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1
KUMAR, KULDIP, K. M. GOH, W. R. SCOTT, and C. M. FRAMPTON. "Effects of 15N-labelled crop residues and management practices on subsequent winter wheat yields, nitrogen benefits and recovery under field conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 136, no. 1 (February 2001): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600008522.
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Nitrogen-15 enriched ammonium sulphate was applied to micro-plots in a field in which two leguminous (white clover and peas) and two non-leguminous (ryegrass and winter wheat) crops were grown to produce 15N-labelled crop residues and roots during 1993/94. Nitrogen benefits and recovery of crop residue-N, root-N and residual fertilizer-N by three succeeding winter wheat crops were studied. Each crop residue was subjected to four different residue management treatments (ploughed, rotary hoed, mulched or burned) before the first sequential wheat crop (1994/95) was sown, followed by the second (1995/96) and third wheat crops (1996/97), in each of which residues of the previous wheat crop were removed and all plots were ploughed uniformly before sowing. Grain yields of the first sequential wheat crop followed the order: white clover > peas > ryegrass > wheat. The mulched treatment produced significantly lower grain yield than those of other treatments. In the first sequential wheat crop, leguminous and non-leguminous residues supplied between 29–57% and 6–10% of wheat N accumulated respectively and these decreased with successive sequential crops. Rotary hoed treatment reduced N benefits of white clover residue-N while no significant differences in N benefits occurred between residue management treatments in non-leguminous residues. On average, the first wheat crop recovered between 29–37% of leguminous and 11–13% of non-leguminous crop residues-N. Corresponding values for root plus residual fertilizer-N were between 5–19% and 2–3%, respectively. Management treatments produced similar effects to those of N benefits. On average, between 5 to 8% of crop residue-N plus root and residual fertilizer-N was recovered by each of the second and third sequential wheat crops from leguminous residues compared to 2 to 4% from non-leguminous residues. The N recoveries tended to be higher under mulched treatments especially under leguminous than non-leguminous residues for the second sequential wheat crop but were variable for the third sequential wheat crop. Relatively higher proportions of leguminous residue-N were unaccounted in ploughed and rotary hoed treatments compared with those of mulched and burned treatments. In non-leguminous residue-N, higher unaccounted residue-N occurred under burned (33–44%) compared with other treatments (20–27%).
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Michaud, Marie-Hélène, Joseph Makhlouf, Nicolas Tremblay, and André Gosselin. "PESTICIDE RESIDUES ON FRESH AND PROCESSED VEGETABLES." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 482h—483. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.482h.
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A research project was undertaken in 1990 with the objective of improving both quality and productivity of peas, beans and sweet corn grown and processed in Quebec (Canada). It was conducted with the technical and financial help of five proccessing companies. Cultivar trials were undertaken as part of this project together with an evaluation of commercial practices in the areas of pest control, fertilization and crop management. Samples of fresh and processed products were analysed for nutritional quality and pesticide residues. During this presentation we will show preliminary results of the pesticide residue analyses and will compare fresh and processed products. So far, determination of dimethoate, trifluralin and bentazone (peas), azinphosmethyl and permetrin (beans) and cypermetrin (sweet corn) showed no concentration exceeding the Canadian norm (<0, 1mg/kg), with the exception of a bean field with azinphosmethyl residues. Canning and freezing operations greatly reduced pesticide residues so that all processed samples tested below detectable levels.
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Cairns, Thomas, Emil G. Siegmund, Gregory M. Doose, and Andrew C. Oken. "Snow peas and acephate. Confirmation of illegal pesticide residues." Analytical Chemistry 57, no. 4 (April 1985): 572A—576A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00281a002.
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George, Donald A. "Permethrin and Its Two Metabolite Residues in Seven Agricultural Crops." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 6 (November 1, 1985): 1160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.6.1160.
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Abstract Metabolite residues of permethrin are not reported in the literature for most agricultural crops. This paper reports residues of permethrin and its 2 metabolites (dichlorovinyl acid and metaphenoxybenzyl alcohol) in 7 different agricultural crops (Chinese cabbage, spinach, asparagus, raspberries, green peas, turnip roots, and turnip greens). Permethrin residues declined approximately 85% within 7 days after treatment in all crops. In most cases, the acid metabolite residues peaked at 3 days, and declined after that. Translocation of residues into turnip roots was very slight; the average was less than 0.05 ppm for permethrin and alcohol metabolite residues and none was detected for the acid metabolite residue. Permethrin residues in the turnip greens averaged approximately 2 ppm for the 0.112 kg ai/ha treatment, and 6 ppm for the 0.224 kg ai/ha treatment.
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Rahman, A., C. A. Dowsett, M. R. Trolove, and T. K. James. "Soil residual activity and plantback periods for the herbicides saflufenacil and topramezone." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5729.
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To quantify soil residual activity and plantback periods for two maize herbicides saflufenacil and topramezone different rates were applied to a cultivated soil and samples (05 cm) collected at regular intervals for glasshouse bioassays Phytotoxic residues of saflufenacil applied at 17 g ai/ha the rate used for conservation tillage and pasture renovation persisted in the soil for lt; 2 weeks for the susceptible species viz white clover onion carrot and radish Residual activity from 102 g ai/ha the rate recommended for maize dissipated within 4 weeks for all species Wheat ryegrass carrot squash onions and tomato were not affected by topramezone residues from rates up to 202 g ai/ha in soil collected 2 weeks after treatment (WAT) However peas white clover and radish all suffered damage in samples collected 2 WAT By 4 WAT only white clover and peas exhibited minor phytotoxicity
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Bailey, P., and J. Comery. "Management of Heliothis punctigera on field peas in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 3 (1987): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870439.
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Cypermethrin was found to be an effective substitute for DDT in controlling Heliothis punctigera in field peas. A single spray of cypermethrin prevented significant damage by larvae to field peas in trials in South Australia and Victoria over 3 seasons. Endosulfan was not as effective as cypermethrin. Bioassays of leaf discs dipped in cypermethrin showed that residues of 0.1 mg a.i. kg-1 caused 50% feeding inhibition, 0.43 mg a.i. kg-1 caused 90% feeding inhibition and concentrations above this caused increasing acute mortality to fourth instar larvae. Residues from field pea crops sprayed at 40 g a.i. fell to 0.43 mg a.i. kg-1 2-3 weeks after application. Two to 3 weeks protection is probably the maximum time for residual activity to be useful because the crop outgrows the sprayed foliage. To ensure that larvae are exposed to the maximum area of treated surface, the spray should be timed to coincide with the appearance of larvae in the crop, rather than spraying at a particular growth stage of the crop.
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PANFILOVA, Antonina. "Influence of stubble biodestructor on soil microbiological activity and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 4 (November 16, 2021): 11035. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13411035.
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The aim of the work was to improve soil fertility and increase the yield of winter wheat using the stubble biodestructor by activating the microbiological activity of the soil. The experimental studies were on the research field of Mykolayiv National Agrarian University (Ukraine). After harvesting the precursor cultures of spring barley and peas the post-harvest residues of these crops were treated with a stubble biodestructor. After treatment of crop residues of spring barley and pea by the stubble biodestructor in the soil layer of 0 up to 20 cm the quantity of cellulose-destructive microorganisms increased by 27.9·105 up to 36.0·105 cfu/g of soil depending on the predecessor culture and the degree of degradation of these residues increased by 31.4 up to 45.1%. The number of nitrogen fixators in the 0-10 cm soil layer grew under the action of treatment of crop residues of spring barley and peas by stubble biodestructor on 13.4 up to 14.1 ·106 cfu/g of soilor 30.3 up to 35.0%. At the same time, a somewhat large number of bacteria in the soil was determined by the processing of post-harvest residues of peas, which was due to the biological characteristics of this legume culture. The average for years of researches at cultivating of winter wheat after spring barley using the stubble biodestructor the grain yield increased by 0.45 t ha–1, or 20.9%, and after pea it increased by 0.67 t ha–1 or 18.8% compared to the treatment variant of stubble just with water.
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Theander, Olof, Per Åman, Eric Westerlund, Roger Andersson, and Dan Pettersson. "Total Dietary Fiber Determined as Neutral Sugar Residues, Uronic Acid Residues, and Klason Lignin (The Uppsala Method): Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 4 (July 1, 1995): 1030–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.4.1030.
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Abstract A joint AOAC/American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) collaborative study was conducted to determine by the Uppsala method the dietary fiber content and its composition in various foods. The method includes preparation of a residue by treatment with thermostable α-amylase and amyloglucosidase and then ethanol precipitation of solubilized dietary fiber components while leaving low-molecular weight carbohydrates in solution. After acid hydrolysis of residue, neutral polysaccharide residues are determined as alditol acetates by gas-liquid chromatography, uronic acid residues are determined by colorimetry, and ash-free acid-insoluble residue (Klason lignin) is determined gravimetrically. Total dietary fiber, including enzyme-resistant starch, is calculated as the sum of nonstarch polysaccharide residues and Klason lignin. Nine laboratories completed the study, analyzing in duplicate 8 unknown dried products that included 4 cereal products, green peas, potato fiber, carrots, and apples. Total dietary fiber contents of products tested ranged from 4.6 to 84.3%, with an average RSDR value of 8.4% (range, 4.8–11.1%). Total neutral polysaccharide residues ranged from 3.8 to 64.1%, with an average RSDR value of 7.5% (range, 5.4–10.5%). Individual neutral sugars (rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose) and uronic acid residues present at more than 1% generally had good RSDR values (3.3– 22.8%), whereas, as expected for Klason lignin, only the wheat bran sample with a high content (16%) had an excellent RSDR value (5.0%). The gas chromatographic-colorimetric-gravimetric method (Uppsala method) for determination of total dietary fiber (as neutral sugar residues, uronic acid residues, and Klason lignin) has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
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Zhang, D. L., K. C. Ehrlich, P. C. Supakar, and M. Ehrlich. "A plant DNA-binding protein that recognizes 5-methylcytosine residues." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 3 (March 1989): 1351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.3.1351-1356.1989.
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A novel, 5-methylcytosine-specific, DNA-binding protein, DBP-m, has been identified in nuclear extracts of peas. DBP-m specifically recognizes 5-methylcytosine residues in DNA without appreciable DNA sequence specificity, unlike a mammalian DNA-binding protein (MDBP), which recognizes 5-methylcytosine residues but only in a related family of 14-base-pair sequences.
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Zhang, D. L., K. C. Ehrlich, P. C. Supakar, and M. Ehrlich. "A plant DNA-binding protein that recognizes 5-methylcytosine residues." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 3 (March 1989): 1351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.3.1351.
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A novel, 5-methylcytosine-specific, DNA-binding protein, DBP-m, has been identified in nuclear extracts of peas. DBP-m specifically recognizes 5-methylcytosine residues in DNA without appreciable DNA sequence specificity, unlike a mammalian DNA-binding protein (MDBP), which recognizes 5-methylcytosine residues but only in a related family of 14-base-pair sequences.
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Periago, M. J., G. Ros, G. Lopez, and C. Martinez. "Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe content in dietary fiber residues of peas." Food / Nahrung 39, no. 1 (1995): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19950390110.
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Abdelraheem, Ehab M. H., Sayed M. Hassan, Mohamed M. H. Arief, and Somaia G. Mohammad. "Validation of quantitative method for azoxystrobin residues in green beans and peas." Food Chemistry 182 (September 2015): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.106.
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Tassoni, Annalisa, Tullia Tedeschi, Chiara Zurlini, Ilaria Maria Cigognini, Janos-Istvan Petrusan, Óscar Rodríguez, Simona Neri, et al. "State-of-the-Art Production Chains for Peas, Beans and Chickpeas—Valorization of Agro-Industrial Residues and Applications of Derived Extracts." Molecules 25, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061383.
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The world is confronted with the depletion of natural resources due to their unsustainable use and the increasing size of populations. In this context, the efficient use of by-products, residues and wastes generated from agro-industrial and food processing opens the perspective for a wide range of benefits. In particular, legume residues are produced yearly in very large amounts and may represent an interesting source of plant proteins that contribute to satisfying the steadily increasing global protein demand. Innovative biorefinery extraction cascades may also enable the recovery of further bioactive molecules and fibers from these insufficiently tapped biomass streams. This review article gives a summary of the potential for the valorization of legume residual streams resulting from agro-industrial processing and more particularly for pea, green bean and chickpea by-products/wastes. Valuable information on the annual production volumes, geographical origin and state-of-the-art technologies for the extraction of proteins, fibers and other bioactive molecules from this source of biomass, is exhaustively listed and discussed. Finally, promising applications, already using the recovered fractions from pea, bean and chickpea residues for the formulation of feed, food, cosmetic and packaging products, are listed and discussed.
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McLean, B. M. L., J. J. Hyslop, A. C. Longland, D. Cuddeford, and T. Hollands. "Effect of physical processing on in situ degradation of maize and peas in the caecum of ponies." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002891.
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Maize and peas that have undergone physical processing are used routinely in cereal mixes for equines. However, little information is available on how physical processing of maize and peas affects degradation dynamics in equines. This experiment examines the effect of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of maize and peas in the caecum of poniesTwo caecally-fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester 6.5 x 20cm, 41? m pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) containing either unprocessed maize (UM), micronised maize (MM), extruded maize (EM), unprocessed peas (UP), micronised peas (MP) or extruded peas (EP) were incubated in the caecum for fixed times according to both a forward (0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 8, 24, 48h) and reverse (48, 24, 8, 4, 12, 6, 2, 0h) incubation sequence. For each feedstuff residues from each time were bulked within pony and across incubation sequence for subsequent analysis of dry matter (DM) and starch (STC).
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Lupwayi, N. Z., G. W. Clayton, J. T. O’Donovan, K. N. Harker, T. K. Turkington, and W. A. Rice. "Decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 84, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s03-082.
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Field experiments were conducted to determine decomposition patterns of red clover (Trifolium pratense), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under zero and conventional tillage. Crop residue amounts produced in 2 trial years ranged from 1.6 t ha-1 for monoculture wheat to 6.05 t ha-1 for peas, and tillage had no effect. The extent of dry matter (DM) decomposition was usually less under zero than under conventional tillage, e.g., 31 to 41% of canola DM decomposed under zero tillage while 41 to 50% decomposed under conventional tillage in 12 mo. Corresponding percentages for other residues under zero and conventional tillage, respectively, were: 65 and 75% for clover, 43 and 45 to 55% for pea, and 27 and 40% for wheat. The rate and extent of DM decomposition were positively correlated with N and P concentrations, and negatively correlated with C/N, C/P, lignin/P and lignin/K ratios. These decomposition patterns have implications for nutrient release and soil cover. Rapid decomposition is not necessarily desirable because the nutrients released are subject to losses in soil. Key words: Biological soil quality, crop residue quality, crop rotation
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Thomson, E. F., S. Rihawi, and N. Nersoyan. "Nutritive Value and Yields of Some Forage Legumes and Barley Harvested as Immature Herbage, Hay and Straw in North-West Syria." Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 1 (January 1990): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700015398.
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SUMMARYThe nutritive value and yield of forage legumes and barley harvested as immature herbage, hay and straw were measured in two experiments. The voluntary feed intake of peas at all stages of maturity and immature herbage from woollypod vetch was substantially lower than that of common vetch and chickling. At each stage of maturity barley was less digestible than all the forages except immature peas. Despite exceptionally cold weather in February/March 1985, yields of common vetch were higher in 1984/85 than in 1985/86 when there was less rain. Peas yielded the most hay, and chickling yielded less seed and straw than common vetch, peas and barley. Yields of digestible dry matter from straw and seed exceeded those from hay but protein yield at the two stages was similar. Mechanical baling substantially reduced the yields of baled hay but these losses would be reduced to less than 10% if the residues were grazed.
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Grimmer, Orion P., and John B. Masiunas. "The Weed Control Potential of Oat Cultivars." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0140.
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Winter-killed oats (Avena sativa) may have potential for use to suppress weeds in early seeded crops such as pea (Pisum sativum). Residue biomass and surface coverage are generally correlated with weed suppression. Oat residues also contain allelochemicals. Our objective was to determine if oat cultivars vary in residue production and allelopathy. Differences between oat cultivars were observed in residue production, and for effects on emergence of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) in the greenhouse, and germination of pea and common lambsquarters in an infusion assay. Two of the oat cultivars producing the greatest biomass, `Blaze' (in the field) and `Classic' (in the greenhouse), interfered minimally with pea germination and were among the best cultivars in inhibiting common lambsquarters and shepherd's-purse. `Blaze' also greatly inhibited common lambsquarters germination in the infusion assay that measured allelopathy. Thus, `Blaze' and `Classic' possess suitable characteristics for use as a cover crop preceding peas.
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Malik, Najib, and John Waddington. "Weed Control Strategies for Forage Legumes." Weed Technology 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00031821.
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Tolerance and subsequent yield response of established alfalfa, red clover, alsike clover, sainfoin, birdsfoot trefoil, and cicer milkvetch to sethoxydim and fluazifop spring applied and to hexazinone, metribuzin, and terbacil fall applied were determined in a field study. All legumes tolerated sethoxydim. Fluazifop was safe on all legumes except sainfoin. Alfalfa and cicer milkvetch tolerated hexazinone, metribuzin, and terbacil. Alfalfa dry matter yield was not affected by any of the herbicide treatments, but cumulative cicer milkvetch yield increased 9% over a 3-yr period with hexazinone applications. Sainfoin yield increased 20% with hexazinone and terbacil treatment. Hexazinone injured red clover and reduced yield. Alsike clover was the most susceptible legume to the residual herbicides. Weed dry matter yield associated with the legumes indicated that alfalfa and sainfoin were the most and the least competitive species, respectively. Plots treated with hexazinone contained the least amount of weeds, regardless of the legume species. Field peas seeded in rotation was not affected by herbicide residues; however, residues from terbacil applied at 1.0 kg/ha reduced seed yield of lentils.
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An, M., J. E. Pratley, T. Haig, and P. Jellett. "Genotypic variation of plant species to the allelopathic effects of vulpia residues." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 6 (1997): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96071.
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Summary. The germination and seedling growth of 12 plant species and 12 cultivars from 2 plant species were tested in the presence of aqueous extracts of vulpia dry matter residues. Concepts of whole-range assessment and inhibition index were developed, and used, with principal component analysis, for assessing results. Species were grouped according to the inhibition index. Average threshold concentration, average I50 (the extract concentration required to cause 50% inhibition in plant response) and average root and coleoptile lengths were used as auxillary indices for each group. Marked differences in tolerance toward the phytotoxicity of vulpia residue extracts were observed among species and cultivars. Such differences were widespread among plant species, with generally cocksfoot, Vulpia spp., subterranean clover (cv. Trikkala), phalaris, canola, medics, and oats being relatively tolerant, while lupins, barley, and wheat (cvv. Janz, Vulcan) were the most susceptible, and subterranean clover (cvv. Seaton Park, Karridale, Clare, Woogenellup, Junee), field peas, and wheat (cvv. Ford, Darter, Dollarbird, Rosella) were relatively susceptible. The findings of this study suggest that choice of species and cultivar may be a valuable management option for minimising the negative effects of vulpia residues. The whole-range assessment developed in this study proved to be a statistically efficient summary of the plant response profiles. Together with the bioassay techniques adopted, it provides a simple and rapid screening methodology for assessing the relative tolerance of plant species to the allelopathic effects of weed residues.
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Hanafi, Ahmad, Mohamed Hindy, and Sherif Abdel Ghani. "Effect of spray application techniques on spray deposits and residues of bifenthrin in peas under field conditions." Journal of Pesticide Science 41, no. 2 (2016): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.d15-071.
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Reyes, Gaudelia, Romeo Gomez, David Fomeg-as, Wileen Chiara Lasangen, and Carljohnson Anacin. "Detection of Organophosphate Residues in Selected Crops in Benguet and Mt. Province, Philippines." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 20, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2017_2/04.
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High input agricultural systems refer to food production systems that use inorganic chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizer inputs intensively, with the aim of significantly increasing yield levels. This leads to the accumulation of pesticide residues and heavy metals in the crops and in the environment. This study was undertaken to determine the presence and concentration of toxic pesticide residues in cabbage, potato, and sweet peas in selected farms in Pactil, Mt. Data, Mountain Province and Loo, Buguias, Benguet. Through the use of gas chromatography (GC), findings show that about 18 pesticide residues (organophosphates) were detected in the crop samples. Furthermore, concentrations of toxic organophosphate residues were generally elevated and higher than MRL. A general default MRL of 0.01 mg kg-1applies where a pesticide is not specifically mentioned, which means that there is no established MRL. If the default level of 0.01mg kg-1 is applied for those without MRL then almost all samples would be unsafe for consumption. Other vegetables crops, soil and water in the study area may also be analyzed for the presence of active compounds and other toxic chemicals.
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Moyer, James R., Peter Bergen, and G. Bruce Schaalje. "Effect of 2,4-D and Dicamba Residues on Following Crops in Conservation Tillage Systems." Weed Technology 6, no. 1 (March 1992): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00034461.
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Dicamba and 2,4-D, which are used prior to seeding in conservation tillage systems, were applied in late fall and early spring to determine their residual effect on subsequent spring-seeded crops. The herbicides 2,4-D ester and 2,4-D amine with dicamba or glyphosate, applied 0 or 15 d prior to spring seeding, damaged canola, peas, lentils, and alfalfa. The legumes were damaged by spring-applied dicamba. There was also a slight reduction in the total dry matter yield of wheat and barley by 2,4-D applied in spring prior to seeding. All crops tested, except lentils, were tolerant of recommended fall applications of 2,4-D for the control of winter annual flixweed and field pennycress.
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Fillion, Julbe, Ralph Hemdle, Mario Lacrolx, and Jennifer Selwyn. "Multiresidue Determination of Pesticides in Fruit and Vegetables by Gas Chromatography–Mass-Selective Detection and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 5 (September 1, 1995): 1252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.5.1252.
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Abstract A method is described for determining 199 pesticides in fruit and vegetables. Residues are extracted from samples with acetonitrile, and coextractives are removed with a miniaturized charcoal–Celite column cleanup. Analysis is performed by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection in selective-ion monitoring mode. Two injections per sample are required to cover all compounds. Positive analytes are confirmed by retention time and ion ratios. Carbamates are analyzed by liquid chromatography with postcolumn reaction and fluorescence detection. Recovery data were obtained by fortifying 3 matrixes (pears, carrots, and bananas) at 0.1–0.5 ppm. In addition, the method demonstrated acceptable performance for analysis of other crops such as apple, strawberry, orange, pineapple, asparagus, beet, cucumber, tomato, pepper, squash, green peas, potato, and sweet potato. Limits of detection ranged from 0.02 to 0.2 ppm depending on the compound.
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Startin, James R., Mark D. Sykes, John C. Taylor, Simon J. Hird, Kirsty Jackson, Richard J. Fussell, and Alan R. C. Hill. "Determination of Residues of Pirimicarb and Its Desmethyl and Desmethylformamido Metabolites in Fruits and Vegetables by Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray/Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.3.735.
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Abstract A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of residues of pirimicarb (I) and its desmethylformamido (II) and desmethyl (III) metabolites in plums, peas, green beans, broad beans, carrots, and swedes. The compounds were extracted with ethyl acetate and determined, without cleanup, by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry (MS). MS and MS/MS were used concurrently to monitor the protonated molecules and their common collision-induced dissociation product. The limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio of >3) was 1 ng/mL, corresponding to crop concentrations of <0.0015 mg/kg. All 3 compounds were determined in plums, broad beans, and green beans by MS without interference. Interferences which affected the determination of desmethylformamido-pirimicarb in peas, and to a lesser extent in carrots and swedes, were eliminated by MS/MS. Recoveries for all 3 compounds, at 0.05 mg/kg for plums and 0.005 mg/kg for other commodities, were in the range 83–124%. No interconversion of I, II and III, occurred during extraction, and the compounds were stable in extracts for ≥7 days under appropriate conditions.
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Mongeau, Roger, and René Brassard. "Comparison and Assessment of the Difference in Total Dietary Fiber in Cooked Dried Legumes as Determined by Five Methods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.5.1197.
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Abstract Dried beans (kidney and great northern) and dried peas (chick, green, and yellow) were cooked according to package instructions. Total dietary fiber (TDF) was measured by the Mongeau (AOAC 992.16), Prosky (AOAC 985.29), and Lee (AOAC 991.43) methods (A, B, and C, respectively). Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) were measured by the Englyst gas-chromatographic method that included dimethyl sulfoxide treatment, and the lignin measured separately was added to NSP (method D). TDF was also measured by the Li method (E). TDF values ranged from 7 to 48 g/100 g dry weight. Methods B and C gave similar TDF values, which were higher than those from other methods. For kidney beans I, TDF values by methods B and C were up to 2.5 times higher because of the inclusion of starch. The fiber residues from methods A and C contained the same amounts of arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and uronic acid, but glucose was 4 times higher in residue C than in residue A. When α-amylase from porcine pancreas was incorporated in methods B or C for 5 samples, the discrepancies among methods A, B, and C were reduced by 60-98%.
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Liubych, V. V., and H. M. Hospodarenko. "Allelopathy of vegetable residues on the sowing properties of soft winter wheat grain." Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture 1, no. 98 (June 25, 2021): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2021-98-1-246-254.
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Aim. To study the allelopathy of vegetable residues on sowing properties of soft wheat grain. Methods. Laboratory, mathematical and statistical, physical. Results. The highest germination energy was obtained in the variant with water, corn and wheat stalks – 100%, percentage germination was 95%. Under conditions of germination in rye, rape and oat stalks, percentage germination was 15–30 % points lower compared to the control. Germination of soft wheat grain in the stalks of other crops provided percentage germination of 15–50 %. Obviously, soybeans, sunflowers, mustard, peas, barley, flax, safflower, buckwheat and sorghum show high allelopathy during the germination of soft wheat grain. The highest seedling vigor was obtained during germination in water and in corn stalks – 50 %. This figure in wheat and rye stalks was 33 and 28 %, respectively, or 17–22 points lower than the control. During the germination of soft wheat grain in the stalks of other crops, the seedling vigor was the lowest – 8–22 %. The average germination rate varied inversely proportional to seedling vigor. On average, wheat grain in corn stalks germinated for 29 minutes which was at the control level. During germination in wheat and rye stalks, it grew for up to 43–58 minutes. During germination in the stalks of other crops, the average speed increased to 72–288 minutes. Different germination substrates changed the parameters of soft wheat stalks. This indicator was at the level of control over grain germination in rye and corn stalks – 9.2–9.3 cm with fluctuations from 8.1 to 10.3–10.4 cm, and the variation coefficient was small (V = 12.0–12.5 %). The stalk length was significantly shorter during germination in wheat stalks, but the variation coefficient was insignificant (V = 5.2 %). During germination in the stalks of other crops, the stalk length decreased from 7.3 to 0.6 cm. Coclusions. Germination of wheat grain in corn and wheat stalks did not affect the deterioration of germination. The lowest allelopathy was shown by grain germination in rye stalks. The highest allelopathy was shown by germination in soybean and sunflower stalks. Crops, according to the influence on the length of soft wheat stalk, are arranged in the following order: sunflower, buckwheat, sorghum, safflower, soybean, mustard, flax, oats, rape, barley, peas, wheat. Grain germination in corn and rye stalks did not affect the length of soft wheat stalks
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SMIRNOFF, PATRICIA, J. RAMACHANDRAN, and YEHUDITH BIRK. "Preparation of photoreactive derivatives of trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitors from soybeans and chick peas by selective modification of lysine residues." International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 26, no. 3 (January 12, 2009): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.1985.tb03205.x.
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McEwen, J., R. J. Darby, M. V. Hewitt, and D. P. Yeoman. "Effects of field beans, fallow, lupins, oats, oilseed rape, peas, ryegrass, sunflowers and wheat on nitrogen residues in the soil and on the growth of a subsequent wheat crop." Journal of Agricultural Science 115, no. 2 (October 1990): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075146.
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SUMMARYThe effects on a winter wheat test crop of a preliminary year of winter or spring field beans (Vicia faba), winter oats, winter oilseed rape, winter or spring peas (Pisum sativum), winter wheat, spring lupins (Lupinus albus), spring sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) or a cultivated fallow were compared in three 2-year experiments on clay-with-flints soil at Rothamsted from 1986 to 1989. In one experiment, autumn-sown ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and an uncultivated fallow, given weedkiller, were also included in the first year. Plots of test-crop wheat were divided to compare no N fertilizer with an optimal amount estimated from a predictive model.Amounts of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis) in the test crop of wheat following wheat were very slight in the first experiment, but large in the second and third. All the break crops reduced takeall to none or very slight amounts.Amounts of NO3-N in the soil in autumn after the first-year crops ranged from 7 to 95 kg N/ha. On average, they were least after oats, and most after cultivated fallow. In autumn 1988they were least after autumn-sown ryegrass. In early spring, amounts of NO3-N were generally less, ranging from 7 to 55 kg N/ha, depending on preceding crops, sowing date of the wheat and the weather. Amounts of NH4-N in soil were little affected by preceding crops or weather and were generally smaller in spring.The estimated average N fertilizer requirement of test-crop wheat following winter wheat was 230kg N/ha. This was increased by 10 kg N/ha following winter oats, decreased by 40 kg N/ha after spring peas and by 30 kg N/ha after winter rape, winter peas, spring beans and cultivated fallow. Other preliminary crops not represented every year had effects within this range.Grain yields of test-crop wheat given optimal N averaged 7·2 t/ha after winter wheat, c.1·5 t/ha less than the average after most of the break crops. The yield after oats was limited by self-sown ‘volunteers’ and that after ryegrass by limited soil N after ploughing.Of the break crops tested, winter and spring beans, winter oats, winter rape and spring peas all gave satisfactory yields. A farmer should choose between these on the basis of local farm circumstances and current economics of the break crops. Differences between effects on take-all and savings on fertilizer N were too small to influence this decision.
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Schumacher, Elizabeth, Galen E. Erickson, James C. MacDonald, Terry Klopfenstein, and Hannah Wilson. "PSII-1 Evaluation of RUP content and digestibility of feeds from organic and conventional sources." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.399.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare 17 different feeds for in situ rumen undegradable protein content (RUPc) and digestibility (RUPd) with the main objective being a comparison of organic and conventional sources of feeds. Two steers fitted with rumen cannulas and two heifers with duodenal cannulas were utilized for this study. Feeds used were procured from both conventional and USDA certified organic sources. Conventional feeds included field peas (FP), fish meal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), and dehydrated alfalfa (DA). Organic feeds included field peas (FPO), fish meal (FMO), soybean meal (SBMO), and dehydrated alfalfa (DAO). Each sample was weighed into both 5×10 cm and 10×20 cm dacron bags. Bags were evenly distributed between steers and ruminally incubated for 16 hours, replicated over two days. The 5×10 cm bags were treated with pepsin/HCl solution, inserted into the duodenum of the heifers, and retrieved from the feces to measure RUPd. Bags were washed, oven dried overnight, and residues composited to determine RUPc and RUPd. No digestibility data were gathered from FM or FMO due to lack of residue from digestion. Statistical analysis was performed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS, with sample as the experimental unit. The RUPc of DAO was not different (P = 1.0) from DA; SBMO was 32.7% greater (P < 0.01) than SBM; FMO was 30.2% greater (P < 0.01) than FM; FPO were not different (P = 0.46) than FP. The RUPd of DAO was 26.3% greater (P < 0.01) than DA; no differences were observed between SBMO and SBM or FPO and FP (P > 0.98). These data indicate that there may be some differences in rumen undegradable protein content and digestibility between conventional and certified organic feeds when measured in situ.
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Yu, Li, Laura L. Van Eerd, Ivan O'Halloran, Peter H. Sikkema, and Darren E. Robinson. "Response of four spring-seeded cover crops to residues of selected herbicides." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 2 (March 2015): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-229.
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Yu, L., Van Eerd, L. L., O'Halloran, I., Sikkema, P. H. and Robinson, D. E. 2015. Response of four spring-seeded cover crops to residues of selected herbicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 303–313. Although herbicide labels provide crop rotation restrictions, information is limited on the influence of herbicide residues on cover crops. Field experiments were conducted in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 in Ontario, Canada, to characterize the effects of soil residues of selected herbicides on establishment and growth of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), sorghum sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench×Sorghum sudanense (P.) Stapf], and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spring-seeded cover crops planted 1 yr after application. Imazethapyr (100 and 200 g ha−1) was applied pre-emergence (PRE) to processing peas (Pisum sativum L.), while S-metolachlor/atrazine plus mesotrione (2880+140 and 5760+280 g ha−1) and saflufenacil/dimethenamid-P (735 and 1470 g ha−1) were applied PRE to sweet corn (Zea mays L.). Imazethapyr residues from 200 g ha−1 caused 75 and 48% visible injury in buckwheat and sorghum sudangrass, respectively. Plant light attenuation, shoot dry weight, and nitrate-nitrogen content were reduced up to 82, 64 and 67% in buckwheat, and 40, 11 and 24% in sorghum sudangrass, respectively, by residues from imazethapyr. S-metolachlor/atrazine plus mesotrione residues caused up to 53% visible injury to annual ryegrass and reduced plant light attenuation, shoot dry weight, and nitrate-nitrogen content by as much as 59, 48, and 55%, respectively. There were no observable adverse effects of visible injury, light attenuation, shoot dry weight, and nitrate-nitrogen content on spring wheat regardless of herbicide or rate. These results indicate that buckwheat and sorghum sudangrass should not be grown in the year following imazethapyr, and that annual ryegrass should not be grown in the year after application of S-metolachlor/atrazine plus mesotrione. However, no restrictions are needed for growing spring wheat following these herbicides.
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Johnson, David H., and Ronald E. Talbert. "Imazethapyr and Imazaquin Control Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) but Carry Over to Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)." Weed Technology 7, no. 1 (March 1993): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00036915.
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The control of puncturevine in southern peas with imazethapyr and imazaquin and the potential for carryover of these herbicides to spinach was evaluated in Arkansas. Imazethapyr (0.07 kg ai ha−1) and imazaquin (0.14 kg ha−1) applied to southern peas either PPI tank-mixed with trifluralin (0.84 kg ha−1) or PRE or POST following trifluralin controlled puncturevine at least 70%. Imazaquin and imazethapyr remaining in soil after use caused injury and yield reduction to spinach planted 3 to 4 mo after herbicide application in the fall after southern pea harvest. In spring spinach planted 8 to 9 mo after herbicide application, the only injury observed was from soil residues of imazethapyr applied POST in one of two years, with no yield reduction. In rate by timing experiments, imazethapyr at 0.07 kg ha−1applied PPI, PRE, and 3 and 6 d after puncturevine emergence controlled puncturevine at least 95% at the 2-wk rating. At the 4-wk rating, imazethapyr at 0.07 kg ha−1applied PRE provided this level of control. Imazaquin at 0.07 and 0.14 kg ha−1controlled puncturevine greater than 93% when applied up to 12 d after emergence. Puncturevine control was less with both herbicides at lower rates and as application timing increased.
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Prymak, I., L. Karpuk, M. Yermolaev, A. Pavlichenko, and L. Filipova. "Main criteria for evaluation of efciency and contradictions in the process of crop rotation implementation." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(163) (May 25, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2021-163-1-7-14.
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The nature of subjective positioning on the role of crop rotations in agriculture from many points of view, namely – agrochemical, biological, geological and energetic. This leads to the belief that crop rotation arose as a need for reasonable human interaction with nature, a careful attitude to it. However, a comprehensive ecological and biosphere approach to understanding the essence of crop rotation requires the resolution of certain contradictions that arise in the implementation of modern farming systems. Based on the data of long-term feld experiments, the main indicators of the biological cycle of humus carbon in black soil are calculated. The calculation is based on the balance of humus as the difference between the fnal and initial content and reserves in the soil under different crop rotations. We found that the joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the balance of humus and nitrogen in the soil and, ultimately, on crop yields and crop rotation productivity. Against this background, a positive balance of humus (+1.29 t/ha) and total nitrogen (+80 kg/ha) in the soil is observed. Strengthening the organic fertilizer system by using, in addition to manure, by-products of crops – cereal straw, peas, corn stalks contributed to the formation of a positive balance of humus and nitrogen in the soil: the annual accumulation of humus was 0.28 t/ha, nitrogen 14 kg/ha. Due to the humifcation of crop residues of cereals, peas and perennial legumes during the 7-year study period in the soil of control crop rotation 1 formed humus 2.85 t/ha, in crop rotation 14 with grasses – 7.0, the rest of crop rotations – from 3.4 up to 4.0 t/ha. In general, 5.5 % of the initial stock of humus or 8.9 t/ha was mineralized in the crop rotation without fertilizers during the specifed period. If we add to this about 3 t/ha of humus, the decomposition of which in the process of mineralization was compensated by plant residues, then during this period decomposed about 12 t/ha of humus. This value of mineralization characterizes the parameters of the biological cycle of humus in the control crop rotation. Key words: soil, fertilizers, crop rotations, crop yield, crop rotation productivity, plant residues, humifcation, humus, humus mineralization, humus balance.
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Lupwayi, N. Z., and Y. K. Soon. "Nitrogen release from field pea residues and soil inorganic N in a pea-wheat crop rotation in northwestern Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08019.
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Pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties can differ in morphology, N2 fixation and straw N content. A study was conducted over 3 site-years to evaluate the influence of pea variety and inoculation with Rhizobium on N release from decomposing pea residues. The litterbag technique was used to measure N release over a 52-wk period starting from the time of pea harvest in one season through part of the following season when wheat was grown. Experimental treatments comprised factorial combinations of three pea varieties and either inoculation with 5 kg ha-1 of a granular inoculant or none, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Neither pea variety nor inoculation affected amounts or patterns of N released. Patterns of N release over time showed mostly net N mineralization in two of 3 site-years, and some net N immobilization in one site-year. The percentages (up to 19 to 24% over time) and amounts (up to 2.3 to 7.5 kg N ha-1) of N released were low, probably due to the combination of low N concentrations (mostly < 1%) in the residues and below-normal rainfall in all 3 site-years. Soil NO3-N and NH4-N (0- to 80-cm depth) in the fall after pea harvest (20 to 39 and 27 to 55 kg N ha-1, respectively) and in spring before wheat seeding (23 to 51 and 16 to 40 kg N ha-1, respectively) were not affected by pea variety or inoculation. However, soil NO3-N was mostly higher after peas than after barley (the control). There is need to measure patterns of N release over several subsequent crops to check if more N is released in the long term. Key words: Crop residue, N mineralization, Rhizobium inoculation, soil inorganic N
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Abdallah, Ibrahim S., Karima F. Abdelgawad, Mohamed M. El-Mogy, Mohamed B. I. El-Sawy, Hend A. Mahmoud, and Mahmoud A. M. Fahmy. "Weed Control, Growth, Nodulation, Quality and Storability of Peas as Affected by Pre- and Postemergence Herbicides." Horticulturae 7, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090307.
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Weeds represent a major constraint for successful pea cultivation, resulting in loss of green pea yield and quality. Two field experiments were carried out during the winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the efficacy of pendimethalin, butralin, fluazifop butyl, bentazon, and hoeing on weed control, and their impact on pea growth, nodule formation, yield, quality, and storability. The results indicated that hoeing and fluazifop butyl were the most effective treatments for weed control in terms of the lowest values of total weed dry weight. The bentazon and fluazifop butyl herbicides didn’t affect active nodules number, plant height, plant weight, root length, or number of leaves and branches. Additionally, bentazon and hoeing resulted in the highest total yield per plant and protein content. Butralin and pendimetalin achieved the lowest yield, and butralin also resulted in the lowest plant height and weight. Bentazon-treated peas had the highest chemical compositions in terms of chlorophyll, carotenoids, total sugar, and vitamin C contents in pea pods at harvest and during cold storage at 4 °C and 95 RH for 45 days. No detectable residues of the four herbicides under study were detected in green pods, suggesting that pods can be safely consumed at the time of harvesting. It can be concluded that nodules formation in pea was not affected significantly by the application of the tested herbicides, except pendimethalin and butralin. Furthermore, bentazon had a positive impact on nodules formation and pods quality and could be used effectively for controlling the broadleaf weeds, and it was simultaneously a selective and safe herbicide in pea cultivation.
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Graham, Hadden, Per Åman, Rosemary K. Newman, C. Walt Newman, and C. Walt newman. "Use of a nylon-bag technique for pig feed digestibility studies." British Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 3 (November 1985): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850158.
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1. The use of a nylon-bag technique for pig feed digestibility determination was studied. Bags, measuring 25 × 40 mm and containing feed samples, were introduced into the pig gastrointestinal tract through a duodenal cannula, and recovered in the faeces between 23 and 69 h later. The disappearance of organic matter and crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) from the bags was compared with in vivo apparent digestibility, determined by conventional faecal-collection methods, and neutral-detergent-fibre content for eleven feeds. The residues left in the bags after passage through the intestine from whole-crop-pea (Pisum sativum) and barley-grain samples were analysed for starch, non-starch polysaccharide residues, Klason lignin, crude protein and ash.2. Dry matter disappearance of barley or whole-crop peas was not influenced by increasing bag pore size from 10 to 36 μm or sample weight from 250 to 1000 mg. Pepsin (EC 3.4.2.1) pretreatment had no effect on the degradation in the bags of the feeds investigated.3. Organic matter and crude protein disappearance from the bags exceeded in vivo apparent digestibility by up to 0.10 and 0.42 units respectively. In vivo apparent organic matter digestibility could be predicted (P < 0.001) by the organic matter disappearance from the bags and the neutral-detergent-fibre content of the feed, while in vivo apparent crude protein digestibility was highly correlated (P < 0.001) to all these indices but poorly to crude protein disappearance from the bags.4. Klason lignin was the least degraded component measured in the whole-crop-pea and barley residues from the bags, while starch was completely digested. Of the non-starch polysaccharide residues, xylose was the most resistant to degradation in both samples whereas other sugars vaned in susceptibility to solubilization between samples.5. Results are discussed in relation to the potential uses of the nylon-bag technique described in the present paper for studies in simple-stomached animals.
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Śmiglak-Krajewska, Magdalena. "CULTIVATION OF LEGUME CROPS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7770.
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Crop production processes are increasingly focused on the proper use of the natural environment. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper was to identify factors determining farmers' decision to cultivate legumes on their farms. Additionally it was decided to estimate economic benefits resulting from atmospheric nitrogen fixing by plants. The value of economic benefits was calculated by multiplying the price per kg of pure nitrogen and the amount of nitrogen fixed in the soil after the crop residues are ploughed. This paper relies on empirical studies which covered 180 selected legume farms across the country. As shown by the calculation, the value of biological benefits for the cultivation of peas was 140 PLN/ha and 58 PLN/ha more for lupins. The farmers surveyed cited improved soil texture and the beneficial impact of legumes on the yield of subsequent crops as the main reason for introducing legumes into their cropping patterns.
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Knott, C. M. "The effect of cover crops on the establishment and yield of vining peas and on nitrate leaching." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 4 (June 1996): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075560.
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SUMMARYExperiments were designed to assess the effects of cover crops, compared with bare stubble, on the establishment and yield of a following crop of vining peas sown in March. The cover crops of winter wheat (to simulate self-sown wheat) or winter rye, and bare stubble, were ploughed in on different dates: 1 December, 1 February or 1 March. Cover crops were destroyed with or without the use of herbicide. The three experiments in 1990/91, 1991/92 and 1992/93 were sited on a free-draining, sandy loam soil at Thornhaugh, Cambridgeshire.The cover crops, sown as soon as possible in September following a winter wheat crop, had low dry matter (DM) production and nitrogen uptake in the dry autumns of 1990 and 1991, but in the third experiment (1992/93), autumn rainfall was higher than the long-term average and DM production and N uptake were greater. Cover crops reduced the overwinter soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) content in all 3 years compared with bare stubble. However, in spring, SMN increased where cover crops had been incorporated, due to the mineralization of the cover crop residues. Rye captured more nitrogen than wheat.Vining pea vigour and maturity at quick-freezing harvest stage were not affected by cover crop, destruction date or method in any of the three seasons.On the light soil, satisfactory seedbeds were achieved after ploughing at all three timings for experiments in 1990/91 and 1992/93 and vining pea yields were not reduced by cover crops or by destruction date or method. However, delayed ploughing in February and March in the 1991/92 experiment resulted in lower vining pea yields compared with ploughing in December. This was due to poor seedbeds after late ploughing rather than cover crop, stubble treatment or method of destruction.
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Seminchenko, E. V. "Productivity of crop rotations on lignt chestnut soils of the Lover Volga region." Agrarian science, no. 3 (May 8, 2022): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-357-3-57-61.
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Recently the orientation on fertilizers of agrogenous origin (leies, straw, crop residue) is significantly expanding. As the main agricultural instrument, ensuring the achievement of these goals, scientifically based crop rotation is adopted as a method for regulating the receipt and quality of organic matter into the soil and the speed of its transformation. In this regard, our research is aimed at developing the optimal structure of field and crop rotations for a developing situation. The cultivation technology of crops was generally accepted for the research area. Placing options were: (A) sequential and (B) blocks in three tiers. The main soil cultivation in the experiment was beardless plowing by stilt SibPME to a depth of 25–27 cm. Regionalized varieties of agricultural crops were cultivated. The counts and observations were carried out according to the recommendations. For the period July — August, the largest amount of precipitation fell in 2016 — 119.0 mm; the smallest in 2017 — 6.0 mm, in other years this indicator was in the range of 32.8–86.0 mm. On average, over the years of research, the greatest accumulation of crop residues, straw and roots was in a 4-field crop rotation with black fallow — 3.4 t/ha. The highest amount of nitrogen entering the soil with straw, crop residues was noted in an 8-field crop rotation — 49.8 kg/ha. The largest amount of biological nitrogen (according to Trepachev’s method) was accumulated under alfalfa crops — 34.4 kg/ha. Analysis of soil samples for the content of humus over the years of research did not reveal significant changes. The best predecessor for winter wheat is black fallow. After perennial grasses, peas, the grain yield of winter wheat in some years decreases by 4–12 c/ha. Analysis of the correlation dependence of the productivity of crop rotations has shown that the highest dependence with atmospheric precipitation for May — June is t = +0.50 for grain and fodder units and slightly less — for protein (t = + 0.26–0.50).
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Matveev, Yu I., and E. V. Averyanova. "The role of cysteine in the formation of domain structures of papain and legumin in peas, involved in limited proteolysis." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 11, no. 4 (January 10, 2022): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2021-11-4-642-650.
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The limited use of plant proteins for food is explained by their low bioavailability and poor digestibility by enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract. Partially reproduced enzymatic processes of limited proteolysis that occur during seed germination are used to modify and improve the edibility characteristics of seed proteins. The present work discusses the possibility of reducing the duration of seed germination processes by optimising the conditions and parameters of limited proteolysis. To optimise manufacturing high-quality final product, enzymes (additional to the natural enzymes in the seed) and proteolysis conditions (in this case, temperature), as well as added substances (hydrolysis activators), were selected. The influence of cysteine on the formation of domain structures of proteins (enzymes and globulins) was evaluated. The proposed expressions can be used to determine those fragments of protein molecules that form stable domains and become unstructured when exposed to enzymes. Optimal conditions for limited proteolysis were identified based on the physical mechanism of action of papain-like proteolytic enzymes on pea legumin LegA (3KSC, CAA10722). It is shown that the decomposition of protein secondary structures takes 6–8 times longer, since the formed hydrogen bonds limit the access of enzymes to the corresponding amino-acid residues. It is also demonstrated that the decomposition of hydrogen bonds, e.g. by preliminary heat treatment of proteins, will broaden the prospects for limited proteolysis.
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Francis, G. S., R. J. Haynes, and P. H. Williams. "Nitrogen mineralization, nitrate leaching and crop growth after ploughing-in leguminous and non-leguminous grain crop residues." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 1 (August 1994): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067800.
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SummaryA field experiment was conducted in Canterbury, New Zealand to investigate the effect of six leguminous and non-leguminous grain crops on soil N fertility over a 12 month period (March 1989 to March 1990). All crops had an overall negative N balance during their growing season. A greater amount of soil N was removed by barley, rape and lupins (104–119 kg N/ha) than by field beans, field peas or lentils (50–74 kg N/ha).Net N mineralization was measured in all treatments between residue incorporation and the start of winter. With the exception of the lupins, accumulation of mineral N in the soil profile before the start of winter drainage was greater following leguminous (mean 124 kg N/ha) than non-leguminous crops (mean 80 kg N/ha).Cumulative apparent leaching losses over the autumn/winter were largely a reflection of the mineral N content of the profile before the start of drainage. Excluding lupins, leaching losses declined in the order fallow > legumes > non-legumes (110 > 72 > 37 kg N/ha respectively). The anomalous results for the lupins were attributed to the incorporation of a large amount of woody residues after harvest which may well have resulted in extensive net N mineralization occurring later in the autumn.Over a 12 month period, all treatments showed a decline in N fertility (110–160 kg N/ha), although compared with barley, the total loss of soil N was 10–40 kg N/ha less following leguminous crops.Growth of the following spring wheat test crop was affected by the preceding crop. Grain yield, grain N yield and total N yield were significantly related to the mineral N content of the soil at the end of leaching, and to a measure of net N mineralization during the growing season of the test crop.
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Moyer, James R., Rudy Esau, and Gerald C. Kozub. "Chlorsulfuron Persistence and Response of Nine Rotational Crops in Alkaline Soils of Southern Alberta." Weed Technology 4, no. 3 (September 1990): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0002594x.
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Chlorsulfuron was applied to wheat at rates of 0, 10, 20, and 40 g ai ha-1in three locations at Lethbridge and Brooks between 1980 and 1984. The soil pH and organic matter contents at Lethbridge and Brooks were 8.0 and 2.1% and 7.4 and 3.0%, respectively. Rotational crops were seeded for up to 7 yr after chlorsulfuron application. The criteria used to indicate when susceptible crops will grow safely were no significant yield loss at the 40 g ha-1rate and the magnitude of the upper confidence limit for this difference. The following times after application before crop yields were not affected were required at Lethbridge: barley, 2 yr; canola, 3 yr; peas, beans, 4 yr; flax and potatoes, 5 yr; alfalfa and sugarbeets, 6 yr; and lentils at least 7 yr. The effect of chlorsulfuron residues in the soil on rotational crops appeared to be similar at Brooks and at Lethbridge. Estimated chlorsulfuron concentrations were related to the tolerance of rotational crops.
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Engström, L., and B. Lindén. "Temporal course of net N mineralization and immobilization in topsoil following incorporation of crop residues of winter oilseed rape, peas and oats in a northern climate." Soil Use and Management 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sum.12004.
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Vlasova, O. I., G. R. Dorojko, V. M. Perederieva, and O. G. Chabaldas. "Efficient activity of soil depending on of precursors and major treatment of soil when cultivating winter wheat." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128506008.
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The article presents data on the change in the enzymatic activity of the soil in winter wheat crops under the influence of the methods and techniques of tillage and the previous crop in the Central Ciscaucasus zone. The studies were carried out in the zone of the Central Ciscaucasia on the basis of the experimental station of Stavropol State Agrarian University. The determination of the activity of invertase shows that its maximum values are in the variants of the combined treatment, which is associated with more favorable hydrothermal conditions of the arable layer of the soil. Thus, according to its predecessor, pea + oats for green fodder, invertase activity is 27.9 mg of glucose per 1 g of soil for 40 hours, which is almost twice as high in comparison with surface treatment and three times with plowing. The decrease in the activity of invertase during dump processing indicates a rapid rate of mineralization of organic matter. Catalase activity on the studied precursors: on peas with oats for green fodder 1.6 and 1.3; 1.5 and 1.8 peas; for corn silage 1.5 and 1.4 ml 0.1 n. KMnO4 per 1 g of soil for 20 minutes. Revealed a decrease in activity under the influence of plowing, as urease enters the soil with plant debris. When dumping treatment due to movement of plant residues in the underlying layers, the activity of this enzyme decreases to 0.8–0.9 mg of N-NH4 per 10 g of soil for 4 hours, whereas with surface treatment, depending on its predecessor, it is 0.8–– 1.3 mg of N-NH4 / 10 g of soil for 4 hours, with a combination of 1.0–1.1, and for shallow soil, 1.1–1.2 mg of N-NH4 / 10 g of soil in 4 hours.
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Hamza, M. A., and W. K. Anderson. "Improving soil physical fertility and crop yield on a clay soil in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 5 (2002): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01099.
Full textAbstract:
In the low rainfall area of Western Australia, clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat. Yield increases on such soils have been poor in the last decade compared with those on other soil types. An experiment was conducted over 4 years (1997–2000) using a factorial combination of soil ripping to 0.4 m, application of commercial grade gypsum at 2.5 t/ha, and addition of complete nutrients based on soil test each year. All crop residues were retained after harvest and returned to the soil. The experiment was conducted in a wheat–field pea rotation at Merredin, WA. Soil water infiltration rate, soil strength, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, cation exchange capacity, and wheat yields were measured. Grain yields of wheat and field peas were increased by deep ripping, the addition of gypsum, or the addition of complete nutrients in some years. The main treatment effects on yield were additive, as significant interactions between the treatments on yield were seldom found. However, all the main treatments also significantly improved many of the soil physical properties related to crop growth. In 2000, 4 years after the treatments were applied, soil water infiltration rate was increased by more than 200%, strength of the topsoil decreased by around 1600 kPa, and soil bulk density decreased by 20%. Gypsum application increased water-stable aggregates, but soil mixing caused by deep ripping reduced them. The combination of soil ripping and gypsum application in the presence of complete nutrients and annual return of crop residues to the soil is suggested to improve crop grain yield and soil physical fertility on a range of Western Australian soils.
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Castillo, Juan J., Garret Couture, Nikita P. Bacalzo, Ye Chen, Elizabeth L. Chin, Sarah E. Blecksmith, Yasmine Y. Bouzid, et al. "The Development of the Davis Food Glycopedia—A Glycan Encyclopedia of Food." Nutrients 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14081639.
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The molecular complexity of the carbohydrates consumed by humans has been deceptively oversimplified due to a lack of analytical methods that possess the throughput, sensitivity, and resolution required to provide quantitative structural information. However, such information is becoming an integral part of understanding how specific glycan structures impact health through their interaction with the gut microbiome and host physiology. This work presents a detailed catalogue of the glycans present in complementary foods commonly consumed by toddlers during weaning and foods commonly consumed by American adults. The monosaccharide compositions of over 800 foods from diverse food groups including Fruits, Vegetables, Grain Products, Beans, Peas, Other Legumes, Nuts, Seeds; Sugars, Sweets and Beverages; Animal Products, and more were obtained and used to construct the “Davis Food Glycopedia” (DFG), an open-access database that provides quantitative structural information on the carbohydrates in food. While many foods within the same group possessed similar compositions, hierarchical clustering analysis revealed similarities between different groups as well. Such a Glycopedia can be used to formulate diets rich in specific monosaccharide residues to provide a more targeted modulation of the gut microbiome, thereby opening the door for a new class of prophylactic or therapeutic diets.
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Semenikhina, Yulia, Sergey Kambulov, Dmitriy Podlesniy, Tamara Vladimirova, and Sergey Belousov. "The efficiency of the system tillage during of the cultivation crops." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 05011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127305011.
Full textAbstract:
When cultivating crops in arid conditions, special importance is attached to soil cultivation systems aimed at eliminating the deficiency of soil moisture. The main purpose of soil cultivation is to create an optimal soil structure, which is a multiphase system of solid, liquid and gaseous components that form soil fertility with a subsequent effect on the yield of agricultural crops. Various soil cultivation systems are used to form a favorable soil structure. The conservative cultivation system consists in the minimum impact on the soil (usually direct sowing) and with the preservation of plant residues on its surface. The relevance of the study is to identify the most effective system of soil cultivation. The study was carried out under the conditions of many years of stationary experience in legume crop rotation for 5 years. It was revealed that the conservative system of soil cultivation is effective and surpasses the traditional one in the following indicators: soil moisture is more by 14.2%; the soil temperature is 2.6% lower; soil density is 3.48% higher. A stable increase in yield was also revealed: for winter wheat by 6.62%, for spring barley by 8.09%, for peas by 13.95% and for soybeans by 23.00%.
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Iminov, A., SH Kuziboev, O. Matchonov, and M. Atabaev. "Organic contents of residues and nutrients in the short-row crop rotation systems in typical agricultural lands of Uzbekistan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1068, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012031.
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Abstract The presence of 0.411% nitrogen, 0.152% phosphorus, 0.209% potassium in the root part of winter wheat, also the presence of 0.207% nitrogen, 0.116% phosphorus, 0.137% potassium element in the stubble part, 1.21% nitrogen, 0.32% phosphorus, 0.5% potassium the root part of legumes, 0.39% nitrogen, 0.2% phosphorus, 0.71% potassium the stubble part, 1.25% nitrogen, 0.88% phosphorus, 1.1% potassium the root part of the bean, 0.86% nitrogen, 0.32% phosphorus, 1.1% potassium the stubble part, 1.38% nitrogen, 0.90% phosphorus, 1.0% potassium the root part of the mung bean, 1.22% nitrogen, 0.29 phosphorus, 1.3% potassium in the stubble part and 0.90% nitrogen, 0.33% phosphorus, 0.99% potassium in the root part of mixed siderite (perco + oats + green peas), 0.61% nitrogen, 0.22% phosphorus and 0.68% potassium the stubble part were found in this research. If the total remnant of stubble and root was 2.74 tons/ha when the norm of mineral fertilizers was N180P125K90 kg/ha in winter wheat, in the case of soybean cultivation as a secondary crop, the norm of mineral fertilizers in winter wheat was N180P125K90 kg/ha+15 tons/ha in the soybean with the use of organic-mineral compost was 2.96 tons/ha, which is 0.22 tons/ha higher than in the background with only mineral fertilizers were observed that 31.1–44.9 kg/ha of total nitrogen remained after soybean per 1 ha. It was found that the norms of mineral fertilizers used in the treatment and care of nitragin before sowing the seeds of mung bean and soybeans grown as a secondary crop after winter wheat affected the amount of root and root residues that left the plants in the soil, 0.73-0.93 tons/ha of roots in the soil, 1.30-1.49 tons/ha of sorghum and 0.81-1.04 tons/ha of roots and 1.70% of soybeans grown as secondary crops, 1.92 tons/ha of ore residues were found to remain.
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Ismail, Suhaina, Hashim Hussin, Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim, and Norazharuddin Shah Abdullah. "Leached Residue Characterization of Manganese-Bamboo Saw Dust Blend: An X-Ray Diffraction Study." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.370.
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Manganese-bamboo sawdust leached residue (MBLR) is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of leaching reaction time on the MBLR. The initial solids of low grade manganese (LGMO) ore and bamboo sawdust (BSD) as reducing agent, as well as the leach residues, were characterized. XRD analysis showed that the pyrolusite peak has not been found in the LGMO leached residue and the peak corresponding to quartz and goethite has diminished, compared to XRD peaks of initial LGMO. The calculated crystallinity of the BSD residue has decreased from 56.12% to 52.65%. This indicated that the crystalline portion of cellulose was readily hydrolyzed during the leaching process.
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Faligowska, Agnieszka, Stanisław Kalembasa, Dorota Kalembasa, Katarzyna Panasiewicz, Grażyna Szymańska, Karolina Ratajczak, and Grzegorz Skrzypczak. "The Nitrogen Fixation and Yielding of Pea in Different Soil Tillage Systems." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 30, 2022): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020352.
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The field experiment was carried out in 2013 and 2014 as part of a long-term experiment to test the influence of different soil tillage systems (conventional, reduced, direct sowing) on (a) the yield of summer pea (Pisum sativum L.) and (b) the amount of biologically reduced atmospheric nitrogen (N), which was determined using the 15N dilution method (ID15N). Spring barley was used as a reference plant. Climatic conditions did not have a significant influence on the yield of pea seeds (mean value 4.56 t ha−1), post-harvest residues (3.76 t ha−1) and total biomass (8.33 t ha−1). Soil tillage system was found to have a significant impact on all components of the pea yield in years of experiment, with the highest average seed yield values observed with the conventional system (5.19 t ha−1) and significantly lower values observed with reduced tillage (4.34 t ha−1) and direct sowing (4.17 t ha−1). The content of total N was greatest in the pea biomass that was harvested in the conventional system (202 kg ha−1) and lowest with direct sowing (155 kg ha−1). Nitrogen accumulated in the pea seeds from three sources: atmosphere (mean value 35.2%), fertilizers (6.8%) and soil (57.9%), equating to 48.6, 9.9, and 85.4 kg ha−1, respectively. Soil tillage system was found to have a significant impact on the amount of N that was fixed from the atmosphere by the peas: 17.7% in conventional tillage, 37.9 in reduced system and 50.2% in direct sowing, which equates to a harvested seed yield of 28.9, 52.0 and 64.4 kg ha−1, respectively. In the post-harvest residues, the amount of N fixed from the atmosphere by the pea crop was also modified by the soil tillage system in range: 20.2% in conventional tillage and 32.6% in direct sowing (which equates to 7.4 and 8.5 kg N ha−1, respectively), but the difference was not significant.
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Kirkegaard, J. A., P. M. Mele, and G. N. Howe. "Enhanced accumulation of mineral-N following canola." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 5 (1999): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98163.
Full textAbstract:
The accumulation of mineral-nitrogen (N) in the top 10 cm of soil during the summer fallow was measured in 2 replicated field experiments following a range of crops including wheat, oats, canola, peas and lupins. At the first site, mineral-N was measured following harvest and in autumn before sowing subsequent crops across 3 seasons (1994–96). Crop residues were retained on the surface with intermittent grazing by sheep throughout the summer fallow and burnt before the autumn measurements. The smallest increase in mineral-N accumulation occurred following the cereals in all 3 seasons (mean increase 31 kg/ha). The highest accumulation of mineral-N in all seasons occurred following canola (mean 94 kg/ha), 3 times as much as that following cereals, and significantly higher than that after the legumes in 2 of the 3 seasons (mean 50 kg/ha). Differences in the amount, N content, or C : N ratio of the surface-retained crop residues are unlikely explanations for the observed differences in mineral-N accumulation. At a second site, measurements of the accumulation of mineral-N following canola and wheat were accompanied by measurements of populations of selected microorganisms involved with N cycling in soil. More mineral-N accumulated after canola than after wheat, however, populations of free-living, N-fixing bacteria, potential Azospirillim species and NH4+ oxidising bacteria were significantly lower following canola than following wheat, and populations of total bacteria and NO2− oxidising bacteria did not differ. These results suggest that greater mineral-N accumulation following canola does not result from a shift in those microbial populations which favour mineral-N accumulation, however, more detailed studies are required to resolve the exact cause of the differences. A possible explanation is that biocidal compounds released by canola roots during decay may cause a general ‘biofumigation’ and thereby result in a flush of mineral-N similar to that which accompanies chemical fumigation.