Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pedal harp'

The primary purpose of this essay is to provide comparisons between Pleyel's chromatic harp and Erard's double-action pedal harp, in order to find the factor leading to the emergence of the double-action harp as today's standard instrument. This essay includes biographies of Gustave Lyon and Sébastien Erard, historical background, literature, criticisms, influences, performance techniques and as well as musical examples demonstrating written techniques of Pleyel's chromatic harp and Erard's double-action pedal harp. In addition, this essay also includes a list of earlier twentieth-century works for the chromatic harp.

This study discusses, evaluates, and analyzes the various methods and patterns in which American composers Bill Alves (1960-), Lou Harrison (1917-2003), and Alan Hovhaness (1911-2000) have adapted Indonesian gamelan musical concepts, philosophies, and performance practices in selected Western chamber works that include the double-action pedal harp. In particular, these examples contain notation, instrumentation, musical layers and interactions, and sounds that are inspired by or modeled after Javanese and Balinese musical elements. Greater focus is given to Javanese musical practices, and inherent compositional devices have been discovered in each piece’s structure, rhythm, melody, ornamentation, intonation, and choice of instrumentation or orchestration. Special attention is given to a contextual and musical analysis of the Concerto for Harp and American Gamelan by Bill Alves, which features an unprecedented fusion of Western and Eastern musical practices. It is further evaluated through discussions of “authenticity” in world music, and I provide recommendations as to how a harpist can use this information in order to recreate this piece.

The single-action pedal harp was a fashionable instrument from the Age of Enlightenment to the early Romantic Period. However, the historical performance practice of the single-action pedal harp has been neglected for a long time, and this has consequently influenced our approach to and evaluation of Classical and early Romantic repertoire for the harp. This research seeks to fill a gap in the current knowledge and understanding of the characteristics of the single-action pedal harp and their implications for the performance practice of its repertoire from 1760 to 1830. It will also offer insights by identifying the capabilities of the instrument and will clarify the status of the single-action pedal harp as an independent instrument with its own repertoire. Key aspects of this investigation are analyses of instructional treatises and editions from the period of the compositions. These are relevant to a series of exploratory recordings of harp repertoire from the period in which the differences between current performance practices are explored. Important treatises on the single-action pedal harp, by Ph. J. Meyer and J. G. H. Backofen, together with other relevant sources, provide a basis for investigating Meyer’s own compositions along with those of Backofen and L. Spohr. Guidance for approaching the repertoire and integrating the practices of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries into our current practice is provided, benefitting not only players of the historical harp but also players of modern harps who wish to deliver musical and stylistic performances of repertoire from this period. The dissertation includes three sets of exploratory recordings of compositions by Meyer, Backofen, and Spohr. Short demonstration films, made using authentic harps, demonstrate the historical practices described in the treatises. This will be the first comprehensive film documentation of the performance practices of the single-action pedal harp; the films will be presented on a separate DVD disc. This research seeks to establish the value and indispensability of scholarly research into the hidden meanings that underlie notations and their implications of these meanings for performance. It also seeks to validate the contention that ‘historically informed performance’ does not imply ‘restriction’, but on the contrary, leads to the ‘liberation’ of the music.

As ideias políticas e filosóficas que influenciaram a criação da regra da legalidade penal e do princípio da ofensividade têm origem no Iluminismo. Principalmente durante a Idade Média e o Antigo Regime, confundia-se crime com pecado e as pessoas podiam ser punidas por mero capricho do soberano, sem que existisse lei. As arbitrariedades eram gritantes. A finalidade de ambas as teorias surgidas no período da Ilustração, portanto ao pregarem que era necessária a existência de lei prévia para que alguém fosse punido (regra da legalidade) e que o crime pressupunha uma lesão a direito ou bem jurídico de terceiro (princípio da ofensividade) , era a mesma: limitar o poder punitivo. No entanto, a regra da legalidade penal foi muito mais absorvida pelo discurso dogmático-jurídico do que o princípio da ofensividade, sendo oportuno, pois, analisar as razões pelas quais isso ocorreu. Algumas delas serão analisadas neste estudo como, por exemplo, a ausência de previsão explícita desse princípio nas Constituições, a suposta incompatibilidade desse princípio com a separação de poderes e com a própria regra da legalidade penal e a insegurança jurídica que a aplicação de princípios poderia gerar. Além disso, há um fator político de destaque: a consolidação da burguesia exigia a imposição de limites formais ao poder estatal, mas não limites materiais. Outro fator importante foi o advento do positivismo criminológico, no final do século XIX, que, ao confundir crime com doença, retornou ao paradigma do direito penal do autor que havia vigorado na Idade Média. Finalmente, para demonstrar o que impediu a consolidação do princípio da ofensividade especificamente no Brasil, será analisada a influência da doutrina europeia na dogmática nacional.
The political and philosophical ideas that influenced the creation of the principle of legality and the harm principle came from the Age of Enlightenment. Mainly during the Middle Age and the Old Regime, there was a confusion between crime and sin and people could be punished simply because of the whim of the sovereign, with no law. The arbitrariness were enormous. The reason for both theories that were born at the Age of Reason which required that the legal rules would have to be declared beforehand (principle of legality) and that the crime presupposed a harm or injury to other individuals (harm principle) were the same: to limit the power of punishment. However, it can be seen that the rule of the legality has been taken by the dogmatic and legal speech much more deeper than the harm principle, being opportune then, to analyze the reasons it happened. Some of them will be analyzed in this research, for instance, the absence of this explicit principle in the Constitutions, the alleged incompatibility of this principle with the separation of powers and the legality rule itself and the legal uncertainty that the application of principles could trigger. Furthermore, there is a major political factor: the consolidation of the bourgeoisie demanded the imposition of formal limits to the power of the state, but not material limits. Another important factor was the advent of positivist criminology, in the late nineteenth century, which, by confusing crime with illness, brought the paradigm of criminal law of the author, which was applied in the Middle Ages, back. At last, to show what stopped the consolidation of the harm principle specifically in Brazil, there will be an analysis of the influence of European doctrine in the Brazilian dogmatic.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This study address with the implications (dogmatic and political-criminal) of Harm Principle, Theory of Legal Good and the Principle of Offensiveness concerning the use of drugs. In order to do this, our first two chapters are based on these principles, emphasizing the analysis and problematization aspects of dogmatic and criminal policy. Moreover, since they are the principles of different matrices, the Harm Principle, Anglo-American, and Theory of Legal Good and Offensiveness, continental Europeans, use the methodology of comparative criminal law to provide as bases approach, and to analyze its practical application in relation to the Canadian and Brazilian jurisprudence related to the use of drugs. Thus, it is impossible for a democratic state ruled by law to find an intrasystemic legitimation to prohibit the use of drugs, erroneously considered as illicit, in the case of this criminalization where there is no legitimate legal good and the possibility of affectation of some legal good, both from the perspective of offensiveness and by the Harm Principle, is inconsistent.
Neste estudo abordam-se as implica??es (dogm?ticas e pol?tico-criminais) do Harm Principle, da Teoria do Bem Jur?dico-Penal e do Princ?pio da Ofensividade referentes ao uso de drogas. Para tanto, aprofunda-se sobre tais princ?pios nos dois primeiros cap?tulos, dando ?nfase ? an?lise e problematiza??o dos aspectos dogm?ticos e pol?tico-criminais. Ainda, por se tratarem de princ?pios de matrizes diferentes - sendo o Harm Principle anglo-americano, e a Teoria do Bem Jur?dico-Penal e o Princ?pio da Ofensividade europeus continentais - utiliza-se da metodologia do direito penal comparado para fornecer as bases necess?rias para tal tipo de aproxima??o, analisando-se a sua aplicabilidade pr?tica em rela??o ? jurisprud?ncia canadense e brasileira relacionada ao uso de drogas. Verifica-se a impossibilidade, em um Estado Democr?tico de Direito, de encontrar legitima??o intrassist?mica para proibi??o do consumo de drogas, tidas erroneamente como il?citas, tratando-se de uma criminaliza??o onde inexiste bem jur?dico-penal leg?timo e a possibilidade de afeta??o de algum bem jur?dico, tanto pela perspectiva da ofensividade como pelo Harm Principle, ? inconsistente.

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This study presents the basic problematization about the limits that the crime of money laundering presents and, more precisely, where or from which theoretical referential we can indicate the limits of the crime of money laundering. In an attempt to limit criminal law, traditional doctrine recognizes that, at least in the context of continental and brazilian doctrine, a crime is legitimately constituted when the criminalization of behavior represents an offense against a criminal legal good. The thesis presented here is based on the premise that the limit of the money laundering crime can not be rooted in the concept of criminal legal good and any attempt to adapt or even update this concept ends up challenging the very definition of criminal legal good. It discusses the reference of the concept of criminal legal good as a limit to criminal law, opposing it to the framework proposed by the common law context from the referential of harm to other principle. It is observed that the concept of criminal legal good is insufficient to identify the limits of the crime of money laundering, or it appears too broad, and thus does not carry any limitation, or it is too restrictive, and thus does not allow an effective adjustment to the purposes that lead to the criminalization of money laundering. It is verified that the application of harm to other principle presents itself as a more adequate mechanism for an effective limitation as to the dogmatic structure of the crime of money laundering.
Este trabalho desenvolve a problematiza??o b?sica a respeito dos limites que o crime de lavagem de dinheiro apresenta e, mais precisamente, onde ou a partir de que referencial te?rico podemos defini-los. Na tentativa de limitar o direito penal, a doutrina tradicional reconhece que, ao menos no ?mbito da doutrina continental e brasileira, um crime encontra-se legitimamente constitu?do quando a criminaliza??o do comportamento retrata ofensa a um bem jur?dico-penal. A tese que aqui se apresenta parte da premissa de que o limite do crime de lavagem de dinheiro n?o poder? estar radicado no conceito de bem jur?dico-penal e que qualquer tentativa de adapta??o ou mesmo de atualiza??o deste conceito acaba por colocar em xeque sua pr?pria defini??o. Discute-se acerca do referencial do conceito de bem jur?dicopenal como limite ao direito penal, contrapondo-o ao referencial proposto pelo contexto da common law a partir do referencial do harm to other principle. Observase que o conceito de bem jur?dico-penal ? insuficiente para identificar os limites do crime de lavagem de dinheiro, que, ou se apresenta demasiadamente amplo, e assim n?o realiza qualquer limita??o; ou se apresenta excessivamente restrito, e assim n?o permite uma efetiva adequa??o aos prop?sitos que levam a criminaliza??o da lavagem de dinheiro. Verifica-se, com isso, que a aplica??o do harm to other principle apresenta-se como o mecanismo mais adequado para uma efetiva limita??o da estrutura dogm?tica do crime de lavagem de dinheiro.

La presente investigación se centra en el análisis político-criminal de las conductas de los carteles económicos de núcleo duro; por consiguiente, se toma en consideración la pertinencia de la eventual extensión de la ley penal a esta clase de comportamientos anticompetitivos. Se pretende saber si los carteles duros (acuerdos anticompetitivos, decisiones o prácticas concertadas entre empresas en un mismo escalón del mercado para restringir o eliminar la competencia a través de la fijación de precios, el amaño de licitaciones, el establecimiento de restricciones o cuotas de producción y la división o reparto de mercados) encajan, o no, en algún tipo de injusto. A título de conclusión añadiremos propuestas de lege ferenda con el objetivo de perfeccionar la protección de la competencia en este ámbito.
The present investigation is precisely centered on the criminal policy’s analysis of the trend towards criminalization of hard core cartel conduct and to consider the appropriateness of extending the criminal law to this type of anticompetitive behavior. What is sought is to know if such anticompetitive behavior (anticompetitive agreements, concerted practices, or arrangements by competitors in the same market ladder to fix prices, make rigged bids, establish output restrictions or quotas, or share or divide markets) is criminalized in Spain; and as a conclusion, it adds up proposals de lege ferenda, aiming at the improvement of the criminal protection of competition.

Cette thèse porte sur la philosophie pénale de Herbert Hart, c’est-à-dire sur ses réflexions au sujet de la définition de la peine, de la justification de la peine, de la responsabilité pénale et de la détermination de la peine en qualité et en quantité. Nous soutenons que Hart ne défend ni une théorie mixte de la peine, ni une forme d’utilitarisme de la règle, ni une forme d’utilitarisme libéral, ni une approche goal / constraint. Son approche est pluraliste. En effet, son pluralisme des valeurs, très proche de celui d’Isaiah Berlin, lui permet de résoudre la tension entre la justification utilitariste de la peine et certains principes de justice concernant la responsabilité pénale (par exemple, ne pas punir ceux qui n’auraient pas pu agir autrement) et la détermination de la peine (par exemple, ne pas infliger des peines disproportionnées). Par ailleurs, son pluralisme des formes de raison morale lui permet d’admettre une pluralité de justifications de la peine qui ne sont pas du même type (la justification utilitariste, celle fondée sur le droit spécial a l’obéissance des désobéissants, celle fondée sur le droit général a un niveau raisonnable de sécurité) et d’expliquer comment la commission d’une infraction peut en elle-même justifier l’infliction d’une sanction. Tout au long de cette thèse, nous analysons les rapports complexes entre Hart et la tradition utilitariste (en particulier Bentham et Mill). Même si Hart a indéniablement une dette envers l’utilitarisme, il ne cesse de critiquer son monisme et la tentative de fonder l’ensemble de nos convictions morales bien pesées sur le principe d’utilité. En outre, nous essayons de montrer que la philosophie du langage ordinaire a eu une influence non négligeable sur sa philosophie pénale, même si cette influence est moins visible que dans sa théorie générale du droit. Enfin, nous accordons une attention particulière au débat Hart/Wootton dont les enjeux ont été sous-estimés : la question du choix entre un système pénal base sur des peines et un système préventif base sur des mesures, selon nous, reste ouverte. Cette thèse ne vise pas uniquement à corriger les mauvaises interprétations de la philosophie pénale de Hart. Elle cherche également à approfondir les idées qu’il a seulement esquissées, à clarifier les principes qu’il a défendus, à mettre en évidence les points faibles de sa pensée et à mettre de l’ordre dans ses réflexions. En ce sens, elle est autant la lecture d’une œuvre qu’un dialogue avec celle-ci
This dissertation focuses on Herbert Hart’s penal philosophy, i.e. his thoughts on the definition of punishment, justification of punishment, criminal responsibility, and sentencing. We argue that Hart defends neither a mixed theory of punishment, nor a form of rule-utilitarianism, nor a form of liberal utilitarianism, nor a goal/constraint approach. His approach is pluralist. Indeed, his value pluralism, very close to that of Isaiah Berlin, allows him to resolve the tension between the utilitarian justification of punishment and certain principles of justice concerning criminal responsibility (e.g. not punishing those who could not have acted otherwise) and sentencing (e.g. not inflicting disproportionate punishments). In addition, his pluralism about forms of moral reason enables him to admit a plurality of justifications of punishment that are not of the same type (the utilitarian justification, that based on the special right to the obedience of disobedient persons, that based on the general right to a reasonable level of security) and to explain how the commission of an offence may in itself justify the imposition of a sanction. Throughout this dissertation, we analyse the complex relationship between Hart and the utilitarian tradition (particularly Bentham and Mill). Although Hart undeniably owes a debt to utilitarianism, he is a constant critic of its monism and the attempt to base all of our considered moral convictions on the principle of utility. Moreover, we try to show that ordinary language philosophy has had a significant influence on his penal philosophy, even if this influence is less visible than in his jurisprudence. Finally, we pay particular attention to the Hart/Wootton debate, the stakes of which have been underestimated: the question of the choice between a penal system based on punishment and a preventive system based on measures, in our view, remains open. This dissertation is not only intended to correct the misinterpretations of Hart’s penal philosophy. It also seeks to deepen the ideas he only sketched out, to clarify the principles he defended, to highlight the weaknesses in his thinking, to put his thoughts in order. In this sense, it as much the reading of a work as a dialogue with it

A legitimidade da criminalização de condutas na legislação brasileira de prevenção e combate à lavagem de dinheiro, bem como seu tratamento em âmbito internacional, e a dificuldade encontrada em sua adequada delimitação e aplicação eficaz constituem a problemática central desta tese. A justificação, validade, legitimidade e pertinência desta criminalização são analisadas criticamente em aprofundada discussão dos problemas atinentes ao sistema penal e como este pode, ou não, trabalhar com a atual criminalização da lavagem de dinheiro. São idealizados referenciais básicos, almejando, no mínimo, efeitos menos deletérios em uma tipificação tida como exemplo de quão gravemente os princípios fundamentais do direito penal liberal podem ser agredidos no afã criminalizante. Os resultados alcançados neste trabalho se traduzem na conclusão pela ilegitimidade desta tipificação penal na atual forma e na proposição do estabelecimento de contornos nítidos para a delimitação da responsabilidade criminal neste delito. Para além dos estreitos limites do direito penal, outra abordagem é oferecida, visando propiciar uma solução aos conflitos que surgem na sociedade brasileira em decorrência de condutas de lavagem de dinheiro, ultrapassando-se definitivamente o tecnicismo jurídico em favor de um sistema funcional de direito penal e, sobretudo, condizente com os fundamentos de um Estado Democrático de Direito.
The legitimacy of7 the criminalization of money laundering conducts in the Brazilian legislation and its treatment in the international forum, as well as the difficulties faced in adequately limiting the extent and effective application of that law constitute the main focus of this doctoral thesis. The justification, validity, legitimacy and pertinence of this criminalization are critically analyzed through detailed discussion of the problems posed in view of the penal system and of whether it could possible work with the contemporary criminalization of money laundering. Basic guidelines are developed with the goal of, at least, containing the negative impact of a criminalization that is seen as an example for how gravely elementary criminal law principles can be hurt in through excessive use of the criminal law. The results reached translate into the conclusion of the illegitimacy of the criminalization of money laundering in its current form and in a suggestion for the stipulation of clear limits to the reach of criminal responsibility for this conduct. Beyond the narrow area of criminal law, another approach is offered, aiming at creating a solution for the conflicts which arise in Brazilian society as a consequence to acts of Money laundering, thereby favoring a systemic approach under observation of the fundamental principles of a democratic State founded on the rule of law.

A dissertação analisa a questão dos limites ao poder estatal de interferência por meio do Direito Penal na vida dos cidadãos quando em jogo elementos de sua esfera íntima, mais precisamente, o exercício da sexualidade humana. Sob o pano de fundo do exame dos diversos aspectos jurídicos relacionados à pornografia infantil, o estudo busca verificar de que forma os discursos do combate ao abuso infantil e da luta contra a pedofilia podem estar ancorados em critérios meramente moralizantes, dando guarida à criação de tipos penais desprovidos de legitimidade. Parte-se de uma abordagem introdutória a respeito da relação entre Direito e Moral incluídas aí as noções de moral social e moral sexual , trazendo um retrato da evolução da matéria até a forma liberal de disciplinar o assunto, sem a influência de tabus religiosos ou éticos. A despeito da tentativa de mudança de paradigmas do chamado Direito Penal Sexual, com o abandono de antigos critérios de tutela do pudor público e a introdução da noção de dignidade sexual, assentada na autodeterminação sexual, a disciplina jurídicopenal da pornografia infantil vem sendo objeto de patente recrudescimento nas últimas décadas. Com o advento da rede mundial de computadores, a tendência internacional de combate aos crimes cibernéticos levou o legislador brasileiro a editar a Lei n.º 11.829/09, que alterou o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), para aumentar penas, criar novos tipos penais e incriminar todos os elos da cadeia da produção pornográfica infantil, incluindo as condutas de mera aquisição/posse de material pornográfico infantil real (artigo 241-B) e a pseudopornografia infantil (artigo 241-C). O trabalho analisa até que ponto essas incriminações seriam justificáveis para o fim invocado, visto que, no caso da modalidade simulada, por exemplo, estão ausentes critérios de exclusiva proteção de bens jurídicos, lesividade e ofensividade, reclamados pelo Direito Penal do Fato. Ao final, a figura do pedófilo merecerá um exame específico, apoiado em conceitos médico-científicos, a fim de delimitar qual seria a melhor maneira político-criminal de abordar os portadores dessa parafilia (pena ou tratamento).
This dissertation analyzes the issues regarding the limits of the states power in interfering by means of Criminal law in the lives of citizens, when elements of his/her intimate plane are at stake, more precisely, the exercise of human sexuality. In the background of the examination of several legal aspects regarding child pornography, the study seeks to verify by which form speeches of combating child abuse and the fight against pedophilia might be anchored by merely moralizing criteria, and in turn supporting the creation of crimes lacking legitimacy. Starting off with an introductory approach regarding the relation between Law and morality here including the notions of social and sexual morality -, and bringing forth a portrait of the evolution of the subject even in its liberal form of disciplining the subject, without the influence of taboos be them religious or ethic. Despite the attempted change in paradigms called Sexual Criminal Law, with the abandonment of old criteria of tutelage of public shame and the introduction of the notion of sexual dignity, based on sexual selfdetermination, the judiciary criminal discipline of child pornography has been subject of manifest recrudescence in the last decades. In the dawn of worldwide net of computers, the international tendency of cyber-crime fighting has led the Brazilian legislator to edit the Law n.° 11.829/09, that altered the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA), to raise punishment, and create new crimes and incriminate al the links of the child pornography production chain, including those who merely acquire the true pornographic material (article 24-B) and pseudo child pornography (article 241-C). This presentation analizes up to what point these incriminations would be justifiable for the invoked end, since, in she simulated mode, for instance, the criteria of exclusive protection of the legal interest are absent, prejudice and offensiveness, claimed by the Factual Criminal Law. Finaly, the figure of the pedophile deserves a more specific examination, supported by medical scientific concepts, to bound which would be the best political-criminal way to address the carrier of this paraphilia (penalty or treatment).

A presente tese propõe um modelo de injusto penal rigorosamente dualista, assimentendido aquele que, ao lado do desvalor da ação, exija sempre e necessariamente a efetivaocorrência de um desvalor do resultado, consistente na afetação, danosa ou perigosa, da esferade existência de terceiros. A hipótese que conduz a investigação é a de que, mesmo diante dosmovimentos expansionistas do poder punitivo hoje verificados, é possível defender a viabilidade de tal concepção de injusto penal. Para a demonstração dessa hipótese, parte-se domodelo dual de sociedade proposto por Jürgen Habermas, que tem na teoria do agircomunicativo a chave para a proteção do mundo da vida frente aos influxos colonizatóriosprovenientes dos sistemas econômico e político administrativo. A partir desse marco teórico,propõe-se uma releitura de alguns dos conceitos fundamentais da teoria do delito, de modo aconferir-lhes interpretação compatível com a concepção dualista rigorosa de injusto adotada.Por fim, para verificar a plausibilidade da hipótese colocada, tais conceitos fundamentais sãopostos à prova diante de situações teóricas tradicionalmente classificadas como de difícilconciliação com uma concepção de injusto baseada na necessária ocorrência de desvalor doresultado, como é o caso dos crimes de perigo abstrato e dos crimes tentados.
The thesis you have in hands proposes a concept of crime in which wrongdoing and harmfulness must be always combined and considered together as elements of a criminal offense in order to demonstrate the real affectation of third parties. The main hypothesis is that even facing an expansionist tendency toward incarceration and overcriminalization it is still possible to defend the viability of such a concept of crime. With the purpose of demonstrate this hypothesis, the Habermas's dualistic society model and his theory of communicative action are taken as a point of departure and based on them we intend to review some of the elements that compose the concept of criminal offense. Finally, the thesis will be challenged against controversial existing rulings (such as victimless crimes) to verify if their reasoning are compatible with such a dualistic concept of crime, which deny the possibility of existing criminal offenses without harm to others.

Este estudo trouxe o debate sobre a Política de Combate às Drogas no Brasil sob o enfoque metodológico da Criminologia Crítica, utilizando autores de referência como Alessandro Baratta e Salo de Carvalho. A crítica vai ao sentido de questionar o proibicionismo, perspectiva que embasa as políticas de combate às drogas no mundo, com grande influência no Brasil. Do ponto de vista histórico é evidente que o proibicionismo não tem evitado o consumo das drogas, muito menos tem contribuído para minimizar os efeitos deletérios sobre a questão social que o tráfico ocasiona, arrebanhando em suas práticas ilícitas uma série de crimes que afetam toda a sociedade, particularmente, nas franjas mais pauperizadas da classe trabalhadora. Nessa perspectiva, a atual Política de Combate às Drogas, por não diferenciar o traficante do usuário apenas contribui para o superencarceramento de jovens das camadas populares. No Brasil o fenômeno do superencarceramento fere os Direitos Humanos. A descriminalização da maconha, nesse sentido, poderá ter forte impacto para evitar a prisão cautelar de jovens usuários ou que portem pequena quantidade da droga. Enquanto a descriminalização não ocorre, mediante amplo debate social, o Estado pode atuar frente à problemática, adotando procedimentos que auxiliam nas decisões judiciais, como a Justiça Restaurativa, a Justiça Terapêutica e a Audiência de Custódia, que se constituem alternativas à prisão cautelar. Por fim, o presente estudo procura trazer algumas reflexões teóricas sobre a política de redução de danos que é uma tendência mundial, adotada por países que aderiram à descriminalização das drogas.
This text brings in the discussion about the drug dealing combat policy in Brazil, under the emphasis of Criticism Criminology. The work is based on authors like Alessandro Baratta and Salo de Carvalho. The argumentation goes on questioning prohibitionism, witch is the bases of the combat policies over the entire world, including Brazil. Under a historical point of view, it´s obvious that prohibiotionism hasn´t been effective in avoiding drug consumption growth, let alone minimizing the deleterious effects over the social issue generated by the drug market, involving in itself a great amount of crimes that affect all the society, in special, the working masses with low incomes.Under this radar, the current combat policy, while not sorting out drug dealers from consumers, contributes itself for the prision population growth. In Brazil particularly, this phenom hurts Human Rights. The Marijuana regulamentation, in this direction, might be a strong factor to avoid the arrest of young users caught with a small amount of the drug. While the decriminalization is still on debate, the government can face the problem with paleactive procedures that would help justice, like Restaurative Justice, Therapeutic Justice and the Custody Audience, for instance. All of them alternatives for the arrest. Lastly, this study brings some theorical insights over the Damage Reduction Policy, a global tendency adopted by many countries that has joined the idea of drug discriminalization.

Le retentissement psychologique d’événements sources de responsabilité, quels qu’ils soient – acte de terrorisme, perte d’un être cher, harcèlement moral… – est spécifique du fait de ses caractères protéiforme et invisible. Tout d’abord, le premier d’entre eux tient au fait qu’en matière psychologique tant les atteintes que les souffrances en résultant sont diverses. Ainsi, d’un point de vue lésionnel, certains événements vont s’avérer plus traumatisants que d’autres, principalement ceux au cours desquels le sujet a été confronté à sa propre mort. Concernant la souffrance, un sujet peut tout aussi bien souffrir émotionnellement d’une altération de sa propre intégrité – par exemple physique avec le diagnostic d’une pathologie grave – que d’un tort affectant celle d’un proche (e.g. décès, handicap). Un retentissement qualifié d’invisible ensuite, puisqu’il apparaît bien plus aisé d’identifier une atteinte à l’intégrité physique qu’une atteinte à l’intégrité psychique. De plus, certaines atteintes psychologiques sont totalement insaisissables en raison de leur caractère éminemment diffus. L’objet de cette démonstration est donc de savoir comment le droit de la responsabilité civile va appréhender la victime de ce retentissement psychologique. Sa prise en charge ne pourra être que particulière du fait de l’interaction inévitable entre les sphères juridique et psychologique.Afin de le découvrir sera proposée, dans un premier temps, une conceptualisation de la victime psychologique se fondant sur la réalité psychopathologique. Deux grandes distinctions nourrissent cette réflexion. L’une est de nature juridique ; il s’agit de la distinction du dommage et du préjudice. L’autre est d’origine psychopathologique ; elle oppose le choc émotionnel au traumatisme psychique. Leur entrecroisement permettra d’élaborer différents cas de manifestation de la souffrance psychologique et de dessiner les contours de la qualité de victime. Dans un second temps, au titre de l’indemnisation de la victime psychologique, tant l’appréciation que l’évaluation de ses préjudices seront examinées. Les répercussions du traumatisme psychique voire du choc émotionnel vont parfois être si importantes que l’indemnisation ne pourra se cantonner à la seule souffrance éprouvée. Des conséquences de nature différente, par exemple patrimoniales, devront être prises en considération. À cette fin, une typologie des préjudices de la victime sous analyse mérite d’être mise en place. Des règles d’indemnisation distinctes seront érigées en fonction du préjudice subi. Un préjudice présumé, notamment à partir d’un dommage, ne pourra logiquement être compensé de la même façon que des préjudices non présumables, c’est-à-dire soumis à expertise. En somme, le système d’indemnisation à instaurer se devra d’être en phase avec le système de révélation de la souffrance qui aura été précédemment établi.Ainsi, cette étude se propose de construire un réel statut fondateur de la victime psychologique. Une fois cette notion cardinale intégralement conceptualisée, un régime d’indemnisation s’en inférant sera rationnellement avancé
The psychological impact of the events, which are the source of responsibility, be they acts of terrorism, loss of a loved one, psychological harassment, is specific to characteristics both protean and invisible. The first among them is due to the fact that in psychological matter injuries and the resulting suffering are both varied. As such, from the injury point of view, certain events will prove to be more traumatizing than others. Principally those during which the subject has been faced with his own death. Concerning suffering, a subject can as well emotionally suffer a change in his own integrity – for example the physical one with a diagnosis of a serious illness – that of a sort damage which affects that of a loved one (e.g. death or handicap). Then, the impact is considered invisible. It appears much more simple indeed, to identify harm to physical integrity as a harm to psychic integrity. More so, certain psychological harms are totally imperceptible by reason of their eminently diffuse characteristic. The object of this demonstration is therefore to know how civil liability law will comprehend the victim of such a psychological impact. Its comprehension will be particular given the inevitable interaction between the judicial and psychological spheres.In order to better understand this, we will first propose a conceptualization of the psychological victim that blends into psychopathological reality. Two major distinctions feed this thought. One is legal nature, which relates to the distinction between prejudice and harm. The other is psychopathological in nature which opposes emotional shock and psychic trauma. Their intertwining allows us to elaborate different cases of manifestation of psychological suffering and define the contours of the qualities of the victim. Secondly, regarding compensation for a psychological victim, both the appreciation and the evaluation of these prejudices will be examined. The repercussions of psychic trauma, or even emotional shock can sometimes be so grave that compensation cannot restrict itself only to the experienced suffering. Consequences of different natures, for example patrimonial ones, must be taken into consideration. To this end, a division of the prejudices of the psychological victim should be put in place. Distinct rules of compensation will be established based on the prejudice endured. A prejudice presumed, originating notably from a harm, cannot logically be compensated in the same fashion as non-presumable prejudices that require a forensic assessment. In short, the system of compensation must be in phase with the system of disclosure of suffering that has been previously established. As a result, this study proposes to construct a true founding status of a psychological victim. Once this principal notion has been completely conceptualized, we can use it to create a rational compensation scheme

This thesis addresses critical conceptions of Scottish literary development in the twentieth-century which inscribe realism as both the authenticating tradition and necessary telos of modern Scottish writing. To this end I identify and explore a Scottish ‘counter-tradition’ of modern uncanny fiction. Drawing critical attention to techniques of modal disruption in the works of a number of post-1970s Scottish writers gives cause to reconsider that realist teleology while positing a range of other continuities and tensions across modern Scottish literary history. The thesis initially defines the critical context for the project, considering how realism has come to be regarded as a medium of national literary representation. I go on to explore techniques of modal disruption and uncanny in texts by five Scottish writers, contesting ways in which habitual recourse to the realist tradition has obscured important aspects of their work. Chapter One investigates Ali Smith’s reimagining of ‘the uncanny guest’. While this trope has been employed by earlier Scottish writers, Smith redesigns it as part of a wider interrogation of the hyperreal twenty-first-century. Chapter Two considers two texts by James Robertson, each of which, I argue, invokes uncanny techniques familiar to readers of James Hogg and Robert Louis Stevenson in a way intended specifically to suggest concepts of national continuity and literary inheritance. Chapter Three argues that James Kelman’s political stance necessitates modal disruption as a means of relating intimate individual experience. Re-envisaging Kelman as a writer of the uncanny makes his central assimilation into the teleology of Scottish realism untenable, complicating the way his work has been positioned in the Scottish canon. Chapter Four analyses A.L. Kennedy’s So I Am Glad, delineating a similarity in the processes of repetition which result in both uncanny effects and the phenomenon of tradition, leading to Kennedy’s identification of an uncanny dimension in the concept of national tradition itself. Chapter Five considers the work of Alan Warner, in which the uncanny appears as an unsettling sense of significance embedded within the banal everyday, reflecting an existentialism which reaches beyond the national. In this way, I argue that habitual recourse to an inscribed realist tradition tends to obscure the range, complexity and instability of the realist techniques employed by the writers at issue, demonstrating how national continuities can be productively accommodated within wider, pluralistic analytical approaches.

This study traces the emergence of the pedal harp in colonial Australia between 1830 and 1866 through the examination of primary source documents in the form of archival and newspaper resources. It does so by focussing on the dynamic that existed between the harpist Nicolas-Charles Bochsa (1789-1856) and the makers of the double action Erard harp, demonstrating how that relationship had an impact on harp music and music-making in the period under review. The study pursues three intersecting lines of investigation. The first details Sébastien Erard’s ground-breaking development of his double action harp, and the social status it enjoyed in Europe, which was subsequently transplanted to Australia. The second area of investigation outlines Bochsa’s role in raising the profile of the Erard harp. This in turn leads to the third and most pivotal line of enquiry that of the distribution of Erard instruments in Australia, Bochsa’s visit to Sydney, and the role of his disciples in sustaining Bochsa’s legacy in Australia. The performance culture that coalesced around Bochsa and his disciples – incorporating as it did harp pedagogy, performance practice, repertoire, and commercial considerations – is shown to be a significant component of the social and cultural life of colonial Australia.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Elder Conservatorium of Music, 2014

The purpose of this dissertation was to research harp solos written by Canadian composers in the twentieth century and to determine factors that could have contributed to the rise in output of harp literature in Canada during that period. In addition to research of existing writings, interviews with two performers, Erica Goodman and Judy Loman, and two composers, Marjan Mozetich and R. Murray Schafer, were conducted. Analysis of six selected works from 1957 to 2002, Little Suite by Robert Turner, The Crown of Ariadne by R. Murray Schafer, Fifteen Pieces for Harp by John Weinzweig, From the Eastern Gate by Alexina Louie, Songs of Nymphs by Marjan Mozetich, and the King David Sonata by Srul Irving Glick, showed the diversity of output and provided opportunity to look for common elements. The factors that coincided with the increase in solo harp literature by Canadian composers included an increase in the number of professional harpists and composers, government support through commissioning grants, trends in solo literature at large, and avenues for performance. Specific motivations for the cases studied included commissions, respect for virtuosic harpists, interest in composers’ works, opportunities for performance and audience exposure to new works.
Review of literature -- Interviews -- Little suite by Robert Turner (1957) -- The crown of Ariadne by R. Murray Schafer (1979) -- Fifteen pieces for harp by John Weinzweig (1983) -- From the eastern gate by Alexina Louie (1985) -- Songs of nymphs by Marjan Mozetich (1988) -- King David sonata by Srul Irving Glick (1998) -- Conclusion.
School of Music

O presente estudo tem como objeto a legitimidade do Direito Penal contemporâneo tendo em vista a impossibilidade da teoria do bem jurídico de alcançar todas as necessidades de criminalização das sociedades modernas. Esse problema traz, para o centro da discussão, o harm principle, que ocupa nos países da Common Law, posição semelhante àquela destinada à teoria do bem jurídico no Direito Penal de matriz europeia continental. Esta pesquisa procura desenvolver uma construção própria do harm principle que absorva suas principais características, seu escopo e seus limites, com o propósito de justificá-lo, enquanto critério de legitimação daquelas incriminações em que não é possível identificar a presença de algum bem jurídico-penal. Esta investigação, também, faz referência às descontinuidades e continuidades existentes entre o harm principle e a teoria do bem jurídico, identificando os principais aspectos em que se aproximam e se distanciam. Por fim, no intuito de oferecer um teste prático ao harm principle e levar ao estresse a sua concepção desenvolvida neste trabalho, o último capítulo traz a investigação sobre o crime de maus tratos aos animais, tipificado no art. 387 do Código Penal português, cuja legitimidade encontra seu fundamento no harm principle, uma vez que se mostra evidente a dificuldade de justificá-lo por meio da teoria do bem jurídico.
The current study scrutinizes the legitimacy of contemporary criminal law regarding the impossibility of the legal interests theory to meet all that is required by the criminalization process within modern societies. Such an issue brings the harm principle to the center of the discussion, presenting with a similar stance in the common law countries when compared to that of the legal interests theory in the continental Europe criminal law. This research intends to develop an original construction to the harm principle, one that may internalize its main features, scope and limitations in order to further justify it as a criteria for the legitimacy of accusations where it is not yet possible to identify the occurrence of any legal interests related to criminal law. Additionally, the current study refers to the continuities, or lack thereof, not present in the harm principle and in the legal interests theory, identifying the main aspects that would bring them closer together or further apart. Finally, and with the purpose of putting the harm principle into practice, as well as highlighting the concepts developed so far, the last chapter offers an inquiry regarding the crimes of animal abuse, codified in the Art. 387 of the Portuguese Criminal Code, whose legitimacy is grounded on the harm principle due to the clear difficulties of justifying it by means of the legal interests theory.

Tese de Doutoramento em Direito, ramo Ciências Jurídico-Criminais e apresentada à Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra
A atividade médico-diagnóstica desempenha um papel fundamental para a estruturação dos cuidados médicos. A decisão diagnóstica e a análise conjunta de uma série de elementos capazes de revelar informações sobre o estado físico-psíquico do paciente conferem os alicerces necessários à edificação da assistência, o que se revela sobretudo, no plano dos tratamentos terapêuticos. Nessa fase da assistência, a observação e a análise dos sintomas e sinais presentes auxiliam a revelação do quadro clínico àquele que detém os conhecimentos suficientes para definir ‹‹o que››, ‹‹onde›› e ‹‹como›› pesquisar. E, como o recurso apenas ao olhar atento e treinado se revela geralmente insuficiente ao levantamento dos dados considerados necessários à formação do juízo médico, a busca por respostas para os problemas de saúde do paciente usualmente implica numa ingerência, em maior ou menor medida, sobre o corpo deste último, e que não raro envolve o apelo a medidas inegavelmente capazes de causar danos aos mesmos bens que intenta proteger. Os riscos inerentes às intervenções invasivas, a inevitável ingerência sobre a saúde e a integridade física e a potencial afetação da liberdade daquele que se entrega a tais cuidados atraem a atenção para essa etapa da terapêutica, para problemáticas que de modo algum se restringem ao tirocínio médico ou à decisão diagnóstica. A atenção às vicissitudes desse estágio da assistência, muito embora remeta imediata e, quase, inevitavelmente à ideia do erro diagnóstico, o que justifica a atenção a esse conceito, oferece sobretudo um ponto de partida para uma análise jurídico-penal que orbita essencialmente entre os bens jurídicos que, nesse contexto, se veem direta e inexoravelmente afetados pela ingerência representada pela intervenção médica. A proteção inquestionavelmente conferida à saúde e à integridade física, e a salvaguarda efetivamente proporcionada à liberdade e a autodeterminação do paciente dividem o enfoque. A delicada zona de contato entre esses bens, particularmente caros ao direito penal, e a prática da medicina incita não só a análise da eventual submissão da intervenção diagnóstica a uma figura típica, e, consequentemente, do regime jurídico-penal conferido às intervenções e tratamentos terapêuticos, como, sobretudo, uma perspectivação mais abrangente das soluções e alternativas lançadas, resultando num estudo que proporciona a abordagem do panorama legal pátrio, mas que não se limita apenas a ele.
Medical diagnostic activity plays a key role in planning patient care. The diagnostic decision plus the analysis of a series of elements which can reveal information about a patient’s physical and mental health are the elements which build the foundation of medical care, and this becomes even clearer when it comes to therapeutic treatments. At this key stage of medical care, the observation and analysis of the patient’s symptoms and signs help those who have the knowledge to determine what, where, and how to proceed to establish a clearer clinical picture. But, because this analysis is generally insufficient even for trained and careful eyes to be able to gather all the necessary information which will allow them to form a medical judgement, it is usually necessary to undertake – to a greater or lesser extent – some sort of medical intervention on the patient’s body in order to find answers for their health problems. More often than not, this results in adopting measures which can undeniably cause damage to very same asset which they aim to protect. The inherent risks of invasive interventions, the unavoidable interference in the health and bodily integrity of those who are under medical care, and the potential restriction of their freedom are aspects that draw attention to this stage of the therapeutics, to issues that are not restricted to the doctor’s acumen or diagnostic decision-making. And, although an analysis of the vicissitudes of this stage of patient care immediately and inevitably points to the idea of diagnostic error – thus justifying the attention given to this concept – it is above all a starting point for an investigation of the legal and criminal aspects within the sphere of the legal assets which – in this context – are directly and undeniably affected by the interference represented by medical intervention. The protection of the health and bodily integrity of the patient, and the effective safeguard of their freedom and self-determination are the focus of this investigation. The delicate contact zone between these legal assets (which are so important to criminal law) and the practice of medicine gives rise not only to the idea of occasionally fitting diagnostic intervention into a type of criminal offense, and, consequently, to the legal/penal regime that applies to therapeutic interventions and treatments, but also, and mainly, to the perspectivization of the solutions and alternatives given. This results in a study which presents an overview of the country’s legal practices but is not limited to it.

Student Number : 9112588A - MA Dissertation - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities
There is a concern that causal determinism might render free-will impossible. I compare some different perspectives, namely Compatibilism, Incompatibilism, Libertarianism, and Hard Determinism, and conclude that Hard Determinism is correct—we lack free-will. To further bolster the case, I consider the work of Libet, who has found neuropsychological evidence that our brains non-consciously cause our actions, prior to our being aware of it. Thus we are also not choosing consciously. I then consider Dennett’s work on the role of the conscious self. I defend his model—of a fragmented self—which could not cause our actions. Finally I argue that many things that free-will purportedly provides, eg., justification for the penal system and reactive attitudes, can be reconstructed without free-will. I then end with some speculations about why people still want free-will.

La justice pénale a historiquement, et à juste titre, été l’affaire de l’État. Octroyer à l’autorité publique le monopole de l’administration de la justice permet entre autres d’harmoniser les rapports sociaux tout en assurant une réponse structurée et dépersonnalisée au phénomène criminel. La confiance du public dans sa capacité d’accomplir judicieusement cette tâche est cruciale au maintien de ce monopole. Certaines réalités découlant du contexte médiatique moderne mettent toutefois en lumière une certaine crise de confiance du public dans l’appareil judiciaire et contribuent à déposséder l’État de son monopole sur l’administration de la justice pénale. Nous estimons que la télédiffusion des procédures judiciaires pénales de première instance est un des moyens par lesquels l’autorité publique peut rapatrier ce monopole. Ce mémoire s’intéressa à certains aspects de ces questions.
The State has historically overseen criminal justice, and with good reason. Delegating to state authorities full and exclusive administration of criminal justice ensures social harmony and allows for a structured and depersonalised response to crime. Public confidence in its ability to effectively do so is however crucial. The current media environment has contributed to a crisis of confidence in the system, depriving the State of its monopoly. We believe televising court proceedings and making them widely available to the public is one of the ways by which the State can strengthen confidence and reaffirm its legitimate control on the administration of criminal justice.