called 'technosolization'

La capacité du sol à fournir de nombreux services écosystémiques dépend de propriétés qui évoluent en permanence sous l’effet de multiples processus. Or, malgré leur importance, les dynamiques des processus de lessivage et de bioturbation de la fraction &lt; 2 μm sont peu connues. Nous nous sommes alors fixés pour objectifs de i) développer et valider une méthode de quantification par analyse d’images de l’intensité de ces deux processus, ii) quantifier l’effet d’un à deux siècles de mise en culture et d’une dizaine d’années d’apports répétés de fumier sur leur intensité, et iii) d’en déduire des informations sur leur dynamique. Notre procédure d’analyse d’images repose sur une approche colorimétrique et texturale permettant de prendre en compte les différents niveaux d’organisation des sols. Le volume de sol bioturbé depuis 10 000 à 15 000 ans, est compris entre 65% du volume total à 40 cm de profondeur et 20 à 30% du volume total à 150 cm de profondeur soit une masse de sol déplacée de l’ordre de 6 500 t.ha-1 ou 1 700 t.ha-1 de fraction fine. Le processus d’illuviation est, quant à lui, à l’origine d’un flux de fraction fine de 1 100 t.ha-1. Les processus étudiés se sont montrés sensibles et étonnement réactifs aux forçages anthropiques. Deux cents ans de mise en culture ont eu pour résultats : i) une évolution de la structuration des sols sur au moins un mètre de profondeur, ii) une modification de l’architecture du volume de sol remanié par les vers de terre, et iii) une intensification du processus de lessivage. Une dizaine d’années d’apports répétés de fumier ont à l’inverse été en mesure de tamponner la plupart de ces évolutions. Cette réactivité inattendue des sols représente une opportunité en ce qu’il est possible d’orienter ces évolutions en fonction d’un objectif d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique notamment<br>The intensity at which soils provide ecosystem services are function of soil properties that permanently evolved according to numerous processes. Lessivage and bioturbation are of crucial importance as they imply the clay size fraction but are still poorly characterized. This study aims at i) developing a digital 2D image analysis method to quantify both processes intensity, ii) quantifying the effect of two centuries of continuous cultivation and of a decade of organic amendments spreading on their intensity, and iii) characterizing their dynamics. We succeeded in quantifying those processes by carefully considering different levels of soil organization while combining a colorimetric and a textural approach. The percentage volume of worm-worked soil since 10 000 to 15 000 years is 65% at 40 cm depth and between 20 and 30% at 150 cm depth that corresponds to a soil mass flow of 6 500 t.ha-1, i.e. 1 700 t.ha-1 of clay size fraction. Illuviation is responsible for a clay size fraction mass flow of 1 100 t.ha-1. On a time scale as short as two centuries, cultivation was found to induce i) a change of the soil poral network characteristics until 1 meter depth, ii) a modification of the structure of the worm-worked soil volume, and finally iii) an increase of the lessivage intensity. A decade of organic matter spreading tended to lower the intensity of lessivage. Finally, our study points out the fact that soils are highly reactive and that our method may be particularly helpful to predict soil evolution while facing climate change among others