Relevant bibliographies by topics / Peasantry – Soviet Union

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Academic literature on the topic 'Peasantry – Soviet Union'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Peasantry – Soviet Union"

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Ivanov, S. "The destruction of the Ukrainian village by the holodomor of 1932-1933: criminal laws of the soviet authority." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 71 (August 25, 2022): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.71.4.

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The article considers and analyzes a number of important legal acts adopted by the Union and Republican leadership of the Bolshevik Party during 1932 - 1933. It was made an attempt to demonstrate theirs crime and inhumane nature on the example of repressive actions against the Ukrainian peasantry. It was determined that one of the keys implementation mechanisms of this crime against the Ukrainian peasantry was the establishment of excessive grain supplies, which provided for the planned grain seizure from the peasants to the state’s favour. It is shown that essentially the grain procurement provided not only an opportunity to replenish the stock of bread for sale abroad, but was a convenient and profitable state’s way to deal with the rebellious Ukrainian peasantry. It was found that under the guise of grain procurement, fighting against speculation, embezzlement, and sabotage, the government issued laws that effectively legitimized the extermination of the Ukrainian peasantry. A thorough analysis of a number of regulations adopted by the Soviet authorities during the study period and confirm the thesis of the artificial nature of the Holodomor, which in turn is an extremely important and urgent task in modern historical and legal science to preserve historical memory ukrainians. It has been proved that the legal nihilism of Stalin’s totalitarian dictatorship, embodied in a concentrated form by the anti-peasant laws of 1932-1933, convincingly proves that the Holodomor became one of the largest crimes against humanity in modern human history, that can be qualified as genocide against Ukrainians as a nation and peasants as a class by all criteria. Particular attention is paid to the criminal actions of the Soviet leadership during the forced collectivization of peasant farms and grain companies, as well as the policy of eliminating the kulaks as a class. It has been shown that the main goal of forced collectivization was to create collective farms instead of individual peasant farms, which in turn would facilitate the rapid implementation of grain procurement plans.
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Fonzi, Paolo. "Non-Soviet Perspectives on the Great Famine: A Comparative Analysis of British, Italian, Polish, and German Sources." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 3 (December 16, 2019): 444–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.27.

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AbstractThe present contribution analyzes systematically diplomatic reports written by German, Italian, British, and Polish representatives in the Soviet Union at the time of the Great Famine. Based on both published documents and unpublished archival sources, the article examines comparatively the perception of the Great Famine in these four countries. After providing a short overview of the diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the four countries at the time of the famine, this article examines how German, Italian, British, and Polish diplomats explained three key issues for understanding the Great Famine: (1) the role of the conflicts between state and peasantry in unleashing the famine; (2) the issue of whether the Soviet government intentionally caused the famine; and (3) the role of intentions in the development of the famine and the relationship between the nationalities policy of the Soviet government and the famine.
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Baranova, Elena V., and Vitaliy N. Maslov. "Problems of post-war peasant migration in the acts on the arrival of resettlement echelons in the Kaliningrad Region." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 190 (2021): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-190-200-211.

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The relevance of the research is determined by the necessity for study of the set of documents related to the migration of the rural population in the Soviet country after the World War II. The movement of the Soviet peasantry was an important part of the resettlement process on a national scale. An array of primary data from the echelon lists of migrants stored in a number of regional archives has not yet been introduced into scientific circulation. It is in them that informa-tion is concentrated on the composition of the migrant’s families, their nationality, education, pro-fession, labor activity, property and places of exit, up to village councils. We analyze the content of acts on the arrival of migrants to the Kaliningrad Region. Its agricultural workforce was formed primarily through migration organized by the authorities. The materials of the acts reflect impor-tant aspects of the organization and conditions of the controlled movement of the peasantry across the Soviet Union. Acts on the acceptance of resettlement echelons, along with statistical sources, memoirs and administrative and managerial documentation, allow you to reconstruct an objective picture of the Soviet resettlement campaign in the post-war period.
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Gabbas, Marco. "Collectivization and National Question in Soviet Udmurtia." Russian History 47, no. 4 (September 8, 2021): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340015.

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Abstract The subject of this article is the collectivization of agriculture in Soviet Udmurtia at the turn of the 1930s. Situated in the Urals, Udmurtia was an autonomous region, largely agricultural, and with a developing industrial center, Izhevsk, as capital. The titular nationality of the region, the Udmurts, represented slightly more than 50% of the total inhabitants, while the rest was made up by Russians and other national minorities. Udmurts were mostly peasants and concentrated in the countryside, whereas city-dwellers and factory workers were mostly Russians. Due to these and other circumstances, collectivization in Udmurtia was carried out in a very specific way. The campaign began here in 1928, one year before than in the rest of the Union, and had possibly the highest pace in the country, with 76% of collectivized farms by 1933. The years 1928–1931 were the highest point of the campaign, when the most opposition and the most violence took place. The local Party Committee put before itself the special task to carry out a revolutionary collectivization campaign in the Udmurt countryside, which should have been a definitive solution to its “national” backwardness and to all its problems, from illiteracy to trachoma, from syphilis to the strip system (that is, each family worked on small “strips” of land far from each other). The Party Committee failed to exert much support from the peasant Udmurt masses, which stayed at best inert to collectivization propaganda, or opposed it openly. However, the back of the Udmurt peasantry was finally broken, and Udmurtia was totally collectivized by the end of the 1930s.
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Krasavchenko, Tatiana N. "British Requiem for the Peasantry in the USSR: Gareth Jones and Malcolm Muggeridge." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 23, no. 1 (2021): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2021.23.1.009.

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The subject of this interdisciplinary article is the case of British journalists Gareth Jones and Malcolm Muggeridge. In 1933 they were the first and the only ones to draw the world’s attention to the tragedy in the USSR: Soviet power destroyed the foundation of traditional Russian society, i.e. the peasantry — for the sake of the rapid industrialisation of the country, the socialisation of agriculture and the radical transformation of man. The price of this new “main revolution” (according to G. Jones) or experiment, which originated in the brains of “rootless urbanists” — Bolsheviks (Muggeridge) were human-induced famine, death of millions of peasants in Ukraine, Volga, Cuban, and Rostov-on-Don regions. But fascinated by the embodiment of the idea of utopia, as well as proceeding from the interests of Realpolitik, the West ignored this tragedy. The article examines the conflict between the personality — Jones and society, Soviet and Western, as evidence to the fact that “a man can be destroyed but not defeated” (Hemingway). The subject of “famine” was developed in the works of A. Koestler, G. Orwell, research of R. Conquest, D. Rayfield, who in their ideas and opinions followed Jones and Muggeridge. Views on Russia of the latter ones and of an influential New York Times correspondent in Moscow — Walter Duranty, who in 1932 got a Pulitzer prize for his deceitful reports denying the famine in the Soviet Union, are presented here as ethically and culturally opposite: Stalin’s apologist Duranty viewed Russia as a country of Asians, of born slaves; Jones and Muggeridge saw it as a tragic country which was losing its mighty human potential — peasantry and natural course of development, and both of them anticipated the collapse of the Soviet regime. And the Soviet civilization collapsed, though 60 years later, for it was doomed: it is impossible to build Heaven on blood — to achieve world harmony at the cost of “a tear of a child” (Dostoevsky), i. e. the suffering of innocent people.
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Mozokhin, O. B. "Participation of the Organs of the OGPU-NKVD of the Soviet Union in the Collectivization of Agriculture." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S3 (June 2022): S212—S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622090131.

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Abstract This article analyzes the role of the OGPU-NKVD in carrying out the policy of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the collectivization of agriculture, and it reports on the protest movements of the peasantry, on individual and collective protests against collectivization, and the suppression of these movements by punitive bodies. The measures of the authorities for the “liquidation of the kulaks as a class” and the organs of the OGPU-NKVD as a mechanism for carrying out repressions are specially studied.
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Шуберт, Татьяна, and Tatyana Shubert. "Stages of Development of the Soviet Statehood of 1917—1940 and their Estimation in Works of Soviet Scientists." Journal of Russian Law 2, no. 7 (September 18, 2014): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4830.

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In this article the three stages of development of the Russian Constitution (1918, 1925, 1937), are discussed each of represents a certain phase of the constitutional development of the Soviet state. The first stage (1917—1925) is characterized with the transition from capitalism to socialism, the second one stages (1925—1937) is associated with the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1925, reflecting changes in the state-building — the formation of the unanimous union of the republican states — the USSR and delegating some mostly important items to it, the formation of the new autonomous regions, the end of the civil war and the reconstruction of the national economics. The third stage (1937—1940) is connected with the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1937 (based on the Stalin Constitution of the USSR), which was characterized with the victory of socialism, the industrialization of the country and the collectivization in the agriculture, sphere of economics, the construction of a society without exploiting classes based on the alliance of the working class and the peasantry.
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Anfertiev, Ivan A. "Stalin’s Liquidation of Kulaks as Class and Organization of the Process of the Soviet Peasantry Proletarianization." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2021): 1229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-4-1229-1244.

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The article examines various aspects of the recently revealed archival document of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on the plan of repressive policy against the Soviet peasantry “On measures to eliminate kulak farms in the areas of continuous collectivization.” The author notes that the process of liquidation of kulaks as class, or of depeasantrification, as it is often designated in the historical literature, has been well studied. The first and rather timid attempts to assess the problem in the terms of individual “deformations of socialism” date to the turn the 1990s. At present, the attention is mostly focused on the regional aspect, as over the past three decades there has been made available a complex of sources from local archives, which was previously in closed storage. The article analyzes preconditions of the protest sentiments in the course of mass collectivization undertaken by the party bodies in the center and in the regions, as well as harsh suppression of possible peasant uprisings by punitive bodies, identification and persecution of the instigators. Examination of official party documents on collectivization permits to identify the ideological, social, and economic criteria for ranking Soviet peasants among kulaks. It is concluded that liquidation of kulaks as class on the territory of the USSR was conducted in a very short time and in two stages. At the first stage, in January – March 1930, repressions were to be carried out in the economically developed regions: the Black Earth region, the Middle and Lower Volga region, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, North Caucasus, Dagestan, Ural, Siberia. The second stage spread them to other regions of Soviet Russia. The author notes an inconsistency in the thesis of positive economic consequences of the mass collectivization and elimination of kulaks as class for industrialization. Taking into account their consequences, the author proposes to consider these two complementary processes initiated by the leadership of the CPSU (B) as a preventive campaign to intimidate the rural population in order to return to the methods of surplus appropriation via formation of the collective farm system. It has been revealed that J.V. Stalin’s plans, in accordance with the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, included a rapid change in socio-economic status of peasants: from relatively free farmers, producers of agricultural products entitled to manage their crops (after paying the taxes) to hired workers, in other words, proletarians. According to the author, the large-scale famine of the first half of the 1930s was a direct consequence of the so-called “revolutionary transformations in agriculture,” the victims of which are still to be accurately calculated.
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Chen, Yixin. "Cold War Competition and Food Production in China, 1957–1962." Agricultural History 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-83.1.51.

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Abstract This article examines how Mao’s grand strategy for Cold War competition inflicted a catastrophic agricultural failure in China and victimized tens of millions of Chinese peasants. It argues that Khrushchev’s 1957 boast about the Soviet Union surpassing the United States in key economic areas inspired Mao to launch an industrialization program that would push the People’s Republic past Great Britain in some production categories within fifteen years. Beginning in 1958 Mao imposed unrealistic targets on Chinese grain production to extract funds from agriculture for rapid industrial growth. Maoists placed relentless pressure on communist cadres for ruthless implementation of the Great Leap Forward. Contrary to Maoist plans, China’s grain output in 1959-1960 declined sharply from 1957 levels and rural per capita grain retention decreased dramatically. Throughout China, party cadres’ mismanagement of agricultural production was responsible for the decline in grain output, and the communist state’s excessive requisition of grain caused food shortages for the peasants. But the key factor determining the famine’s uneven impact on the peasantry in the provinces was the degree to which provincial leaders genuinely and energetically embraced Maoist programs. This is illustrated by a close examination of the Great Leap famine in Anhui Province.
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Niсkolsky, Sergey A. "The USSR in Its International Aspect: a Philosophical and Historical Analysis of the Ways for Solving Agrarian Question by the Bolsheviks." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 12 (2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-12-90-100.

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The formation of the USSR five years after the October Revolution followed not only from internal needs, but also from the idea of “dialectical transition” of the feudal-capitalist component of the Russian empire’s heritage to the socialist form. The USSR formation also had a more ambitious goal: The Soviet Union was expected to become the first experience of creating the “world workers and peasants union” (V.I. Lenin). First of all, this experience was gained in the agri­cultural sphere – the dominant sector of the country’s economy. In this regard, the main scientific problem of this article is the philosophical and historical un­derstanding of the methods invented by the Bolsheviks during the war commu­nism policy period in 1918–1921 to form a new sense of agrarian life adequate to the future “world USSR”. After a short break of NEP the experience gained in the agrarian sphere was used during the forcible сollectivization in the Russian Federation and in the territories of the former Russian Empire annexed to it for internationalist purposes. The article analyzes in detail the political and ideologi­cal reasons of the Bolshevik’s activities solving the agrarian question during the periods of “war communism” and collectivization, the legal basis they had de­veloped for this issue, the successive elimination of the peasant cooperation as a self-organization of active people, the idea of historical necessity and the com­munist practicability of the overall labor obligation and the effectiveness of forced labor, as well as the consequences of these measures: the terrible famine of 1920–1921 and the armed resistance of the peasantry to the agrarian policy of the Bolsheviks.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Peasantry – Soviet Union"

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Retish, Aaron Benyamin. "Peasant Identities in Russia’s Turmoil: Status, Gender, and Ethnicity in Viatka Province, 1914-1921." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1051221981.

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McGaughey, Aaron. "The Irkutsk cultural project : images of peasants, workers & natives in late imperial Irkutsk province, c.1870-1905." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28435/.

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This thesis explores depictions of established Russian-Siberian peasants, settlers from European Russia, non-agricultural workers, indigenous Buriats and Jews in Irkutsk province during the late imperial period. In particular, it focuses on characterisations of these groups that were created by the Irkutsk 'cultural class' (kul'turnogo klassa) in the late imperial period. The sources it uses are print media such as journals and newspapers produced in or associated with Irkutsk to create a 'microhistorical' study. It is structured around categories of analysis that were used at the time in scientific and literary treatments of lower class peoples, such as social mores, cultural activity, economic function, physiognomy and sexuality. It also studies how these images informed the development of a transformationist culture of government in rural, urban and colonial environments. Using theories of imperial networks and cultural projects borrowed from human and cultural geography and adapting them to an anthropocentric study of Russian colonialism, these debates are situated within the wider context of pan-European, inter-imperial frames of reference. The portrayals of population groups in both domestic and colonial settings that lay within these frameworks rested on common core signs and assumptions found across other pre-war European empires, which made both the frameworks and the images highly portable. This anthropocentric comparative is used to "bring the empire back in", both in recognising the imperial frames of reference within which its culture played out, and also as a means of furthering historiographical analyses that argue against Russian exceptionalism.
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Millier, Callie Anne. "Russian Peasant Women's Resistance Against the State during the Antireligious Campaigns of 1928-1932." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849654/.

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This study seeks to explore the role of peasant women in resistance to the antireligious campaigns during collectivization and analyze how the interplay of the state and resistors formed a new culture of religion in the countryside. I argue that while the state’s succeeded in controlling most of the public sphere, peasant women, engaging in subversive activities and exploiting the state’s ideology, succeeded in preserving a strong peasant adherence to religion prior to World War II. It was peasant women’s determination and adaptation that thwarted the party’s goal of nation-wide atheism.
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Demers, Alanna. "They Kill Horses, Don't They? Peasant Resistance and the Decline of the Horse Population in Soviet Russia." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1459521486.

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Sokolsky, Mark D. Sokolsky. "Taming Tiger Country: Colonization and Environment in the Russian Far East, 1860-1940." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468510951.

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KESSLER, Gijs. "The peasant and the town : rural-urban migration in the Soviet Union, 1929-1940." Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5855.

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Defence date: 14 December 2001
Examining board: Prof. Andrea Graziosi, Università Federico II, Napoli ; Prof. Terry Martin, Harvard University ; Prof. Arfon Rees, EUI ; Prof. Jaime Reis, University of Lisbon (supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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KAZNELSON, Michael. "Kulak children and the Soviet state in the 1930s." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6337.

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Defence date: 19 September 2006
Examining Board: Prof. Andrea Graziosi, Università di Napoli Federico II ; Prof. E.A. Rees, the EUI (Supervisor) ; Prof. Lynne Viola, the University of Toronto ; Prof. Jay Winter, the EUI
First made available online on 29 June 2018
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Baker, Mark Robert. "Peasants, power and revolution in the village a social history of Kharkiv Province, 1914-1921 : a thesis presented /." 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/52093384.html.

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Books on the topic "Peasantry – Soviet Union"

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Defining peasants: Essays concerning rural societies, expolary economies, and learning from them in the contemporary world. Oxford, UK: B. Blackwell, 1990.

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1946-, Eklof Ben, and Frank Stephen 1955-, eds. The World of the Russian peasant: Post-emancipation culture and society. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990.

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The Russian peasantry, 1600-1930: The world the peasants made. London: Longman, 1999.

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The Russian peasantry, 1600-1930: The world the peasants made. New York: Routledge, 2016.

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1914-, Edgerton William Benbow, ed. Memoirs of peasant tolstoyans in Soviet Russia. Bloomington, USA: Indiana University Press, 1993.

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Mobilizing Soviet peasants: Heroines and heroes of Stalin's fields. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006.

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The great Soviet Peasant War: Bolsheviks and peasants, 1917-1933. Cambridge, Mass: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University, 1996.

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Andrea, Romano. Contadini in uniforme: L'Armata Rossa e la collettivizzazione delle campagne nell'URSS. Firenze: L.S. Olschki, 1999.

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Andrea, Romano, Tarkhova N. S, Istituto universitario orientale (Naples, Italy). Osservatorio est-ovest., and Rossiĭskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ voennyĭ arkhiv, eds. L' Armata Rossa e la collettivizzazione delle campagne nell'URSS, 1928-1933: Raccolta di documenti dai Fondi dell'Archivio militare di Stato Russo. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale, 1996.

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1939-, Bartlett Roger P., ed. Land commune and peasant community in Russia: Communal forms in imperial and early Soviet society. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Peasantry – Soviet Union"

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Velikanova, Olga. "Rural Consolidation against Soviet Politics: The Peasant Union Movement in the 1920s." In Popular Perceptions of Soviet Politics in the 1920s, 118–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030757_5.

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Denisova, Liubov. "The Daily Life of Russian Peasant Women." In The Palgrave Handbook of Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Russia and the Soviet Union, 149–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54905-1_11.

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Channon, John. "The Bolsheviks and the Peasantry: the Land Question During the First Eight Months of Soviet Rule." In The Soviet Union, 73–104. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351145206-4.

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Polonsky, Antony. "Jews in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union, 1921–1941." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 274–307. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0009.

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This chapter describes the situation of the Jews in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union in the years between 1921 and 1941. Here, their victory in the civil war enabled the Bolsheviks to apply the ideological principles they had developed for dealing with the ‘Jewish question’. National issues were seen by all the Bolsheviks as instrumental. They were to be judged on how they advanced the interest of the world revolution and the Soviet state. Where national groups were supported, this was a tactical alliance, like the alliance with the peasantry. The ultimate goal was the creation of a new socialist man who would be above petty nationalist divisions, and a single world socialist state. All those responsible for Jewish policy within the Bolshevik party sought this final goal; the only difference between them was their view on how long Jewish separateness could be tolerated. The aim was assimilation—a new version of the view that the Jews were to be given everything as individuals and nothing as a community.
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Wemheuer, Felix. "The “Tribute” of the Peasantry in Times of Food Availability Decline." In Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union, 25–61. Yale University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300195811.003.0002.

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"1. The “Tribute” of the Peasantry in Times of Food Availability Decline." In Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union, 25–61. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300206784-004.

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Kligman, Gail, and Katherine Verdery. "The Soviet Blueprint." In Peasants under Siege. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the Soviet blueprint, which established the technology of collectivization that East European leaders followed, with variations, during the 1950s. As the first country in the world to be founded on Marxist–Leninist principles, the Soviet Union had myriad problems to solve. The leaders' ambitious program of social engineering required developing a variety of techniques for carrying out specific tasks, such as obtaining food requisitions, collectivizing agriculture, and so on. These techniques formed the basis for creating “replica” regimes in Eastern Europe following World War II, in a process of technology transfer of almost unparalleled scope. This technological package may be called “the Soviet blueprint,” of which collectivization was a major part. Although the results varied considerably, each East European country was pressed into adopting more or less the same package. Nowhere, however, did the blueprint fully succeed against recalcitrant local realities—not even in the Soviet Union itself.
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Viola, Lynne. "Бабьu Буңmьl and Peasant Women's Protest during Collectivization." In The Soviet Union, 187–206. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351145206-8.

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Kligman, Gail, and Katherine Verdery. "Conclusion." In Peasants under Siege. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.003.0010.

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This concluding chapter summarizes the main points of this analysis and seeks to extend it by addressing broader comparative questions about the socialist variant of modern state-making. The Soviet Union exported the revolutionary technology of collectivization to its satellites, providing the blueprint along with Soviet advisors to guide them. This blueprint set out the parameters for establishing collectives: new methods to improve agricultural production, a new institutional infrastructure, and an arsenal of pedagogical techniques with which cadres were to enlighten peasants and discipline dissenters. However, collectivization was not carried out in a uniform manner anywhere. Blueprints may provide a plan, but social practices are not so easily hammered or welded into place. Romania's small and weak Communist Party, dependent on the Soviet Union, faced a largely agrarian population that offered heavy resistance. Complicating their task was the ongoing strength of the country's interwar fascist movement in both rural and urban areas, among all social strata.
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Boterbloem, Kees. "The End of the Russian Peasants under Stalin." In Life in Stalin’s Soviet Union. Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474285483.ch-001.

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