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1
Lyon, J. Vanessa. Figuring Faith and Female Power in the Art of Rubens. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985513.
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Figuring Faith and Female Power in the Art of Rubens argues that the Baroque painter, propagandist, and diplomat, Peter Paul Rubens, was not only aware of rapidly shifting religious and cultural attitudes toward women, but actively engaged in shaping them. Today, Rubens’s paintings continue to be used -- and abused -- to prescribe and proscribe certain forms of femininity. Repositioning some of the artist’s best-known works within seventeenth-century Catholic theology and female court culture, this book provides a feminist corrective to a body of art historical scholarship in which studies of gender and religion are often mutually exclusive. Moving chronologically through Rubens’s lengthy career, the author shows that, in relation to the powerful women in his life, Rubens figured the female form as a transhistorical carrier of meaning whose devotional and rhetorical efficacy was heightened rather than diminished by notions of female difference and particularity.
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Cortazzi, Hugh, ed. Carmen Blacker. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823568.
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Carmen Blacker was an outstanding scholar of Japanese culture, known internationally for her writings on religion, myth and folklore – her most notable work being The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan. Importantly, a third of the volume comprises significant extracts from the author’s diaries covering a period of more than forty years, together with a plate section drawn from her extensive photographic archive, thus providing a rare opportunity to gain a personal insight into the author’s life and work. The volume includes a wide selection of writings from distinguished scholars such as Donald Keene and her former pupil Peter Kornicki in celebration of her work and legacy, together with various essays and papers by Carmen Blacker herself that have hitherto not been widely available. In addition to her scholarship, Carmen Blacker was also highly regarded for her work in promoting Japanese Studies at Cambridge and played a vital role in helping to re-establish The Japan Society, London, post-war.
3
Holbrook, J. Britt. Peer Review, Interdisciplinarity, and Serendipity. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.39.
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Peer review remains the tool of choice for research evaluation. But can peer review judge interdisciplinary research and societal, as well as scholarly, impact? Or should metrics for scholarly impact and altmetrics for societal impact replace peer review? “Peer Review, Interdisciplinarity and Serendipity” argues that peer review should be redesigned to maximize serendipity, conceived as ‘sagacity regarding opportunity’. Rather than using peer review to promote the pursuit of academic knowledge for its own sake (and then scrambling to adapt it to interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary demands), this alternative suggests using peer review for communication among academics (from whatever discipline) and between academics and other members of society.
4
Zitser, Ernest A. The Difference that Peter I Made. Edited by Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.008.
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Arguing that the modernity, rationality and secularity of Peter the Great’s project have been generally over-emphasized, this chapter contends that the Tsar’s drive to transform his vast realm into a wealthy, powerful and well-regulated Empire derived less from his fondness for things foreign or from the constant demands of warfare than from his sense of divine election for his imperial vocation and his unswerving belief—nurtured by his intimates, tested by the ups-and-downs of political and military fortune, and represented by ceremonies and spectacles, both sacred and profane—that he was predestined for greatness.
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Adriaenssen, Han Thomas. Peter Auriol on the Intuitive Cognition of Nonexistents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806035.003.0005.
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This paper looks at the critical reception of two central claims of Peter Auriol’s theory of cognition: the claim that the objects of cognition have an apparent or objective being that resists reduction to the real being of objects, and the claim that there may be natural intuitive cognitions of nonexistent objects. These claims earned Auriol the criticism of his fellow Franciscans, Walter Chatton and Adam Wodeham. According to them, the theory of apparent being was what had led Auriol to allow for intuitive cognitions of nonexistents, but the intuitive cognition of nonexistents, at its turn, led to skepticism. Modern commentators have offered similar readings of Auriol, but this paper argues, first, that the apparent being provides no special reason to think there could be intuitions of nonexistent objects, and second, that despite his idiosyncratic account of intuition, Auriol was no more vulnerable to skepticism than his critics.
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Jan, Régine Le. Memory, Gift, and Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0038.
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Duchess Matilda of Tuscany is known as an Italian actress in the conflict between the Emperors and Popes during the Gregorian Reform. Since she was a cousin of the Emperor, she was also a ‘daughter of Saint Peter’, a friend of the Pope, as her mother and other great women were. During more than 30 years, she has acted as a political leader, conducting her armies and serving the interests of Rome. This paper focuses on the politics and the language of gift used by Matilda in her relationships with both Cluny and the Pope, in other terms with Saint Peter. Matilda gave her monastery of Polirone to Saint Peter of Cluny in 1080, creating bonds of friendship and Protection with the Abbots of Cluny; as she continued to make important donations to the monastery, she could make Polirone a place of memory, where she decided to be buried in a splendid monument she had made built. She also gave her treasure to the Pope and made important donations to the Church in Rome, which will be analysed in terms of politics and memory.
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Hanney, Maria Luisa. Older people with learning disabilities. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0050.
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Elderly people with Learning Disabilities are a heterogeneous clinically complex population with unique medical and social challenges. Little is known of the epidemiology of mental ill health in this group. Emerging evidence indicates that they suffer higher rates of mental illness than the general population and than their younger peer group. Point prevalence of mental ill health in elderly people with Learning Disabilities has been reported about 69% compared with 48% in the younger peer group. This higher rate of psychiatric diagnosis in the older group is mainly due to a higher rate of dementia of about 21 %. People with Down syndrome appear to have lower rates of mental ill health apart from depression and early onset dementia of Alzheimer’s type. People with Learning Disability due to other causes are also at higher risk of developing dementia at an earlier age than the general population
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Pflum, Samantha, Peter Goldblum, Joyce Chu, and Bruce Bongar. Bullying and Peer Aggression in Children and Adolescents. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.8.
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Crafting prevention and intervention strategies for peer bullying, aggression, and suicidality in youth is a complex, multifaceted task. Involvement in bullying and peer aggression is accompanied by numerous psychosocial consequences, including suicidal ideation and behavior. Care must be taken to examine this relationship in an objective, evidence-based manner, rather than overattributing or causally relating youth suicidality to bullying. Mental health professionals, medical providers, teachers, and school administrators are uniquely positioned to intervene in the risk factors that impact bullying and suicidality in youth. Taking an ecological systems perspective, this chapter will review extant efforts to ameliorate bullying, aggression, and suicidality in children and adolescents, with a focus on individual- and group-level protective factors that can facilitate positive health and academic outcomes. Recommendations for providers, educators, parents, policymakers, and researchers offer evidence-based guidance for future work in these domains.
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Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li, and Lindsay Richards. The Fight against Disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0003.
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Life expectancy is a fundamental measure of social progress, with excellent data enabling us to measure progress. Britain made huge strides in improving health and life expectancy during the second half of the twentieth century, life expectancy increasing by over ten years. There were large reductions in infant mortality and control of infectious diseases, as well as a decline in smoking and its related causes of death. Progress continued into the twenty-first century, although progress in increasing disability-free life expectancy among women stalled, and social class inequalities in infant mortality, after narrowing considerably, also stalled. Moreover, peer countries such as France, Germany, and Italy made even more progress than Britain in extending life expectancy and reducing infant mortality. New challenges such as obesity appear likely to hinder Britain’s progress in the future. Cancer survival rates in Britain, although improving, remain considerably lower than in peer countries.
10
Herrmann, Matthias, ed. Sichten auf Max Reger und seinen Schüler Paul Aron. Tectum – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783828875739.
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The oeuvre of Max Reger (1873–1916) evoked approval and rejection during the composer's lifetime. Reger also polarized as a person. The present volume deals with Reger's compositional oeuvre and with his personal environment – in the form of his student Paul Aron (1886–1955) from Dresden. At times, he was part of the close network of relationships between the Reger couple. The letters and cards from Reger to Aron from 1905 to 1915, as well as Reger's assessments, which are completely edited for the first time here, are supplemented by Aron's letters from the front of the First World War to Elsa Reger after the death of her husband (1916–1918). The extensive correspondence between Max Reger and Paul Aron shows an exciting teacher-student relationship more than 100 years ago. The sensitive texts of well-known authors trace a detailed picture of the composer. With contributions by Vitus Froesch, Manuel Gervink, Peter Gülke, Michael Heinemann, Matthias Herrmann, Jörn Peter Hiekel, Stefanie Steiner-Grage
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Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li, and Lindsay Richards. The Fight against Ignorance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0004.
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There was great progress in increasing participation rates in secondary and tertiary education post-war, as there was in Britain’s peer countries. There was also an increase in the proportion of the age group achieving qualifications such as GCSEs but many doubts have been raised about the comparability of these qualifications over time. Independent studies of reading and literacy suggest that progress was positive but slow, while independent cross-national studies show that average test scores of British schoolchildren did not progress any faster than in peer countries. It is doubtful therefore whether educational reforms have made much difference. However, education also contributes to the empowerment of a country’s citizens and to values and behaviours such as tolerance and healthy lifestyles, and educational expansion has contributed to social progress in this way.
12
FitzGerald, Brian. The Mendicant Conflict over Prophecy: Thomas Aquinas and Peter John Olivi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808244.003.0005.
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This chapter shows how unauthorized claims of inspiration began to take more serious form, a development which gave greater urgency to theoretical reflections about prophecy. The chapter begins with a treatment of the thought of Thomas Aquinas, who consolidated the Dominican position in opposition to the challenge of apocalyptic or eschatological prophecy found in Joachim of Fiore’s writings. Aquinas attempted to define the limits of supernatural inspiration without excluding the Holy Spirit from the contemporary Church. He emphasized that the best form of prophecy was not prediction but ‘intellectual’ prophecy, or theological understanding. The chapter then contrasts Aquinas’s work with that of the Franciscan Peter John Olivi, who drew on Joachim’s teachings, as well as Hugh of St Victor’s, to promote visionaries with special insights into history. This contrast reveals how Aquinas makes prophecy appear more ordinary than Olivi’s, while also making it more difficult to discern who is inspired.
13
Bickford, Tyler. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190654146.003.0007.
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The conclusion advocates for understanding music in terms of interpersonal relationships as much or more than as repertoires of texts with their own cultural meanings. Music should be considered in terms of Bourdieu’s concept of “social capital” in addition to “cultural capital” as it is normally conceived. Children’s in-school media use does not involve the intrusion of foreign consumer culture into education, but rather historically and culturally grounded traditions of peer-cultural solidarity provide a context into which entertainment media practices fit naturally. A seeming opposition between education and consumer culture is in fact a constitutive dialectic, which helps explain the politicization of children’s peer cultural practices in school. Consumer culture represents the extension of dynamics from school into the wider public sphere. The invasion of these practices into schools is only a natural return to original fields of conflict between children and adults.
14
Andrews, Judy A., and Erika Westling. Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.20.
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The prevalence of substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) and the co-occurrence of SUDs with other mental health disorders peaks in emerging adulthood. This review examines prevalence as a function of gender, race/ethnicity, historical trends, and geographic regions across both the US and Western world. Prospective predictors reviewed include the effects of early life stress, parental factors (including parental use, support, and parenting skills), peer affiliations, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, educational attainment, personality, and timing of pubertal development. Concurrent predictors include assumption of adult roles and college attendance, stress associated with life events, changes in personality, and laws and taxation. Also reviewed are consequences of use, including neurological changes. The peak in prevalence across emerging adulthood may be due to several factors, including freedom from constraint, increased peer pressure, less than optimal decision-making skills, high disinhibition, and increased stress during this developmental period.
15
Lemons, Don S. Drawing Physics. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035903.001.0001.
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Drawing Physics is a collection of 51 essays each one organized around a simple, informative, line drawing that conveys a key idea in the history of physics. The essays, each approximately 1000 words long, are chronologically ordered from Thales, who around 600 BCE explained and used the principles of triangulation, to Peter Higgs, who received the Nobel Prize in 2012 for his prediction of the Higgs boson. The essays expand on the science conveyed in each drawing and place that science in a broader cultural context. The essays are grouped into five sections: Antiquity, Middle Ages, Early Modern Period, Nineteenth Century, and Twentieth Century and Beyond. Each essay stands alone and requires no background in physics or mathematics.
16
Cohen, Richard I., ed. Dov Waxman, Trouble in the Tribe: The American Jewish Conflict over Israel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016. x + 316 pp. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912628.003.0051.
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This chapter reviews the book Trouble in the Tribe: The American Jewish Conflict over Israel (2016), by Dov Waxman. Trouble in the Tribe examines the debate over the defection of growing numbers of young Jews from the pro-Israel camp, which Peter Beinart claims is due primarily to their disillusionment with a Jewish state that has betrayed their liberal principles. While many of Beinart’s critics acknowledge that Jewish youth have indeed grown more distant from Israel, they attribute this less to political disillusionment than to a weakening of their Jewish identity. For Waxman, “perhaps the biggest reason why young American Jews tend to be more dovish and critical of Israel is that they are much more likely than older Jews to be the offspring of intermarried couples.”
17
MacAskill, William, Andreas Mogensen, and Toby Ord. Giving Isn’t Demanding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648879.003.0007.
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Peter Singer argues that middle-class members of affluent countries have an obligation to give away almost all their income to fight poverty in the developing world. Others, however, argue that this view is too demanding: it is asking more of us than morality truly requires. This chapter proposes a weaker principle, the very weak principle of sacrifice: Most middle-class members of affluent countries ought, morally, to use at least 10 percent of their income to effectively improve the lives of others. This principle is not very demanding at all, and therefore the “demandingness” objection has not even pro tanto force against it.
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Thorau, Christian, and Hansjakob Ziemer. The Art of Listening and Its Histories. Edited by Christian Thorau and Hansjakob Ziemer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466961.013.1.
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In the introduction, the “art of listening” is established as a heuristic tool and a historiographical concept with which to study and evaluate the history of music listening. Using Peter Gay’s formulation of the concept as a starting point to reformulate and define the art of listening in a systematic way, the introduction gives an overview of more than two hundred years in the evolution and distribution of music listening by interweaving the twenty-one chapters of the volume. Special attention is given to methodological issues that a history of an invisible and amorphous subject has to face and to establishing a framework for writing such a history.
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Menz, Georg. Varieties of Capitalism and the Next Steps Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199579983.003.0003.
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Given the prominence of the varieties of capitalism debate and its imprint from the turn of the twenty-first century onwards, this chapter is dedicated to introducing, reviewing, critiquing, and expanding Peter Hall and David Soskice’s paradigm of ‘Varieties of Capitalism’. We explore the impact the turn towards ‘varieties’ has had, examine how the discussion has reshaped the subfield as a whole, and propose fresh ways pointing forward. Recent strides made suggest taking ideas and discourse more seriously. The cultural turn, however, deserves much more serious consideration than it has received so far. Disassembling the building blocks of the various models and exploring the glue that keeps them attached is another research avenue.
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Appel, Ivo, and Kersten Wagner-Cardenal, eds. Verwaltung zwischen Gestaltung, Transparenz und Kontrolle. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748904939.
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The present volume combines contributions to the symposium on the occasion of Ulrich Ramsauer’s 70th birthday, acknowledging his activity in the fields of public law, especially environmental law and planning regulations, administrative procedural law and public administration, which has lasted more than 40 years. The contributions deal with key issues in the current discussion in administrative law: accelerated proceedings (Peter Wysk), public participation (Hans-Joachim Koch) and Europeanisation (Jörg Berkemann). In his introduction, Ivo Appel presents a short introduction to the concept of administrative legal science as a managing science. The contribution by Jochen Wagner offers an overarching thematic connection from a philosophical perspective, titled “Integration through friendship”. At the same time, he considers integration as one of the essential responsibilities of the state today.
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Frana, Ilaria. Modality in the nominal domain: The case of adnominal conditionals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0004.
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In 1996, Peter Lasersohn discovered a construction in which an if-clause appears as an NP-modifier, rather than a sentential adjunct (e.g. The price if you pay now is predictable). He dubbed these types of if-clauses “adnominal conditionals” (ACs). Building on Lasersohn’s proposal that ACs are NP modifiers, this chapter provides a compositional analysis of ACs within a restrictor-based analysis of conditionals (Lewis 1975; Kratzer 1986; Heim 1982). According to my proposal, ACs always restrict the domain of an operator within the NP they modify (a modal adjective), and when there is no overt operator within the NP, ACs restrict the domain of a covert necessity modal adjective (cf. Kratzer 1986’s analysis of matrix indicative conditionals).
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Widerquist, Karl, and Grant S. McCall. The Hobbesian Hypothesis in Nineteenth-Century Political Theory. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748678662.003.0006.
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This chapter shows how “the Hobbesian hypothesis” (the claim that everyone is better off in a state society with a private property system than they could reasonably expect to be in any society without either of those institutions) appeared in Nineteen-Century Political Theory. As in the Eighteen Century, disagreement about the truth of the hypothesis produced virtually no debate. G. W. F. Hegel, Frédéric Bastiat, and others asserted it with very little supporting evidence. Henry David Thoreau, Herbert Spencer, Henry George, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, John Robert Seeley, Henry Sidgwick, Henry Sumner Maine, and Peter Kropotkin all voiced various levels of scepticism, and some, especially Kropotkin, produced considerable evidence. Yet supporters went on asserting the hypothesis as if it were an unchallengeable and obvious truth.
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Peterson, Martin. The Geometry of Applied Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190652265.003.0002.
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This chapter details the conceptual foundations of the geometric construal of moral principles. The notion of a “case” is discussed, and two methods for identifying paradigm cases are introduced, the ex-ante and the ex-post method. It is claimed that moral principles can be represented by Voronoi tessellations of paradigm cases. A Voronoi tessellation divides space into a number of regions such that each region consists of all cases that are closer to a predetermined seed point (paradigm case) than to any other seed point for another principle. The distance between two cases reflects their degree of similarity. This discussion is followed by a presentation of various measures of similarity and an overview of the multidimensional scaling technique. The chapter emphasizes Peter Gärdenfors’s theory of conceptual spaces as an important source of inspiration.
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van der Vossen, Bas, and Jason Brennan. Toward a Better Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462956.003.0010.
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Peter Singer has offered perhaps the most influential argument for increased aid and global redistribution, based on a duty of rescue. This chapter critically evaluates this argument by agreeing with Singer that there is a duty of rescue, but asserting that he is mistaken to say that it scales up to a highly demanding duty to aid poor people around the world. Singer’s argument ignores that there can be negative feedback loops between rescues. The history of aid shows that such attempts have largely been a failure, primarily because these negative feedback loops often exist. The chapter closes by arguing that the possibility of such feedback loops is itself a reason for accepting a more limited duty of rescue than Singer defends. A more limited duty is intuitive, and might actually work in practice.
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Sullivan, Mark D. Make the Patient the True Customer for Health Care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0011.
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Despite accelerating expenditures on health care, the United States is falling behind peer countries in population health. The mismatch between dollars spent on health care and health achieved raises the question of the value of health services. How should we value these? The Affordable Care act expands access to care but does not question expert valuation of health states and health services. Rather than beginning with health insurance, a more productive path for our thinking proceeds from the nature of health to the nature of health care to the nature of health insurance. If we are to keep health care costs from rising no faster than GDP, we must make the patient the true customer for health care. Health policy should not aim to minimize objective disease or maximize subjective well-being, but to foster health capability. This encompasses the ability to enjoy health and to pursue it.
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Strohminger, Margot, and Juhani Yli-Vakkuri. Moderate Modal Skepticism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798705.003.0016.
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This chapter examines moderate modal skepticism, a form of skepticism about metaphysical modality defended by Peter van Inwagen in order to blunt the force of certain modal arguments in the philosophy of religion. Van Inwagen’s argument for moderate modal skepticism assumes Yablo’s (1993) influential world-based epistemology of possibility. This chapter raises two problems for this epistemology of possibility, which undermine van Inwagen’s argument. It then considers how one might motivate moderate modal skepticism by relying on a different epistemology of possibility, which does not face these problems: Williamson’s (2007) counterfactual-based epistemology. Two ways of motivating moderate modal skepticism within that framework are found unpromising. Nevertheless, the chapter also finds a way of vindicating an epistemological thesis that, while weaker than moderate modal skepticism, is strong enough to support the methodological moral van Inwagen wishes to draw.
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Carter, J. Adam, and Duncan Pritchard. Inference to the Best Explanation and Epistemic Circularity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746904.003.0009.
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Inference to the best explanation (IBE) tells us to infer from the available evidence to the hypothesis which would, if correct, best explain that evidence. As Peter Lipton puts it, the core idea driving IBE is that explanatory considerations are a guide to inference. But what is the epistemic status of IBE itself? One issue of contemporary interest is whether it is possible to provide a justification for IBE itself which is non-objectionably circular. We aim to carve out some new space in this debate. In particular, we suggest that the matter of whether a given rule-circular argument is objectionably circular itself depends crucially on some subtle distinctions which have been made in the recent literature on perceptual warrant. By bringing these debates together, a principled reason emerges for why some kinds of rule-circular justifications for IBE are considerably less objectionable than others.
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Kuttainen, Victoria, and Greg Manning. Postmodernist and Literary Experiments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.003.0017.
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This chapter examines postmodernist and literary experiments in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific. It first considers Australia's brand of postmodernism, noting that it was much less a reaction to modernism than an effect of American influences that developed mid-century and a reflection on its late emergence from the colonial condition. It shows that Australian literature and its institutions since the 1930s had maintained a distant and uncomfortable relationship with literary modernism. Key writers discussed include Peter Carey, Gerald Murnane, and Elizabeth Jolley. The chapter goes on to discuss how Canada's scholars and writers, such as Robert Kroetsch, George Bowering and Daphne Marlatt have been interwoven in the genealogy of postmodern fiction in the Americas before concluding with an analysis of the postmodern novel in New Zealand and the South Pacific. Important writers here include Ian Wedde, Albert Wendt, and Sia Figiel.
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Pollack, Detlef, and Gergely Rosta. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0005.
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In recantation of his earlier approach, Peter L. Berger now claims: ‘The world today, with some exceptions […], is as furiously religious as it ever was, and in some places more so than ever.’ The most important exception that Berger refers to is Western Europe. The introduction to Part II provides an overview of the religious landscape in Western Europe. The data show that the current religious situation in the countries of Western Europe is in fact subject to considerable variation. It would therefore be erroneous to describe Western Europe as secularized. At the same time, the data reveal that there have been clear secularization tendencies over the last few decades. To grasp the diversity of religious tendencies, Part II deals with three cases: West Germany with moderate downward tendencies, Italy with a considerably high degree of stability, and the Netherlands displaying disproportionately strong secularizing tendencies.
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Noakes, Richard. Making Space for the Soul. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797258.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the origins, development and reception of Oliver Lodge’s ‘psychic’ uses of the ether of space. It explores the connections that he made between his Maxwellian conceptions of the ether, and psychical research into the soul. It argues that his ideas of a psychic ether owed much to Balfour Stewart and Peter Guthrie Tait’s Unseen Universe (1875) and to a growing friendship with the major figure in Victorian psychical research, F. W. H. Myers. Lodge’s attachment to the ether, and its possible psychic functions, only grew stronger after 1900 when the necessity for a quasi-mechanical medium was challenged by relativity theory, and the need for the soul to have a more substantial state was fuelled by the mass slaughter in World War I. The chapter concludes by arguing that Lodge’s conceptions of the ether enjoyed much greater popularity among wireless engineers and spiritualists than among fellow physicists.
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Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li, and Lindsay Richards. The Fight against Idleness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0006.
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Unemployment has a wide range of adverse consequences over and above the effects of the low income which people out of work receive. In the first decades after the war Britain tended to have a lower unemployment rate than most peer countries but this changed in the 1980s and 1990s, when Britain’s unemployment rate surged during the two recessions—possibly as a result of policies designed to tackle inflation. The young, those with less education, and ethnic minorities have higher risks of unemployment and these risks are cumulative. The evidence suggests that the problems facing young men with only low qualifications became relatively worse in the 1990s and 2000s. This perhaps reflects the dark side of educational expansion, young people with low qualifications being left behind and exposed in the labour market.
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Gunn, Steven. Killing and Dying. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802860.003.0006.
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This chapter investigates the experience of preparation for and participation in warfare. People often owned weapons appropriate to their social status, and kept them all over their houses. Modernization was slow, but guns, useful for hunting and home security, spread steadily. Archery practice was widespread and training with other weapons was developing by the 1560s. Exhortations to manly valour, reinforced by peer pressure and self-preservation, egged soldiers on to fight, but captains’ handbooks show the difficulties in turning raw recruits into effective troops, all the more so as the social level of those enlisted relentlessly declined. While standing forces were small, English mercenaries fought in continental wars. Mutiny and desertion, massacre and panic were recurrent phenomena, but death rates were very variable, and more died of disease than from enemy action.
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Richter, Ingo, Lothar Krappmann, and Friederike Wapler, eds. Kinderrechte. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845296005.
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Children´s Rights – A Handbook for practioners, ed. by Ingo Richter, Lothar Krappmann and Friederike Wapler. More than twenty years ago, the UN adopted the International Convention on the Rights of the Child. And, finally, after more than twenty years of public dispute, in 2018 the German government decided to incorporate the rights of children into the country’s constitution. But what are children´s rights? What does the UN Convention mean by children´s rights? Have they been implemented in Germany in the past, and how will they look in the future? In this handbook, fifteen legal experts from different fields, such as the family, education, work, the media, migration, data protection, criminality etc., try to find an encompassing answer to these questions. The book has been written for lawyers and social scientists, particularly for those who have to deal with these rights in their everyday work, so that they know how to implement them in the future. With contributions by Hans-Jörg Albrecht | Hans-Peter Füssel | Lothar Krappmann | Gabriele Kuhn-Zuber | Roman Lehner | Thomas Mörsberger | Ingo Richter | Stephan Rixen | Kirsten Scheiwe | Sebastian Schiller | Stefanie Schmahl | Daniela Schweigler | Friederike Wapler | Reinhard Wiesner | Linda Zaiane
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Rowland, Daniel B. God, Tsar, and People. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752094.001.0001.
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This book brings together essays written over a period of fifty years, using a wide variety of evidence — texts, icons, architecture, and ritual — to reveal how early modern Russians (1450–1700) imagined their rapidly changing political world. The book presents a more nuanced picture of Russian political thought during the two centuries before Peter the Great came to power than is typically available. The state was expanding at a dizzying rate, and atop Russia's traditional political structure sat a ruler who supposedly reflected God's will. The problem facing Russians was that actual rulers seldom — or never — exhibited the required perfection. This book argues that this contradictory set of ideas was far less autocratic in both theory and practice than modern stereotypes would have us believe. In comparing and contrasting Russian history with that of Western European states, the book is also questioning the notion that Russia has always been, and always viewed itself as, an authoritarian country. The book explores how the Russian state in this period kept its vast lands and diverse subjects united in a common view of a Christian polity, defending its long frontier agai-nst powerful enemies from the East and from the West.
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Beauchaine, Theodore P., and Maureen Zalewski. Physiological and Developmental Mechanisms of Emotional Lability in Coercive Relationships. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.5.
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Thestaticapproach to characterizing psychopathology classifies disorders syndromally, with little attention to development or social risk mediators. This approach, founded on biological reductionism, characterizes particular syndromes as arising from genetic and/or neural dysfunctions. In contrast, thehigh-riskapproach emphasizes exposure to adversity, with little consideration of neurobiology. Since neurobiological vulnerability × environmental risk interactions often account for more variance in developmental outcomes than do main effects, studying either in isolation can be misleading. This chapter presents an ontogenic process perspective in which neurobiological vulnerabilities interact with coercive family processes to shape and maintain emotional lability and emotion dysregulation—hallmarks of psychopathology. It emphasizes bidirectional transactions across levels of analysis (e.g., behavior ↔ autonomic function), mechanisms through which physiological systems adapt to coercion (neural plasticity, epigenesis), generalization of coercive behaviors across contexts (family, peer groups), and distinct functions of neurobiological systems in transmitting coercive behavior.
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Bickford, Tyler. Tinkering and Tethering. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190654146.003.0004.
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This chapter considers children’s MP3 players from a “material culture” perspective. This approach reveals that children emphasized the tangibility of their MP3 players as objects more than as devices for communication or data storage. Children’s MP3 players were thoroughly domesticated within an intimate and childish material culture already characterized by playful physical interaction and portable objects such as toys, trading cards, and dolls that can be shared, manipulated, and held close, and in a culture of embodied participation that emphasizes touch, physical closeness, and movement. Children’s interest in the materiality of their devices has implications for understanding their conceptions of sound, music, and circulation. It decenters adult values of fidelity in sound recordings. It also provides an important link for understanding how MP3 players are incorporated as authentic elements into existing cultures of childhood and thus inflected with the peer cultural solidarity that characterizes children’s expressive culture in schools.
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Smith, David M. Evaluating Hedge Fund Performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0023.
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A diverse set of measures allow investors to evaluate hedge fund portfolio managers’ performance across different dimensions. The various measures quantify the effectiveness of security selection; account for investor flows, operating risk, and worst-case investment scenarios; net out benchmark and peer-fund performance; and control for risk factors that are unique to hedge fund investment strategies. Hedge fund return information in published databases is usually self-reported, which is a conflict of interest that produces several reporting biases and inflated published average returns. After adjusting for these biases, hedge fund average returns trail equity market returns and in fact almost exactly equal U.S. Treasury bill average returns between January 1994 and March 2016. Yet, after risk adjustment, the hedge fund performance picture brightens. In the aggregate, hedge funds have higher Sharpe ratios and multifactor alphas, and lower maximum drawdown levels than equity market benchmarks.
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Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li, and Lindsay Richards. The Fight against Want. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0002.
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How successful has Britain been in tackling the giant of Want? Britain experienced greatly increased standards of material prosperity during the second half of the twentieth century, with a fourfold increase in GDP per head, similar to that achieved in other large Western democracies. However, Britain saw an even larger increase in economic inequality than did peer countries such as France and Germany. Increased inequality means that the benefits of rising material prosperity were not shared equally but went disproportionately to the better-off. The modest increase in household income for the poorest families suggests that Want, or poverty, should have declined too. However, poorer households also saw their levels of debt rise sharply after 1999, while the rising use of foodbanks and increasing food insecurity suggests that material progress for the poorest may have stalled in the twenty-first century, or gone into reverse.
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Fuchs, Michael, Dorothea Greiling, and Michael Rosenberger, eds. Gut versorgt? Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845294872.
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Is it ethical to exclude ill people from medical treatment because it is too expensive? And vice versa, how can the healthcare system be financially sustainable if everybody receives all the effective medical treatment available irrespective of its costs. While rationing of healthcare and care services is a politically taboo topic, it is a subject that has been addressed intensively in academia for more than a decade. Resulting from a joint series of lectures by the Catholic Private University and the Johannes Kepler University in Linz in the winter semester 2017/18, this publication provides an interdisciplinary overview of the key issues involved in this debate. It addresses the inherent tensions between economic and ethical approaches and, based on the interdisciplinary dialogue between ethics, economics and theology, outlines ways of realising good healthcare and care provision with limited means. With contributions by Bernhard Emunds, Michael Fuchs, Gerd Glaeske, Dorothea Greiling, Christine Haberlander, Michaela Haunold, Lukas Kaelin, Bettina Leibetseder, Elisabeth Menschl, Walter Mitterndorfer, Peter Niedermoser, Michael Rosenberger, Claudia Wild
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Robolin, Stéphane. Race, Place, and the Geography of Exile. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039478.003.0002.
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This chapter takes up the early writing of Richard Wright and Peter Abrahams that starkly traces out the caustic terms of race and place in their formative years. The unmistakable similarities between Wright's and Abrahams' famed autobiographies, Black Boy and Tell Freedom, highlight the significant impact of their respective racial landscapes. The chapter reads both texts for the central role that racialized place played in forming the consciousness of these young men. Moreover, it argues that place also prominently affected the stylistic and aesthetic modes of the two autobiographies. This approach draws attention to rather different locales: for Wright, the American South from which he fled; and for Abrahams, the exilic space of Europe to which he fled. The resonances of their texts result from intersecting, rather than merely parallel, lives. As both writers fled the racism of their native lands, they crossed paths in 1940s Europe, a key locus of black transnational engagement. It was during their short-lived but generative friendship that Abrahams wrote and revised Tell Freedom, a process with which Wright was involved.
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Doherty, Peter C. Pandemics. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199898107.001.0001.
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From HIV to H1N1, pandemics pose one of the greatest threats to global health in the twenty-first century. Defined as epidemics of infectious disease across large geographic areas, pandemics can disseminate globally with incredible speed as humans and goods move faster than ever before. While vaccines, drugs, quarantine, and education can reduce the severity of many outbreaks, factors such as global warming, population density, and antibiotic resistance have complicated our ability to fight disease. Respiratory infections like influenza and SARS spread quickly as a consequence of modern, mass air travel, while unsafe health practices promote the spread of viruses like HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C. In Pandemics: What Everyone Needs to Know, Nobel Prize-winning immunologist Peter C. Doherty addresses the history of pandemics and explores the ones that persist today. He considers what promotes global spread, the types of pathogens most present today and the level of threat they pose, and how to combat outbreaks and mitigate their effects. Concise and informative, Pandemics will serve as the best compact consideration of this topic, written by a major authority in the field.
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Cook, Nicholas, Peter Johnson, and Hans Zender. Theory into practice. Leuven University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/9789461664327.
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'Theory into Practice. Composition, Performance and the Listening Experience' is the second publication in the series 'Collected Writings of the Orpheus Institute'. The series comprises articles concerning the activities of the Orpheus Institute. The centrale theme of this book is the relationship between the reflections about and the relization of a musical composition. In his paper Words about Music, or Analysis versus Performance, Nicholas Cook states that words and music can never be aligned exactly with one another. He embarks on a quest for models of the relationship between analytical conception and performance that are more challenging than those in general currency. Peter Johnson's article Performance and the Listening Experience: Bach's 'Erbarme dich' shows that a performance is an element within the intentionality of the work itself. He looks for scientific methods capable of proving the artisticity of a performance. The composer Hans Zender, in his A Road Map for Orpheus?, states that a composer must be capable of questioning obvious basic principles (such as equal temperament) and finding creative solutions.
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Fisher, Jane, Sara Holton, and Heather Rowe. Nonprofessional Resources for Pregnant and Postpartum Women. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.014.
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Maternity presents major adaptive challenges for women. It is common for pregnant women and women who have recently given birth to access nonprofessional resources, including those developed by interested individuals, members of community groups, or peer-support initiatives, to understand their emotional experiences and needs. This chapter investigates the nature and content of nonprofessional resources, defined as those developed by people without health-related qualifications, for pregnant and postpartum women experiencing emotional distress or mental health problems and the evidence about them generated in systematic evaluations. Although nonprofessional resources provide information and support in privacy and anonymity without fees and therefore are potentially more accessible than professional care, many are limited to personal narratives and do not refer to scientific evidence, and few have been formally evaluated. Overall, the highest quality nonprofessional resources and approaches are those generated in collaborations between consumers and professionals and for which some evaluation of acceptability, comprehensibility, and effectiveness is available.
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Eddy, J. Mark, Betsy J. Feldman, and Charles R. Martinez. Short- and Long-term Impacts of a Coercion Theory–Based Intervention on Aggression on the School Playground. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.21.
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Aggression between students at school is a common problem, particularly within the context of the school playground. Key mechanisms in coercion theory, including positive and negative reinforcement for aggression and peer deviancy training, can operate with abandon on school playgrounds without adult supervision, monitoring, and appropriate intervention. The Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT) multimodal preventive intervention, designed to address aggression on the playground, is described. The short-term and intermediate follow-up findings from a randomized controlled trial of LIFT on aggression on the playground as well as other forms of child antisocial behavior are overviewed. Long-term follow-up findings on the relations between playground aggression and antisocial behaviors during mid-adolescence and emerging adulthood are then reported. It is argued that to be effective, coercion theory–based prevention programs like LIFT need to continue across elementary school and into secondary school, rather than be delivered at only one point in time.
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Franzius, Claudio, Franz C. Mayer, and Jürgen Neyer, eds. Die Neuerfindung Europas. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845292700.
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The volume summarises the contributions to the fourth conference of the Working Group "Law and Politics in the European Union", which was jointly organised with the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in Berlin in April 2017. We started by investigating how narratives develop and what functions they have in the integration process. Does the "Europe of the Fatherlands" lead us into a European Union that is more strongly shaped by the national identity of the member states than before? What remains of the legal community? Is "peace" an outdated narrative? Why is it so difficult to reform the "Europe of welfare states" into a truly European social space? A number of arguments militate in favour of a more differentiated, flexible and pluralistic European legal area. It is far from clear, however, how such a structure could live up to democratic standards and on which normatively convincing narrative it could be established. With contributions by Armin v. Bogdandy, Sigrid Boysen, Claudio Franzius, Sylvie Goulard, Peter M. Huber, Albrecht Koschorke, Thorsten Kingreen, Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff, Franz C. Mayer, Martin Nettesheim, Angelika Nußberger, Jörn Reinhardt, Lars Viellechner, Mattias Wendel
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Baldwin, Peter. The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.001.0001.
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There is much heated rhetoric about the widening gulf between Europe and America. But are the US and Europe so different? Peter Baldwin, one of the world's leading historians of comparative social policy, thinks not, and in this bracingly argued but remarkably informed polemic, he lays out how similar the two continents really are. Drawing on the latest evidence from sources such as the United Nations, the World Bank, IMF, and other international organizations, Baldwin offers a fascinating comparison of the United States and Europe, looking at the latest statistics on the economy, crime, health care, education and culture, religion, the environment, and much more. It is a book filled with surprising revelations. For most categories of crime, for instance, America is safe and peaceful by European standards. But the biggest surprise is that, though there are many differences between America and Europe, in almost all cases, these differences are no greater than the differences among European nations. Europe and the US are, in fact, part of a common, big-tent grouping. America is not Sweden, for sure. But nor is Italy Sweden, nor France, nor even Germany. And who says that Sweden is Europe? Anymore than Vermont is America? "Meticulous, insistent, and elegant." --John Lloyd, Financial Times "A must-read...filled with intriguing facts that add nuance to what can often be a black-and-white debate." --Foreign Affairs "An exhaustive and enthralling catalogue of our commonalities that begs a reconsideration of just what it means to be European or American." --Publishers Weekly
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Bittner, Stephen V. Whites and Reds. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784821.001.0001.
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Whites and Reds: A History of Wine in the Lands of Tsar and Commissar tells the story of Russia’s encounter with viniculture and winemaking. Rooted in the early-seventeenth century, embraced by Peter the Great, and then magnified many times over by the annexation of the indigenous wine economies and cultures of Georgia, Crimea, and Moldova in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, viniculture and winemaking became an important indicator of Russia’s place at the European table. While the Russian Revolution in 1917 left many of the empire’s vineyards and wineries in ruins, it did not alter the political and cultural meanings attached to wine. Stalin himself embraced champagne as part of the good life of socialism, and the Soviet Union became a winemaking superpower in its own right, trailing only Spain, Italy, and France in the volume of its production. Whites and Reds illuminates the ideas, controversies, political alliances, technologies, business practices, international networks, and, of course, the growers, vintners, connoisseurs, and consumers who shaped the history of wine in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union over more than two centuries. Because wine was domesticated by virtue of imperialism, its history reveals many of the instabilities and peculiarities of the Russian and Soviet empires. Over two centuries, the production and consumption patterns of peripheral territories near the Black Sea and in the Caucasus became a hallmark of Russian and Soviet civilizational identity and cultural refinement. Wine in Russia was always more than something to drink.
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Musselwhite, Paul, Peter C. Mancall, and James Horn, eds. Virginia 1619. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.001.0001.
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Virginia 1619 provides an opportunity to reflect on the origins of English colonialism around the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic world. As the essays here demonstrate, Anglo-Americans have been simultaneously experimenting with representative government and struggling with the corrosive legacy of racial thinking for more than four centuries. Virginia, contrary to popular stereotypes, was not the product of thoughtless, greedy, or impatient English colonists. Instead, the emergence of stable English Atlantic colonies reflected the deliberate efforts of an array of actors to establish new societies based on their ideas about commonwealth, commerce, and colonialism. Looking back from 2019, we can understand that what happened on the shores of the Chesapeake four hundred years ago was no accident. Slavery and freedom were born together as migrants and English officials figured out how to make this colony succeed. They did so in the face of rival ventures and while struggling to survive in a dangerous environment. Three hallmarks of English America--self-government, slavery, and native dispossession--took shape as everyone contested the future of empire along the James River in 1619. The contributors are Nicholas Canny, Misha Ewen, Andrew Fitzmaurice, Jack P. Greene, Paul D. Halliday, Alexander B. Haskell, James Horn, Michael J. Jarvis, Peter C. Mancall, Philip D. Morgan, Melissa N. Morris, Paul Musselwhite, James D. Rice, and Lauren Working.
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Johnson, David. Dreaming of Freedom in South Africa. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430210.001.0001.
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Dreaming of Freedom in South Africa examines for the first time the many different texts imagining the future after the end of apartheid. Focused on well-known and obscure literary texts from the 1880s to the 1970s, as well as the many manifestos and programmes setting out visions of the future, this book charts the dreams of freedom of five major traditions of anti-colonial and anti-apartheid resistance: the African National Congress (ANC), the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU), the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM) and the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC). The works of a number of South African literary figures are discussed, including Olive Schreiner, S. E. K. Mqhayi, Alan Paton, Karel Schoeman, Jordan Ngubane, Winnifred Holtby, Ethelreda Lewis, Dora Taylor, Livingstone Mqotsi, Peter Abrahams, Richard Rive, Lauretta Ngcobo and Bessie Head. Political thinkers analysed include Nelson Mandela, R. F. A. Hoernlé, Albert Luthuli, Clements Kadalie, A. W. G. Champion, Edward Roux, James La Guma, Alfred Nzula, I. B. Tabata, Ben Kies, Anton Lembede, A. P. Mda and Robert Sobukwe. The theoretical dimensions of the study are orientated in relation to major Marxist critics of utopianism like Marx, Friedrich Engels, Leon Trotsky and Ernst Bloch, as well as to thinkers like Hannah Arendt, Immanuel Wallerstein, James C. Scott and Jay Winter. More than an exercise in historical excavation, Dreaming of Freedom in South Africa raises challenging questions for the post-apartheid present.
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Havelková, Tereza. Opera as Hypermedium. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190091262.001.0001.
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This book deals with contemporary relationships between opera and the media. It is concerned with both the use of media on stage and opera on screen. Drawing on the concept of hypermediacy from media studies, it situates opera within the larger context of contemporary media practices, and particularly those that play up the multiplicity, awareness, and enjoyment of media. The discussion is driven by the underlying question of what politics of representation and perception opera performs within this context. This entails approaching operas as audiovisual events (rather than works or texts) and paying attention to what they do by visual means, along with the operatic music and singing. The book concentrates on events that foreground their use of media and technology, drawing attention to opera’s inherently hypermedial aspects. It works with the recognition that such events nevertheless engender powerful effects of immediacy, which are not contingent on illusionism or the seeming transparency of the medium. It analyzes how effects like presence, liveness, and immersion are produced, contesting some critical claims attached to them. It also sheds light on how these effects, often perceived as visceral or material in nature, are related to the production of meaning in opera. The discussion pertains to contemporary pieces such as Louis Andriessen and Peter Greenaway’s Rosa and Writing to Vermeer, as well as productions of the canonical repertory such as Wagner’s Ring Cycle by Robert Lepage at the Met and La Fura dels Baus in Valencia.