Journal articles on the topic 'Peat bog ecology Malaysia'
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1
Müller-Dum, Denise, Thorsten Warneke, Tim Rixen, Moritz Müller, Antje Baum, Aliki Christodoulou, Joanne Oakes, Bradley D. Eyre, and Justus Notholt. "Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia." Biogeosciences 16, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-17-2019.
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Abstract. Tropical peat-draining rivers are known as potentially large sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere due to the high loads of carbon they receive from surrounding soils. However, not many seasonally resolved data are available, limiting our understanding of these systems. We report the first measurements of carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) in the Rajang River and Estuary, the longest river in Malaysia. The Rajang River catchment is characterized by extensive peat deposits found in the delta region, and by human impact such as logging, land use and river damming. pCO2 averaged 2540±189 µatm during the wet season and 2350±301 µatm during the dry season. Using three different parameterizations for the gas transfer velocity, calculated CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere were 1.5 (0.5–2.0) g C m−2 d−1 (mean, minimum – maximum) during the wet season and 1.7 (0.6–2.6) g C m−2 d−1 during the dry season. This is at the low end of reported values for Southeast Asian peat-draining rivers, but similar to values reported for Southeast Asian rivers that do not flow through peat deposits. In the Rajang River, peatlands probably do not contribute much to the CO2 flux due to the proximity of the peatlands to the coast, which limits the opportunity for degradation of organic C during transport. Thus, we suggest that peat coverage is, by itself, insufficient as the sole predictor of CO2 emissions from peat-draining rivers, and that other factors, like the spatial distribution of peat in the catchment and pH, also need to be considered.
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Chang, Yan, Moritz Müller, Ying Wu, Shan Jiang, Wan Wan Cao, Jian Guo Qu, Jing Ling Ren, et al. "Distribution and behaviour of dissolved selenium in tropical peatland-draining rivers and estuaries of Malaysia." Biogeosciences 17, no. 4 (February 28, 2020): 1133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1133-2020.
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Abstract. Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for aquatic organisms. Despite its importance, our current knowledge of the biogeochemical cycling of dissolved Se in tropical estuaries is limited, especially in Southeast Asia. To gain insights into Se cycling in tropical peat-draining rivers and estuaries, samples were collected from the Rajang, Maludam, Sebuyau, Simunjan, Sematan, Samunsam and Lunda rivers and estuaries in western Sarawak, Malaysia, in March and September 2017 and analysed for various forms of Se (dissolved inorganic and organic). Mean total dissolved Se (TDSe), dissolved inorganic Se (DISe) and dissolved organic Se concentrations (DOSe) were 2.2 nmol L−1 (range: 0.7 to 5.7 nmol L−1), 0.18 nmol L−1 (range: less than the detection limit to 0.47 nmol L−1) and 2.0 nmol L−1 (range: 0.42 to 5.7 nmol L−1), respectively. In acidic, low-oxygen, organic-rich blackwater (peatland-draining) rivers, the concentrations of DISe were extremely low (near or below the detection limit, i.e. 0.0063 nmol L−1), whereas those of DOSe were high. In rivers and estuaries that drained peatland, DOSe ∕ TDSe ratios ranged from 0.67 to 0.99, showing that DOSe dominated. The positive relationship between DISe and salinity and the negative relationship between DOSe and salinity indicate marine and terrestrial origins of DISe and DOSe, respectively. The positive correlations of DOSe with the humification index and humic-like chromophoric dissolved organic matter components in freshwater river reaches suggest that peat soils are probably the main source of DOSe. The DOSe fractions may be associated with high molecular weight peatland-derived aromatic and black carbon compounds and may photodegrade to more bioavailable forms once transported to coastal waters. The TDSe flux delivered by the peat-draining rivers exceeded those reported for other small rivers and is quantitatively more significant than previously thought.
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Müller, D., T. Warneke, T. Rixen, M. Müller, S. Jamahari, N. Denis, A. Mujahid, and J. Notholt. "Lateral carbon fluxes and CO<sub>2</sub> outgassing from a tropical peat-draining river." Biogeosciences 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2015): 5967–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5967-2015.
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Abstract. Tropical peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle due to their immense carbon storage capacity. However, pristine peat swamp forests are vanishing due to deforestation and peatland degradation, especially in Southeast Asia. CO2 emissions associated with this land use change might not only come from the peat soil directly but also from peat-draining rivers. So far, though, this has been mere speculation, since there has been no data from undisturbed reference sites. We present the first combined assessment of lateral organic carbon fluxes and CO2 outgassing from an undisturbed tropical peat-draining river. Two sampling campaigns were undertaken on the Maludam River in Sarawak, Malaysia. The river catchment is covered by protected peat swamp forest, offering a unique opportunity to study a peat-draining river in its natural state, without any influence from tributaries with different characteristics. The two campaigns yielded consistent results. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations ranged between 3222 and 6218 μmol L−1 and accounted for more than 99 % of the total organic carbon (TOC). Radiocarbon dating revealed that the riverine DOC was of recent origin, suggesting that it derives from the top soil layers and surface runoff. We observed strong oxygen depletion, implying high rates of organic matter decomposition and consequently CO2 production. The measured median pCO2 was 7795 and 8400 μatm during the first and second campaign, respectively. Overall, we found that only 32 ± 19 % of the carbon was exported by CO2 evasion, while the rest was exported by discharge. CO2 outgassing seemed to be moderated by the short water residence time. Since most Southeast Asian peatlands are located at the coast, this is probably an important limiting factor for CO2 outgassing from most of its peat-draining rivers.
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Cook, Sarah, Mick J. Whelan, Chris D. Evans, Vincent Gauci, Mike Peacock, Mark H. Garnett, Lip Khoon Kho, Yit Arn Teh, and Susan E. Page. "Fluvial organic carbon fluxes from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland." Biogeosciences 15, no. 24 (December 21, 2018): 7435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7435-2018.
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Abstract. Intact tropical peatlands are dense long-term stores of carbon. However, the future security of these ecosystems is at risk from land conversion and extensive peatland drainage. This can enhance peat oxidation and convert long-term carbon sinks into significant carbon sources. In Southeast Asia, the largest land use on peatland is for oil palm plantation agriculture. Here, we present the first annual estimate of exported fluvial organic carbon in the drainage waters of four peatland oil palm plantation areas in Sarawak, Malaysia. Total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes from the plantation second- and third-order drains were dominated (91 %) by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ranged from 34.4 ± 9.7 C m−2 yr−1 to 57.7 %, 16.3 g C m−2 yr−1 (± 95 % confidence interval). These fluxes represent a single-year survey which was strongly influenced by an El Ninõ event and therefore lower discharge than usual was observed. The magnitude of the flux was found to be influenced by water table depth, with higher TOC fluxes observed from more deeply drained sites. Radiocarbon dating on the DOC component indicated the presence of old (pre-1950s) carbon in all samples collected, with DOC at the most deeply drained site having a mean age of 735 years. Overall, our estimates suggest fluvial TOC contributes ∼ 5 % of total carbon losses from oil palm plantations on peat. Maintenance of high and stable water tables in oil palm plantations appears to be key to minimising TOC losses. This reinforces the importance of considering all carbon loss pathways, rather than just CO2 emissions from the peat surface, in studies of tropical peatland land conversion.
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Jarašius, Leonas, Dalytė Matulevičiūtė, Romas Pakalnis, Juratė Sendžikaitė, and Vaidotas Lygis. "Drainage Impact on Plant Cover and Hydrology of Aukštumala Raised Bog (Western Lithuania)." Botanica Lithuanica 20, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2014-0019.
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AbstractOne-third of the former Aukstumala raised bog (western Lithuania) has been preserved as Telmological Reserve since 1995, while the remaining territory is still under active industrial peat mining or are abandoned peat harvesting fields. The present study was carried out in 2013 and aimed to assess long-term human impact on the structure of plant cover and hydrology of Aukstumala raised bog. On the basis of vegetation assessment (Twinspan analysis), four habitat types were identified: i) active raised bog, ii) degraded raised bog drained by ditches, iii) contact zone of the bog and the peat mining fields and iv) recently burnt areas. The largest anthropogenic impact on vegetation cover was found in the degraded raised bog drained by the ditches and in the burnt area, where the proportion of plant species atypical to ombrotrophic raised bogs was the highest. Water electrical conductivity negatively correlated (r = -0.57) with bog water level, whereas correlation between pH and bog water level was weaker (r = -0.38). Water level in the active raised bog was significantly higher than in the rest three habitat types. Electrical conductivity values in the active raised bog were significantly lower compared to the degraded raised bog and burned area habitats. In order to recreate favourable conditions for peat accumulation and natural functioning of bog ecosystem, mean bog water level should be raised at least up to -32 cm (the optimum water level assigned for most of the typical ombrotrophic species fell into the range of -20 - -32 cm).
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Dyderski, Marcin K., Anna K. Gdula, and Andrzej M. Jagodziński. "Encroachment of woody species on a drained transitional peat bog in ‘Mszar Bogdaniec’ nature reserve (Western Poland)." Folia Forestalia Polonica 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2015-0016.
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Abstract One of the most important threats for open peat bog ecosystems is encroachment of woody species, which causes transformation of habitat conditions and leads to retreat of specialised species. Drainage increases the rate of succession. The aim of study is the assessment of human-accelerated succession in a transitional bog. The study was conducted in ‘Mszar Bogdaniec’ nature reserve (W Poland). The structure of vegetation and tree stands was described and compared using ordination methods. Near the peat bog border, tree stands of Betula pubescens developed. Towards the middle part of the peat bog, the number, cover and height of trees decreased. The central part of the peat bog was covered by Sphagno recurvi–Eriophoretum vaginati in dryer parts and Sphagno recurvi–Eriophoretum angustifolii in wetter parts. The study showed that the successional sequence in these conditions differs from the classical bog succession scheme. Despite high propagule pressure of Pinus sylvestris, the most important woody species was B. pubescens, which performed better than other species. Erechtites hieracifolia, an alien invasive herb species, which previously was rarely recorded in bogs, appeared when the bog was dried by drainage. In this study, it reached high frequency and abundance, which shows that it may be a next serious threat to disturbed wetland ecosystems.
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Regnell, O., and T. Hammar. "Coupling of methyl and total mercury in a minerotrophic peat bog in southeastern Sweden." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 2014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-143.
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During most of an annual cycle, we studied the temporal variation of total mercury (HgT) and methyl mercury (MeHg) in unfiltered and filtered (0.45 µ) peat water from a minerotrophic peat bog in southeastern Sweden. MeHg in bulk water ([MeHgT]) and total Hg in filtered water in discharge water from the peat bog ([HgD]) were an order of magnitude higher than in upland runoff water entering the peat bog. At the discharge end, peat-water [HgD] and [MeHgD] ranged from 8 to 54 pmol·L1 and from 1 to 32 pmol·L1, respectively. Whereas the variation of [MeHgT] was explained by changes in [MeHgD], the variation of inorganic HgT [IHgT] = [HgT] [MeHgT] was explained by changes in particle-bound IHg [IHgP] = [IHgT] [IHgD]. Filterable organic matter and sulfide in the water both correlated poorly with [HgD]. Neither did the amount of HgT in precipitation and upland runoff water correlate well with the estimated discharge of HgD from the peat bog. However, there was a strong correlation between [HgD] and [MeHgT] in the peat water (r = 0.96). Furthermore, a significant fraction of HgD was MeHg (mean 28%; range 860%). These results suggest that methylation increased the mobility of Hg.
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Mazerolle, Marc J., Bruno Drolet, and André Desrochers. "Small-mammal responses to peat mining of southeastern Canadian bogs." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-202.
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Bogs, or ombrotrophic peatlands, are well represented in parts of southeastern Canada but are subjected to increasing pressure from the peat industry. We assessed the impact of peat mining on small mammals inhabiting unexploited bog fragments on the periphery of mined bogs. We conducted two separate studies in bogs mined to different levels (0-83%) in southeastern Québec and New Brunswick. The first study used a low sampling effort over 1 month in 26 bogs, while the second used a high sampling effort of 6 months spread across 2 years in 12 bogs. Of the 15 small-mammal species encountered, only 2 were bog specialists. Abundance and species richness of small mammals in bog fragments increased significantly with percentage of area mined and, in some cases, increased with bog area. Both studies suggest that disturbances resulting from peat mining facilitate the invasion of more generalized small-mammal species. Furthermore, small mammals were more abundant near forest or mined edges than at bog centers, and some species responded strongly to vegetation cover. The response of small mammals to peat mining contrasts with the one documented for birds, amphibians, and plants.
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Horn, Marcus A., Carola Matthies, Kirsten Küsel, Andreas Schramm, and Harold L. Drake. "Hydrogenotrophic Methanogenesis by Moderately Acid-Tolerant Methanogens of a Methane-Emitting Acidic Peat." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 1 (January 2003): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.1.74-83.2003.
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ABSTRACT The emission of methane (1.3 mmol of CH4 m−2 day−1), precursors of methanogenesis, and the methanogenic microorganisms of acidic bog peat (pH 4.4) from a moderately reduced forest site were investigated by in situ measurements, microcosm incubations, and cultivation methods, respectively. Bog peat produced CH4 (0.4 to 1.7 μmol g [dry wt] of soil−1 day−1) under anoxic conditions. At in situ pH, supplemental H2-CO2, ethanol, and 1-propanol all increased CH4 production rates while formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate inhibited the production of CH4; methanol had no effect. H2-dependent acetogenesis occurred in H2-CO2-supplemented bog peat only after extended incubation periods. Nonsupplemented bog peat initially produced small amounts of H2 that were subsequently consumed. The accumulation of H2 was stimulated by ethanol and 1-propanol or by inhibiting methanogenesis with bromoethanesulfonate, and the consumption of ethanol was inhibited by large amounts of H2; these results collectively indicated that ethanol- or 1-propanol-utilizing bacteria were trophically associated with H2-utilizing methanogens. A total of 109 anaerobes and 107 hydrogenotrophic methanogens per g (dry weight) of bog peat were enumerated by cultivation techniques. A stable methanogenic enrichment was obtained with an acidic, H2-CO2-supplemented, fatty acid-enriched defined medium. CH4 production rates by the enrichment were similar at pH 4.5 and 6.5, and acetate inhibited methanogenesis at pH 4.5 but not at pH 6.5. A total of 27 different archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences indicative of Methanobacteriaceae, Methanomicrobiales, and Methanosarcinaceae were retrieved from the highest CH4-positive serial dilutions of bog peat and methanogenic enrichments. A total of 10 bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences were also retrieved from the same dilutions and enrichments and were indicative of bacteria that might be responsible for the production of H2 that could be used by hydrogenotrophic methanogens. These results indicated that in this acidic bog peat, (i) H2 is an important substrate for acid-tolerant methanogens, (ii) interspecies hydrogen transfer is involved in the degradation of organic carbon, (iii) the accumulation of protonated volatile fatty acids inhibits methanogenesis, and (iv) methanogenesis might be due to the activities of methanogens that are phylogenetic members of the Methanobacteriaceae, Methanomicrobiales, and Methanosarcinaceae.
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Turetsky, M. R., and R. K. Wieder. "A direct approach to quantifying organic matter lost as a result of peatland wildfire." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-170.
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We describe a direct approach to quantifying the amount of organic matter consumed in peatlands during a single fire event, based on differences in ash concentrations between burned peat at the surface of peat cores and underlying unburned peat. We collected six peat cores at each of two continental bog and two permafrost bog sites, 3 months after a March 1999 wildfire. Results suggest high within-site variation in the amount of organic matter burned, with no significant differences between the four peatland sites or between continental and permafrost bogs. Averaged across all sites, 2.2 ± 0.5 kg C·m2 (mean ± SE, n = 24) of organic matter was consumed as a result of this single fire, a value consistent with those in the literature.
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Pastukhov, Alexander, Tatiana Marchenko-Vagapova, Sergey Loiko, and Dmitry Kaverin. "Vulnerability of the Ancient Peat Plateaus in Western Siberia." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2021): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122813.
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Based on the data of the plant macrofossil and palynological composition of the peat deposits, the evolution and current state of polygonal peatlands were analyzed at the southern limit of continuous permafrost in the Pur-Taz interfluve. Paleoreconstruction shows that peat accumulation began in the Early Holocene, about 9814 cal. year BP, in the Late Pre-Boreal (PB-2), at a rate of 1 to 1.5 mm year−1. Intensive peat accumulation continued in the Boreal and early Atlantic. The geocryological complex of polygonal peatlands has remained a stable bog system despite the predicted warming and increasing humidity. However, a rather rapid upper permafrost degradation and irreversible changes in the bog systems of polygonal peatlands occur with anthropogenic disturbances, in particular, a change in the natural hydrological regime under construction of linear objects.
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Pelletier, Nicolas, Julie Talbot, David Olefeldt, Merritt Turetsky, Christian Blodau, Oliver Sonnentag, and William L. Quinton. "Influence of Holocene permafrost aggradation and thaw on the paleoecology and carbon storage of a peatland complex in northwestern Canada." Holocene 27, no. 9 (February 1, 2017): 1391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683617693899.
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Permafrost in peatlands strongly influences ecosystem characteristics, including vegetation composition, hydrological functions, and carbon cycling. Large amounts of organic carbon are stored in permafrost peatlands in northwestern Canada. Their possible degradation into permafrost-free wetlands including thermokarst bogs may affect carbon (C) stocks, but the direction and magnitude of change are uncertain. Using peat core reconstructions, we characterized the temporal and spatial variability in vegetation macrofossil, testate amoebae, C content, and peat decomposition along a permafrost thaw chronosequence in the southern portion of the Scotty Creek watershed near Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories. The accumulation of limnic and minerotrophic peat prevailed at the site until permafrost formed around 5000 cal. yr BP. Three distinct permafrost periods were identified in the permafrost peat plateau profile, while permafrost only aggraded once in the thermokarst bog profile. Permafrost thawed at ~550 and ~90 cal. yr BP in the thermokarst bog center and edge, respectively. Both allogenic (climatic shifts and wildfire) and autogenic (peat accumulation, Sphagnum growth) processes likely exerted control on permafrost aggradation and thaw. While apparent carbon accumulation rates (ACARs) were lower during present and past permafrost periods than during non-permafrost periods, long-term C accumulation remained similar between cores with different permafrost period lengths. Deep peat was less decomposed in the permafrost plateau compared with the thermokarst bog, which we speculate is due more to differences in peat type rather than differences in decomposition environment between these two ecosystem states. Our study highlights the importance of considering potential deep peat C losses to project the fate of thawing permafrost peat C stores.
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Moir, A. K., S. A. G. Leroy, and S. Helama. "Role of substrate on the dendroclimatic response of Scots pine from varying elevations in northern Scotland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 4 (April 2011): 822–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-241.
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The influence of substrate was evaluated by comparing annual ring widths of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with climate data at 13 new sites (five bog, three peat, and five soil), together with 17 previously studied soil sites in northern Scotland. Radial growth rates <1.0 and >1.5 mm·year–1 differentiate well between pine growing on bog and peat, respectively, highlighting the role of pine as a indicator of water levels in these environments. Scots pine chronologies from bog are shown to have a weak temperature–growth response and so limit potential in dendroclimatic reconstructions. However, correlation analysis shows temperature in January–February and July–August to be important determinants of the radial growth of Scots pine on soil. Moving correlation analysis indicates that the relationship between the radial growth of pine on soil near the altitudinal tree line and summer temperature (July–August) is time stable, despite an increase of temperature in northern Scotland. However, winter (January–February) temperature has become less limiting since the 1920s. Scots pine at some soil, bog, and peat sites have increased or developed correlation with October temperature since the 1940s, suggesting an extension of the growth season, particularly on the western coast of Scotland.
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Zawal, Andrzej, Vladimir Pešić, and Edyta Stępień. "Water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) of the „Golczewskie Uroczysko” nature reserve." Ecologica Montenegrina 34 (August 29, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2020.34.4.
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The „Golczewskie Uroczysko” nature reserve was established on 5 May 2004 to protect the raised peat bog and the dystrophic Lake Żabie with its surrounding transitional bog and adjacent forest complexes containing valuable plants. In May, July and October 2006 the research of water mite (Hydrachnidia) fauna has been conducted. A total of 557 water mite specimens belonging to 41 species were collected and among these 382 specimens belonging to 31 species were collected in Lake Żabie, 83 specimens belonging to 21 species were collected in ditches in the forest, 70 specimens belonging to 15 species in a ditch on the beatboog and 22 specimens belonging to 10 species in flooded alder forest. In a ditch in the peat bog, ditches in the forest and Lake Żabie tyrphobiontic and tyrphophilous species were dominant, with a substantial part of small water body species in Lake Żabie and with similar part of small water body species and vernal astatic water body species in a ditch in the peat bog and ditches in the forest. In flooded alder forest vernal astatic water body species were dominants.
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Fărcaş, Sorina, and Ioan Tanţău. "16. Poiana Ruscă Mountains (Romania): Peşteana peat bog." Grana 51, no. 3 (July 30, 2012): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2012.700728.
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Tonkov, Spassimir, and Göran Possnert. "30. Peat bog Kumata-1, Vitosha Mountain (Bulgaria)." Grana 55, no. 3 (April 6, 2016): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2016.1146330.
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Tonkov, Spassimir, Elena Marinova, and Angelica Feurdean. "44. Peat bog Vapsko-2, Rila Mountains (Bulgaria)." Grana 58, no. 5 (April 2, 2019): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2019.1583278.
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Benscoter, Brian W., Dale H. Vitt, and R. Kelman Wieder. "Association of postfire peat accumulation and microtopography in boreal bogs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 2188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-115.
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Peatlands accumulate organic matter as peat because of disproportionate rates of production and decomposition. However, peat accumulation heterogeneity has not been well studied along the microtopographic gradient (hummocks vs. hollows), particularly with respect to fire. Fire affects peatland species composition by differentially removing vegetation and resetting succession, resulting in peat accumulation changes. We examined peat accumulation and microtopography in two historically burned bogs in Alberta, Canada. Measurements of current and historic microtopography were made, and cores were collected along the gradient to identify depth of peat accumulated since fire, as well as to assess properties of the accumulated peat. Current microtopography is significant and correlated with the immediate postfire surface relief. However, differences in the magnitude of variability between sites suggests that differential rates of growth between features are exacerbated between sites and reflected in bog microtopography. Rates of organic matter accumulation, ranging from 156 to 257 g·m2·year1, were elevated but comparable to published rates of recent accumulation. Organic matter content and accumulation rate were greater for hummocks than hollows at Athabasca bog, but the difference between features diminished at Sinkhole Lake, suggesting that the pattern and properties of peat accumulation and microtopography postfire may be attributable to differences in site conditions.
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Hommeltenberg, J., H. P. Schmid, M. Droesler, and P. Werle. "Can a bog drained for forestry be a stronger carbon sink than a natural bog forest?" Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2014): 2189–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-2189-2014.
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Abstract. This study compares the CO2 exchange of a natural bog forest, and of a bog drained for forestry in the pre-alpine region of southern Germany. The sites are separated by only ten kilometers, they share the same formation history and are exposed to the same climate and weather conditions. In contrast, they differ in land use history: at the Schechenfilz site a natural bog-pine forest (Pinus mugo rotundata) grows on an undisturbed, about 5 m thick peat layer; at Mooseurach a planted spruce forest (Picea abies) grows on drained and degraded peat (3.4 m). The net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) at both sites has been investigated for two years (July 2010 to June 2012), using the eddy covariance technique. Our results indicate that the drained, forested bog at Mooseurach is a much stronger carbon dioxide sink (−130 ± 31 and −300 ± 66 g C m−2 a−1 in the first and second year respectively) than the natural bog forest at Schechenfilz (−53 ± 28 and −73±38 g C m−2 a−1). The strong net CO2 uptake can be explained by the high gross primary productivity of the spruces that over-compensates the two times stronger ecosystem respiration at the drained site. The larger productivity of the spruces can be clearly attributed to the larger LAI of the spruce site. However, even though current flux measurements indicate strong CO2 uptake of the drained spruce forest, the site is a strong net CO2 source, if the whole life-cycle, since forest planting is considered. We determined the difference between carbon fixation by the spruces and the carbon loss from the peat due to drainage since forest planting. The estimate resulted in a strong carbon release of +156 t C ha−1 within the last 44 yr, means the spruces would need to grow for another 100 yr, at the current rate, to compensate the peat loss of the former years. In contrast, the natural bog-pine ecosystem has likely been a small but consistent carbon sink for decades, which our results suggest is very robust regarding short-term changes of environmental factors.
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Roháček, Jindřich, and Andrey A. Przhiboro. "Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. and other Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from peat bogs in the North Caucasus (Russia)." ZooKeys 1132 (November 25, 2022): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.94579.
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The first data about Sphaeroceridae occurring on eight montane and foothill peat bogs of various types in the North Caucasus (Russia) are presented. A total of 38 species has been recorded and their affinity to peat-bog habitats is discussed. A single species is classified as a tyrphobiont, viz. the strongly brachypterous Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosasp. nov. being strictly associated with Sphagnum hummocks in peat bogs. This new species is described and illustrated in detail and its relationships, biology, and wing reduction are discussed. Only three species are considered tyrphophilous or probably tyrphophilous, viz. Ischiolepta nitida (Duda, 1920), Phthitia (Kimosina) longisetosa (Dahl, 1909), and Spelobia ibrida Roháček, 1983. The majority of recorded species do not have close affinity to peat bogs and are treated as tyrphoneutral, and Rachispoda hostica (Villeneuve, 1917) is probably tyrphoxenous due to occasional occurrence in a peat bog. Species composition of Sphaeroceridae on Caucasian peat bogs is discussed in comparison to those known from peat bogs in other parts of Europe. Taxonomic notes are given on Minilimosina (Svarciella) species of the M. vitripennis group. Six species (including P. turfosasp. nov.) are new additions to the fauna of Russia.
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Dudová, Lydie, Petra Hájková, Hana Buchtová, and Vĕra Opravilová. "Formation, succession and landscape history of Central-European summit raised bogs: A multiproxy study from the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains." Holocene 23, no. 2 (August 7, 2012): 230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683612455540.
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Central-European raised bogs, developed on mountain summits, are specific ecosystems of high conservation importance, but their history remains largely unknown. Pollen, macrofossils, testate amoebae and peat characteristics were analysed in a peat sequence of the Vozka bog (Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, Eastern Sudetes, Czech Republic). Past water chemistry and water-table depths were reconstructed by transfer functions calibrated from recent testate amoeba data and long-term environmental averages. Peat initiation started in the middle Holocene (approximately 4200 bc) by the process of paludification, resembling the development of Atlantic blanket bogs. Around 100 bc the vegetation changed from Eriophorum vaginatum-poor fen to the ombrotrophic-bog vegetation similar to the recent situation. A hiatus in peat sequence was revealed between ad 1320 and 1954. It can be explained either by human activities, or by an extreme drought causing decomposition of previously accumulated peat. Local bog development was largely independent of landscape development inferred from pollen records. In the middle Holocene, mixed spruce-elm-hazel woodland was recorded close to the treeline. During 2400–800 bc a gradual transition to mixed spruce-fir woodlands with admixture of beech took place, and from approximately 800 bc spruce and fir became dominant. The major human impact started approximately ad 1230 and was connected with settlement and mining in the foothills.
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Horn, Petr, and Marek Bastl. "Mire vegetation gradient established as a result of interaction with a water reservoir." Botany 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-067.
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In 1958, 85% of the peat-bog complex Kyselovský les, in the Czech Republic, was flooded with water from the Lipno reservoir. A new vegetation pattern has spontaneously developed in the newly established shoreline and replaced the original peat-bog vegetation dominated by bog pine ( Pinus rotundata Link) forest. This vegetation pattern consists of zonal strips with relatively sharp borders. This zonation is a mosaic of sedge fens, reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) beds, tussock cottongrass ( Eriophorum vaginatum L.) stands, and a community dominated by ericaceous shrubs. The study focused on the vegetation development of this zonal vegetation. Measurements of the water table level, groundwater pH, and conductivity, together with terrain microtopography, were done to estimate the ways in which the water reservoir influences the mire vegetation. The most important factor is lake water fluctuation, which explained most of the vegetation gradient variability. Lake water fluctuations were represented by lake water levels, which directly flooded a certain part of the gradient from 1990 to 2006 for a known number of days.
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Hommeltenberg, J., H. P. Schmid, M. Drösler, and P. Werle. "Can a bog drained for forestry be a stronger carbon sink than a natural bog forest?" Biogeosciences 11, no. 13 (July 2, 2014): 3477–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3477-2014.
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Abstract. This study compares the CO2 exchange of a natural bog forest, and of a bog drained for forestry in the pre-Alpine region of southern Germany. The sites are separated by only 10 km, they share the same soil formation history and are exposed to the same climate and weather conditions. In contrast, they differ in land use history: at the Schechenfilz site a natural bog-pine forest (Pinus mugo ssp. rotundata) grows on an undisturbed, about 5 m thick peat layer; at Mooseurach a planted spruce forest (Picea abies) grows on drained and degraded peat (3.4 m). The net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) at both sites has been investigated for 2 years (July 2010–June 2012), using the eddy covariance technique. Our results indicate that the drained, forested bog at Mooseurach is a much stronger carbon dioxide sink (−130 ± 31 and −300 ± 66 g C m−2 a−1 in the first and second year, respectively) than the natural bog forest at Schechenfilz (−53 ± 28 and −73 ± 38 g C m−2 a−1). The strong net CO2 uptake can be explained by the high gross primary productivity of the 44-year old spruces that over-compensates the two-times stronger ecosystem respiration at the drained site. The larger productivity of the spruces can be clearly attributed to the larger plant area index (PAI) of the spruce site. However, even though current flux measurements indicate strong CO2 uptake of the drained spruce forest, the site is a strong net CO2 source when the whole life-cycle since forest planting is considered. It is important to access this result in terms of the long-term biome balance. To do so, we used historical data to estimate the difference between carbon fixation by the spruces and the carbon loss from the peat due to drainage since forest planting. This rough estimate indicates a strong carbon release of +134 t C ha−1 within the last 44 years. Thus, the spruces would need to grow for another 100 years at about the current rate, to compensate the potential peat loss of the former years. In contrast, the natural bog-pine ecosystem has likely been a small but stable carbon sink for decades, which our results suggest is very robust regarding short-term changes of environmental factors.
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Freléchoux, François, Alexandre Buttler, Fritz H. Schweingruber, and Jean-Michel Gobat. "Stand structure, invasion, and growth dynamics of bog pine (Pinus uncinata var. rotundata) in relation to peat cutting and drainage in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-039.
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A description of bog pine stands (Pinus uncinata Ramond var. rotundata (Link) Antoine) on uncut oligotrophic mires affected by drainage and nearby peat cuttings at three sites of the Jura Mountains (Switzerland) is given. In all sites, three situations were chosen: (i) central parts of the bogs, (ii) surfaces near cutting walls and bog margins, and (iii) intermediate situations. Population structures were characteristic for each situation. In the open and wet central parts of the bogs, trees were scattered, small, and uneven aged. In the intermediate situations, tree density was higher, and the stand was multilayered with taller and uneven-aged individuals. Near the edges of the bogs or close to the peat cutting walls, the trees were tall, even-aged, and younger with a high growth rate. The nonsynchronous colonization of the bog pine trees on the three sites indicates that local factors such as drainage and peat cuttings in the vicinity of the uncut surfaces were more influential than climate factors. Radial growth patterns, very similar between the sites and the various pinewood stands, and the numerous common pointer years reflect local and regional climate fluctuations. The pinewood development on uncut bogs in the Jura Mountains thus represents a recent dynamics, which is strongly linked to human activities.
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Ponomareva, Tamara, Svetlana Selyanina, Anastasia Shtang, Ivan Zubov, and Olga Yarygina. "Transformation of an Oligotrophic Sphagnum Bog during the Process of Rewetting." Land 10, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070670.
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The vast peatlands of the European North of Russia were drained in the 20th century. Some of the drained areas were left without management and maintenance, which led to re-waterlogging. The current trend towards peatlands restoration requires an understanding of all the changes that have taken place in such ecosystems. The study aims to assess the changes in vegetation cover relative to changes in peat deposits in the rewetted oligotrophic bogs. The objects of research were located on the south-White Sea oligotrophic bogs. The studies were carried out using generally accepted geobotanical and geoecological methods in conjunction with the authors’ method for studying the group chemical composition of peat organic matter. The species diversity, structure and spatial distribution of the vegetation cover, the structure and composition of the peat, as well as the composition of the peat organic matter have been studied. It was shown that the transformation of an oligotrophic bog during the process of rewetting manifests itself in a significant change in the vegetation species diversity, somewhat reversible concerning ecologically tolerant species. Changes occurring in the peat deposit are irreversible. That limits the possibility of restoration of species of oligotrophic habitats to the initial state.
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Heffernan, Liam, Maria A. Cavaco, Maya P. Bhatia, Cristian Estop-Aragonés, Klaus-Holger Knorr, and David Olefeldt. "High peatland methane emissions following permafrost thaw: enhanced acetoclastic methanogenesis during early successional stages." Biogeosciences 19, no. 12 (June 24, 2022): 3051–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3051-2022.
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Abstract. Permafrost thaw in northern peatlands often leads to increased methane (CH4) emissions, but the underlying controls responsible for increased emissions and the duration for which they persist have yet to be fully elucidated. We assessed how shifting environmental conditions affect microbial communities and the magnitude and stable isotopic signature (δ13C) of CH4 emissions along a thermokarst bog transect in boreal western Canada. Thermokarst bogs develop following permafrost thaw when dry, elevated peat plateaus collapse and become saturated and dominated by Sphagnum mosses. We differentiated between a young and a mature thermokarst bog stage (∼ 30 and ∼ 200 years since thaw, respectively). The young bog located along the thermokarst edge was wetter, warmer, and dominated by hydrophilic vegetation compared to the mature bog. Using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we show that microbial communities were distinct near the surface and converged with depth, but fewer differences remained down to the lowest depth (160 cm). Microbial community analysis and δ13C data from CH4 surface emissions and dissolved gas depth profiles show that hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the dominant pathway at both sites. However, mean δ13C-CH4 signatures of both dissolved gas profiles and surface CH4 emissions were found to be isotopically heavier in the young bog (−63 ‰ and −65 ‰, respectively) compared to the mature bog (−69 ‰ and −75 ‰, respectively), suggesting that acetoclastic methanogenesis was relatively more enhanced throughout the young bog peat profile. Furthermore, mean young bog CH4 emissions of 82 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 were ∼ 3 times greater than the 32 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 observed in the mature bog. Our study suggests that interactions between the methanogenic community, hydrophilic vegetation, warmer temperatures, and saturated surface conditions enhance CH4 emissions in young thermokarst bogs but that these favourable conditions only persist for the initial decades after permafrost thaw.
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Artz, R. R. E., S. J. Chapman, M. Saunders, C. D. Evans, and R. B. Matthews. "Comment on "Soil CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes from an afforested lowland raised peat bog in Scotland: implications for drainage and restoration" by Yamulki et al. (2013)." Biogeosciences 10, no. 11 (November 22, 2013): 7623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7623-2013.
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Abstract. Yamulki and co-authors address in their recent publication the important issue of net emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from peatlands where land use conversion has taken place. In their case, they studied conversion to forestry versus peatland restoration after a first rotation of plantation forestry. They monitored soil-derived fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) using opaque chamber measurements on planted and unplanted control treatments (with or without drainage), and an unplanted plot within a restored (felled) block on former lowland raised bog. They propose that their measurements of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at these sites suggest that the total net GHG emissions, in 100 yr carbon dioxide equivalents, of the restored peat bog would be higher than that of the peat bog with trees. We believe there are a number of issues with the measurement, calculation and comparison of these greenhouse budgets that may invalidate this conclusion.
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Lazarova, Maria, Spassimir Tonkov, Elena Marinova, Dimiter Ivanov, and Elissaveta Bozilova. "12. Western Rhodopes Mountains (Bulgaria): peat bog Beliya Kanton." Grana 50, no. 2 (May 3, 2011): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2011.573863.
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Tanțău, Ioan, Maurice Reille, Sorina Farcas, Roxana Grindean, and Jacques-Louis De Beaulieu. "47. Mlaca T˘atarilor peat bog, Southern Transylvania (Romania)." Grana 59, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2020.1737216.
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Myers-Smith, I. H., J. W. Harden, M. Wilmking, C. C. Fuller, A. D. McGuire, and F. S. Chapin III. "Wetland succession in a permafrost collapse: interactions between fire and thermokarst." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 6 (November 30, 2007): 4507–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-4507-2007.
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Abstract. To determine the influence of fire and thermokarst in a boreal landscape, we investigated ~600 years of vegetation succession from peat cores within and adjacent to a permafrost collapse feature on the Tanana River Floodplain of Interior Alaska. Radioisotope dating, diatom assemblages, plant macrofossils, charcoal fragments, and carbon and nitrogen content of the peat profile indicate that succession proceeded from a terrestrial forest to a sedge-dominated wetland over 100 years ago and to a Sphagnum-dominated bog in approximately 1970. The shift from sedge to Sphagnum, and a decrease in the detrended tree-ring width index of black spruce trees adjacent to the collapse coincided with an increase in the growing season temperature record from Fairbanks. The concurrent wetland succession and reduced growth of black spruce trees indicates a non-linear ecosystem-level response to a change in regional climate. In 2001, fire was observed coincident with permafrost collapse and resulted in lateral expansion of the bog. These observations and the peat profile suggest that future warming and/or increased fire disturbance could promote permafrost degradation and bog expansion, and increase carbon storage in the collapse; however, the development of drought conditions could reduce the success of black spruce and Sphagnum, decreasing long-term ecosystem carbon storage in the adjacent landscape.
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Wang, Liang-Chi. "Using Paleoecological Data to Inform the Conservation Strategy for Floristic Diversity and Isoetes taiwanensis in Northern Taiwan." Diversity 13, no. 8 (August 22, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080395.
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Paleoecological data can be used to inform nature conservation practice. Dream Lake (DL) is the best-preserved peat bog in the Tatun Volcanic Group of northern Taiwan. We analyzed continuous pollen and charcoal data from a well-dated sediment core from DL to reconstruct the changes in climate, lacustrine condition, and floristic diversity during the last 4500 cal BP. An absence of volcanic ash from all sediments indicates weak volcanic activity. Significant changes in lithology and pollen composition show that DL changed from a deep lake to a shallow peat bog from 3000 cal BP onwards. The palynological diversity index was negatively correlated with fire frequency. A substantial decline in Isoetes (quillwort) spores suggests increased vulnerability during the peat bog period. Natural terrestrialization will lower the mean water depth of DL below the minimum required for Isoetes taiwanensis survival within 300 years. Our findings indicate that winter precipitation driven by intense East Asian winter monsoons is the critical force determining the long-term variation in floristic diversity and abundance of I. taiwanensis. This long-term ecological history of DL, derived using paleoecological techniques, will be used to inform conservation practice in the Tatun Volcanic Group.
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Svensson, Göran. "Recognition of peat-forming plant communities from their peat deposits in two south Swedish bog complexes." Vegetatio 66, no. 2 (May 1986): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00045499.
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Desrochers, André, Line Rochefort, and Jean-Pierre L. Savard. "Avian recolonization of eastern Canadian bogs after peat mining." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-028.
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To evaluate the potential of bog ecosystems to recover following peat mining, we compared bird species richness,abundance, and assemblages and vegetation among naturally revegetated and undisturbed bog sites in southeastern Quebec.Based on mining history, we selected 28 sites (12 natural, 9 abandoned after blockcut extraction, and 7 abandoned after vacuumextraction) in 15 bogs. We estimated percent cover for six vegetation strata in 106 plots with 100 m radius, on which bird pointcounts were conducted in 1993 and 1996. Vegetation structure differed significantly between natural, post-blockcut andpost-vacuum sites. While vegetation cover was almost complete in natural sites, abandoned sites, especially post vacuum, wereless vegetated, even after 20 years. Bird species richness and abundance were similar in natural and post-blockcut sites andboth were higher than in post-vacuum sites. Ten of the 28 species studied in detail responded to site perturbation. Among them,the Palm Warbler was most closely associated with natural sites. Bird communities were closely associated with vegetationstructure. Communities of post-blockcut sites were more similar to those of natural bogs than were bird communities ofpost-vacuum sites. Since the blockcut method of peat mining is no longer economically feasible, we conclude that bog habitatrestoration should be accompanied by a preservation safety net area to counteract the lasting effect of vacuum peat mining onbird species assemblages.
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Fazekašová, Danica, Gabriela Barančíková, Juraj Fazekaš, Lenka Štofejová, Ján Halas, Tadeáš Litavec, and Tibor Liptaj. "Chemical and Phytocoenological Characteristics of Two Different Slovak Peatlands." Plants 10, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071290.
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This paper presents the results of pedological and phytocoenological research focused on the detailed research of chemical parameters (pH, organic carbon, and nutrients), risk elements (As-metalloid, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn), and species composition of the vegetation of two different peatlands on the territory of Slovakia—Belianske Lúky (a fen) and Rudné (a bog). Sampling points were selected to characterize the profile of the organosol within the peatland, the soil profile between the peatland and the agricultural land, and the soil profile of the outlying agricultural land, which is used as permanent grassland. Based on phytocoenological records, a semi-quantitative analysis of taxa in accordance with the Braun–Blanquet scale was performed. The study revealed that the thickness of the peat horizon of the fen in comparison with the bog is very low. In terms of the quality of organic matter, the monitored peatlands are dominated by fresh plant residues such as cellulose and lignin. Differences between individual types of peatlands were also found in the soil reaction and the supply of nitrogen to the organic matter of peat. The values of the soil exchange reaction were neutral on the fen, as well as slightly alkaline but extremely low on the bog. A significantly higher nitrogen supply was found in the organic matter of the fen in contrast to the bog. At the same time, extremely low content of accessible P and an above-limit content of As in the surface horizons were also found on the fen. From the phytocoenological point of view, 22 plant species were identified on the fen, while only five species were identified on the bog, which also affected the higher diversity (H’) and equitability (e). The results of the statistical testing confirmed the diversity of the studied peatlands and the different impact of environmental variables on plant diversity.
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Sommer, Robert S., Volker Thiele, Gennadi Sushko, Marcin Sielezniew, Detlef Kolligs, and Dalius Dapkus. "The distribution pattern of mire specialist butterflies in raised bogs of the northern lowlands of Central Europe." Nota Lepidopterologica 45 (January 13, 2022): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.45.75182.
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Raised bogs are extreme and azonal ecosystems with a characteristic hydrological balance, microclimatic conditions and a specific flora and fauna. Recently, these ecosystems have increasingly become the focus of scientific and general attention because of their important ecosystem roles in the face of global warming and providing biodiversity refuges. From a biogeographical and evolutionary context, the peat bogs of the European Lowlands serve as palaeorefugia, acting as cold, edaphic island habitats for arcto-alpine or boreo-montane insect species in temperate biomes. Analysing 105 peat bog sites in the northern lowlands of Central Europe, we compare the diversity and geographic distribution pattern of a subset of six butterfly species, which appear to be tyrphobiontic or tyrphophile mire specialists. We demonstrate a decrease in mean species number in the European Lowlands on a gradient from the east (Northern Belarus, about 4 species) to the west (Northern Germany, about 1 species), and suggest that the decreasing species number may be mainly caused by human impact in the past. The individual distribution pattern shows a nearly complete gap in occurrence of the sensitive bog specialist species Colias palaeno and Boloria eunomia in Northern Germany and an increasing presence of those species in peat bogs of eastern Europe. Boloria aquilonaris shows a different pattern, which, in contrast to C. palaeno, is continuously distributed in all sampled regions and seems to be the more tolerant of tyrphobiontic butterflies in the face of human impact on peat bogs. In the light of other recent findings our results also suggest that Boloria aquilonaris and Plebejus optilete may serve as target species reflecting success in ecological restoration of peat bog ecosystems.
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Prokin, A. A. "First record of Hebrus ruficeps (Heteroptera: Hebridae) from the Caucasus." Zoosystematica Rossica 27, no. 2 (December 5, 2018): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2018.27.2.259.
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McDonald, I. R. "Molecular Ecological Analysis of Methanogens and Methanotrophs in Blanket Bog Peat." Microbial Ecology 38, no. 3 (October 1, 1999): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002489900172.
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Broder, T., C. Blodau, H. Biester, and K. H. Knorr. "Peat decomposition records in three pristine ombrotrophic bogs in southern Patagonia." Biogeosciences 9, no. 4 (April 20, 2012): 1479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1479-2012.
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Abstract. Ombrotrophic bogs in southern Patagonia have been examined with regard to paleoclimatic and geochemical research questions but knowledge about organic matter decomposition in these bogs is limited. Therefore, we examined peat humification with depth by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) measurements of solid peat, C/N ratio, and δ13C and δ15N isotope measurements in three bog sites. Peat decomposition generally increased with depth but distinct small scale variation occurred, reflecting fluctuations in factors controlling decomposition. C/N ratios varied mostly between 40 and 120 and were significantly correlated (R2 > 0.55, p < 0.01) with FTIR-derived humification indices. The degree of decomposition was lowest at a site presently dominated by Sphagnum mosses. The peat was most strongly decomposed at the driest site, where currently peat-forming vegetation produced less refractory organic material, possibly due to fertilizing effects of high sea spray deposition. Decomposition of peat was also advanced near ash layers, suggesting a stimulation of decomposition by ash deposition. Values of δ13C were 26.5 ± 2‰ in the peat and partly related to decomposition indices, while δ15N in the peat varied around zero and did not consistently relate to any decomposition index. Concentrations of DOM partly related to C/N ratios, partly to FTIR derived indices. They were not conclusively linked to the decomposition degree of the peat. DOM was enriched in 13C and in 15N relative to the solid phase probably due to multiple microbial modifications and recycling of N in these N-poor environments. In summary, the depth profiles of C/N ratios, δ13C values, and FTIR spectra seemed to reflect changes in environmental conditions affecting decomposition, such as bog wetness, but were dominated by site specific factors, and are further influenced by ash deposition and possibly by sea spray input.
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Hoschitz, Michael, and Rüdiger Kaufmann. "Nematode community composition in five alpine habitats." Nematology 6, no. 5 (2004): 737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541042843531.
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AbstractSoil nematodes were studied in five alpine habitats (sedge mat, pasture, peat bog, moraine, and lichen heath) in the Austrian Alps (Obergurgl, Tyrol) from 2001 to 2002. A total of 75 genera within 49 families were found. The mean nematode population density ranged from 80 to 383 individuals 100 g–1 soil and increased during the short alpine growing season. The most abundant feeding groups were bacterial feeders followed by plant-parasitic nematodes. The number of nematode taxa differed only slightly between habitats. Diversity indices (H' =3.7-4.8 based on genera) and maturity indices (MI = 2.7-3.4) were generally high. Nematode community composition of the pasture and the peat bog differed markedly from the other three sites. Nematode data on genera and feeding types yielded a comparable similarity pattern for all sites but site discrimination was better at the genus level.
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Schmid, Jürg. "Incurvaria ullae sp. n. (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae) from the Alps of Grisons, Switzerland." Entomologist's Gazette 73, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.733.1865.
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Incurvaria ullae sp. n. is described from a subalpine peat bog biotope in the Swiss Alps. It is compared morphologically, genitically and by DNA barcode to I. vetulella (Zetterstedt, 1839) and I. ploessli Huemer, 1993. Detailed observations about its biology are reported.
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Koreivienė, Judita, Jūratė Kasperovičienė, and Jūratė Karosienė. "Cyanobacteria Diversity In Kamanos Raised Bog (North-West Lithuania)." Botanica Lithuanica 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botlit-2015-0018.
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AbstractThe current study summarised the diversity of cyanobacteria found in various habitats of the second largest raised bog of Lithuania. A total of 56 cyanobacteria species that comprise 19% of all phycoflora diversity in Kamanos raised bog were recorded. Species from the Chroococcales (32 species) order and the Chroococcus (7), Aphanothece (7) genera were the most numerous. Twenty one cyanobacteria species were found in Lithuania for the first time. Most of species recorded in Kamanos raised bog were cosmopolite or distributed in temperate zone. One third of the species were characteristic particularly of the peat bogs. Thirty nine species of cyanobacteria were specific to the particular water body and occurred only in 1–3 of the studied localities. Only five species, i.e. Chroococcus turgidus, Aphanocapsa grevillei, Aphanothece elabens, Cyanosarcina sp. and Hapalosiphon sp. were common. Peculiarities of the habitat were the most important drivers determining species richness and composition of cyanobacteria in a particular locality.
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Krüger, J. P., J. Leifeld, S. Glatzel, S. Szidat, and C. Alewell. "Biogeochemical indicators of peatland degradation – a case study of a temperate bog in northern Germany." Biogeosciences 12, no. 10 (May 19, 2015): 2861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2861-2015.
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Abstract. Organic soils in peatlands store a great proportion of the global soil carbon pool and can lose carbon via the atmosphere due to degradation. In Germany, most of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic soils are attributed to sites managed as grassland. Here, we investigated a land use gradient from near-natural wetland (NW) to an extensively managed (GE) to an intensively managed grassland site (GI), all formed in the same bog complex in northern Germany. Vertical depth profiles of δ13C, δ15N, ash content, C / N ratio and bulk density as well as radiocarbon ages were studied to identify peat degradation and to calculate carbon loss. At all sites, including the near-natural site, δ13C depth profiles indicate aerobic decomposition in the upper horizons. Depth profiles of δ15N differed significantly between sites with increasing δ15N values in the top soil layers paralleling an increase in land use intensity owing to differences in peat decomposition and fertilizer application. At both grassland sites, the ash content peaked within the first centimetres. In the near-natural site, ash contents were highest in 10–60 cm depth. The ash profiles, not only at the managed grassland sites, but also at the near-natural site indicate that all sites were influenced by anthropogenic activities either currently or in the past, most likely due to drainage. Based on the enrichment of ash content and changes in bulk density, we calculated the total carbon loss from the sites since the peatland was influenced by anthropogenic activities. Carbon loss at the sites increased in the following order: NW < GE < GI. Radiocarbon ages of peat in the topsoil of GE and GI were hundreds of years, indicating the loss of younger peat material. In contrast, peat in the first centimetres of the NW was only a few decades old, indicating recent peat growth. It is likely that the NW site accumulates carbon today but was perturbed by anthropogenic activities in the past. Together, all biogeochemical parameters indicate a degradation of peat due to (i) conversion to grassland with historical drainage and (ii) land use intensification.
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Rey-Sanchez, Camilo, Gil Bohrer, Julie Slater, Yueh-Fen Li, Roger Grau-Andrés, Yushan Hao, Virginia I. Rich, and G. Matt Davies. "The ratio of methanogens to methanotrophs and water-level dynamics drive methane transfer velocity in a temperate kettle-hole peat bog." Biogeosciences 16, no. 16 (August 29, 2019): 3207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3207-2019.
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Abstract. Peatlands are a large source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere, yet the uncertainty around the estimates of CH4 flux from peatlands is large. To better understand the spatial heterogeneity in temperate peatland CH4 emissions and their response to physical and biological drivers, we studied CH4 dynamics throughout the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 in Flatiron Lake Bog, a kettle-hole peat bog in Ohio. The site is composed of six different hydro-biological zones: an open water zone, four concentric vegetation zones surrounding the open water, and a restored zone connected to the main bog by a narrow channel. At each of these locations, we monitored water level (WL), CH4 pore-water concentration at different peat depths, CH4 fluxes from the ground and from representative plant species using chambers, and microbial community composition with a focus here on known methanogens and methanotrophs. Integrated CH4 emissions for the growing season were estimated as 315.4±166 mgCH4m-2d-1 in 2017 and 362.3±687 mgCH4m-2d-1 in 2018. Median CH4 emission was highest in the open water, then it decreased and became more variable through the concentric vegetation zones as the WL dropped, with extreme emission hotspots observed in the tamarack mixed woodlands (Tamarack) and low emissions in the restored zone (18.8–30.3 mgCH4m-2d-1). Generally, CH4 flux from above-ground vegetation was negligible compared to ground flux (<0.4 %), although blueberry plants were a small CH4 sink. Pore-water CH4 concentrations varied significantly among zones, with the highest values in the Tamarack zone, close to saturation, and the lowest values in the restored zone. While the CH4 fluxes and pore-water concentrations were not correlated with methanogen relative abundance, the ratio of methanogens to methanotrophs in the upper portion of the peat was significantly correlated to CH4 transfer velocity (the CH4 flux divided by the difference in CH4 pore-water concentration between the top of the peat profile and the concentration in equilibrium with the atmosphere). Since ebullition and plant-mediated transport were not important sources of CH4 and the peat structure and porosity were similar across the different zones in the bog, we conclude that the differences in CH4 transfer velocities, and thus the flux, are driven by the ratio of methanogen to methanotroph relative abundance close to the surface. This study illustrates the importance of the interactions between water-level and microbial composition to better understand CH4 fluxes from bogs and wetlands in general.
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Haenfling, Carolin, Rewi Newnham, Andrew Rees, Ignacio Jara, Aline Homes, and Beverley Clarkson. "Holocene history of a raised bog, northern New Zealand, based on plant cuticles." Holocene 27, no. 2 (July 28, 2016): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616658524.
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We present a method for analysing subfossil plant cuticles preserved in peat and apply the method to provide a preliminary, coarse resolution reconstruction of Holocene vegetation history at Moanatuatua Bog, northern North Island, New Zealand. The plant cuticle record reveals the early-Holocene development of a swamp and its transition to a raised bog, which is not apparent from other proxies. Comparison with a pollen record from the same sequence highlights the advantages of plant cuticle analysis in cases where pollen is hard to identify or poorly preserved. In particular, distinguishing between the pollen grains of the two main bog species, the restiads Empodisma robustum and Sporadanthus ferrugineus, relies on subtle gradational characteristics, whereas their cuticular patterns are very distinct. Furthermore, Cyperaceae pollen is poorly preserved at Moanatuatua Bog, being almost completely absent, whereas the Cyperaceae cuticles are present throughout the sequence. Therefore, we suggest that Cyperaceae pollen at this site is a less reliable indicator of local sedge communities than the cuticle record. The wide dispersal capabilities of these wind-dispersed pollen types also make them less suitable for determining local site vegetation and environmental change in comparison with cuticle remains. These results suggest that plant cuticle analysis may be a useful tool for the reconstruction of long-term vegetation changes from peat sequences, especially when used in concert with palynology. Sample preparation also proved to be fast with little equipment or chemicals needed.
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Krüger, J. P., J. Leifeld, S. Glatzel, S. Szidat, and C. Alewell. "Biogeochemical indicators of peatland degradation – a case study of a temperate bog in northern Germany." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2014): 16825–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-16825-2014.
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Abstract. Peatlands store a great proportion of the global soil carbon pool and can loose carbon via the atmosphere due to degradation. In Germany, most of the greenhouse gas emissions from organic soils are attributed to sites managed as grassland. Here we investigated a land-use gradient from near-natural wetland (NW) to an extensively managed (GE) to an intensively managed grassland site (GI), all formed in the same bog complex in northern Germany. Vertical depth profiles of δ13C, δ15N, ash content, C/N ratio, bulk density, as well as radiocarbon ages were studied to identify peat degradation and to calculate carbon loss. At all sites, including the near-natural site, δ13C depth profiles indicate aerobic decomposition in the upper horizons. Depth profiles of δ15Ndiffered significantly between sites with increasing δ15N values in the top layers with increasing intensity of use, indicating that the peat is more decomposed. At both grassland sites, the ash content peaked within the first centimeter. In the near-natural site, ash contents were highest in 10–60 cm depth. This indicates that not only the managed grasslands, but also the near-natural site, is influenced by anthropogenic activities, most likely due to the drainage of the surrounding area. However, we found very young peat material in the first centimeter of the NW, indicating recent peat growth. The NW site accumulates carbon today even though it is and probably was influenced by anthropogenic activities in the past indicated by δ13C and ash content depth profiles. Based on the enrichment of ash content and changes in bulk density, we calculated carbon loss from these sites in retrograde. As expected land use intensification leads to a higher carbon loss which is supported by the higher peat ages at the intensive managed grassland site. All investigated biogeochemical parameters together indicate degradation of peat due to (i) conversion to grassland, (ii) historical drainage as well as recent development and (iii) land use intensification.
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Dedysh, Svetlana N., Timofei A. Pankratov, Svetlana E. Belova, Irina S. Kulichevskaya, and Werner Liesack. "Phylogenetic Analysis and In Situ Identification of Bacteria Community Composition in an Acidic Sphagnum Peat Bog." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 3 (March 2006): 2110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.3.2110-2117.2006.
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ABSTRACT The Bacteria community composition in an acidic Sphagnum peat bog (pH 3.9 to 4.5) was characterized by a combination of 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis, rRNA-targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and cultivation. Among 84 environmental 16S rRNA gene clones, a set of only 16 cloned sequences was closely related (≥95% similarity) to taxonomically described organisms. Main groups of clones were affiliated with the Acidobacteria (24 clones), Alphaproteobacteria (20), Verrucomicrobia (13), Actinobacteria (8), Deltaproteobacteria (4), Chloroflexi (3), and Planctomycetes (3). The proportion of cells that hybridized with oligonucleotide probes specific for members of the domains Bacteria (EUB338-mix) and Archaea (ARCH915 and ARC344) accounted for only 12 to 22% of the total cell counts. Up to 24% of the EUB338-positive cells could be assigned by FISH to specific bacterial phyla. Alphaproteobacteria and Planctomycetes were the most numerous bacterial groups (up to 1.3 × 107 and 1.1 × 107 cells g−1 peat, respectively). In contrast to conventional plating techniques, a novel biofilm-mediated enrichment approach allowed us to isolate some representatives of predominant Bacteria groups, such as Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes. This novel strategy has great potential to enable the isolation of a significant proportion of the peat bog bacterial diversity.
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Machová-Černá, Kateřina, and Jiří Neustupa. "Spatial Distribution of Algal Assemblages in a Temperate Lowland Peat Bog." International Review of Hydrobiology 94, no. 1 (February 2009): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200811058.
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Guêné-Nanchen, Mélina, Noémie D’Amour, and Line Rochefort. "Adaptation of restoration target with climate change: the case of a coastal peatland." Botany 98, no. 8 (August 2020): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0050.
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As a rise in sea level is expected with climate change, peat-extracted peatlands located in coastal zones are more vulnerable to saltwater intrusion. Seawater contamination may prevent revegetation of typical bog species (e.g., Sphagnum, ericaceous shrubs) generally intolerant to saline conditions. Spontaneous revegetation was studied in a 27-year post-extracted bog that has been contaminated with seawater in New Brunswick (Eastern Canada). This study aimed (i) to evaluate spontaneous plant regeneration on saline but still acidic, organic soil; and (ii) to relate the recolonized vegetation patterns to the main environmental conditions. Of the seven plant communities found in the sea-contaminated bog, none were typical of bogs, and Sphagnum mosses were poorly represented. Plants communities and chemical properties were rather representative of salt marsh ecosystems (i.e., Carex paleacea, Sporobolus michauxianus, Empetrum nigrum, Myrica gale; neutral pH and nutrient-rich, namely P, Mg, and NH4+). Areas with low levels of spontaneous revegetation were associated with harsh chemical conditions (i.e., acid pH, high electrical conductivity, and nutrient-poor). Considering the aggravating factors that will persist with climate change, restoration of coastal bogs contaminated with seawater should aim to re-establish salt marsh ecosystems, given that spontaneous revegetation patterns and chemical conditions clearly do not allow the establishment of bog plant communities.
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Kučerová, Andrea, Jan Čermák, Nadezhda Nadezhdina, and Jan Pokorný. "Transpiration of Pinus rotundata on a wooded peat bog in central Europe." Trees 24, no. 5 (July 4, 2010): 919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-010-0463-4.
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Komulainen, Veli-Matti, Hannu Nykänen, Pertti J. Martikainen, and Jukka Laine. "Short-term effect of restoration on vegetation change and methane emissions from peatlands drained for forestry in southern Finland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-011.
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Methane (CH4) fluxes from fixed sample plots in a minerotrophic fen and an ombrotrophic bog in southern Finland were measured by using a static chamber technique 1 year before and 2 years after a rewetting treatment. Methane emissions rose with rising water table after rewetting from 0.1 to 2.1 g ·m-2 ·a-1 at the fen site and from 0.8 to 4.6 g ·m-2 ·a-1 at the bog site but remained at a lower level than emissions from similar pristine site types. At the fen site the emissions were related to the short-term succession of cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum L.). Emissions showed high spatial and temporal variation with high emission peaks at the bog site. Temporal fluctuation of the emissions during the measurement season (from the end of May to the end of September) was correlated with peat temperature, while the seasonal fluxes were dependent on the moisture conditions in different microsites.