Journal articles on the topic 'Pedigree Dog Breeding'
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1
Rooney, NJ, and DR Sargan. "Welfare concerns associated with pedigree dog breeding in the UK." Animal Welfare 19, S1 (May 2010): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600002335.
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AbstractIn the UK, numerous pedigree dogs of many breeds experience compromised welfare due to the direct and indirect effects of selective breeding. Many breeds are selected to have physical conformations which, although perceived by some to be desirable, have direct negative effects upon their welfare. Dogs are regularly bred whose heads are too large and pelvises too small to birth naturally or whose faces are so flat that they are unable to breathe or exercise normally. There are also many indirect effects of selective breeding for appearance, including significantly elevated prevalence of specific diseases within particular breeds. Current breeding practices can therefore result in unnecessary suffering due to pain, disability, disease and behavioural problems. In this paper, we summarise and review the current scientific evidence for such suffering, and difficulties associated with assessing the impact of current breeding practices. Limited record-keeping, lack of transparency in the breeding and showing world, and the absence of sufficient research, mean that the full extent of the problem is difficult to assess. Furthermore, the collection of data is currently unsystematic, and although there are specific case studies of individual breeds and particular disorders, relatively few have been conducted in the UK. Individual breeds each suffer from their own array of problems, so each breed's survival and improvement (in terms of health and welfare) is likely to require a different specific course of action. With 209 breeds currently registered in the UK, this makes the situation complex. We collate and present a range of suggestions which may help to improve pedigree dog welfare significantly, and prioritise these based on expert opinion.
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WELLMANN, R., and I. PFEIFFER. "Pedigree analysis for conservation of genetic diversity and purging." Genetics Research 91, no. 3 (June 2009): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672309000202.
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SummaryWe present an approach to describe and evaluate changes in genetic diversity and to calculate bounds for improvement. This pedigree-based analysis was applied to the Kromfohrländer dog (FCI Gr9 Sec10). Pedigrees trace back to the foundation of the breed and were available for 5527 individuals. Based on this dataset the population structure and historical bottlenecks were studied. Distributions of allele frequencies were estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. To monitor changes in mating systems throughout the breeding history, the homozygosity of alleles was compared with their expectations in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Different breeding lines were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis and were characterized by ancestor contributions. Our calculations showed that the founder event in 1945 was followed by two bottlenecks. One was caused by strong selection in a very small population, and the other was triggered by rigorous disease management. The necessary amount of purging that arised due to the bottlenecks was also discussed.
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Howell, Philip. "The Dog Fancy at War: Breeds, Breeding, and Britishness, 1914-1918." Society & Animals 21, no. 6 (2013): 546–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341258.
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Abstract This essay examines the impact of the Great War on the breeding and showing of pedigree dogs (the “dog fancy”) in Britain. Hostility toward Germany led first to a decline in the popularity of breeds such as the dachshund, with both human and canine “aliens” targeted by nationalist fervor. Second, the institutions of dog breeding and showing came under threat from accusations of inappropriate luxury, frivolity, and the wasting of food in wartime, amounting to the charge of a want of patriotism on the part of breeders. Third, the paper shows how the “dog fancy” responded to this “agitation against dogs,” turning on mongrels, stray dogs, and “useless” and unpatriotic humans, exposing deep divisions within the dog breeding community. By looking at the politics of the “dog fancy” in wartime, this paper extends the discussion of animals and national identity, arguing that while dogs could be used to articulate patriotic sentiments, their conditional citizenship meant that they were uniquely vulnerable at a time of national crisis.
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Collins, LM, L. Asher, JF Summers, G. Diesel, and PD McGreevy. "Welfare epidemiology as a tool to assess the welfare impact of inherited defects on the pedigree dog population." Animal Welfare 19, S1 (May 2010): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600002256.
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AbstractThe effect that breed standards and selective breeding practices have on the welfare of pedigree dogs has recently come under scrutiny from both the general public and scientific community. Recent research has suggested that breeding for particular aesthetic traits, such as tightly curled tails, highly domed skulls and short muzzles predisposes dogs with these traits to certain inherited defects, such as spina bifida, syringomyelia and brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome, respectively. Further to this, there is a very large number of inherited diseases that are not related to breed standards, which are thought to be prevalent, partly as a consequence of inbreeding and restricted breeding pools. Inherited diseases, whether linked to conformation or not, have varying impact on the individuals affected by them, and affect varying proportions of the pedigree dog population. Some diseases affect few breeds but are highly prevalent in predisposed breeds. Other diseases affect many breeds, but have low prevalence within each breed. In this paper, we discuss the use of risk analysis and severity diagrams as means of mapping the overall problem of inherited disorders in pedigree dogs and, more specifically, the welfare impact of specific diseases in particular breeds.
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Wickens, S. "Pedigree dog health and welfare part 2. Findings of the Bateson inquiry into dog breeding." Animal Welfare 19, no. 2 (May 2010): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600001469.
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Ács, Virág, Árpád Bokor, and István Nagy. "Population Structure Analysis of the Border Collie Dog Breed in Hungary." Animals 9, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050250.
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Pedigree data of the Border Collie dog breed were collected in Hungary to examine genetic diversity within the breed and its different lines. The database was based on available herd books dating from the development of the breed (in the late 1800s) to the present day. The constructed pedigree file consisted of 13,339 individuals, of which 1566 dogs (born between 2010 and 2016) composed the alive reference population which was active from breeding perspective. The breed is subdivided by phenotype, showing a thicker coat, harmonic movement, a wide skull, and heavier bones for the show type, and a thinner or sometimes short coat and smaller body for the working line, while the mixed line is quite heterogeneous (a combination of the above). Thus, the reference population was dissected according to the existing lines. The number of founders was 894, but eight individuals were responsible for contributing 50% of the genetic variability. The reference population had a pedigree completeness of 99.6% up to 15 generations and an inbreeding coefficient of 9.86%. Due to the changing breed standards and the requirements of the potential buyers, the effective population size substantially decreased between 2010 and 2016. Generation intervals varied between 4.09 and 4.71 years, where the sire paths were longer due to the later initial age of breeding in males compared to females. Genetic differences among the existing lines calculated by fixation indices are not significant; nonetheless ancestral inbreeding coefficients are able to show contrasts.
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Bovenkerk, Bernice, and Hanneke J. Nijland. "The Pedigree Dog Breeding Debate in Ethics and Practice: Beyond Welfare Arguments." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 30, no. 3 (June 2017): 387–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-017-9673-8.
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Zielińska, S., and I. Głażewska. "A pedigree-based analysis of mitochondrial DNA diversity in a dog population on the example of German Hovawarts." Archives Animal Breeding 58, no. 2 (August 13, 2015): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-58-335-2015.
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Abstract. The purpose of the article is to illustrate the use of pedigree analysis to evaluate mtDNA diversity in a selected population of pedigree dogs, to describe the paths of mtDNA inheritance and to estimate the spread of potential pedigree errors or mutations that occurred in different generations of ancestors. Hovawart, old German breed, was used as an example. The number and frequencies of mtDNA haplotypes were calculated based on numbers of dam lines and their representatives. The scale of potential errors in calculations that can result from pedigree errors or from new mutations in ancestors from the 5th or 10th ancestral generation was evaluated. The analysis included 368 breeding bitches from four German kennel organizations. The bitches represented three dam lines, with the Ho1, Ho2 and HoU mtDNA haplotypes. Significant differences in the frequency of the haplotypes in the population, from 0.27 to 73.37 %, and among kennel organizations and regions of the country were recorded. Considerable differences in the scale of potential errors in calculations arising from mtDNA mutations or pedigree errors were noted between 0.27 and 28.69 %, depending on the number of representatives of the subline in which the error appeared and the generation taken into account in the simulations. The study revealed an interesting paradox: although the differences between the haplotypes are the result of events (mutations) from thousands of years ago, the number and the frequencies of the haplotypes in the population are the result of the modern history of the population and current breeding policy.
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Domain, G., E. Wydooghe, B. J. G. Broeckx, M. Hoogewijs, and A. Van Soom. "Semen donation and establishment of an open canine semen bank: a novel tool to prevent inbreeding in pedigree dogs." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 88, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v88i1.16045.
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At present, only 5% of pedigree dogs is being used for breeding. To increase the number of breeding dogs, one solution could be to start a canine semen bank based on the principle of semen donation, like in humans. Many dog owners have no desire to become dog breeders but are willing to preserve the genetic material of their dog, if offered this possibility. However, not all canine ejaculates are suitable for cryopreservation as the initial quality may differ and the resistance of sperm cells to survive the freezing procedure is highly variable. In order to freeze the semen of as many male dogs as possible, it is important to optimize and individualize the cryopreservation protocol per ejaculate. Practically, frozen semen can be stored in the CanIfreeze-semen bank or in veterinary practices adjacent to the owner of the bitch and can be used for insemination at a later time.
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Głażewska, I., S. Zielińska, and B. Prusak. "Formation of a new dog population observed by pedigree and mtDNA analyses of the Polish Hovawart." Archives Animal Breeding 55, no. 4 (October 10, 2012): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-55-391-2012.
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Abstract. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the gene pool of a dog population during the period of its formation. Pedigree and mtDNA analyses were performed on the Polish population of Hovawart dogs. A total of 192 litters of 93 dams and 115 sires were born between 1988 and 2008. Breeding began using Hovawarts imported mainly from the Czech Republic and Slovakia; however, the role of Western European dogs increased continually throughout the period analysed. No unfavourable effects caused by the limited size of the population were identified because of the constant inflow of new genes from abroad. The continual increase in the gene pool was indicated by all of the pedigree parameters analysed. Two different mtDNA haplotypes were found, and complete agreement between pedigree and molecular data was noted. The results of the analyses permit concluding that the process of formation of the new Hovawart population was also impacted by non-genetic factors that directly influenced the composition of gene pool.
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McGreevy, P. D., and F. W. Nicholas. "Some Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Dog Breeding." Animal Welfare 8, no. 4 (November 1999): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600021965.
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AbstractThis paper reviews the history of the establishment of dog breeds, summarizes current health and resultant welfare problems and makes some positive suggestions for their resolution. Some breed standards and selection practices run counter to the welfare interests of dogs, to the extent that some breeds are characterized by traits that may be difficult to defend on welfare grounds. Meanwhile, little selection pressure seems to be exerted on some traits that would improve animal welfare and produce dogs better suited to modern society. Unfortunately, the incidence of certain inherited defects in some breeds is unacceptably high, while the number of registered animals of certain breeds within some countries is so low as to make it almost impossible for breeders to avoid mating close relatives. There are several constructive ways to overcome these challenges. Breed associations can ensure that reduction of welfare problems is one of their major aims; they can review breed standards; they can embrace modern technology for animal identification and pedigree checking; they can allow the introduction of ‘new ‘ genetic material into closed stud-books; and they can encourage collaboration with geneticists in identifying and using DNA markers for the control of inherited disorders. There should be a concerted effort to produce and evaluate as companion animals first-cross (F1) hybrids from matings between various pairs of breeds. Finally, geneticists must learn to communicate their science better and in a language that non-geneticists can understand.
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Ginja, Mário, António Silvestre, António Ferreira, José Gonzalo-Orden, Maria Orden, Pedro Melo-Pinto, Maria Llorens-Pena, and Jorge Colaço. "Passive hip laxity in Estrela Mountain Dog — Distraction index, heritability and breeding values." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.56.2008.3.4.
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Two hundred and fifteen Estrela Mountain Dogs (EMD) were examined using the PennHIP method between 2002 and 2006. Passive hip laxity (PHL) was estimated calculating the distraction index (DI). Pedigree information was obtained from the Portuguese Kennel Club. The heritability and breeding values were estimated using the linear Animal Model. The DI, using as reference the worst joint of each animal, ranged from 0.15 to 1.12 (0.55 ± 0.19). The PHL was equal in right and left sides, and was higher in females than in males (P > 0.05 and P < 0.01 in the t -test, respectively). The estimated heritability was 0.83 ± 0.11. The mean breeding values for PHL were stable in EMD born between 1991 and 2003, and showed an improvement in 2004 and 2005. The data confirm high PHL in breeds with high prevalence and severity of canine hip dysplasia. The high heritability indicates that the DI could be reduced in the breed if PHL were used as a selection criterion. The early favourable evolution of DI breeding values could be related with the increase of voluntary radiographic hip screening in the last years, and the subsequent introduction of hip quality as a breeding criterion.
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Fikse, W. F., S. Malm, and T. W. Lewis. "Opportunities for international collaboration in dog breeding from the sharing of pedigree and health data." Veterinary Journal 197, no. 3 (September 2013): 873–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.025.
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Lewis, TW, JA Woolliams, and SC Blott. "Optimisation of breeding strategies to reduce the prevalence of inherited disease in pedigree dogs." Animal Welfare 19, S1 (May 2010): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600002281.
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AbstractOne option for improving the welfare of purebred dog breeds is to implement health breeding programmes, which allow selection to be directed against known diseases while controlling the rate of inbreeding to a minimal level in order to maintain the long-term health of the breed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predicted impact of selection against disease in two breeds: the Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS) and the Labrador Retriever. Heritabilities for mitral valve disease, syringomyelia in the CKCS and hip dysplasia in the Labrador were estimated to be 0.64 (± 0.07), 0.32 (± 0.125) and 0.35 (± 0.016), respectively, which suggest encouraging selection responses are feasible based upon the estimation of breeding values (EBVs) if monitoring schemes are maintained for these breeds. Although using data from disease databases can introduce problems due to bias, as a result of individuals and families with disease usually being over-represented, the data presented is a step forward in providing information on risk. EBVs will allow breeders to distinguish between potential parents of high and low risk, after removing the influence of life history events. Analysis of current population structure, including numbers of dogs used for breeding, average kinship and average inbreeding provides a basis from which to compare breeding strategies. Predictions can then be made about the number of generations it will take to eradicate disease, the number of affected individuals that will be born during the course of selective breeding and the benefits that can be obtained by using optimisation to constrain inbreeding to a pre-defined sustainable rate.
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Głażewska, I., and B. Prusak. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of introducing new alleles into the gene pool of a rare dog breed: Polish Hound as the example." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 5 (May 18, 2012): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5923-cjas.
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The objective of the analysis was to check the possibility of enriching a gene pool of a rare dog breed by breeding use of dogs of unknown origin that are phenotypically similar to a given breed. The evaluation was performed using pedigree and mtDNA analyses applied to Polish Hounds. The results indicated the very limited breeding success of such dogs in relation to their contributions to the gene pool and to the number of their descendants used in breeding. Dogs of unknown origin accounted for 80.9% of the total number of breed founders while the proportions of their descendants used in breeding were equal to just 14.3 and 4.7% of the total number of dams and sires, respectively. Breeders are unwilling to use such dogs and kennel judges are critical of their quality and appearance which are inconsistent with the breed standard. This may be connected with their distinct breed affiliation detected by the mtDNA analysis which showed the presence of three mtDNA haplotypes in Polish Hounds differing by a large number of substitutions. The study leads to the pessimistic conclusions that chances of enriching gene pools through breeding use of dogs of unknown origin are rather slim. The case of the Polish Hounds shows that the success of programmes for improving the genetic condition of endangered dog breeds can only be achieved in coordination between breeders and kennel authorities, and with financing from the state.
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Potts, Annie, and Donna Haraway. "Kiwi chicken advocate talks with Californian dog companion." Feminism & Psychology 20, no. 3 (August 2010): 318–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353510368118.
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An influential feminist scholar in the field of human-animal studies, Donna Haraway (Professor in the History of Consciousness Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz) has over the past couple of decades provided ground-breaking critiques of such subjects as twentieth century primatology (and its links to race, gender and first-world/third-world politics), the place of nonhuman animals in laboratory science, and the phenomenon of pedigree dog breeding. Her most recent work focuses on our relationships with ‘companion species’, a term Haraway employs in her analysis of the diverse forms of human-animal interactions and exchanges that are part of everyday life. Drawing from ecological developmental biology, she suggests that companion species are the fruit of ‘multispecies reciprocal inductions’. In the following interview with Annie Potts (Co-Director, the New Zealand Centre for Human-Animal Studies), Donna Haraway discusses her views on, amongst other things, feminism and multispecies issues, human exceptionalism and posthumanism, and the pleasures of ‘becoming with’ our companion species.
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McGreevy, PD. "Breeding for quality of life." Animal Welfare 16, S1 (May 2007): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600031821.
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AbstractMany breeds of companion animal have inherited disorders that may impair quality of life (QoL) to the extent that it is unkind to keep them alive. If we struggle to discern when this point is reached, why do we breed compromised, short-lived animals in the first place? If we struggle to judge when environmental conditions cause an unacceptable QoL, why not breed appropriately for modern environments? In breeding pedigree dogs, five major problems arise: (1) some breed standards and selection practices run counter to dog welfare; (2) insufficient selection pressure seems to be exerted on some traits that would improve animal well-being and produce dogs better suited to modern environments; (3) the incidence of certain inherited defects in some breeds is unacceptably high; (4) the dearth of registered animals of certain breeds in particular countries makes it extremely difficult for breeders to avoid mating close relatives; and (5) there may be financial disincentives for veterinarians to reduce the incidence of inherited diseases. Before we can judge when behavioural or morphological changes caused by selective breeding result in an unacceptable QoL, we have to know which are prevalent. This paper reviews progress in two Australian schemes to monitor trends in the prevalence of inherited disorders in dogs and to promote behavioural phenotypes likely to cope with contemporary domestic environments.
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Doherty, Aoife, Inês Lopes, Christopher T. Ford, Gianni Monaco, Patrick Guest, and João Pedro de Magalhães. "A scan for genes associated with cancer mortality and longevity in pedigree dog breeds." Mammalian Genome 31, no. 7-8 (July 13, 2020): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-020-09845-1.
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Abstract Selective breeding of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) rigidly retains desirable features, and could inadvertently fix disease-causing variants within a breed. We combine phenotypic data from > 72,000 dogs with a large genotypic dataset to search for genes associated with cancer mortality and longevity in pedigree dog breeds. We validated previous findings that breeds with higher average body weight have higher cancer mortality rates and lower life expectancy. We identified a significant positive correlation between life span and cancer mortality residuals corrected for body weight, implying that long-lived breeds die more frequently from cancer compared to short-lived breeds. We replicated a number of known genetic associations with body weight (IGF1, GHR, CD36, SMAD2 and IGF2BP2). Subsequently, we identified five genetic variants in known cancer-related genes (located within SIPA1, ADCY7 and ARNT2) that could be associated with cancer mortality residuals corrected for confounding factors. One putative genetic variant was marginally significantly associated with longevity residuals that had been corrected for the effects of body weight; this genetic variant is located within PRDX1, a peroxiredoxin that belongs to an emerging class of pro-longevity associated genes. This research should be considered as an exploratory analysis to uncover associations between genes and longevity/cancer mortality.
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ALEKSEEV, ANATOLIY D., OLGA G. PETROVA, and IGOR M. MILSTEIN. "Elimination of chlamydia in the service dog breeding nursery of the FPS of Russia Main Department in the Sverdlovsk Region." Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 231, no. 8 (2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-231-8-67-74.
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The article studies the elimination of chlamydia in the service dog breeding nursery Federal Budget Institution KP-66 of the FPS of Russia Main Department in the Sverdlovsk Region. The subject of the research is service breeding dogs and puppies kept in a breeding nursery of service dogs. The aim of the research is to develop the most rational treatment regime for chlamydia in dogs. The methodological basis of the research was formed by statistical and pathomorphological methods and diagnostics by the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). As a result of the studies, the most optimal treatment scheme for chlamydia in service dogs was selected. The data given in the article will have a positive effect on the epizootic situation in the institutions of the penal system. Conclusions have been made on the need to conduct annual studies of pedigree dogs, as well as service dogs accepted for service in penal institutions, for chlamydia, mycoplasmosis and brucellosis, and, if necessary, for other infections. Key words: chlamydia of dogs, veterinary service of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, infectious diseases of service dogs.
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Ács, Virág, György Kövér, János Farkas, Árpád Bokor, and István Nagy. "Effects of Long-Term Selection in the Border Collie Dog Breed: Inbreeding Purge of Canine Hip and Elbow Dysplasia." Animals 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101743.
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Pedigree data of 13,339 border collie dog was collected along with canine hip dysplasia (CHD) and canine elbow dysplasia (CED) records (1352 CHD and 524 CED), and an inbreeding–purging (IP) model was created. Ancestral inbreeding coefficients were calculated by using a gene dropping simulation method with GRain 2.2 software. Cumulative logit models (CLM) for CHD and CED were fitted using a logit-link Poisson distribution and the classical (F_W), and ancestral inbreeding (F_BAL, F_KAL, and F_KAL_NEW) coefficients as linear regression coefficients. The effective population size was calculated from F_W and decreased in the examined period along with an increase of F_W; however, slight differences were found as a consequence of breeding dog imports. CHD values were lowered by the expansion of F_BAL, as the alleles had been inbred in the past. For CHD, signs of purging were obtained. There was a positive trend regarding the breeding activity (both sire and dam of the future litters should be screened and certified free from CHD and CED), as years of selection increased the frequency of alleles with favorable hip and elbow conformation. Division of the ancestral inbreeding coefficient showed that alleles that had been identical by descent (IBD) for the first time (F_KAL_NEW) had a negative effect on both traits, while F_KAL has shown favorable results for alleles IBD in past generations. Some authors had proven this phenomenon in captive populations or experimental conditions; however, no evidence of inbreeding purge has ever been described in dog populations. Despite the various breeding practices, it seems that alleles of these polygenic disorders could be successfully purged out of the population with long-term selection.
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Michels, Paula Wiebke, and Ottmar Distl. "Genetic Diversity and Trends of Ancestral and New Inbreeding in Deutsch Drahthaar Assessed by Pedigree Data." Animals 12, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12070929.
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Loss of genetic diversity and high inbreeding rates confer an increased risk of congenital anomalies and diseases and thus impacting dog breeding. In this study, we analyzed recent and ancestral inbreeding as well as other measures of genetic variability in the Deutsch Drahthaar (DD) dog population. Analyses included pedigree data from 101,887 animals and a reference population with 65,927 dogs born between 2000 and 2020. The mean equivalent complete generations was 8.6 with 69% known ancestors in generation 8. The mean realized effective population size was 92 with an increasing trend from 83 to 108 over birth years. The numbers of founders, effective founders and effective ancestors, as well as founder genomes, were 814, 66, 38 and 16.15, respectively. Thirteen ancestors explained 50% of the genetic diversity. The mean coefficient of inbreeding and individual rate of inbreeding (ΔFi) were 0.042 and 0.00551, respectively, with a slightly decreasing trend in ΔFi. Exposure of ancestors to identical-by-descent alleles explored through ancestral coefficients of inbreeding showed a strong increasing trend. Comparisons between new and ancestral inbreeding coefficients according to Kalinowski et al. showed an average relative contribution of 62% of new inbreeding to individual inbreeding. Comparisons among average coancestry within the parental population and average inbreeding in the reference population were not indicative of genetic substructures. In conclusion, the creation of the DD dog breed about 120 years ago resulted in a popular breed with considerable genetic diversity without substructuring into lines or subpopulations. The trend of new inbreeding was declining, while ancestral inbreeding through ancestors who were autozygous at least once in previous generations was increasing.
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Mischke, Reinhard, Julia Metzger, and Ottmar Distl. "An FGA Frameshift Variant Associated with Afibrinogenemia in Dachshunds." Genes 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12071065.
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Congenital fibrinogen disorders are very rare in dogs. Cases of afibrinogenemia have been reported in Bernese Mountain, Bichon Frise, Cocker Spaniel, Collie, Lhasa Apso, Viszla, and St. Bernard dogs. In the present study, we examined four miniature wire-haired Dachshunds with afibrinogenemia and ascertained their pedigree. Homozygosity mapping and a genome-wide association study identified a candidate genomic region at 50,188,932–64,187,680 bp on CFA15 harboring FGB (fibrinogen beta chain), FGA (fibrinogen alpha chain), and FGG (fibrinogen gamma-B chain). Sanger sequencing of all three fibrinogen genes in two cases and validation of the FGA-associated mutation (FGA:g.6296delT, NC_006597.3:g.52240694delA, rs1152388481) in pedigree members showed a perfect co-segregation with afibrinogenemia-affected phenotypes, obligate carriers, and healthy animals. In addition, the rs1152388481 variant was validated in 393 Dachshunds and samples from 33 other dog breeds. The rs1152388481 variant is predicted to modify the protein sequence of both FGA transcripts (FGA201:p.Ile486Met and FGA-202:p.Ile555Met) leading to proteins truncated by 306 amino acids. The present data provide evidence for a novel FGA truncating frameshift mutation that is very likely to explain the cases of severe bleeding due to afibrinogenemia in a Dachshund family. This mutation has already been spread in Dachshunds through carriers before cases were ascertained. Genetic testing allows selective breeding to prevent afibrinogenemia-affected puppies in the future.
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Ludwig-Peisker, Odette, Emily Ansel, Daniela Schweizer, Vidhya Jagannathan, Robert Loechel, and Tosso Leeb. "PCYT1A Missense Variant in Vizslas with Disproportionate Dwarfism." Genes 13, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122354.
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Disproportionate dwarfism phenotypes represent a heterogeneous subset of skeletal dysplasias and have been described in many species including humans and dogs. In this study, we investigated Vizsla dogs that were affected by disproportionate dwarfism that we propose to designate as skeletal dysplasia 3 (SD3). The most striking skeletal changes comprised a marked shortening and deformation of the humerus and femur. An extended pedigree with six affected dogs suggested autosomal recessive inheritance. Combined linkage and homozygosity mapping localized a potential genetic defect to a ~4 Mb interval on chromosome 33. We sequenced the genome of an affected dog, and comparison with 926 control genomes revealed a single, private protein-changing variant in the critical interval, PCYT1A:XM_038583131.1:c.673T>C, predicted to cause an exchange of a highly conserved amino acid, XP_038439059.1:p.(Y225H). We observed perfect co-segregation of the genotypes with the phenotype in the studied family. When genotyping additional Vizslas, we encountered a single dog with disproportionate dwarfism that did not carry the mutant PCYT1A allele, which we hypothesize was due to heterogeneity. In the remaining 130 dogs, we observed perfect genotype–phenotype association, and none of the unaffected dogs were homozygous for the mutant PCYT1A allele. PCYT1A loss-of-function variants cause spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone–rod dystrophy (SMD-CRD) in humans. The skeletal changes in Vizslas were comparable to human patients. So far, no ocular phenotype has been recognized in dwarf Vizslas. We propose the PCYT1A missense variant as a candidate causative variant for SD3. Our data facilitate genetic testing of Vizslas to prevent the unintentional breeding of further affected puppies.
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Mykhalenko, N. I., and E. S. Kotlyarov. "Pathomorphological characteristics of of ovarian tumors in domestic animals." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 83 (March 2, 2018): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8342.
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Pathomorphological and clinical studies of 23 cases of ovarian tumors of dogs and cats have been carried out, which allowed to determine the morphological, clinical and anamnestic features of different histological types of ovarian tumors. Both types of animals dominated benign tumors. Malignant neoplasms were registered only in dogs, and only dogs observed proliferative tumors. 2 cases were verified as tumor-like lesions, one for each animal species. The group of epithelial tumors was the most widely reported in dogs and cats, namely different histological variants of cystadenoma. The variety of variants of cystadenoma in the dog prevailed – serous, serous proliferative, mucinous and malignant variants (cystadenocarcinoma) were observed, whereas only serous cystadenoma was diagnosed in cats. In addition to cystadenoma, adenofibroma in cats and light-cell carcinoma and Brenner`s tumors in dogs have been described. In the second place in the prevalence are the Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors. Our studies only registered granulosa-stromal cell tumors, which were represented by granulosa cell tumors of the ovary in dogs, and fibroma of the ovary in cats. Germ Cell Tumors were recorded as dysgerminoma. In both species of animals, there is a clear dependence of the appearance of neoplasm on its histological type. All neoplasms with one or more cavities referred to different variants of cystadenoma. Other histological types of ovarian tumors looked like a single, limited knot of soft or dense consistency of different sizes. At the time of detection of ovarian tumors, the age of dogs varied about 9 years, cats – about 12 years. Among the dogs of the general group, a large proportion was made by breeding animals. In the study group, dogs of the following breeds were registered: Labrador, German Shepherd Dog, Staffordshire Terrier, Caucasian Shepherd Dog and Doberman. Among the 6 cats, only one was pedigree. Tumors of ovaries in dogs and cats were almost not accompanied by clinical symptoms. In most cases, ovarian tumors were found accidentally during routine sterilization.
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Wilson, Bethany, Alicia Kasbarian, Navneet Dhand, and Paul McGreevy. "Battle of the Sexes in Best of Breed: Sex Influences Dogs’ Success in the Show Ring." Animals 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8120240.
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Much of the research on pedigree dog breeding has been directed towards understanding the implications of reduced genetic diversity and the prevalence of inherited disorders. An example is the potential role of the popular sire effect in perpetuating genetic defects. If male dogs are more likely than bitches to be identified as examples of members of a breed that align with breed standard, they may be selected for breeding earlier. This may contribute to the influence of individual males and contribute to popular sire effect. Conversely, if breed standards are written in a sex-neutral fashion, and if dogs are entered, exhibited, and judged in a sex-neutral fashion, then we would expect the success of female dogs in the show ring to be equal to that of their male counterparts. With a focus on toy and giant breeds, the current pilot study collated samples of dog show results to explore relationships between sex and the likelihood of success in the show ring. It focused on toy and giant breeds to explore any differences in equity, if it existed, at either end of the size and concomitant age-at-maturation spectrum. For the purpose of this study, toy breeds were those that weigh < 10 kg at maturity while giant breed dogs were those that exceed 45 kg. Within these two clusters, the least (n = 3) and most popular (n = 3) breeds were then selected to explore any potential role of sex on success in the show ring. The popularity of breeds was determined using the numbers of dogs registered with the Australian National Kennel Council. Using results from dog shows (n = 18) from 2015 to 2016, data on 1,080 dogs were obtained. Within these 12 breeds for the 18 shows, there were 137 Best of Breed (BOB) titles awarded: Pug (n = 18), Toy Poodle (n = 18), Bullmastiff (n = 14), Rottweiler (n = 17), Fox Terrier (Smooth) (n = 18), Bloodhound (n = 3), Schnauzer (miniature) (n = 15), Great Dane (n = 17), Norfolk Terrier (n = 10), Norwich Terrier (n = 5), Central Asian Shepherd Dog (n = 2). Despite the near parity of male and female dogs being exhibited, of these 137 titles, 86 (62.8%) were awarded to male dogs (at least 41 individuals) and 51 (37.2%) to female dogs (at least 32 individuals) showing that male dogs are more likely to win BOB titles (χ2 = 9.4455, df = 1, p-value = 0.002117). Among the toy subset of breeds, this effect was higher (χ2 = 6.798, df = 1, p-value = 0.009126) than among the giant breed subset, for whom the advantage to male dogs did not reach statistical significance versus χ2 = 3.0967, df = 1, p-value = 0.07845). This suggests that judges find the male dogs more appealing, presumably because they are more aligned with breed standards.
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Casal, Margret L. "Feline Fertility: Consequences of inbreeding and implications for reproductive fitness." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 24, no. 9 (August 24, 2022): 847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x221118755.
Full textAbstract:
Practical relevance: When compared with the number of individuals that make up a dog breed, the population within a given cat breed is very small. Therefore, to maintain a breed standard, a certain degree of inbreeding is necessary. However, when inbreeding reaches a certain threshold, it can lead to decreased fertility, which manifests as failure to conceive, smaller litter size, increased neonatal illness and neonatal mortality. Breeders should be encouraged to keep comprehensive records on breeding outcomes, including number of kittens born, neonatal vitality, daily kitten weights and kitten health at weaning. Commercially available DNA panels are available to inform and facilitate excellent breeding choices and can estimate the coefficient of inbreeding. Clinicians should include a review of the degree of inbreeding in the work-up for any cattery or cat colony experiencing decreased fertility. Aim: The objective of this article is to provide clinicians, especially those working with cat breeders, with an easy-to-understand guide to genetics and to demonstrate how inbreeding influences fertility and neonatal survival. Equipment and technical skills: Medical records and the pedigree of the cats in question are required to investigate cases of infertility that may be related to inbreeding. A DNA analysis kit that measures genetic diversity and health parameters can also be helpful; those that have been developed by geneticists and veterinarians at universities are preferable, as they include access to highly skilled genetic counselors and researchers who are open to working up newly discovered genetic diseases. Evidence base: The material provided is based on current literature and the author’s own studies examining outcomes in a closed cattery.
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Roberts, Monica C., James R. Mickelson, Edward E. Patterson, Thomas E. Nelson, P. Jane Armstrong, David B. Brunson, and Kirk Hogan. "Autosomal Dominant Canine Malignant Hyperthermia Is Caused by a Mutation in the Gene Encoding the Skeletal Muscle Calcium Release Channel (RYR1 )." Anesthesiology 95, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 716–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200109000-00026.
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Background Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an inherited disorder of skeletal muscle characterized by hypercarbia, rhabdomyolysis, generalized skeletal muscle contracture, cardiac dysrhythmia, and renal failure, that develops on exposure to succinylcholine or volatile anesthetic agents. All swine and up to 50% of human MH events are thought to be associated with mutations in the calcium release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, also known as the ryanodine receptor (RYR1). Events resembling MH have been reported in other species, but none have undergone genetic investigation to date. Methods To determine the molecular basis of canine MH, a breeding colony was established with a male, mixed-breed, MH-susceptible (MHS) dog that survived an in vivo halothane-succinylcholine challenge. He was mated to three unaffected females to produce four litters and back-crossed to an affected daughter to produce one litter. One of his MHS sons was mated to an unaffected female to produce an additional litter. Forty-seven dogs were phenotyped with an in vitro contracture test and diagnosed as MHS or MH normal based on the North American in vitro contracture test protocol. Nine microsatellite markers in the vicinity of RYR1 on canine chromosome 1 (CFA01) were tested for linkage to the MHS phenotype. Mutational analysis in two MHS and two MH-normal dogs was performed with direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products and of cloned fragments that represent frequently mutated human RYR1 regions. A restriction fragment length polymorphism was chosen to detect the candidate mutation in the pedigree at large. Results Pedigree inspection revealed that MHS in this colony is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. FH2294, the marker closest to RYR1, is linked to MHS at a theta = 0.03 with a LOD score of 9.24. A T1640C mutation gives rise to an alanine for valine substitution of amino acid 547 in the RYR1 protein, generating a maximum LOD score of 12.29 at theta = 0.00. All dogs diagnosed as MHS by in vitro contracture test were heterozygous for the mutation, and all MH-normal dogs were homozygous for the T1640 allele. Conclusions These results indicate that autosomal dominant canine MH is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the skeletal muscle calcium release channel and that the MHS trait in this pedigree of mixed-breed dogs is in perfect cosegregation with the RYR1 V547A mutation.
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Hug, Anderegg, Kehl, Jagannathan, and Leeb. "AKNA Frameshift Variant in Three Dogs with Recurrent Inflammatory Pulmonary Disease." Genes 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10080567.
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We investigated three related Rough Collies with recurrent inflammatory pulmonary disease. The clinical symptoms were similar to primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). However, the affected dogs did not carry any known pathogenic PCD variants. Pedigree analysis suggested a recessive mode of inheritance. Combined linkage and homozygosity mapping in three cases and seven non-affected family members delineated 19 critical intervals on 10 chromosomes comprising a total of 99 Mb. The genome of one affected dog was sequenced and compared to 601 control genomes. We detected only a single private homozygous protein-changing variant in the critical intervals. The detected variant was a 4 bp deletion, c.2717_2720delACAG, in the AKNA gene encoding the AT-hook transcription factor. It causes a frame-shift introducing a premature stop codon and truncates 37% of the open reading frame, p.(Asp906Alafs*173). We genotyped 88 Rough Collies consisting of family members and unrelated individuals. All three available cases were homozygous for the mutant allele and all 85 non-affected dogs were either homozygous wildtype (n = 67) or heterozygous (n = 18). AKNA modulates inflammatory immune responses. Akna−/− knockout mice die shortly after birth due to systemic autoimmune inflammatory processes including lung inflammation that is accompanied by enhanced leukocyte infiltration and alveolar destruction. The perfect genotype-phenotype association and the comparative functional data strongly suggest that the detected AKNA:c.2717_2720delACAG variant caused the observed severe airway inflammation in the investigated dogs. Our findings enable genetic testing, which can be used to avoid the unintentional breeding of affected puppies.
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Dzitsiuk, V. V., S. G. Kruhlyk, and V. G. Spyrydonov. "GENETIC ANALYSIS GERMAN SHEPHERD BREED DOGS USING MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 52 (November 1, 2016): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.52.21.
Full textAbstract:
Modern methods of breeding dogs are based on getting of stable phenotypic uniformity by using close inbreeding or breeding by one line, but such strategy leads to a loss of genetic diversity, and as a result there are genetic defects in breeds which have no external manifestations or manifest in adulthood of dogs and are transmitted from generation to generation. Therefore, to prevent use of dogs with genetic abnormalities in breeding, and to develop standards for a breed and make an accurate pedigree, must carry out the genetic evaluation of animals. One of the modern tools for dogs’ genetic evaluation is DNA-testing using microsatellite loci permitting to match the parental couple effectively, identify (to certify) animals, undertake a comprehensive assessment for heterozygous and homozygous genotypes in populations, permitted for use in the selection process, and illustrate clearly the impact of artificial selection on the genetic characteristics of breeds. The study was conducted in Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products in Department of Molecular Biology Research. For the genetic analysis 42 German Shepherd dogs, used for breeding in kennels of Ukrainian Kennel Union (UKU), were selected. The material for the research was DNA isolated from dogs’ buccal epithelium cells and blood. Genomic DNA was extracted using a standard set of reagents for DNA isolation. Level of theoretically expected heterozygosity (Hexp) varied between 0.385 (PEZ1) to 0.835 (PEZ8). On average theoretically expected heterozygosity with coefficient of 0.657 had not significant advantage over value of actual heterozygosity (0.629), it also shows that the status of the sample of dogs is close to balance. The same is observed in actual and expected heterozygosity for PEZ 6 (0.629) and PEZ 8 (0.657) loci, which also shows the balance. For FHC2010 loci actual heterozygosity is higher than expected, indicating increasing the number of heterozygous individuals. For FHC2054 locus, by contrast, theoretically expected heterozygosity (0.670) dominates the actual (0.429), indicating the lack of heterozygous genotypes in this micropopulation. The value of PIC (polymorphism information content) of the analysed loci ranged from 0.325 to 0.740 with average value 0.574. PEZ6, PEZ8, FHC 2010 and FHC 2054 loci optimally meets their suitability for genetic certification of genotypes because their frequency varies from 0.587 to 0.740. The reduced average index of polymorphism for PEZ1 locus with coefficient of 0.325 confirmed the insufficient level of its polymorphism for full genetic evaluation of the micropopulation of German Shepherd dogs (PIC < 0.500), as confirmed by Chinese researcher J.-H. Ye, according to his data PIC value for PEZ1 locus was 0,320, which correlates with our results. And PIC value for PEZ8 locus was 0.740 in our studies, whereas according to J.-H. Ye – 0,720, which, by contrast, indicates high polymorphism and confirms the effectiveness of its use in genotyping of dogs. Probability of exclusion of accidental allele coincidence (PE), which is 0.675 on average, indicates a lack of the number and informativeness of the selected microsatellite markers for German Shepherd as in this case a combined probability (CPE) of accidental allele coincidence is 0.933886 or 93.3%. The chosen microsatellite loci to study the genetic structure of the German Shepherd dog population, show a sufficiently high informativeness of chosen system of molecular genetic DNA markers. However, there is the need for using additional microsatellite markers which will increase the combined probability of accidental allele coincidence (CPE) from 93.3% to 99.9%. The analysis of heterozygosity is important in studying the dynamics of genetic processes in populations, because heterozygosity has an effect on many factors, including mutations, selection, non-random mating, genetic drift, etc., so continuous monitoring of genetic diversity is required for their timely identification and development of measures to improve breeding work on biodiversity in different dog breeds.
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Voronov, T., and P. Skliarov. "Експрес-оцінка репродуктивної здатності псів в умовах розплідника." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 82 (November 7, 2017): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8205.
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In recent decades doctors of veterinary medicine have devoted particular attention to dogs and, in particular, to the questions of physiology and pathology of their reproduction. The result is the publication of a significant number of manuals and monographs devoted to the actual issues of diagnosis and treatment of small animal diseases. Little remains the problems of andrological pathology of dogs, while the requirements for quality and number of offspring in high-value breeds of dogs and, consequently, reproductive health dogs. An important direction in solving these issues is the holding of andrological dispensary, which allows to diagnose the form of impotence, to identify the causes, to develop medical and preventive measures. However, in the conditions of large nurseries to study a significant number of dogs in limited time, there is a need for an accelerated, but at the same time, objective assessment of reproductive capacity of males. Proceeding from this, the aim of the work was to validate the method developed by us for express evaluation of the reproductive capacity of dogs in the conditions of a particular nursery.We have developed an express assessment of the reproductive capacity of dogs, which involves conducting a general clinical trial of males, a survey of the genitourinary system, determining the manifestation of sexual reflexes and the withdrawal of spermograms. The obtained results of research were distributed on a scale: «G» (good) – pathological changes were not found, all indicators of homeostasis and spermograms within the norm. The pedigree can be used without restrictions; «S» (satisfactory) – slight deviations from the norm, which have a minor effect on the body and partly reduce the reproductive potential of the dog. The herb is allowed to reproduce with a restriction on the careful control of its reproductive use; «U» (unsatisfactory) – a pathological state of the body, hypotension or impotence. Breeding is not allowed.According to the results of the research, it was determined that express assessment of the reproductive capacity of the dogs makes it possible to carry out a quick and fairly objective assessment of the reproductive potential of a large number of dogs for a limited period, to identify diseased animals, to develop and implement the necessary preventive or curative measures.It was established that from the total number of evaluated dogs of the «Zvezdnoye schastye» nursery, 12 dogs (or 76%) were rated «good» and recommended for breeding, 4 ‒ were «satisfactorily» (18%) and could be allowed to be restrained with careful control their reproductive use, 1 ‒ «unsatisfactory» (6%) with the recommendation to carry out the treatment of concomitant pathologies and pass a repeat test in a month.
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Shearman, Jeremy R., and Alan N. Wilton. "Origins of the Domestic Dog and the Rich Potential for Gene Mapping." Genetics Research International 2011 (January 17, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/579308.
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The unique breeding structure of the domestic dog makes canine genetics a useful tool to further the understanding of inherited diseases and gene function. Answers to the questions of when and where the dog was domesticated from the wolf are uncertain, but how the modern diversity of dog breeds was developed is documented. Breed development has resulted in many genetically isolated populations which are segregating for different alleles for disease and morphological and behavioral traits. Many genetic tools are available for dog research allowing investigation into the genetic basis of these phenotypes. Research into causes of diseases in dogs is relevant to humans and other species; comparative genomics is being used to transfer genetic information to them, including some studies on morphological and behavioral phenotypes. Because of the unique breed structure and well-maintained pedigrees, dogs represent a model organism containing a wealth of genetic information.
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Garafutdinov, R. R., D. A. Chemeris, A. R. Sakhabutdinova, Ya I. Alexeev, G. A. Gerashchenkov, Y. R. Giniyatov, F. G. Aminev, and A. V. Chemeris. "DNA polymorphism of dogs (Canis familiaris L.). III. VNTR- and STR-loci. Their use in dog breeding and in criminalistics." Biomics 13, no. 3 (2021): 321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2021-23.
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The application of mini- and microsatellite polymorphisms of dog DNA, also referred to as VNTR- and STR-loci, respectively, in dog breeding and criminalistics is considered. Their use in dog breeding is shown to clarify pedigrees, establish paternity and purebred, as well as to differentiate breeds mainly in the form of microsatellite DNA polymorphism. In criminalistics, dogs can be both participants in crime scenes in the form of attacks on humans or pets, and some witnesses through whose DNA extracted from their fur or feces, by DNA identification of a particular dog, it may be help to get out to the perpetrator or at least to the crime scene, which is also a good help in its disclosure. At the same time, population studies of dogs, during which the prevalence of certain alleles of marker traits in the form of STR loci in different territories is established, contribute to making the right decisions. The databases on STR-polymorphism of dog DNA or their prototypes are briefly described. Attention is paid to the sources of forensic canine DNA, as well as methods of its extraction and preliminary evaluation of isolated preparations. The use of VNTR polymorphism was rather short-lived, and was quickly replaced by STR polymorphism. There are some trends in the introduction of new polymorphic traits in this area in the form of single-nucleotide polymorphism or SNPs, potentially providing more accurate information, including for DNA identification of individuals. The issues of universal DNA certification of dogs are discussed, which can contribute to improving the culture of keeping dogs and will allow the elimination of stray dogs in the future, which will be humanistic character and potentially reduce the number of aggressor dogs.
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Kruhlyk, S., V. Dzitsiuk, and V. Spyrydonov. "ANALYSIS OF GENETIC STRUCTURE OF DOGS OF FRENCH BULLDOG BREED USING MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (August 10, 2018): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.25.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic variability of domestic dogs is a source for effective process of breed formation and creating unique gene complexes. In the world, for preservation of genetic resources of dogs, there are dog training associations which have great confidence: American Club Dog Breeders (AKC), the British Kennel Club (KC) and the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI), aimed at protecting breeding dogs, standards creation, registration of a breed, and issuance of accurate pedigrees.
Evaluation of the genetic diversity of dog breeds is able to significantly complement and improve their breeding programs. Since breeds of dog differ in morphological and economic characteristics, the problem of finding of the breed features in the genome of animals is becoming more topical. From this point of view, French Bulldog is an interesting breed of dog (FRANC.BULLDOGGE, FCI standard number 101) which belongs by the classification of breeds, adopted in FCI, to the group IX – a dog-companion for health and fun, but to a subgroup of fighting dogs of a small format. French Bulldog breed has been researched slightly not only in Ukraine and also abroad, as the main work of all dog association is focused on solving theoretical and practical issues of breeding, keeping, feeding, veterinary protection and others.
The study was conducted at Research Department of Molecular Diagnostic Tests of Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products. 33 animals of French Bulldog breed, admitted to use in dog breeding of Ukrainian Kennel Union (UKU), were involved for the genetic analysis using DNA markers. The materials of the research were buccal epithelial cells, selected before the morning feeding of animals by scraping mucous membrane of oral cavity with disposable, dry, sterile cotton swab. Genomic DNA was extracted using KIT-set of reagents for DNA isolation according to the manufacturer's instructions.
PEZ1, PEZ3, PEZ6, PEZ8, FHC 2010, FHC 2054 markers, recommended by International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG), ACN, КC and FCI, were used for research.
As a result of research 25 alleles for all the loci were detected in the experimental sample of dogs. The average number of alleles at the locus Na, obtained by direct counting, was 4.16. The most polymorphic loci for this breed were PEZ6 and PEZ3 with 8 and 6 allelic variants. Monomorphic loci were PEZ8 and FHC 2054 which had 4 and 3 alleles and the lowest level of polymorphism was observed for PEZ 1 and FHC 2010 loci in which only 2 alleles were identified.
On analyzing the molecular genetic characteristics of dogs of French Bulldog breed, we found a high variability of genotype on rare alleles, which included alleles: M, C, D, E, J, K, L, O, N and representing 60% of the total number of the identified alleles. C, D, E alleles for PEZ3 locus and O allele at PEZ6 locus are unique to the sampling of dogs because they are not repeated in other loci. Typical alleles: N, F, R, I, P, K, M are 40% of the total. But F, R alleles for PEZ3 locus and P allele for locus PEZ6 are not repeated either in standard allelic variants or in rare one, indicating a high information content of these alleles and loci to be used for further monitoring of allele pool, genetic certification and identification of dogs.
Microsatellite DNA loci were analyzed as a result of investigations of French Bulldogs and the most informative: PEZ3, PEZ6 and PEZ8 were found, which have high efficiency in individual and breed certification of dogs due to high variability. These data allow further monitoring of the state of genetic diversity of the breed and the development of measures for improvement of breeding to preserve the structure of breeding material. The study of individual and population genetic variability is advisable to continue for breeding of French Bulldogs "in purity" and preserving valuable gene complexes.
The results are the basis for further monitoring of the proposed informative panels of microsatellite DNA markers for genotyping dog of French Bulldog breed and their complex evaluation.
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Scobie, D. R., D. O'Connell, C. A. Morris, and S. M. Hickey. "Dag score is negatively correlated with breech bareness score of sheep." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07397.
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At weaning in two consecutive years, traditional Romney and composite lambs (crosses with East Friesian and Texel; n = 3254) were observed on a conventional farm and Perendale and composite lambs (crosses with Texel, Wiltshire and small numbers of Finnish Landrace; n = 2095) were observed on an organic farm. Both were ram breeding farms recording pedigree and performance, and the composite breeds were developed from, and run with, the original flock on each farm. Breech bareness was scored on the lambs between 80 and 120 days of age on a scale from 1, with wool right to the edge of the anus, to 5, where a large bare area surrounded the perineum. Dag score was recorded on a 0–5 scale where an increasing score indicated more dags. Within farms, mean dag score was more pronounced in traditional Romney (1.2) than in composite lambs (0.4), and Perendales were more daggy (1.3) than composite lambs (0.7) across both years (P < 0.001). Dag score was phenotypically correlated with breech bareness score on the Romney farm (−0.18 ± 0.02) and Perendale farm (−0.27 ± 0.03). Combining data from both flocks, heritabilities of breech bareness score (0.55 ± 0.04) and dag score (0.41 ± 0.05) were high, and a strong genetic correlation was observed between the two traits (−0.59 ± 0.07). Mean dag score of ram lambs was greater than ewe lambs (0.8 v. 0.7, P < 0.001) and lambs reared as twins were more daggy than singles (0.8 v. 0.7, P = 0.008). Composite sheep have been adopted throughout New Zealand for the advantages they deliver in lamb production, but through breech bareness they also provide an opportunity to limit dag production and thereby improve both welfare and profitability. Genetically increased breech bareness and decreased dagginess could be used in Australia as alternatives to mulesing.
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Letko, Anna, Katie M. Minor, Vidhya Jagannathan, Franz R. Seefried, James R. Mickelson, Pieter Oliehoek, and Cord Drögemüller. "Genomic diversity and population structure of the Leonberger dog breed." Genetics Selection Evolution 52, no. 1 (October 14, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12711-020-00581-3.
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Abstract Background Leonberger is a giant dog breed formed in the 1850s in Germany. Its post-World War II popularity has resulted in a current global population of ~ 30,000 dogs. The breed has predispositions to neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, which is likely due in large part to limited genetic diversity. However, to date there is no scientific literature on the overall demography and genomic architecture of this breed. Results We assessed extensive pedigree records, SNP array genotype data, and whole-genome sequences (WGS) on 142,072, 1203 and 39 Leonberger dogs, respectively. Pedigree analyses identified 22 founder animals and revealed an apparent popular sire effect. The average pedigree-based inbreeding coefficient of 0.29 and average kinship of 0.31 show a dramatic loss of genetic diversity. The observed average life span decreased over time from 9.4 years in 1989 to 7.7 years in 2004. A global health survey confirmed a high prevalence of cancer and neurological disorders. Analysis of SNP-based runs of homozygosity (ROH) identified 125,653 ROH with an average length of 5.88 Mb, and confirmed an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.28. Genome-wide filtering of the WGS data revealed 28 non-protein-changing variants that were present in all Leonberger individuals and a list of 22 potentially pathogenic variants for neurological disorders of which 50% occurred only in Leonbergers and 50% occurred rarely in other breeds. Furthermore, one of the two mtDNA haplogroups detected was present in one dog only. Conclusions The increasing size of the Leonberger population has been accompanied by a considerable loss of genetic diversity after the bottleneck that occurred in the 1940s due to the intensive use of popular sires resulting in high levels of inbreeding. This might explain the high prevalence of certain disorders; however, genomic data provide no evidence for fixed coding variants that explain these predispositions. The list of candidate causative variants for polyneuropathy needs to be further evaluated. Preserving the current genetic diversity is possible by increasing the number of individuals for breeding while restricting the number of litters per sire/dam. In addition, outcrossing would help optimize long-term genetic diversity and contribute to the sustainability and health of the population.
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Janes, Mateja, Thomas W. Lewis, Joanna J. Ilska, and John A. Woolliams. "The usage of Mate Select, a web-based selection tool for pedigree dogs for promoting sustainable breeding." Canine Medicine and Genetics 7, no. 1 (October 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40575-020-00094-8.
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Abstract Background Inbreeding is a phenomenon that accumulates through the mating of relatives within closed populations, such as pedigree dog breeds, and results in reduced genetic variation within breeds, and may lead to poorer health and fertility from inbreeding depression. The impact of inbreeding is driven by the selection and mating of parents, but information on choices to reduce inbreeding is difficult to assess for individual breeders. Tools to inform dog breeders on the current state of the inbreeding and the relationships among possible parents are potentially useful for providing guidance towards choices that are more beneficial to the breed. However, their utility depends on their usage and this study examines the usage of Mate Select, a web-based tool offered by The Kennel Club, covering 222 breeds for a period of 7 years following its launch in 2011. Results The average usage was 2830 searches/week in 2012 with a slight fall of 2.2% per year (P < 0.001) to 2480 searches/week in 2018. Of these, 4% originated from outside the UK, across all continents except Antarctica, with the majority coming from English speaking countries. Searches/week showed a cyclical pattern with two cycles of 26.0 and 50.1 weeks. Since Mate Select’s launch there has been a steady increase in searches from mobile devices, from 11% in 2012 to 43% in 2018. For the 197 breeds with at least 10 dams registered with the Kennel Club during the study period, there was a relationship between usage and registrations, with the average number of searches as a multiple of the number of dams increasing from 2 to 10 for breeds with up to 70 dams and declining towards 2 again for the largest breeds with approximately 20,000 registered dams. However, there remained substantial variation among breeds of similar size, and breeds for which EBVs had become available during the study period had a 2.46 fold greater frequency of searches per registered bitch (P < 0.001), but this was not linked directly to the publication of EBVs. Conclusions Mate Select has sustained and substantial usage, although there is also substantial variation in usage among breeds, which offers an opportunity to develop further guidance.
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Zapata, Isain, M. Leanne Lilly, Meghan E. Herron, James A. Serpell, and Carlos E. Alvarez. "Genetic testing of dogs predicts problem behaviors in clinical and nonclinical samples." BMC Genomics 23, no. 1 (February 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-022-08351-9.
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Abstract Background Very little is known about the etiology of personality and psychiatric disorders. Because the core neurobiology of many such traits is evolutionarily conserved, dogs present a powerful model. We previously reported genome scans of breed averages of ten traits related to fear, anxiety, aggression and social behavior in multiple cohorts of pedigree dogs. As a second phase of that discovery, here we tested the ability of markers at 13 of those loci to predict canine behavior in a community sample of 397 pedigree and mixed-breed dogs with individual-level genotype and phenotype data. Results We found support for all markers and loci. By including 122 dogs with veterinary behavioral diagnoses in our cohort, we were able to identify eight loci associated with those diagnoses. Logistic regression models showed subsets of those loci could predict behavioral diagnoses. We corroborated our previous findings that small body size is associated with many problem behaviors and large body size is associated with increased trainability. Children in the home were associated with anxiety traits; illness and other animals in the home with coprophagia; working-dog status with increased energy and separation-related problems; and competitive dogs with increased aggression directed at familiar dogs, but reduced fear directed at humans and unfamiliar dogs. Compared to other dogs, Pit Bull-type dogs were not defined by a set of our markers and were not more aggressive; but they were strongly associated with pulling on the leash. Using severity-threshold models, Pit Bull-type dogs showed reduced risk of owner-directed aggression (75th quantile) and increased risk of dog-directed fear (95th quantile). Conclusions Our association analysis in a community sample of pedigree and mixed-breed dogs supports the interbreed mapping. The modeling shows some markers are predictive of behavioral diagnoses. Our findings have broad utility, including for clinical and breeding purposes, but we caution that thorough understanding is necessary for their interpretation and use.
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Eyre, Alexander W., Isain Zapata, Elizabeth Hare, Katharine M. N. Lee, Claire Bellis, Jennifer L. Essler, Cynthia M. Otto, James A. Serpell, and Carlos E. Alvarez. "Genome scanning of behavioral selection in a canine olfactory detection breeding cohort." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (September 2, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18698-4.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractResearch on working dogs is growing rapidly due to increasing global demand. Here we report genome scanning of the risk of puppies being eliminated for behavioral reasons prior to entering the training phase of the US Transportation Security Administration’s (TSA) canine olfactory detection breeding and training program through 2013. Elimination of dogs for behavioral rather than medical reasons was based on evaluations at three, six, nine and twelve months after birth. Throughout that period, the fostered dogs underwent standardized behavioral tests at TSA facilities, and, for a subset of tests, dogs were tested in four different environments. Using methods developed for family studies, we performed a case-control genome wide association study (GWAS) of elimination due to behavioral observation and testing results in a cohort of 528 Labrador Retrievers (2002–2013). We accounted for relatedness by including the pedigree as a covariate and maximized power by including individuals with phenotype, but not genotype, data (approximately half of this cohort). We determined genome wide significance based on Bonferroni adjustment of two quasi-likelihood score tests optimized for either small or nearly-fully penetrant effect sizes. Six loci were significant and five suggestive, with approximately equal numbers of loci for the two tests and frequencies of loci with single versus multiple mapped markers. Several loci implicate a single gene, including CHD2, NRG3 and PDE1A which have strong relevance to behavior in humans and other species. We briefly discuss how expanded studies of canine breeding programs could advance understanding of learning and performance in the mammalian life course. Although human interactions and other environmental conditions will remain critical, our findings suggest genomic breeding selection could help improve working dog populations.
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Ostermann, Theresa Elisabeth, Jasmin Nicole Nessler, Hildegard Urankar, Norbert Bachmann, Christel Fechler, Andrea Bathen-Nöthen, and Andrea Tipold. "Phenotype of Idiopathic Epilepsy in Great Swiss Mountain Dogs in Germany—A Retrospective Study." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 (July 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.921134.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic predisposition of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) has been demonstrated in individual breeds. According to the responsible breeding association in Germany, the average incidence of registered Great Swiss Mountain Dogs (GSMDs) with seizures between the years 1999 and 2019 is 2.56%, a genetic predisposition in this breed is suspected. To describe the seizure phenotype and to examine seizure causes, a retrospective, questionnaire-based study was performed. In cooperation with the Swiss Mountain Dog Association of Germany e.V. (SSV e.V.), 114 questionnaires filled in by owners of GSMD displaying seizures and filled in by their respective veterinarians between the years 2005–2021 were evaluated. Seizure characteristics, clinical and further examinations, treatment, treatment responses, and pedigree information were collected. In this study, 94 (83.06%) dogs had IE (suspected genetic epilepsy) confirmed with confidence level TIER 1, 2, or 3. The remaining 20 dogs showed the signs of structural epilepsy, reactive seizures, or epilepsy of unknown cause and were therefore excluded from further analysis. The average age at seizure onset was 28.83 months. Male GSMDs were significantly more often affected by IE than females. The most common seizure type was focal evolving into generalized seizures (64.5%). Seizures often began with vomiting, retching, or salivation. Cluster seizures (CS) (48.9%) and status epilepticus (SE) (37.2%) were observed in a large proportion of dogs. During the observation time, a total of 49 animals (52.13%) died. Out of those, 19 dogs (20.21%) were euthanized in SE or during CS and 14 dogs (14.9%) died spontaneously during CS or SE. The median age at death was 4 years, and the median survival time for the time, when the dog was suffering from seizures, was found to be 18 months. Both occurrence of CS (p = 0.0076) and occurrence of SE (p = 0.0859) had an impact on survival time. In GSMD, idiopathic epilepsy presents with a severe phenotype with frequently occurring CS and SE. This study could serve as basis for further genetic evaluations as well as to provide individual treatment recommendations.