Academic literature on the topic 'Pedestrian-vehicle accidents'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pedestrian-vehicle accidents"
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Bu, De Jun, Fu Ju Liu, and Miao Lin. "Vehicle-Pedestrian Accidents Characteristic Analysis and Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 2019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.2019.
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This paper summarizes the character of vehicle-pedestrian accidents based on the statistics and analysis on the data of vehicle-pedestrian accidents selected from China In-Depth Accident Study (CIDAS) database. Pedestrian Accidents Characteristic is analyzed and studied. It has great significance for improving vehicle safety.
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Cheng, Rui, Ye Pan, and Lian Xie. "Analysis of Vehicle-Pedestrian Accident Risk Based on Simulation Experiments." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (August 29, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7891232.
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Vehicle-pedestrian accidents are one of the main types of road traffic accidents in China because of their mixed traffic features. By analyzing the characteristics of vehicle-pedestrian accidents, the head injury criterion (HIC) was selected as a quantitative index of pedestrian head injury risk, and vehicle-pedestrian collision simulation tests were carried out using PC-Crash. From the collected test data, the multivariate relationship models between the HIC, vehicle speed, and collision angle were fitted for different vehicle types. A risk assessment method for vehicle-pedestrian accidents based on the HIC was proposed by the Fisher optimal segmentation algorithm. Finally, a new index for evaluating the accuracy of accident risk classification, the degree of error classification, was proposed to verify the validity of the accident risk assessment method. The results show that vehicle speed, collision angle, and vehicle type play a key role in pedestrian injury. Flat-headed vehicles are more likely to cause head injuries to pedestrians than high-headed and low-headed vehicles. Rear-end collisions cause more injuries to pedestrians than side collisions. The research results can provide guidance and a basis for accident liability determination, speed limit management, vehicle safety design, and human injury mechanism analysis.
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Eck, Ronald W., and E. Darin Simpson. "Using Medical Records in Non-Motor-Vehicle Pedestrian Accident Identification and Countermeasure Development." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1538, no. 1 (1996): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153800107.
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A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using emergency room and emergency medical service records in quantifying rural non-motor-vehicle pedestrian accidents and in developing countermeasures to reduce injuries resulting from such accidents. A literature review indicated that although non-motor-vehicle pedestrian accidents are a significant injury problem in the United States, there does not appear to be an effective process for collecting data about those accidents that corresponds to the data collection methods used at present for motor-vehicle accidents. A multistep process for obtaining detailed pedestrian accident data using a combination of medical records and telephone surveys is described. Data collection was time consuming and labor intensive. Therefore, it was concluded that it is not practical for traffic engineers to use medical records on a routine basis for pedestrian accident analysis. The method outlined yields a data base rich in details about pedestrian fall accidents, making it valuable in research. Whereas the results of the telephone survey did not produce a large enough sample size to extrapolate to pedestrian accidents in general, they did point out the importance of surface condition to pedestrian safety. Two general types of surface-condition problems were identified: slippery surfaces caused by accumulation of snow and ice and surface holes or openings.
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Lin, Qing Feng, Bo Cheng, and Guang Quan Lu. "Analysis of Characteristics of Vehicle-Bicycle/Pedestrian Conflicts Using Video Drive Recorder." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4413.
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Vehicle to pedestrian/bicycle accidents account for a large proportion of traffic accidents in China. In order to study the characteristics of vehicle to pedestrian/bicycle conflicts, 50 taxis are chosen as the test vehicles. A field-test was conducted using video driver recorder in Beijing for one year. A large amount of traffic conflict and accident data was collected in real driving environment. Considering the factors including conflict type, conflict time, conflict location, traffic control and conflict speed etc., the traffic conflict characteristics of vehicle to pedestrian/bicycle were analyzed. The results might contribute to the road safety management, road design and accident prevention technology.
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Juozevičiūtė, Dainora, and Vytautas Grigonis. "Evaluation of Exclusive Pedestrian Phase Safety Performance at One-Level Signalized Intersections in Vilnius." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (2022): 7894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137894.
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This work aims to identify the effectiveness of one-level signalized intersections with exclusive pedestrian phases in terms of vehicle-pedestrian crashes resulting in pedestrian injury or fatality. The work analyzes and evaluates specific exclusive pedestrian phases without diagonal crossing possibility at one-level signalized intersections in the city of Vilnius. Anonymized data on traffic accidents from the Lithuanian Police Department Accident Register were used for safety analysis purposes. The traffic accident data cover all traffic accidents with dead or injured persons. The traffic accident data was analyzed with the help of QGIS for selected time intervals (before and after analysis). The density of traffic accidents was calculated with the help of the comparative analysis method at 11 signalized intersections in Vilnius City, where an exclusive pedestrian phase without diagonal crossing was implemented. An exclusive pedestrian phase with diagonal crossing is usually implemented to increase pedestrian safety at a signalized intersection with a high pedestrian intensity. The analysis carried out indicates that the specific exclusive pedestrian phase without diagonal crossings in Vilnius reduced pedestrian traffic accidents by up to 100%. No traffic accidents occurred after the installation of the exclusive pedestrian phase at intersections where there were no pedestrian accidents prior to the installation.
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Wang, Jianyu, Huapu Lu, Zhiyuan Sun, Tianshi Wang, and Katrina Wang. "Investigating the Impact of Various Risk Factors on Victims of Traffic Accidents." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (2020): 3934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093934.
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In this study, our goal was to determine the impact of various risk factors on traffic accidents in the city of Shenyang, China, and to discuss the various common factors that influence pedestrian and non-motor vehicle accidents. A total of 1227 traffic accidents from 2015 to 2017 were analyzed, of which, 733 were accidents involving pedestrians and 494 were non-motor vehicle accidents. Among these traffic accidents, pedestrians and non-motor vehicle users had either minor or no responsibility. Sixteen influencing factors, including main responsible party attributes, pedestrian/non-motor vehicle user attributes, time attributes, space attributes, and environmental attributes were analyzed with regards to their impact on accidents using the binary logistic regression model (BLR) and the classification and regression tree analysis model (CART). Age, administrative division, and time of year were the three most common factors for pedestrian and non-motor vehicle accidents. For pedestrian accidents, the personal influencing factors of the main responsible party included illegal acts while driving and hit-and-run behavior. Factors affecting pedestrian and non-motor vehicle accidents also had different orders of importance.
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Al-Omari, Bashar H., and Eman S. Obaidat. "Analysis of Pedestrian Accidents in Irbid City, Jordan." Open Transportation Journal 7, no. 1 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801307010001.
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The numbers of people who are walking and bicycling continues to increase all over the world and pedestrian accidents are becoming a serious problem in the developed and developing countries. However, the problem is more severe in the developing countries, such as Jordan where pedestrians represented 32.5% of all traffic accident fatalities and 23.8% of all traffic accident injuries during the year 2010. This study aims at analyzing pedestrian accidents in Irbid city, as an example for urban areas in Jordan, based on a total of 1090 pedestrian accidents that have occurred in the City during the three years period (1999 - 2001). The analysis was based on pedestrian characteristics, driver characteristics, accident time, accident location, weather, road surface condition, illumination condition, vehicle characteristics, speed limit, accident severity, pedestrian faults, and driver faults. Geographic Information System (GIS) tool was used to locate all pedestrian accidents over the study area. The results of the study showed that the majority of pedestrian accidents have occurred at non-intersection locations, during clear and sunny weather, on dry surface, during daylight, and at low speed limits. Also, more pedestrian accidents have occurred during the afternoons, on Thursdays, and during July. The majority of involved drivers in pedestrian accidents were males, with private license type, driving private vehicles and committed the fault of “not giving priority to pedestrians”. The majority of pedestrian victims were males, children less than 15 years old, and hit by vehicles while crossing the road.
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Yuan, Quan, Rui Guo, and Yi Bing Li. "Simulative Research on the Influence of Vehicle Brake Deceleration on the Throw Distance Property of Human-Vehicle Accidents." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.752.
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Braking deceleration of passenger-car has great influence on the pedestrian motion process after collision of human-vehicle accident, but it is considered not enough in current accident reconstruction and vehicle-speed analysis. In order to improve the accuracy of accident reconstruction, a computer simulation model of pedestrian-vehicle accidents based on finite element (FE) method and human parameters of Chinese adult human body is established. In this article, based on the FE model, human-vehicle crash is simulated through involving the influence of braking deceleration of passenger-car. For the application of the vehicle-speed analysis, the motion performance of pedestrian after collision were studied and the correlation between the pedestrian throw distance and vehicle impact speed are investigated. The influence of braking deceleration in same impact speed is analyzed. Research results show that the vehicle brake deceleration has a certain influence on the throw distance of pedestrian and it should be taken into account on the accident reconstruction. We can conclude that pedestrian throw distance can be used to estimate the vehicle collision speed accurately when drivers take full braking measure during the crash.
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Hafeez, Farrukh, Usman Ullah Sheikh, Saud Al-Shammari, Muhammad Hamid, Abdul Baqi Khan Khakwani, and Zeeshan Ahmad Arfeen. "Comparative analysis of influencing factors on pedestrian road accidents." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 1 (2023): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i1.4312.
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Road accident data includes detailed information about incidents that occurred, such as where they happened, the severity of the accident, and the number of people on the road at the time. Such information is useful in determining the causes of accidents and developing potential countermeasures. This research aims to determine the factors that contribute to pedestrian fatalities and injuries in traffic accidents. This study examined 150 pedestrian-vehicle accidents that took place between 1990 and 2021 in forty countries. Eleven factors have been identified as the major causes of accidents. The categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) technique is used to reduce the number of dimensions and identify the elements that contribute to accidents. The eleven variables are classified into three groups: human factors, roadway environment, and vehicle attributes. The study found that car speed, weather, lighting, traffic conditions, area types, accident locations, and road conditions all had a significant impact on pedestrian accidents and fatalities. The findings show that a pedestrian's state (walking, running) and intention significantly increase the risk of serious injuries and death. The analysis of the driver's status suggests that the driver's intentions may also play a role in car accidents.
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XU, SHA, XIANLONG JIN, CHUANG QIN, and XIANGHAI CHAI. "PERSONALIZED CUSTOMIZATION METHOD OF HYBRID HUMAN MODEL FOR PEDESTRIAN-VEHICLE ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 21, no. 02 (2021): 2150009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519421500093.
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Traffic accident reconstruction is a reverse dynamic problem, which requires hundreds of iterations to reconstruct the whole process of accident. However, in current pedestrian-vehicle accident reconstructions, it is difficult to quickly establish a pedestrian model based on specific cases, and it is hard to solve the contradiction between calculation accuracy and calculation time. In this paper, a personalized pedestrian customization method is proposed. First, the pedestrian structure is divided into independent modules according to obvious bony markers. For each independent module, multi-body (MB) model and finite element (FE) model are established, respectively. Then the appropriate modules are selected to form the whole hybrid pedestrian model. This method can customize the structure of pedestrian model according to the injury characteristics of pedestrians in specific accidents, and customize the parameters of pedestrian model according to the height and weight of pedestrians. The impact simulation tests are carried out on hybrid pedestrian models to verify the reliability of the models. The proposed method can effectively improve the modeling efficiency of pedestrian models and the reconstruction quality of pedestrian traffic accidents.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pedestrian-vehicle accidents"
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Fernandes, David. "Vehicle-pedestrian accidents at signalized intersections in Montréal." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121283.
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Pedestrian safety is a topic of growing concern. To better understand pedestrian safety and the variables that affect it, this thesis had four main objectives. The first objective was to build a database to be used for the analysis of pedestrian safety. The database built consisted of 1,875 signalized intersections (75% of all signalized intersections on the island), randomly distributed throughout the island of Montreal. Manual vehicular and pedestrian counts were provided by local authorities for these intersections, but they also needed to be visited individually, so that geometric data could be recorded for each intersection. This is the largest data set that has ever been assembled for a pedestrian safety analysis. The second objective was to use automatic counters to extrapolate manual pedestrian counts taken during peak periods, to full 24 hour average daily counts through the use of expansion factors. By placing automatic counters at six different locations throughout the city of Montreal for one full year, various expansion factors were generated (monthly, daily and hourly). The third objective was to investigate the effect of traffic exposure measures, geometric designs and traffic controls on vehicle-pedestrian collision occurrence at signalized intersections. To investigate the impact of vehicle movements on pedestrian accidents, three separate definitions of risk exposure were used: completely aggregated flows, motor-vehicle flows aggregated by movement type (left, right and through movements) and disaggregated flows analyzing potential conflicts between motor vehicles and pedestrians. Various negative binomial (NB) models were fitted to the data with and without geometric design characteristics. Among other findings, vehicular traffic is found to be the main contributing factor in accordance with previous works. Significant geometric properties included pedestrian phasing, exclusive left turn lanes, commercial entrances and exits, total crossing distance, curb extension and number of lanes. Exclusive left turn lanes, pedestrian phasing and curb extensions were found to decrease pedestrian accidents, whereas longer crossing distances, number of lanes and more commercial entrances and exits were found to increase pedestrian-vehicular accidents after controlling for vehicular and pedestrian flows. The final objective was to estimate pedestrian activity at signalized intersections based on built environment attributes. Using both a log-linear and negative binomial regression, it was found that pedestrian activity could be estimated by several land-use, transit, demographic and weather variables; including: population, commercial space, open space, subway presence, bus stations, schools, percent major arterials, number of street segments, presence of a 4-way intersections, presence of precipitation and presence of windy conditions. These findings support other studies done in this field.<br>La sécurité des piétons est un sujet de plus en plus préoccupant. Pour mieux comprendre la sécurité des piétons et les facteurs qui l'affectent, cette thèse avait quatre principaux objectifs. Le premier objectif était de mettre en place une base de données pour analyser la sécurité des piétons. Cette base de données était constituée de 1 875 intersections signalisées (75% des intersections signalisées sur l'île), distribuées au hasard à travers l'île de Montréal. Les données sur les véhicules et les piétons comptées manuellement étaient fournies par les autorités locales pour ces intersections, mais il a aussi fallu les visiter individuellement, afin que les données géométriques soient enregistrées pour chaque intersection. Cette base de données est le plus grand ensemble de données jamais assemblé pour l'analyse de la sécurité des piétons. Le second objectif était d'utiliser des compteurs automatiques pour extrapoler les données sur les piétons obtenues manuellement durant les heures de pointe aux données moyennes durant 24 heures à travers l'utilisation de facteurs d'expansion. En plaçant des compteurs automatiques à six endroits différents à travers la ville de Montréal durant un an, différents facteurs d'expansion ont été générés (mensuellement, quotidiennement et à toutes les heures). Le troisième objectif était d'étudier l'effet des mesures d'exposition du trafic, des désigns géométriques et des contrôles du trafic sur les possibilités de collision entre les véhicules et les piétons aux intersections signalisées. Pour étudier l'impact des mouvements des véhicules sur les accidents chez les piétons, trois définitions différentes des risques d'exposition étaient utilisées : les flux entièrement regroupés, les flux de véhicules automobiles regroupés par type de mouvement (mouvements vers la gauche, vers la droite et vers l'avant) et les flux dispersés analysant les conflits potentiels entre les véhicules automobiles et les piétons. Différents modèles binomiaux négatifs (NB) ont été insérés dans les données avec et sans les caractéristiques des désigns géométriques. Parmi les autres résultats, la circulation des véhicules a été établie comme étant le principal facteur en conformité avec les travaux précédents. Les propriétés géométriques significatives incluaient la phasage des piétons, des voies réservées pour le virage à gauche, des entrées et sorties commerciales, le total de la distance pour traverser la rue, l'étendue du freinage et le nombre de voies. Les voies réservées pour le virage à gauche, le retrait des piétons et l'étendue du freinage diminueraient les accidents de piétons, alors que les plus longues distances de traverse, le nombre de voies et le plus grand nombre d'entrées et sorties commerciales augmenteraient les accidents entre les véhicules et les piétons suite au contrôle des flux d'automobiles et de piétons. Le dernier objectif était d'estimer l'activité des piétons aux intersections signalisées en se basant sur les attributs d'un environnement contrôlé. Utilisant à la fois une régression log-linéaire et une régression binomiale négative, il a été constaté que l'activité des piétons pouvait être estimée par plusieurs variables sur l'utilisation de l'espace, les mouvements démographiques et les conditions météorologiques; incluant : la population, l'espace commercial, l'espace ouvert, la présence de métro, les arrêts d'autobus, les écoles, le pourcentage des grandes artères, le nombre de segments de rue, la présence d'intersections à quatre sens, la présence de précipitations et de vent. Ces résultats supportent d'autres études faites dans cet domaine.
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Moller, Izelle. "Retrospective review of paediatrics patients involved in pedestrian vehicle accidents in greater cape Town." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32860.
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Pedestrian vehicle injuries are a growing public health threat worldwide. In South Africa, pedestrian accidents are the leading cause of injury related deaths in children younger than 15 years. There is international and national research looking at various aspects of pedestrian vehicle accidents. Previous studies have highlighted the general distribution of injuries sustained in paediatric pedestrian accidents. However, the specific types of injuries sustained by children pedestrians in different age groups have not been widely researched. We conducted a retrospective review of children involved in road traffic accidents as pedestrians in the greater Cape Town area from 2011 to 2015. The study population included patients below the age of 13 years that were admitted to Red Cross Children's Hospital (RCCH), as well as those subjects that died and presented to the Forensic Pathology Laboratory in Salt River also known as Salt River Mortuary (SRM). The age group 0-12 years was selected because RCCH is a referral paediatric hospital that only admits children under the age of 13 years. Data obtained from the study population were analysed according to age, gender, time, date (day of week and month) and area of accident, as well as injuries sustained. Cases were grouped according to age in order to analyse and compare changes in injury patterns for different groups. Age groups 0-4 years, 5-9 years and 10-12 years were selected. Further comparison of the injuries sustained was made between children admitted to RCCH (survivors) and subjects admitted to SRM (deceased). During the 5-year period 552 children were admitted to RCCH and 109 cases were admitted to SRM with 2:1 male to female predominance in both study groups. In our study, the group with the highest number/percentage of deaths was children aged 0 – 4 years, which contrasts with previous research. Most of the accidents (75-80%) occurred in lower socioeconomic areas. Significantly more head injuries occurred in children who died from their injuries than those who survived (96% versus 18%) (p < 0.0001). Out of the children who demised, 27% had spinal injuries, 61% had chest injuries and 43% had abdominal injuries, all of which were significantly higher than children who survived (p < 0.0001 for each). Upper limb injuries were equal between the two groups (12% vs 13%) and lower limb injuries were more common in the survivors (46% vs 24%). These results are the first to be documented in Cape Town and provide insight into the nature of injuries sustained by children involved in pedestrian vehicle accidents.
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Al-Dah, Mostapha K. "Causes and consequences of road traffic crashes in Dubai, UAE and strategies for injury reduction." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/5965.
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This thesis looked at traffic crashes in the emirate of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to establish the current situation in road safety and ways of improving it. A global overview of road safety literature revealed that standards of road safety vary widely by region. Key indicators like fatality rate and risk (Jacobs et al, 2000) were found to be higher in most neighbouring Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries (10-25 fatalities/100,000 pop., 3-5 fatalities/10,000 motor vehicles) than in the best-performing Western countries (6 fatalities/100,000 pop., 1 fatality/10,000 motor vehicles). Interventions and countermeasures to tackle specific road safety issues were reviewed from international studies. Countermeasures were chosen with consideration for the local situation in Dubai within the categories of Human, Environmental and Vehicle factors. Examples of selected measures include offending driver punishment (Human), Electronic Stability Control (Vehicle) and central barriers (Environment). These measures were mostly studied in different environments to those in Dubai so the aspect of knowledge transfer between areas of different cultural and environmental conditions was discussed. Data from real world injury crashes (as collected by Dubai Police and the Roads & Transport Authority) over twelve years (1995 2006) were subject to macroanalysis in SPSS to identify the main issues over the past decade. 18,142 crashes involving 30,942 casualties and 48,960 vehicles were analysed at the outset. The following issues were among the main concerns: - High proportion of fatal crashes out of all injury crashes (13.5% compared to 1.4% in the UK); - Most fatal crashes involved a single vehicle hitting a pedestrian; - Most injury crashes involved a single vehicle; - Inconsiderate driving was the most common crash cause cited by the police. Countermeasures found in the literature to counteract these problems were then suggested for application and the estimated savings from applying them were calculated. Savings were quantified as either reductions in casualties or injury crashes. Furthermore, cost savings for the calculated reductions were estimated using existing UK crash costs due to the scarcity of UAE crash cost estimates. Calculation of the estimated improvement in safety if these countermeasures were applied retrospectively meant a reduction of 4,634 injury crashes and 1,555 casualties over the 12-year period with an estimated cost saving of approximately £368 million or 2.7 billion Dirhams. To refine this method more detailed data on crashes were required and collected from the dedicated crash investigation team files in Dubai Police for 2006 and part of 2007. This new dataset (300 crashes) was put into a purpose-built database with over 140 fields and subject to microanalysis to more accurately match the problems and interventions. Six interventions were matched to individual cases in the database where they would have positively altered the outcome. This process was verified by independent crash experts and investigators. The benefits from these six countermeasures were then weighted to calculate the benefits for the whole crash population over a year. Examples of specific interventions included guardrails along the roadside; grade-separated crossing facilities for pedestrians; Electronic Stability Control and speed cameras. The estimated total reduction in crashes was 2,412 annually with calculated savings of £40 million or 280 million Dirhams. This was the first time this geographical area was studied in such depth and detail to allow the calculation of benefits from interventions matched to known road safety issues. Various limitations were encountered such as the unavailability of GIS basemaps and the continuously changing infrastructure and population of Dubai. Numerous areas of further work were identified. Such work areas include hospital studies for collecting injury data to compare with police data; changing vehicle standards so that they are better suited to local crash types; the calculation of crash and injury costs based on local figures; vehicle fleet analysis for comparing different vehicle segments and exposure; and improved data collection and storage methods.
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Stevenson, Timothy James. "Simulation of Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1180.
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The literature on vehicle crash reconstruction provides a number of empirical or classical theoretical models for the distance pedestrians are thrown in impacts with various types of vehicles and impact speeds. The aim of this research was to compare the predictions offered by computer simulation to those obtained using the empirical and classical theoretical models traditionally utilised in vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction. Particular attention was paid to the pedestrian throw distance versus vehicle impact speed relationship and the determination of pedestrian injury patterns and associated severity. It was discovered that computer simulation offered improved pedestrian kinematic prediction in comparison to traditional vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction techniques. The superior kinematic prediction was found to result in a more reliable pedestrian throw distance versus vehicle impact speed relationship, particularly in regard to varying vehicle and pedestrian parameters such as shape, size and orientation. The pedestrian injury prediction capability of computer simulation was found to be very good for head and lower extremity injury determination. Such injury prediction capabilities were noted to be useful in providing additional correlation of vehicle impact speed predictions, whether these predictions were made using computer simulation, traditional vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction methods or a combination of both. A generalised approach to the use of computer simulation for the reconstruction of vehicle-pedestrian accidents was also offered. It is hoped that this approach is developed and improved by other researchers so that over time guidelines for a standardised approach to the simulation of vehicle-pedestrian accidents might evolve. Thoracic injury prediction, particularly for frontal impacts, was found to be less than ideal. It is suspected that the relatively poor thoracic biofidelity stems from the development of pedestrian mathematical models from occupant mathematical models, which were in turn developed from cadaver and dummy tests. It is hoped that future research will result in improved thoracic biofidelity in human mathematical models.
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Mwesigwa, James Blair. "Motor vehicle pedestrian mortality in Soweto from 2001 to 2005." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/11546.
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M.P.H., Faculty of Health, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011<br>In South Africa, injury remains one of the major causes of death. International data also
suggests that intentional and unintentional deaths are on the increase globally with
highest increases noted in the middle and low income economies. The National Injury
Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS) which captures only 40% of all annual nonnatural
deaths revealed that 27% of these deaths occurring mainly in adults and children
are motor vehicle related. 58% of these are pedestrians. The rationale of this study
stems from the findings for the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS)
of 2002, which indicated a high pedestrian mortality. This study is a descriptive cross
sectional analysis of pedestrian related mortality data from an existing NIMSS database.
Continuous variables were summarised using means and standard deviation while
categorical variable were summarised using proportions. Summary data were presented
in graphs and tables. This was conducted using a statistical programme STATA10.
Between 2001 and 2005, motor vehicle transport related deaths comprised 11.32% of all
recorded un-natural deaths in Soweto with pedestrians accounting for 50% of deaths.
The Pedestrian mortality comprised the dominant proportion of all motor vehicle related
mortality from 2001to2005 (compared to drivers, passengers and unspecified road user
categories). From the results of the study, it was shown that most pedestrian deaths
occurred in the black population group, followed by coloureds. It also confirmed that the
majority of pedestrian deaths were of the male gender group. With regards to time and
day of death, it concluded that pedestrian deaths occurred in between 1800h and 2400h,
mainly over weekends, whereas by age group, age group, most pedestrian fatalities were
adolescents and young adults followed by children. When it came to access to
emergency medical care, the study showed that the majority of dead pedestrians were
never attended to by Emergency Medical personnel. Blood alcohol concentrations were
raised in a high percentage of those fatalities in whom it was possible to measure such
concentrations, suggesting that alcohol played a significant role in pedestrian deaths. A
number of preventative and advocacy initiatives are recommended, with emphasis on
broad based stake holder participation, education, engineering, as well as targeted
interventions that address specific issues that were identified as major contributing
factors to the observed increased vulnerability in those specific categories of pedestrians.
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Stevenson, T. J. "Simulation of vehicle-pedestrian interaction : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering in the University of Canterbury /." 2006. http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/etd/adt-NZCU20070821.095946.
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Grubb, Grant. "3D vision sensing for improved pedestrain safety." Master's thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/44511.
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Pedestrian-vehicle accidents account for the second largest source of automotive related fatality and injury worldwide. Automotive manufactures will soon be required to meet regulations specifying safety requirements for pedestrian-vehicle collisions. The inclusion of pedestrian protection systems (eg. External airbags) is being consider as a solution to preventing pedestrian fatality and injury. However, such systems require knowledge of pedestrian presence for correct activation. This thesis describes work towards a computer vision system to detect pedestrians which could fulfil the sensory requirements for activating automotive pedestrian protection devices.
In this work, the requirements for a pedestrian sensor were examined and a prototype vision system was developed to demonstrate the concepts discussed in the thesis. To achieve greater robustness and an improved understanding of the environment, we focussed on using 3D and temporal techniques combined with existing pedestrian detection methods.
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Stereo vision was employed to provide 3D information about the scene. The well known computer vision concept of disparity maps was used to generate a 3D scene representation. Additional vision algorithms were developed to provide scene understanding and thus segment a scene into obstacles (pedestrians, vehicles and other road infrastructure). Two methods were investigated for this purpose: Inverse Perspective Mapping and v-disparity, with the latter producing superior results, and thus v-disparity was used for 3D obstacle segmentation.
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Next, we focused on developing a method to classify detected obstacles as either pedestrian or non-pedestrian. Existing algorithms which examine a pedestrian’s shape and provide a classification result using Support Vector Machines were used to fulfil this obstacle classification task. We extended the existing work to include a pedestrian model from a front/rear and side poses.
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Finally, temporal information from both the obstacle detection and classification results were used to enhance system results. We used Kalman filtering techniques to track pedestrians and provide motion predictions. Additionally, Bayesian probability was used to provide a certainty of pedestrian detection based on an object’s classification history. This provided greater robustness to the overall detection results.
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The developed prototype was installed on two vehicles, a Toyota Landcruiser and a Volvo S80, to perform real world testing. Results from the prototype were excellent, achieving average detection rates of 83% with average false detection rates of only 0.4%.
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Jiang, Pingge. "A new approach for pedestrian tracking and status analysis." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/5606.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>Pedestrian and vehicle interaction analysis in a naturalistic driving environment can provide useful information for designing vehicle-pedestrian crash warning/mitigation systems. Many researchers have used crash data to understand and study pedestrian behaviors and interactions between vehicles and pedestrian during crash. However, crash data may not provide detailed pedestrian-vehicle interaction information for us.
In this thesis, we designed an automatic pedestrian tracking and status analysis method to process and study pedestrian and vehicle interactions. The proposed pedestrian tracking and status analysis method includes pedestrian detection, pedestrian tracking and pedestrian status analysis modules.
The main contributions of this thesis are: we designed a new pedestrian tracking method by learning the pedestrian appearance and also their motion pattern. We designed a pedestrian status estimation method by using our tracking results and thus helped estimate the possibility of collision.
Our preliminary experiment results using naturalistic driving data showed promising results.
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Hobday, Michelle Bridget. "The epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions involving pedestrians in eThekwini Municipality, 2001-2006." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1107.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction
Road traffic collisions in developing countries contribute towards the greatest burden of
disabilities and fatalities globally. Concern has arisen about the high proportion of
pedestrians involved in collisions in South Africa.
Aim
This study describes the epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions involving pedestrians
in eThekwini Municipality from 2001 to 2006, aiming to identify opportunities for
prevention and informing policy.
Methods
An analytic cross-sectional study design was used. Data was obtained from the
eThekwini Transport Authority database (police accident reports), and the Nationallnjury
Mortality Surveillance System (mortuary reports). Exposure variables included pedestrian
and drivers' demographics and collision environment. Death and injury were the outcome
variables measured. Population data was obtained from Statistics South Africa.
Results
Pedestrians' injuries decreased from 7 445 to 6 288 (incidence risk: 241 to 193 per 100
000) from 200 I to 2006. Annual case fatality rose from 4.9% (366 deaths in 200 I) to
6.8% (430 deaths in 2006). Child pedestrians aged 5 to 9 years had a 77% increased risk
of injury relative to other children. The fatality risk ratio of male to female pedestrians
was 3.8 (95% Confidence Interval: 1.7 to 9.3). Male drivers aged 30 to 34 years had a
68% increased collision risk relative to all other male drivers and eight times (Incidence
risk ratio: 8.0; 95% Confidence Interval: 6.2 to 10.3) the risk of female drivers. Only
3.4% of collisions occurred on freeways but accounted for 19.6% of pedestrian fatalities.
Few (1.5%) collisions involving pedestrians occurred at night in unlit conditions but
constituted more than four times the number of fatalities as number of collisions in these
conditions.<br>Thesis (MMed.)- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.
Books on the topic "Pedestrian-vehicle accidents"
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Leaf, W. A. Literature review on vehicle traffic speeds and pedestrian injuries. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1999.
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Leaf, W. A. Literature review on vehicle travel speeds and pedestrian injuries. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1999.
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Victoria. Parliament. Road Safety Committee. Report of the Road Safety Committee on the review of the inquiry into the incidence and prevention of pedestrian accidents. Victorian Government Printer, 2006.
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Chuvikov, Dmitriy. Models and algorithms for reconstruction and examination of emergency events of road accidents based on logical artificial intelligence. 2nd ed. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1220729.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the monograph is to create a methodology, combined expert and simulation models, as well as algorithms and software-modeling tools for reconstruction and examination of accident events for automating decision-making by an expert center employee.
 The methodology of combining and algorithms of joint work of an expert system based on logical artificial intelligence (mivar approach) and a simulation system for solving problems of reconstruction and examination of road accidents are developed; model reconstruction and examination of the accident in the formalism of the knowledge base bipartite oriented mivar nets, including analysis formulas braking qualities of the vehicle, determining the speed of a car's performance in terms of specific DTS, the formula for calculating different occasions: - slip car when braking, driving on curved sections of the road, hitting a car on the pedestrian in uniform motion and unlimited visibility; a method of generation of interfaces for designer expert systems based on the concept of mivar approach; special software in the form of expert systems "Analysis of road accident" in order to reduce the complexity of the process of calculating the disputed accidents, errors in the calculation and improve the accuracy and objectivity of the results obtained and the speed and quality of the calculations.
 It can be useful to specialists of expert institutions, insurance companies, educational institutions in the field of expertise, as well as unmanned vehicles in terms of objective analysis and examination of road accidents.
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Becker, Tony L. Vehicle-pedestrian collision investigation manual. Institute of Police Technology and Management, 1997.
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Kopits, Elizabeth. Why have traffic fatalities declined in industrialized countries ? implications for pedestrians and vehicle occupants. World Bank, 2005.
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Armstrong, Christopher, ed. Collision Reconstruction Methodologies Volume 10A: Pedestrian Collisions. SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9780768095302.
Full textAbstract:
The last ten years have seen explosive growth in the technology available to the collision analyst, changing the way reconstruction is practiced in fundamental ways. The greatest technological advances for the crash reconstruction community have come in the realms of photogrammetry and digital media analysis. The widespread use of scanning technology has facilitated the implementation of powerful new tools to digitize forensic data, create 3D models and visualize and analyze crash vehicles and environments. The introduction of unmanned aerial systems and standardization of crash data recorders to the crash reconstruction community have enhanced the ability of a crash analyst to visualize and model the components of a crash reconstruction. Because of the technological changes occurring in the industry, many SAE papers have been written to address the validation and use of new tools for collision reconstruction. Collision Reconstruction Methodologies Volumes 1-12 bring together seminal SAE technical papers surrounding advancements in the crash reconstruction field. Topics featured in the series include: • Night Vision Study and Photogrammetry • Vehicle Event Data Recorders • Motorcycle, Heavy Vehicle, Bicycle and Pedestrian Accident Reconstruction The goal is to provide the latest technologies and methodologies being introduced into collision reconstruction - appealing to crash analysts, consultants and safety engineers alike.
Book chapters on the topic "Pedestrian-vehicle accidents"
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"Applying Decision Tree Approaches on Vehicle-Pedestrian Crashes." In Big Data Analytics in Traffic and Transportation Engineering. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7943-4.ch004.
Full textAbstract:
In the Melbourne metropolitan area in Australia, an average of 34 pedestrians were killed in traffic accidents every year between 2004 and 2013, and vehicle-pedestrian crashes accounted for 24% of all fatal crashes. Mid-block crashes accounted for 46% of the total pedestrian crashes in the Melbourne metropolitan area and 49% of the pedestrian fatalities occurred at mid-blocks. Many studies have examined factors contributing to the frequency and severity of vehicle-pedestrian crashes. While many of the studies have chosen to focus on crashes at intersections, few studies have focussed on vehicle-pedestrian crashes at mid-blocks. Since the factors contributing to vehicle crashes at intersections and mid-blocks are significantly different, more research needs to be done to develop a model for vehicle-pedestrian crashes at mid-blocks. In order to identify factors contributing to the severity of vehicle-pedestrian crashes, three models using different decision trees (DTs) were developed. To improve the accuracy, stability, and robustness of the DTs, bagging and boosting techniques were used in this chapter. The results of this study show that the boosting technique improves the accuracy of individual DT models by 46%. Moreover, the results of boosting DTs (BDTs) show that neighbourhood social characteristics are as important as traffic and infrastructure variables in influencing the severity of pedestrian crashes.
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Purswell, J., and Jerry Purswell. "The distribution of pedestrian-backing vehicle accidents by back-up alann status and vehicle type." In Advances in Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Safety in Manufacturing and Service Industries. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/ebk1439834992-122.
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Vangi, Dario, Antonio Virga, Mattia Conigliaro, Hermann Steffan, and Ernst Tomasch. "ADAS-Assisted Driver Behaviour in Near Missing Car-Pedestrian Accidents." In Autonomous Vehicle. InTech, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63705.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Pedestrian-vehicle accidents"
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Udemba, Chiemezie Anthony. "The Effectiveness of Back-Up Alarms in Preventing Backing Vehicle-Pedestrian Accidents." In 33rd Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference. International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47461/isoes.2021_015.
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This paper provides an update to previous articles on the distribution of pedestrian-backing vehicles using the OSHA Accident database, as well as responses to FOIA requests for additional detail on these accidents. The database contains summaries of fatality & catastrophe investigations conducted by OSHA. Two previous articles (Purswell & Purswell, 2001), (Purswell & Purswell, 2010) summarized and categorized the records that were identified as related to whether the vehicle had a backup alarm or not, and if it did, whether it was operating at the time of the accident. FOIA requests were made for the inspection records where the summaries in the database contained insufficient detail to correctly classify accidents. Records were also classified by the employer NAICS code (business type). There was some difficulty in obtaining the records for this article due to pandemic-related restrictions on regional OSHA offices accessing the requested records. Of the 93 records of accidents, we obtained sufficient detail from the summaries or the Inspection Report obtained through the FOIA to completely classify only 33 of the records.
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Moradi, Rasoul, Chandrashekhar K. Thorbole, Michael McCoy, and Hamid M. Lankarani. "Biodynamic Modeling of a Pedestrian Impact With a Rigid Frontal Guard of a Utility Vehicle." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37458.
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Accident data reveals that in most pedestrian accidents, the pedestrian head and lower extremity are vulnerable to serious injuries. The vehicle front geometry profile as well as the impact speed are important factors affecting the pedestrian kinematics and injury potential. In the US, accident data also shows that the fatality rate for pedestrian/light trucks and vans (LTV) impact is greater than that for the pedestrian/passenger-car impact. Addition of a front guard on light trucks and sports utility vehicles to mitigate damage during off-road activity or to provide mounting points for extra lights, makes the pedestrian more vulnerable to the impact. In this paper, a computational technique is utilized to study the influence of the added front guard on the impacted pedestrian. A CAD model of a typical commercial frontal guard is developed and converted into a rigid facet model, and attached to the vehicle front. The validated standing dummy model in the MADYMO code is used to simulate a pedestrian, and the rigid facet-surface model of a pickup truck is used to generate a vehicle front surface. This computational model is validated by comparing the pedestrian kinematics with the published data. This study demonstrates that the pedestrian mid body region is more vulnerable with the addition of guard on the vehicle. The result from this study facilitates a better understanding of a guard design and its geometry profile as required to protect vulnerable road users.
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Martínez Gala, Francisco. "Pedestrian-Vehicle Accidents Reconstruction with PC-Crash®: Sensibility Analysis of Factors Variation." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3467.
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This paper describes the main findings of a study performed by INSIA-UPM about the improvement of the reconstruction process of real world vehicle-pedestrian accidents using PC-Crash® software, aimed to develop a software tool for the estimation of the variability of the collision speed due to the lack of real values of some parameters required during the reconstruction task. The methodology has been based on a sensibility analysis of the factors variation. A total of 9 factors have been analyzed with the objective of identifying which ones were significant. Four of them (pedestrian height, collision angle, hood height and pedestrian-road friction coefficient) were significant and were included in a full factorial experiment with the collision speed as an additional factor in order to obtain a regression model with up to third level interactions. Two different factorial experiments with the same structure have been performed because of pedestrian gender differences. The tool has been created as a collision speed predictor based on the regression models obtained, using the 4 significant factors and the projection distance measured or estimated in the accident site. The tool has been used on the analysis of real-world reconstructed accidents occurred in the city of Madrid (Spain). The results have been adequate in most cases with less than 10% of deviation between the predicted speed and the one estimated in the reconstructions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3467
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Mohammed, Obaidur Rahman, D. V. Suresh, and Hamid M. Lankarani. "Computational Modelling and Simulation of Pedestrian Subsystem Impactor With Sedan Vehicle and Truck Model." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24372.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The increase in public transportation in the last decade has resulted in a larger pedestrian population and hence a larger number of pedestrian collisions. In the past, car-pedestrian accident prevention had been a challenge for automotive and transport safety members. Recent reports in car-pedestrian accidents have influenced many improvements to prioritize pedestrian protection for automotive industries. The number of pedestrian fatalities in U.S has raised in last decade proportionally, Car manufacturers, and transport investigation teams are implementing new product designs and adding new development methods to reduce the risk of pedestrian collisions. In this study, adult headform and upper legform is tested with a finite element vehicle model to examine the simulation results and injury behavior during impact. All finite element simulation tests are produced under Euro-NCAP Committee regulations. Finite element models are configured as per the regulation’s and testing criteria. Both upper legform impactor and adult headform finite simulation results are tested with assessing criteria limits. Finite simulation tests are carried on the LS-DYNA – Code platform. This comparative study between sedan and pickup finite vehicle models gives an injury risk prediction of pedestrian safety and assesses design parameters of automotive industries.
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Zou Tiefang, Zhao Lixuan, Zhang Yonggang, and Chen Yuanxin. "A Method for Distinguishing the Braking Situation of the Vehicle in Vehicle-Pedestrian Accidents." In 2013 Fifth International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2013.17.
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Zou, Tie-fang, Yuan-xin Chen, and Li-xuan Zhao. "A Simple Method for Evaluating the Impact Velocity in Vehicle-Pedestrian Accidents." In 14th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413623.216.
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Feng, Jingjing, and Yan Hu. "The Game Analysis of Compensation for Traffic Accidents Based on Pedestrian Vehicle Collision." In Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ichssr-19.2019.50.
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Pashkevich, Maria, Anna Krasilnikova, and Dago Antov. "Method for Pedestrian Crossing Risk Assessment and Safety Level Determination: the Case Study of Tallinn." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.4124.
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Pedestrians are a part of vulnerable road users which safety requires a special attention. Official statistics in Estonia from the last decade returns the following numbers: around 30 % of all road traffic accidents in the country were accidents with pedestrians, 32 % of all traffic fatalities were finished with pedestrian death. Pedestrian crossing has the biggest risk level between all kinds of pedestrian facilities, because it includes a direct conflict point between vehicle and pedestrian traffics. The article presents a method to assess risk of pedestrian crossing users and to determine safety level of this road infrastructure element. This approach is based on observation and collection of infrastructural as well as traffic data, which includes: (1) information about each pedestrian crossing facility, its location and state, (2) data about accidents with pedestrians and their features, (3) data from road traffic measurements. The main advantages of the described method are universality and comprehensiveness. The case study was done in Kristiine district of the city Tallinn, which was chosen as the most typical average district of Estonian capital. Results of this study are also presented in the article.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4124
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Lian, Xiaowei, Jia Deng, Xudong Li, and Fujun Cui. "In-Depth Analysis of Pedestrian-Vehicle Accidents Based on Chi-Square Test and Logistic Regression." In New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle Technology Conference. SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-5050.
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Chika Sugimoto, Yasuhisa Nakamura, and Takuya Hashimoto. "Prototype of pedestrian-to-vehicle communication system for the prevention of pedestrian accidents using both 3G wireless and WLAN communication." In 2008 3rd International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing (ISWPC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswpc.2008.4556313.
Full textReports on the topic "Pedestrian-vehicle accidents"
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Kulhandjian, Hovannes. AI-based Pedestrian Detection and Avoidance at Night using an IR Camera, Radar, and a Video Camera. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2127.
Full textAbstract:
In 2019, the United States experienced more than 6,500 pedestrian fatalities involving motor vehicles which resulted in a 67% rise in nighttime pedestrian fatalities and only a 10% rise in daytime pedestrian fatalities. In an effort to reduce fatalities, this research developed a pedestrian detection and alert system through the application of a visual camera, infrared camera, and radar sensors combined with machine learning. The research team designed the system concept to achieve a high level of accuracy in pedestrian detection and avoidance during both the day and at night to avoid potentially fatal accidents involving pedestrians crossing a street. The working prototype of pedestrian detection and collision avoidance can be installed in present-day vehicles, with the visible camera used to detect pedestrians during the day and the infrared camera to detect pedestrians primarily during the night as well as at high glare from the sun during the day. The radar sensor is also used to detect the presence of a pedestrian and calculate their range and direction of motion relative to the vehicle. Through data fusion and deep learning, the ability to quickly analyze and classify a pedestrian’s presence at all times in a real-time monitoring system is achieved. The system can also be extended to cyclist and animal detection and avoidance, and could be deployed in an autonomous vehicle to assist in automatic braking systems (ABS).
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Robert, Pederson. Causal Analysis Report- SNL/CA East Avenue Vehicle-Pedestrian Accident (LLNL Property). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1763561.
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An Affordable Tool Based on a Pedestrian-Vehicle Collision Model to Support the Fieldwork and Reconstruction. SAE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-5058.
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A free access tool based on a pedestrian-vehicle collision model is presented. The model allows for the qualitative and quantitative description of the entire dynamics of an event through pre-collision, collision, and post-collision segments. Furthermore, it enabled the determination of the magnitude of the initial speed of the vehicle before collision with a pedestrian and the location of the point of impact on the road where the accident occurred. The model inputs correlate to evidence collected at the scene, providing a platform checklist to assist investigators in their fieldwork. Additionally, the pre-collision segment allowed the investigators to develop an avoidability study to evaluate road safety. The model was validated by comparing the results with experimental cases developed with dummies, bodies, and reconstructed cases using statistical methods. It is shown that there is no significant difference, thus verifying its functionality. In addition, the tool is available as a mobile application (app) in Spanish and English, providing important affordability to investigators from some low- and middle-income countries.