Journal articles: 'Peasant uprisings – England – History'

1

McClain, James L., and Anne Walthall. "Peasant Uprisings in Japan: A Critical Anthology of Peasant Histories." Monumenta Nipponica 47, no. 3 (1992): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2385115.

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Walthall, Anne, and Stephen Vlastos. "Peasant Protests and Uprisings in Tolugawa Japan." American Historical Review 92, no. 4 (October 1987): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1864082.

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White, James W., and Stephen Vlastos. "Peasant Protests and Uprisings in Tokugawa Japan." Monumenta Nipponica 41, no. 4 (1986): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384873.

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Berg, L. N., and K. V. Korsakov. "Jakub Szela: The Unknown Pages of History." Rusin, no. 64 (2021): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/64/4.

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The article focuses on the new and little-known historical facts about Jakub Szela, a leader of the peasant uprising in Western Galicia in 1846, also known as the Galician Massacre, against Polish landowners, nobility, government officials and Catholic priests. The authors emphasize the Rusin origin of Jakub Szela and many other uprising participants, which explains both the reasons for and nature of these peasant uprisings accompanied by brutal murders in Western Galicia. These controversies originate from the social, national, and religious contradictions unresolved by the Polish administration. Jacub Szela suffered from oppression, humiliation and deprivation from the representatives of the privileged classes, which united him with other famous historical figures who led peasant and Cossack popular uprisings and riots and headed robber bands and insurgent groups in Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova, and Ukraine. The authors argue that Jacub Szela’s activities were progressive, although the opinions and judgements about them now are polarized. The Austrian Empire and Russia played a noticeable role in the suppression of the Polish liberation movement in the middle of the 19th century. The authors emphasize that the Galician uprising of 1846 coincided with the Polish liberation movement and did much to counteract it. Finally, Jacub Szela and his associates achieved their main goal – the abolition of serfdom and corvee labor in Galicia.

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Kravchenko, Artyom Vladimirovich, Nikita A. Lomakin, Varvara Mikhaylovna Sklez, and Anna Dmitrievna Sokolova. "Paradoxes of temporality: Remembering peasant uprisings 100 years later." Sibirskie istoricheskie issledovaniya, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 144–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/2312461x/27/8.

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Klubock, Thomas Miller. "The nature of the frontier: forests and peasant uprisings in southern Chile." Social History 36, no. 2 (May 2011): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2011.562348.

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Dewindt, Edwin B., and P. D. A. Harvey. "The Peasant Land Market in Medieval England." American Historical Review 91, no. 5 (December 1986): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1864404.

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Harvey, P. D. A. "Peasant and Community in Medieval England, 1200-1500." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (February 1, 2004): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.176.

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Titow, Jan, and P. D. A. Harvey. "The Peasant Land Market in Medieval England." Economic History Review 38, no. 3 (August 1985): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597001.

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10

DeWindt, Anne Reiber. "Redefining the Peasant Community in Medieval England: The Regional Perspective." Journal of British Studies 26, no. 2 (April 1987): 163–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385885.

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Historians of the medieval English peasantry have tended to assume that the history of peasants and their culture can best be revealed through the history of the village as a social and economic unit. As a result, the important recent advances in our understanding of peasant culture have been made by historians who, borrowing heavily from the disciplines of sociology and anthropology, have written studies of particular villages or small towns. The mystique of the “village community” has retained a hold on the historian's imagination. Even as the peasant and his family now attract more attention from scholars, studies of family size, household structure, and inheritance and marriage patterns are usually carried out within the context of a particular village or small town, largely because collections of local records naturally coalesce around a parish name. These close examinations of specific vills have been made possible primarily through the exploitation of the village court rolls that survive from the mid-thirteenth century. Ironically, it has been these very village court rolls that, in the end, have forcefully demonstrated that the assumptions identifying peasant history with village history must now be abandoned.The numerous studies of medieval English villages that have made possible the study of peasant family structure and behavior are now demonstrating that the history of the peasant family and the history of the particular village must part company. Certainly, the study of a single series of village court rolls makes possible the discovery within the village of family groups with characteristic behavior patterns.

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Kelly, W. W. "Peasant Protest in Japan, 1590-1884. By Herbert P. Bix and Peasant Protests and Uprisings in Tokugawa Japan. By Stephen Vlastos." Journal of Social History 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 555–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/21.3.555.

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Kliueva, V. P., and N. A. Liskevich. "Between Trauma and Oblivion: Actualizing the Historical Memory of the West Siberian Peasant Uprising of 1921." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 3(54) (2021): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-3-178-188.

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The article is devoted to the historical memory of the West Siberian peasant uprising of 1921. In addition, the authors study the signs of cultural trauma among the descendants of the uprising’s participants and discuss the process of forgetting and accentuating trauma in local communities. The paper is based on field materials (2018) in the Tyumen region, supplemented by archival and published materials. During the Soviet period, the historical memory of the peasant uprising was represented through official publications and school education. According to the official point of view, the rebels, as people who protected their property, ended up in the negative category of the “Whites” or were completely excluded from the context of the events of the 1920s. Based on the description of cultural trauma (Eyerman), we argue that the memory of peasant uprisings became traumatic only in the post-Soviet period, after the formation of the opinion “all participants of the uprising are victims” in public space. Local history experts regularly reproduce social practices of commemoration in the Tyumen region. However, these practices have not become part of the public discourse. The reason for this is the loss of family memory replaced by collective historical memory.

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Fernando, M. R. "The Trumpet Shall Sound for Rich Peasants: Kasan Mukmin's Uprising in Gedangan, East Java, 1904." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26, no. 2 (September 1995): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400007098.

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In late May 1904 a small band of people led by a certain Kasan Mukmin, a kyai or rural religious teacher, mounted an uprising in the village of Kebonpasar in Gedangan district of Sidoarjo regency, East Java. It was a single incident in a series of protests involving small groups of affluent peasants in Java between 1880 and 1920 which are difficult to explain in terms of the “moral economy” perspective. J.C. Scott has suggested that increasing intrusion of market economic forces into the indigenous economic life in the process of capitalist economic transformation eroded the subsistence margin of peasants instigating them to mount uprisings. This view may well explain some major peasant uprisings in Southeast Asia, but as Mukmin's uprising illustrates, numerous small rural protests in Java after 1880 occurred in relatively prosperous areas and involved affluent peasants. They were not caused by violation of peasants' perception of moral economy.

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Fernando, Radin. "In the Eyes of the Beholder: Discourses of a Peasant Riot in Java." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 30, no. 2 (September 1999): 263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400013023.

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Peasant uprisings in Java under colonial rule are usually seen as precursors of the nationalist struggle for freedom. This view needs a radical revision in light of numerous small incidents of rural protest that did not have any political agenda as such. Instead, conflicts of interests among villagers over agricultural resources appear to have led to mutual recrimination and to denunciation of some individuals as rebels against colonial state. The colonial bureaucracy caught up in such incidents found it difficult to disentangle the truth from fabricated information and sought an easy way out by depicting villagers as rebels.

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Seligson, Mitchell A. "Thirty Years of Transformation in the Agrarian Structure of El Salvador, 1961–1991." Latin American Research Review 30, no. 3 (1995): 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100017532.

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Inequality in the distribution of land has long been viewed as the social dynamite that has set off many peasant uprisings in the twentieth century. The most extensive study to date of modern guerrilla wars in Latin America, by Timothy Wickham-Crowley, found land tenure and the overall agrarian structure to be a common element in upheaval in Cuba, Venezuela, Guatemala, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, and El Salvador (Wickham-Crowley 1992, 306–7). Samuel Huntington's classic book on development and stability articulated the explanation for these agrarian insurrections: “Where the conditions of landownership are equitable and provide a viable living for the peasant, revolution is unlikely. Where they are inequitable and where the peasant lives in poverty and suffering, revolution is likely, if not inevitable, unless the government takes prompt measures to remedy these conditions” (Huntington 1968, 375).

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Sea, Thomas F. "The German Princes' Responses to the Peasants' Revolt of 1525." Central European History 40, no. 2 (May 14, 2007): 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938907000520.

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The German Peasants' Revolt of 1525 represented an unprecedented challenge to the princes and other petty political rulers of the areas involved. While localized uprisings had occurred with increasing frequency in the decades prior to the 1525 revolt and an uneasy awareness of growing levels of peasant discontent was widespread among most rulers of southern and central German lands, the extent of the major rebellion that developed in early 1525 took everyone by surprise. No one was prepared to respond, either militarily or through more peaceful means. Even the Swabian League, the peacekeeping alliance of Imperial princes, prelates, nobility, and cities that eventually assumed primary responsibility for suppressing the revolt, did little to mobilize its resources for almost six months after the first appeals for help from its members against disobedient subjects reached it. When the League did mobilize, its decision created further problems for League members, since most sent their required contingents to the League's forces only to discover that they needed the troops badly themselves once the revolt spread to their own lands. Since the Council of the Swabian League adamantly refused to return any members' troops because this would hinder the League's own ability to suppress the peasant disorders, many members found themselves virtually defenseless against the rebels.

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17

Helmholz, R. H., and Barbara A. Hanawalt. "The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England." American Historical Review 92, no. 2 (April 1987): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1866646.

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18

Schofield, Phillipp R. "Impediments to expropriation. Peasant property rights in medieval England and Marcher Wales." Continuity and Change 36, no. 2 (August 2021): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000151.

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AbstractIn this paper, an attempt will be made to discuss the likely context for pre-plague indications of expropriation and its limits. There is plentiful evidence of an active land market in medieval villages by the end of the thirteenth century, and most likely for some time earlier. Fluctuation in the rate of buying and selling coincided with difficult harvest years and suggests a link between impecunious peasant sellers and wealthier peasant buyers. There is also some association between the selling of land and pre-existing indebtedness. In a period of partial commercial and market development, the extent to which exchange of land or of moveables proceeded to a significant structural redistribution of land and resources was constrained, and even in those parts of the country where an early peasant land market was well-established, significant adjustment is not evident. Instead, impediments to expropriation, such as seigneurial control of peasant land and limited capacity for extensive capital accumulation, acted as constraints on significant accumulation and redistribution. That said, there is limited suggestion in our sources of a redistribution of property rights associable with inequality of dealing and the advantage of wealthier landholders and creditors. In exploring this last point, particular use is made of the court records for the Welsh marcher lordship of Dyffryn Clwyd.

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Jurdi Abisaab, Rula. "Peasant Uprisings in Astarabad: theSiyāh Pūshān(wearers of black), the Sayyids, and the Safavid State." Iranian Studies 49, no. 3 (March 5, 2015): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2015.1004836.

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20

Davidson, Neil. "Centuries of Transition." Historical Materialism 19, no. 1 (2011): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920611x564662.

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AbstractThis review of Chris Wickham’s Framing the Early Middle Ages situates the book within the context of his earlier writings on the transition to feudalism, and contrasts his explanation for and dating of the process with those of the two main opposing positions set out in Perry Anderson’s Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (1974) and Guy Bois’s The Transformation of the Year One Thousand (1989). Although Framing modifies some of Wickham’s earlier positions, it largely sidesteps explicit theoretical discussion for a compellingly detailed empirical study which extends to almost the entire territorial extent of the former Roman Empire. The review focuses on three main themes raised by Wickham’s important work: the existence or otherwise of a ‘peasant’-mode of production and its relationship to the ‘Asiatic’ mode; the nature of state-formation and the question of when a state can be said to have come into existence; and the rôle of different types of class-struggle - slave-rebellions, tax-revolts and peasant-uprisings - in establishing the feudal system.

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SOLIAR, Ihor. "Olexander Karpenko in the Institute of Social Sciences: The Formation of a Scientist (1952–1960)." Наукові зошити історичного факультету Львівського університету / Proceedings of History Faculty of Lviv University, no. 23 (June 8, 2022): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fhi.2022.22-23.3628.

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The article analyzes the scientific and organizational activities of Oleksandr Yukhymovych Karpenko (1921–2013) – a famous Ukrainian historian, teacher, local historian. Eight years of work at the Institute of Social Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1952–1960) is a period of formation of Alexander Karpenko as a historian-researcher and scientist. The work of the famous historian at the Institute is divided into two stages: 1) 1952–1956; 2) 1956–1960. The first period was characterized primarily by multifaceted scientific activity. In February 1953 he defended his dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences on the topic: “Peasant uprisings in the Lviv region in 1932–1933.” at the Institute of History of the USSR in the Academy of Sciences. On the basis of the materials of the mentioned dissertation he prepared the monograph “Peasant uprisings in Poland in 1932–1933” was. (1955); Additionally, seven articles were published in scientific journals and five articles were prepared for publication. The second period (1956–1960) was much more difficult for Karpenko, as he was the first to feel the pressure of the totalitarian system on the humanities in the USSR. His speech at a scientific conference in 1956 as well as his articles on the formation of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic aroused devastating criticism from the party nomenklatura. In the end, these circumstances forced him to leave the Institute of Social Sciences in 1960. The article is written mainly on the materials of the personal file of Karpenko, which is stored in the Ivan Krypyakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

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Ajami, Amir Ismail. "FROM PEASANT TO FARMER: A STUDY OF AGRARIAN TRANSFORMATION IN AN IRANIAN VILLAGE, 1967–2002." International Journal of Middle East Studies 37, no. 3 (July 22, 2005): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743805052104.

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Iranian agriculture and rural society have undergone profound socioeconomic and political changes over the past four decades. While recognizing the significant impact of urbanization, economic development, and integration of the rural economy in the market, this paper contends that the land-reform program of the 1960s and the 1979 revolution represent the primary turning points in the rural transformation. Land reform, through intense state intervention, dramatically changed the traditional landlord-sharecropping system (nizam-i arbab-rayati). Peasant uprisings, the forcible occupation of large estates, and the agrarian policies of the postrevolutionary regime have led to the demise of the urban agricultural bourgeoisie and the empowerment of the peasants. There has been a disintegration of large-scale public and private agricultural production systems, including agribusinesses, farm corporations, and the agricultural production cooperatives developed under the shah's regime.

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Nefedov, S. A. "The Сonsumption Level in the Impoverished Center of Russia and the Causes of the Russian Revolution." Modern History of Russia 10, no. 4 (2020): 826–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2020.401.

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The article shows that the general dynamics of consumption was oscillatory in nature and there were significant provincial differences. Two methods are used to identify these differences. The first method is based on a direct calculation of the grain remaining in the provinces by taking into account the crop, import and export. The second method is based on anthropometry data, on data on the growth of recruits in various provinces. This second method allows you to determine the dynamics of the standard of living in various provinces in the half-century before the revolution as well. Both methods indicate the existence of a large area of low consumption in the Central Black Earth region, and the standard of living in this area has a downward trend. These results are consistent with the findings of the 1901 Commission, which characterized the region as an “area of impoverishment”. Correlation analysis shows that “impoverishment” was due to the fact that in the first half of the 19th century this region had the largest percentage of serfs; it was an area of distribution of corvée latifundia. During the liberation, serfs received small allotments, which decreased with population growth. At the same time, the remaining large landowners exported their bread to other regions and outside the country. The combination of peasant low land and export-oriented large farms led to agrarian conflicts. Here was the epicenter of peasant uprisings in 1905 and 1917, and these provinces became Bolshevik “fortresses” during the Civil War.

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24

Goheen, R. B. "Peasant Politics? Village Community and the Crown in Fifteenth-Century England." American Historical Review 96, no. 1 (February 1991): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164017.

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Muller, M. "A Divided Class? Peasants and Peasant Communities in Later Medieval England." Past & Present 195, Supplement 2 (January 1, 2007): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtm025.

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Kotlyar, Yuriy. "Women of Southern Ukraine in the peasant uprisings of the first third of the 20th century." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 3, no. 1 (November 16, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26200105.

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The purpose of the article is to show the participation of Ukrainian women in the peasant rebel movement in the South of Ukraine. Methods of research: ideographic, historical-typological and historical-comparative. Main results. The women’s movement, which manifested itself with particular force in the critical periods of history – the Ukrainian Revolution, the removal of church values and collectivization should be considered as a significant part of the South-Ukrainian rebellion. For the past years, the role of women in rebel movement of peasants has not been a subject of a separate historical study. Only in recent years, the activities of women in the times of Atamanschyna and the confrontation of various authorities in Ukraine has attracted the attention of historians. The article attempts to consider a gender aspect of insurgent movement of Southern Ukraine population. The more tragic the situation in Ukraine was, the more women participated in armed struggle, in particular, in the ranks of peasant insurgent detachments. Revolutionary uprisings took place mainly in the period of the Ukrainian Revolution. They were supported by women having an active life position. It is important to study the life of six “Marusya atamans”: Marusya Sokolovska, “Black Marusya”, Maria Kosova, “Bloody Maria”, Maria Tarasenko, Marusya (Maria Nikiforova).The religious women’s uprisings took place in Mykolayiv region in the spring of 1922 during the requisition of church values, when women resisted their carrying off in Otbedo-Vasylivska volost. The “Case” of Barmashova had the greatest resonance which was transformed from criminal to political one. In the South of Ukraine, the most famous female riots in 1929 took place in Birzulsky district of Odessa Oblast (Region). The problems of women in the Makhno insurgent movement requires a special study. It is important because, for example, the fate of G. Kuzmenko (the wife of N. Makhno) is learned to a greater or lesser extent, but the activity of other women is covered superficially. The author believes that the study of the rebel movement active participants’ biographies, involving the methods of other sciences, psychology in particular, is a prospective one. Originality: unpublished eyewitness testimonies from the Personal Archives of the Priest Rak Valentin of Church of the Nativity of Christ, Vasilivka village’as well as materials from the Central State Archives of Public Associations of Ukraine and the State Archives of Mykolayiv Oblast (Region) are used. Scientific novelty: the typology of women’s uprisings in the South of Ukraine is proposed for the first time – revolutionary, religious and women’s riots. Type of the article: descriptive-analytical.

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Gołębiowski, Bronisław. "Naród polski narodem chłopskim." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 62, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2018.62.1.3.

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The author advances a thesis about the folk pedigree of the modern Polish nation. He sees the present shape of the nation in the history of Polish nationalism and proves that the long period after the nation’s loss of independence favored the nation’s image of itself as an nation “eternally faithful” to the Church, with a common religion, language, and customs. He emphasizes that the struggle for Polishness based on such a view of the nation was folk-oriented, egalitarian, and democratic, and that after the acquisition of statehood the country’s borders were decided by the Greater Poland and Silesian uprisings, which were popular in nature, and by the defeat of the Soviet offensive [sic!] in 1920, thanks to the engagement of the common people. In restored Poland, peasant groupings undertook many political initiatives; a government was formed and announced a revolutionary program for a democratic state. The parliamentary act on agricultural reform, the Constitution of March 1921, and elections according to the new constitution showed that the people’s and workers’ parties had acquired significant power. Thanks to this activeness, the new Polish nation had a peasant face. The author connects his thesis about the folk pedigree of the Polish nation with the present as well. He gives examples of cultural continuity and of the contributions made by classes of the common people. He views the forming middle class as a post-peasant level, unequipped with mature cultural capital but balancing between folk — mainly peasant — culture and mass culture.

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Sharpe, J. A. "Plebeian Marriage in Stuart England: some Evidence from Popular Literature." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 36 (December 1986): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679060.

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THERE is a considerable body of opinion which holds that marriage in early modern England, and especially marriage among the lower orders, was uncaring, affectionless, and entered into for economic rather than emotional reasons. This view was, for example, axiomatic to those writing from a feminist perspective in the 1970s. Thus Sheila Rowbotham felt that in the pre-industrial world The peasant judged his woman by her capacity to labour and to breed more hands for toil…among the peasantry women were essential in the family economy. The peasant's wife bore children which meant more hands to toil and she laboured herself. She was like cattle, a means of production.

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Sims, R. L. "Anne Walthall (ed. and tr.): Peasant uprisings in Japan: a critical anthology of peasant histories, viii. 268 pp. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, [1992]. £28.75, $41.50 (paper £10.25, $14.95)." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 57, no. 2 (June 1994): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00025520.

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30

Langdon, John. "LORDSHIP AND PEASANT CONSUMERISM IN THE MILLING INDUSTRY OF EARLY FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND." Past and Present 145, no. 1 (1994): 3–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/145.1.3.

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31

Buck, David D. "The study of urban history in the People's Republic of China." Urban History 14 (May 1987): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800008579.

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Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, most of the topics associated with the study of urban history have languished largely unstudied beneath a pall of ideologically based neglect. The list of understudied subjects includes urban population, physical structure, social structure, economic activity, urban politics, urban planning and the environment, and urban culture. This lack of interest in urban history directly reflects the emphasis on the role of the peasantry as a creative force in Chinese history. The history of Chinese peasant uprisings and wars became the focus of attention and left little interest for what changes might have taken place in urban settings. Today, a combination of forces has generated considerable changes in the institutional structure of historical studies in China, as well as compelling historians to reconsider established research preferences. In this atmosphere it appears that for the first time since 1949 topics that concern urban historians in the West and Japan are receiving serious attention in the People's Republic of China. While it is still too early to speak of urban history in China, continuation of current trends in historical research over the next five to ten years will almost certainly bring this specialization into existence.

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Metzger-Court, Sarah F. "Stephen Vlastos: Peasant protests and uprisings in Tokugawa Japan. xii, 184 pp. Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1986. £16.95." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51, no. 2 (June 1988): 382–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00115204.

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Chepelevskaya, Tatyana. "Art historical time in the works of Ivan Сankar." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2019): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2019.1-2.6.01.

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In the article on the example of the work of the biggest Slovenian writer Ivan Cankar (1876-1918) the subject of art historical time is studied. It raises the question of the place and role of historical time in the literary texts whose authors use it to organize plot, characters and art space. I. Cankar, as a rule, does not give expanded descriptions of one or another significant event. The historic time is presented in his works in the form of digressions, in the memories of the characters. Sometimes it refers to very recent history, presciently anticipating the importance of a phenomenon for the destinies of individuals and of entire peoples. Such events form thematic nodes, motifs, storylines of his works. Three themes dominate in the prose of I. Cankar: the peasant uprising, the World War I, and the theme of exile. Many times would he address the plots and topics of folk poetry. However his view on it and on the important for the Slovene culture folklore and mythical characters sometimes differs a lot from the views of many of his contemporaries. This was specifically reflected in his work on the drama on peasant uprisings. He dedicates special attention to those periods of the national history that underwent sacralization in the folk consciousness (“The Golden Age”). His favorite creative method is the staging of a historical episode through folklore and folk mythology, among other, to its characters. For some historical processes (the exile) he introduces the topic of the rupture of a man from their homeland.

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34

Hyams, Paul R. "The Peasant Land Market in Medieval England. P. D. A. Harvey." Speculum 62, no. 3 (July 1987): 690–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2846406.

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35

Kitsikopoulos, Harry. "Standards of living and capital formation in pre-plague England: a peasant budget model." Economic History Review 53, no. 2 (May 2000): 237–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00159.

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Troshina, T. I. "Echoes of the Kronstadt Events of 1921 in Arkhangelsk Province." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 4 (2021): 892–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.404.

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The country-wide uprisings of the winter and spring of 1920–1921 still lack a coherent explanation and require further reflection. This article reconstructs events of this period in one of the most “quiet” territories of Soviet Russia, the Arkhangelsk province, using political summaries and secret reports, as well as investigative files and later memoirs. It was understood, both locally and centrally, that peasants were eager to follow the “successful example” of mass resistance to the authorities. The aim of the state was not only to use punitive measures to prevent mass protests and to minimize the influence of “irritants”, but above all to disrupt the distribution of undesirable information. The use of a large number of informers recruited from various sections of society allowed competent authorities to have an overview of what was happening in the country and to respond promptly to any potential unrest. Secret information, including that received from foreign sources, forced local authorities to prepare in advance for possible events in the provincial center, and to make efforts to prevent possible peasant revolts in bordering territories in the north of Western Siberia and in the Velsk uyezd and Vologda province. The actions of local authorities were on the whole successful; unrest in the Arkhangelsk province was avoided. However, the sense of danger that persisted as a result of these events, despite the end of the Civil War, contributed to a social mistrust that lasted for many years.

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Biddick, Kathleen. "Decolonizing the English Past: Readings in Medieval Archaeology and History." Journal of British Studies 32, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386018.

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Historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and sociologists are accustomed to categorizing the inhabitants of the rural farming households of medieval England as peasants without questioning the disciplinary implications of imposing such a category on historical subjects. Foundational categories, such astheworker,thepeasant,thewoman, become so familiar that they appear natural and divert us from studying the historical and power-charged processes involved in their constructions, past and present. The century-old debate over views of medieval English peasants as bound statically by custom, on the one hand, or as dynamically diverse or mobile, on the other, perhaps expresses embedded disciplinary tensions in the historic division of labor between anthropology (including archaeology) and history. From their disciplinary formation in the early modern period, anthropology and history together have constructed and guarded an imaginary but nevertheless potent boundary between the historical and the primitive, a boundary that divided the European colonizer from the non-European colonized and that within Europe divided the historical past from the traditional past. Who gets an anthropology and who gets a history therefore becomes a question of historic and power-charged disciplinary practices. As a foundational category, “peasant” straddles both disciplines and both divisions of the past, historical and traditional.In this essay, I wish to examine the powerful yet unacknowledged ways in which these disciplinary practices inform medieval peasant studies. I shall focus especially on the study of the material culture of the medieval English peasantry. Both history and archaeology claim the medieval English peasant to justify disciplinary narratives.

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Nicholas, David. "The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England. Barbara A. Hanawalt." Speculum 62, no. 3 (July 1987): 681–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2846403.

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Platt, Colin. "The Archaeology of the Peasant Land Market in Pre-Plague England cad1290–1350: A Way Forward." Medieval Archaeology 60, no. 2 (October 16, 2016): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00766097.2016.1221244.

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Langer, Lawrence N. "War and the Economy in the Reign of Vasilii II." Russian History 42, no. 1 (February 6, 2015): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04201005.

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This article examines some of the economic dimensions of war in the reign of Vasilii II and argues that Rus’, much like England during the Wars of the Roses, suffered economic stagnation and perhaps even a depression. The combination of war, plague, and famine in Rus’ resulted in a decline in population and strained economic resources evidenced by abandoned agrarian lands, the burden of the Mongol tribute and princely debts, debased silver coinage, and the cessation of urban expansion, Moscow being the major exception. Moscow, like London, prospered, but most of England and northeastern Rus’ did not. Pillage, ransom, and territorial aggrandizement were some of the means Moscow employed to augment its acquisition of silver beyond that supplied by the fur trade. Immunity charters were offered to retain and to attract peasant settlers in an effort to stabilize agriculture and with it a taxable population. The relative prosperity of the eras of Ivan III and Vasilii III should not obscure the economic contraction that occurred in the late fourteenth and first half of the fifteenth centuries.

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Fox, Harold. "Maurice Beresford, 1920–2005." Rural History 18, no. 1 (March 16, 2007): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793306002056.

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For his contribution to landscape history, Maurice Beresford may be compared to William Hoskins. His first book, The Lost Villages of England (1954), explored a subject which he initially chanced upon when surveying ridge and furrow in a Midland parish and found that there was a gap in the pattern somewhere near its centre. That gap, a deserted village, led him rapidly into a huge field of enquiry, embracing historical demography, social history and agrarian history, as well the history of the landscape. Many others have been drawn into this field, which was pioneered simultaneously by Hoskins, largely through the enthusiasm of Beresford's writing. It was Beresford, together with John Hurst, who initiated the long-running excavations of a deserted village at Wharram Percy, where fundamental techniques in medieval archaeology were developed and many innovative ideas emerged, on changing settlement morphology, for example, on types of peasant houses and, latterly, on peasant diet and disease. The influential group now called the Medieval Settlement Research Group was at first associated with the excavations at Wharram.

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Inikori, Joseph E. "Slavery and the Revolution in Cotton Textile Production in England." Social Science History 13, no. 4 (1989): 343–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200020514.

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From the point of view of the preindustrial world, the development of the English cotton textile industry in the eighteenth century was truly revolutionary. The industry was established early in the century as a peasant craft (section 2; note 2), and by 1850 it had been almost completely transformed in terms of the organization and technology of production. Of the total work force of 374,000 employed in the industry in 1850, only 43,000 (approximately 11.5 percent of the total) were employed outside the factory system of organization. In terms of technology, the industry was virtually mechanized by this time: there were 20,977,000 spindles and 250,000 power looms in the industry in 1850. What is more, steam had become the dominant form of power used in the industry—71,000 horsepower supplied by steam as opposed to 11,000 supplied by water (Mitchell, 1962: 185, 187). Value added in the industry by this time exceeded by about 50 percent that in the woolen textile industry, the dominant industry in England for over four centuries. This rate of development was something that had never been experienced in any industry in the preindustrial world. Indeed, the Industrial Revolution in England, in the strict sense of the phrase, is little more than a revolution in eighteenth-century cotton textile production.

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Dyachkov, Vladimir L. "The Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War in the Tambov region: state and research prospects. Part 1. On the problems of conceptualization, methodology and methods of studying the history of the Civil War in the Tambov Governorate." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 193 (2021): 202–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-193-202-220.

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The first part of this study examines the evolution and the current state of conceptualization and historiography of the “Antonovschina”, identifies the factors of the newest methodological and cognitive crisis in the study of the Civil War in Russia as a whole and its individual key, significant phenomena. In the second part of the study, proceeding from the principle of historicism, we propose our own conceptualization of the Civil War and the Tambov peasant uprisings as its “green” components, proceeding from the understanding of social history as a movement of a socio-natural hierarchical system that regulated the life of populations of any level. Civil War is presented as a rhythmic part of the phase of suppression of an overpopulated population by a complex of endogenous and exogenous factors of long (28-year, 112-year) natural-demographic cycles. The definitions of specific phenomena (“female attacks”, “demographic bag”, “Kotovsk case”, etc.), opened with the help of electronic databases (ED) in long continuous lines of socio-graphic information, are given. A method of marking the cyclic movement of different forms and channels of social aggression (activity) is proposed. The mechanism and manifestations of the work of the regulating socio-natural cycles are shown in tables and figures.

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Mustafaeva, Samida Toshmukhammedovna. "Conditions For The Formation Of Ming Romans." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-71.

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The Ming period is recognized as a period that introduced a new genre to Chinese literature, especially Chinese prose. During this period, novels from the masterpieces of Chinese literature saw the light of day. They are a valuable source for the study of Chinese literary language, as well as providing valuable information on the plot, historical facts, and the Darwin. In particular, the novel "Three Kingdoms", created in the Ming period, has a large volume and a plot rich in sharp turns, the events of the novel are based on the collapse of the Eastern Khanate, in general, various contradictions in public administration, political, military and foreign relations. The diversity in the author’s depiction of contradictions and struggles, the uniqueness in the depiction of each event, demonstrates the writer’s unparalleled artistic skill. In contrast to the "Three Kingdoms", the plot of “Water Margins” is based on the peasant uprisings and struggles; the play depicts the emergence, development and decline of the peasant uprising. The play praises a number of rebellious heroes, most of the protagonists of the work are extremely vivid, and their character is clearly described. The influence of the successful creation of the novels “Three Kingdoms” and “Water Margins” on the creation of historical and heroic novels of the next period is incomparable. The first phase of the Ming period was a turning point in the history of literature. With the end of the Yuan Dynasty (元朝 Yuán cháo 1206-1368) and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, no other significant works were created during this period, except for two major novels, the Three Kingdoms (《三国演义》) and the River Basins (《水浒传》). It was not until 1465 that there was a renewal in drama and folk poetry.

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Raleigh, Donald J. "Languages of Power: How the Saratov Bolsheviks Imagined Their Enemies." Slavic Review 57, no. 2 (1998): 320–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501853.

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The Bolsheviks made civil war inevitable by forcing a showdown with the Kerenskii government in October 1917—and concomitantly with the moderate socialist parties, the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) and Mensheviks. The resulting conflict accelerated complex processes underway since February that exacerbated social polarization and fostered political and economic localism. Following the local Soviet's siege of the city duma in the provincial capital of Saratov in October, opposition forces began to contest Soviet power, which before long was reduced to Bolshevik and Left SR rule. As a result, the Saratov Soviet spent all of 1918-19 battling a variety of manifestations of discontent with the new political order. The calculus of civil war in the province involved the sustained threat to strategically located Saratov of White armies, which succeeded in striking against and taking the uezd (district) towns of Khvalynsk, Vol'sk, Serdobsk, Tsaritsyn, Balashov, Kuznetsk, and Kamyshin. Opposition from within the province proved every bit as formidable. Anti-Bolshevik forces, inspired by both the socialist and nonsocialist resistance, mobilized uprisings in all of the towns of Saratov province during the civil war; moreover, not a single uezd escaped the throes of peasant violence and resistance before this turbulent chapter in Russian history drew to a close.

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Arnold, David. "Book Reviews : K.N. PANIKKAR, Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar, 1836-1921, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1989, xv + 232 pp., Rs. 175." Indian Economic & Social History Review 27, no. 1 (March 1990): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469002700110.

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Lyzohub, Vitaly. "The main stages of the formation of institutions of state power and law of Ancient China." Theory and practice of jurisprudence 1, no. 19 (September 10, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2225-6555.2021.19.224744.

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The article is devoted to the generalizing given the principles of power, management and development of law, formed at the initial stage of the formation of Chinese civilization. The chronological framework of the origin of the Chinese civilization in the ancient period and the main periods of the history of Ancient China are determined. The main features of the despotic form of government, the stages of the feudal hierarchy and the hierarchy of higher dignitaries, the principle of transferring the main political and legal principles from one dynasty to another, the importance of the reforms of Shang Yang and Wang Man in the process of strengthening the central government are analyzed. Against the background of the study of significant monographic literature, conclusions were drawn about the formation of the Qin Empire as a pivotal event in the history of Ancient China. The lack of balance in the repressive and permissive policy caused widespread discontent among the masses and a wave of large-scale peasant uprisings, which from time to time destroyed the power of the dynasties. The consequence was the political disintegration of Ancient China. The key idea around which the state and law are formed is the idea of harmony between heaven, earth and people and the observance of natural laws. It is from the period of the ancient Chinese dynasties that the doctrine of Confucianism has been the foundation of the Chinese society and has become a kind of quintessence of Chinese civilization.

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Palmer, Amy. "Radical Conservatism and International Nationalism: The Peasant Arts Movement and Its Search for the Country Heart of England." Cultural and Social History 15, no. 5 (October 20, 2018): 663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14780038.2019.1568028.

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Absalom, Roger. "Hiding history: the Allies, the Resistance and the others in Occupied Italy 1943–1945." Historical Journal 38, no. 1 (March 1995): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00016307.

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ABSTRACTOf the almost 80,000 prisoners-of-war held by Italy at the time of the Armistice with the Allies of 8 September 1943, more than half succeeded in escaping and almost 18,000 were not recaptured, largely due to the help offered spontaneously by Italian civilians. The records of the Allied Screening Commission preserved in Washington, and other official papers available in England, South Africa and Australia, complemented by oral history fieldwork among former escapers and their Italian helpers, reveal an Anglo-Italian epic of anti-heroism, whose protagonists nevertheless displayed great courage, ingenuity, perseverance and humanity.Exploration of this neglected but critical dimension of the secret history of the years of occupation and resistance between 1943 and 1945 throws new light upon the characteristics and the long-term potential of a submerged nation of peasants, charcoal-burners and shepherds. The article is an attempt to historicise their expression of an often overlooked but universal peasant culture of survival, far deeper at the time than political commitment, but not without ultimate political importance.

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Pink, Anu. "Knitting style – the grace of noble ladies or the speed of peasant girls?" Studia Vernacula 11 (November 5, 2019): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2019.11.64-77.

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Knitting is a textile technique with a global spread, yet the method of holding the yarn and needles differs between geographic areas and cultures. There are three main knitting styles: holding the yarn in the right hand or throwing, holding the yarn in the left hand or picking and knitting with the yarn in front of the work and manipulating it with the thumb. Knitting methods have been subject to change over time. People have tried to make the movements either faster or, as is the case with 19th century England, more graceful. Estonian knitters stayed true to throwing for centuries and were not waived by German, Russian or Scandinavian knitters. However, picking has become prevalent within the last century following the Finnish example and published materials. Studying the Estonians’ knitting style and comparing this to neighbouring countries provides an insight into the development of and influences on Estonian knitting. Keywords: knitting, knitting history, knitting styles, picking, throwing, Continental knitting, English knitting, Portuguese knitting, Estonian knitting

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Journal articles on the topic 'Peasant uprisings – England – History'

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