Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Peas Residues'

Copies of the author's previously published articles inserted. Bibliography: leaves 142-159. Provides information on the significance of pea straw as a ruminant feed and the potential of two biological techniques for improving its feeding value.

This thesis is concerned with the physical principles, methodology and applications of neutron diffraction in the measurement of residual stress. Work on three main areas is presented. 1) Carbon steels 2) Data and Peak Broadening analysis and 3) Single lap glue shear joints. The Carbon steels section shows the drastic effect of the content of carbon on the measured stress. This is an aspect which has been somewhat neglected in the past. The carbon is in the form of cementite, which is a hard compound and causes the carbon steel to act like a composite material, the ferrite acting as a soft matrix and the cementite as a reinforcement. The consequence of this is that the two components develop high microstresses with plastic deformation. This is clearly illustrated in the work of [Bon 97] where values of approx. 460 MPa in the residual stress in the ferrite are balanced by negative residual stresses of 2300 MPa in cementite yielding an overall macro residual stress of zero. In this work it has been shown that even knowledge of the cementite and ferrite residual stresses and fractions may not be sufficient to accurately calculate the macro stress since the ferrite unloading curve is non linear. The use of a single valued constant modulus to convert from strain to stress is hence not valid. Peak shape analysis enables dislocation density and cell size estimates to be made. The thesis examines several methods of data weighting and deconvolution in order to asses the best means of extracting this information from standard residual stress data. Care should be taken for the peaks with very low backgrounds when finding the Gaussian and Lorentzian components. A weighting that avoids the strong bias of zero and I counts in the detector channels should be used e.g. W = I / ( 10 + Y). Lorentzian and Gaussian components can be successfully extracted from asymmetrical peaks (of peaks that broaden symmetrically), using deconvolution method 1, although the data should be of good quality. Reproducibility has been shown in the Gaussian, Lorentzian and FWHM for different instruments at different institutes. This is extremely important for the use of these values for peak broadening analysis and for estimation of the plastic deformation within a sample. The neutron diffraction technique has been used to investigate the longitudinal stresses in the adherend produced as a result of cure and due to the application of a tensile load in a single lap shear joint. The results throw doubt on widely used finite element predictions.

La presente tesis está orientada a aplicar herramientas Lean en una empresa dedicada a la fabricación de tubosistemas que tiene como mercado el sector construcción, sector económico que ha tenido un gran desarrollo en los últimos años en nuestro país. Al iniciar el estudio La empresa presentaba problemas en la utilización del scrap en los compuestos, su uso no estandarizado trajo como consecuencia altos inventarios de scrap (material rechazado, productos no conformes). Se desarrolló un análisis de la situación actual de la empresa y se detectaron los principales problemas, una vez seleccionados se aplicó las herramientas lean: 5S, SMED, TPM y Benchmarking, estas herramientas fueron adaptadas a la realidad de la empresa con el fin de mejorar y optimizar los proceso de mezclado compuestos y molienda scrap y de reducir el inventario de scrap mediante el incremento de su consumo y la reducción de su generación. Como resultado de la implementación de las 5s, disminuyeron los tiempos de tránsito y tiempos muertos, además la estandarización de actividades y se redujeron los casos de contaminación compuesto, a la par generó un cambio de cultura en los colaboradores. Con el SMED se redujeron los tiempos de abastecimiento a los equipos de molienda, permitiendo incrementar las horas de trabajo efectivo. La aplicación del TPM también incremento las horas de trabajo efectivo en el área debido a la reducción de paros de mantenimiento, el mantenimiento autónomo dio herramientas para ejecutar un mantenimiento preventivo por parte del propio personal del área. La implementación del benchmarking con empresas de otros países que forman parte del mismo a grupo empresarial de la empresa de estudio, se mejoraron fórmulas de compuesto, se implementó nuevos procedimientos para el uso de equipos incrementando sus rendimientos y vida útil. La aplicación de las herramientas Lean permitió la estandarización de actividades, incremento de rendimientos, reducción de tiempos muertos trayendo como consecuencia la reducción del inventario de scrap de 323 toneladas en agosto del 2013 a 52 toneladas en julio del 2015, además la disminución de la generación de scrap de 9% en agosto del 2013 a 5.7% en julio del 2015. Económicamente se justificó el proyecto debido a que se obtuvo un ratio VPN de 379,849 dólares, TIR 40% y un ratio costo beneficio de 1.77.
Tesis

Orientador : Antonio Salvio Mangrich
Co-orientador : Fábio Simonelli
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná
Resumo: A caracterização química de substâncias húmicas (SH) é uma importante etapa na compreensão do processo de humificação. A despeito de seu papel imprescindível na sustentabilidade da vida, a natureza química e a reatividade das SH são ainda pouco conhecidas. SH são misturas originadas da degradação de restos vegetais, do metabolismocatabolismo microbiano, ou de ambos processos. A compostagem é um processo bioxidativo de tratamento de resíduos orgânicos que, sob condições controladas, pode servir para o estudo químico detalhado do processo de humificação e da formação de SH, propiciando a formação de um húmus menos heterogéneo e a partir de materiais de partida bem caracterizados quimicamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as alterações químicas ocorridas no material durante a compostagem da mistura de serragem de Pinns taeda e lodo biológico de fábrica de celulose de Pinns. Este material foi usado para estudar o processo de humificação, através da caracterizaçãoespectroscópica e de cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho das fiações húmicas. Os resultados mostraram que o húmus produzido gerou SH de tamanho molecular entre 800 e 12000 Da, ricos em grupos oxigenados (carboxilas e fenóis), em complexos metálicos de ferro, cobre e manganês e em radicais livres orgânicos. A variação do tamanho dos agregados durante a compostagem s e relacionou a aspectos como aeração e relação O/C. O índice de oxidação das estruturas parece reger estas relações. Em húmus "jovens", a fiação fulvica parece ser especialmente afetada por estas relações. O modelo clássico de descrição das SH como macromoléculas poliméricas não explica os resultados obtidos neste trabalho. Estes resultados parecem concordar com a descrição das SH como associações supramoleculares de moléculas relativamente pequenas, unidas por forças fracas em sistema de "self-assembly", ao invés da descrição destas substâncias como macromoléculas. Forças atrativas hidrófobas e ligações de hidrogénio parecem reger os processos de agregação em soluções diluídas, resultando em agregados de tamanhos moleculares maiores, com o aumento da concentração. A repulsão eletrostática predominante quando um limite crítico de concentração é ultrapassado, faz com que os tamanhos dos agregados moleculares se tornem menores. A interação das SH com espécies anfifílicas tais como ácidos orgânicos, parece atuar especialmente desta forma.
Abstract: The chemical characterization of humic substances (HS) is an important step to understand the humification process. Despite their role in the sustainability of life, the basic chemical nature and reactivity of HS are still poorly understood. HS are mixtures developed from plant and animal decays, from microbial metabolism-catabolism, or from both. Composting is a bioxidative process of organic wastes treatment, which could be used, under specified conditions, for H S formation s tudies, s ince i t i s possible t o o btain homogeneous and well chemical well-defined materials. The aim of this work was to study the chemical alterations during the composting of Pinus taeda sawdust and paper mill sludge. The humic fractions obtained from compost were studied by using spectroscopic techniques (EPR, DRIFT, UV-vis and NMR) and sizeexclusion chromatography. The results show that the humus compost formed HS with molecular size between 800 and 12000 Da, rich in oxygenated groups as carboxyl and phenols, in metallic complex as iron, copper and manganese, and in free organic radicals. The molecular size variation of the humic aggregates from compost was correlated with O/C ratio and aeration. In fresh humus, fixlvic fraction seems to be specially affected by this parameters. Such results would have been difficult to explain based on the polymeric description of humic substances. Conversely, our findings can be easily explained on the basis of the supramolecular understanding of humic substances that describes these natural materials as heterogeneous and rather small molecules associated by dispersive forces in supramolecular structures. Hydrophobic forces (%-n, CH-71, van der Waals, charge-transfer bonds) and H-bondings seems to rule the aggregation process in diluted solutions, resulting in greater aggregates with the increase of concentration. Electrostatic repulsion predominates when a critical concentration limit is exceeded and as a result, the molecular size becomes smaller. Humic superaggregates interactions with amphiphilic species as organic acids seems might to have such behavior.

Orientador: Eleni Gomes
Resumo: As leveduras são organismos quimiorganotróficos que utilizam principalmente glicose como fonte de energia e carbono. Além da glicose, outros açúcares fermentescíveis se encontram em abundância na natureza e têm sido subaproveitados na indústria, dos quais se destaca a xilose. Para algumas leveduras, como Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a utilização de pentoses é limitada pela carência de transportadores de membrana específicos e enzimas intracelulares para a metabolização deste açúcar. Entretanto, algumas leveduras são capazes de utilizar xilose como fonte de carbono e bioconverte-la em produtos como etanol, ácidos orgânicos ou peptídeos. Isso implica na existência de um sistema de transporte e enzimas intracelulares para metabolizala. Neste contexto, a prospecção de enzimas auxiliares despolimerizantes do material lignocelulósico, tais como β-glicosidases e α-L-arabinofuranosidases, também assume função importante para obtenção de açúcares fermentescíveis. Além disso, poucos estudos estão disponíveis a respeito da produção de peptídeos bioativos por leveduras, quais podem ser fontes promissoras de produção dos mesmos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho buscou investigar o consumo de xilose, a produção de peptídeos com atividade biológica e a produção de βglicosidases pelas espécies Pichia ofunaensis e Trichosporon multisporon, assim como a produção de α-L-arabinofuranosidases por Aureobasidium pullulans e A. leucospermi. As enzimas foram prospectadas utilizando farelo de trigo como ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Yeasts are chemorganotrophic organisms that mainly use glucose as a source of energy and carbon. In addition to glucose, other fermentable sugars are found in abundance in nature and have been underutilized in the industry, of which xylose stands out. For some yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the use of pentoses is limited by the lack of specific membrane transporters and intracellular enzymes for the metabolization of this sugar. However, some yeasts are able to use xylose as a carbon source and bioconvert it into products such as etanol, organic acids or peptides. This implies the existence of a transport system and intracellular enzymes to metabolize it. The fermentation of pentoses is an essential step to improve the yield in the production of ethanol and organic acids. In this context, the prospection of depolymerizing auxiliary enzymes of lignocellulosic material, such as β-glycosidases and α-Larabinofuranosidases, also plays an important role in obtaining fermentable sugars. In addition, few studies are available regarding the production of bioactive peptides by yeasts, which can be promising sources of their production. Thus, the present work sought to investigate the consumption of xylose, the production of peptides with biological activity and the production of β-glycosidases by the species Pichia ofunaensis and Trichosporon multisporon, as well as the production of α-L-arabinofuranosidases by Aureobasidium pullulans and A. leucospermi. The enzymes were pro... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Se as margens para ganhos financeiros são estreitas e o lucro está atrelado à produtividade, como ocorre nas indústrias de injeção de termoplásticos, cada centavo deve ser considerado. Cada perda no processo deve ser minimizada seja com redução em tempo de ciclo, redução em tempo de máquina parada, estudos de setup, automatização ou reciclagem, não somente de produtos não conformes e canais e de injeção, prática comum nas empresas transformadoras, mas também, das borras plásticas geradas no processo de purga de máquinas injetoras. O presente trabalho propõe a realização de um estudo acerca da viabilidade técnica para a reutilização e reprocessamento da matéria-prima obtida a partir das borras plásticas injetadas, um resíduo industrial, evitando sua deposição no meio ambiente ou venda como sucata, visando um fim mais nobre para esse resíduo tão comum nas empresas de transformação de termoplásticas por injeção. O envelhecimento das amostras por exposição natural e a comparação da performance entre amostras expostas e não expostas possibilitou um estudo comparativo de diversas propriedades e do comportamento do PEAD oriundo de borras plásticas injetadas. A fim de viabilizar a reciclagem, uma metodologia que incluiu procedimentos de coleta, separação, classificação, corte, moagem e formulação de misturas com diferentes frações de moído de borra de PEAD e PEAD virgem é apresentada. Com a realização de ensaios físicos, térmicos, mecânicos, reológicos obteve-se meios para analisar e avaliar as propriedades do polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) proveniente de borras plásticas injetadas. Ressalta-se que, as condições de exposição ao intemperismo natural ao qual as amostras foram submetidas nesse estudo, são consideradas agressivas, visto que a radiação ultravioleta (UV) chegou ao índice extremo de acordo com a classificação utilizada pela OMS. Por fim, concluiu-se que para aplicações em bens duráveis, que serão expostos ao intemperismo natural, o simples fracionamento entre material reciclado, oriundo de borras plásticas injetadas e PEAD virgem não se mostra eficiente, pois há perda de propriedades mecânicas, principalmente no alongamento na ruptura. A aditivação das formulações é uma opção para obtenção de melhores resultados embora envolva custos adicionais.
If the margins are narrow for financial winnings and the profit is related to productivity, as occurs in thermoplastic injection industries, every penny should be considered. Each loss in the process should be minimized such as a reduction in cycle time, reduction in downtime, set up studies, automation or recycling not only of off-specification products and branch injection, common practice in manufacturing companies, but also, plastic sludge generated in the injection machines purge process. This paper proposes the achievement of a study about the technical viability for reuse and reprocessing of raw materials obtained from the injected plastic sludge, a industrial waste, preventing their deposition in the environment or their sale as scrap, seeking a nobler end for that residue so common in thermoplastic processing industries by injection. The aging of samples by natural exposure and the comparison of the performance between exposed and unexposed samples made possible a comparative study of various properties and the collection of information about the properties and behavior of reprocessed HDPE from injected plastic sludges. In order to facilitate recycling, a methodology that included procedures for collecting, separating, sorting, cutting, grinding and formulation of mixtures with different ground fractions of HDPE grounds and virgin HDPE is presented. Com a realização de ensaios físicos, térmicos, mecânicos, reológicos obteve-se meios para analisar e avaliar as propriedades do polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) proveniente de borras plásticas injetadas. With the realization of physical tests, thermal, mechanical, rheological was obtained ways to analyze and evaluate the high-density polyethylene properties (HDPE) plastic injection-molded from sludges. It is noteworthy that, the conditions of exposure to natural weathering which the samples were submitted in this study are considered aggressive, once the ultraviolet (UV) index was considerated extreme according to the classification used by WHO. Finally, it was concluded that for applications in durable products, which will be exposed to natural weathering, the simple fractionation of recycled material coming from injected plastic sludge and virgin HDPE is inefficient because there is loss of mechanical properties, especially in the stretch at break. The additivation of formulations is an option for better results even though it involves additional costs.

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A soldagem na metalurgia atual vem sendo cada vez mais necessária em função da evolução industrial para atender uma sociedade cada vez mais exigente. O conhecimento do nível de tensões residuais gerados no processo de soldagem é sobretudo um fator de segurança para evitar problemas de acidentes e desgastes, em peças de engenharia. Neste trabalho esta sendo proposto um novo método de avaliação do nível destas tensões residuais. As tensões residuais (TR) de uma junta soldada do aço naval ASTM AH-32 foram medidas a partir da extensão do deslocamento de pontos mapeados numa máquina de medição por coordenadas (MMC) e por difração de raios-X (DR-X), onde os resultados das tensões residuais foram bastante próximos, apresentando comportamento semelhante. Para todos os ensaios, a soldagem foi realizada pelo processo SMAW (manual) utilizando eletrodo revestido AWS E7018 na posição G3 ascendente, por um soldador qualificado e pelo processo SAW (automático), com o objetivo de verificar se há influência do fator humano. Os corpos de prova foram soldados e depois foram marcados pontos (em grafite) sobre os quais se mediu as tensões residuais por difração de raios-X. Depois de medidas as tensões por DR-X foram feitos furos sobre os pontos (3,12 mm de diâmetro x 2,00 mm de profundidade) cujas coordenadas foram mapeadas numa máquina de medir por coordenadas. Depois de medidas as tensões residuais, as juntas soldadas foram submetidas a um tratamento térmico para alívio de tensões (recozimento parcial a 680°C, por 30 minutos). Depois de aliviadas as tensões, mediram-se na máquina de medição por coordenadas os deslocamentos sofridos pelos furos previamente mapeados. Baseado nos deslocamentos sofridos, as tensões residuais foram calculadas e comparadas às medidas da DR-X para validação desta nova metodologia de medição. Os resultados obtidos pela técnica de medição por coordenadas (MMC) mostraram uma boa correlação com DR-X, principalmente no sentido longitudinal. Os aspectos morfológicos da junta soldada do aço ASTM AH32 foram analisados antes e após tratamento térmico para alívio de tensões. A evolução microestrutural produzida pela plastificação e pelo alívio de tensões subseqüente foi observada e analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Para caracterização microestrutural foram preparados corpos de prova por metalografia tradicional nas condições de soldados e tratados e as análises microestruturais foram realizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Baseados nas análises morfológicas, os resultados mostraram a eficácia do tratamento para alívio das tensões residuais e, a partir das quais, os efeitos da plastificação / restauração parcial da microestrutura foram evidenciados

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O sistema de tratamento por escoamento superficial tem recebido especial atenção como forma de dispor resíduos líquidos com produção de biomassa vegetal. Com o objetivo de melhor compreender e quantificar a remoção e a concentração de matéria orgânica (MO), fósforo (P), nitrogênio (N), sódio (Na), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg) em faixas de tratamento por escoamento superficial, foram conduzidos ensaios de campo para avaliar o desempenho desses sistemas de tratamento, sob taxas de aplicação de 0,24; 0,36 e 0,48 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 , em rampas de tratamento com 2% de declividade, instaladas nas dependências da Área Experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola (DEA) da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Verificou-se que, para 8 m de comprimento de faixa, a menor taxa de aplicação (0,24 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 ) proporcionou a maior taxa de remoção dos nutrientes, tendo alcançado eficiências de 66,42% para demanda bioquímica de oxigênio aos 5 dias (DBO 5 ); 62,46% para demanda química de oxigênio (DQO); 47,46% para fósforo total (Pt); 47,45% para fósforo total dissolvido (Ptd); 42,60% para fósforo inorgânico dissolvido (Pid); 85,12% para fósforo orgânico dissolvido (Pod); 53,39% para nitrogênio total (N tot ); 55,55% para nitrogênio amoniacal (N am ); 68,98% para nitrogênio orgânico (N org ); 55,41% para amônio (N-NH 4+ ); 27,11% para Na e 12,34% para K. Entretanto, para fósforo total no resíduo (Ptr), a taxa de aplicação 0,36 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 resultou na maior eficiência de remoção de P, tendo alcançado o valor de 55,65%. Para nitrogênio nítrico (N nit ), a taxa de aplicação 0,48 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 resultou na maior eficiência de remoção de N, tendo alcançado o valor de 34,10%. Os coeficientes para o estágio 1 do modelo exponencial foram k = 0,00195 e n = 2,31541, para DBO; k = 0,02001 e n = 0,78463, para DQO; k = 0,00194 e n = 2,31368, para Pt; k = 0,01470 e n = 0,93652, para Ptr; k = 0,00163 e n = 2,34421, para Ptd; k = 0,00230 e n = 2,08953, para Pid; k = 0,00952 e n = 1,95454, para Pod; k = 0,01255 e n = 1,20646, para N tot ; k = 0,00591 e n = 1,73648, para N am ; k = 0,07736 e n = -0,34409, para N nit ; k = 0,00885 e n = 1,74748, para N org ; k = 0,00558 e n = 1,85048, para N-NH 4+ ; k = 0,01004 e n = 0,19381, para Na; e k = 0,00705 e n = 1,06897, para K. Após a análise de amostras de solos coletadas a 1 m do início da faixa, antes e depois da aplicação do esgoto, na camada C 1 (de 0 a 10 cm), para todas as taxas de aplicação estudadas, verificou-se diminuição no conteúdo de MO. Na camada C 2 (de 50 a 60 cm), para as taxas de aplicação 0,24 e 0,48 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 , houve aumento na referida variável enquanto que, para a taxa de aplicação 0,36 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 , houve diminuição. Para as taxas de aplicação 0,24 e 0,48 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 , nas camadas C 1 e C 2 , verificou-se diminuição no conteúdo de P. Para a taxa 0,36 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 , entretanto, em ambas as camadas, verificou-se aumento na referida variável. Observou-se uma tendência de os conteúdos de Na, K e Ca aumentarem, nas mesmas camadas, sob a taxa de aplicação 0,36 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 . Para o magnésio (Mg), estes aumentos foram verificados na camada C 1 , para a taxa 0,24 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 , e, na camada C 2 , para a taxa 0,48 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 . A taxa 0,36 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 proporcionou, no período de 137 dias de aplicação de esgoto, os maiores valores de rendimento acumulado na produção de biomassa e remoções de P, N, Na, K, Ca e Mg pelo capim-coastcross.
Domestic wastewater must be viewed not only as a waste to be disposed but also as resource of organic matter and macro and micronutrients. The overland flow treatment has received special attention since it utilizes this resource for plant biomass production. In order to evaluate the overland flow treatment efficiency at different application rates: 0.24, 0.36 and 0.48 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 of domestic wastewater, in flow slopes with a down-slope grade of 2%, an experiment was developed in the Experimental Area of the Agricultural Engineering Department at the Federal University of Viçosa. For the biomass production the coastcross bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon L. was used. The highest removal rates for samples collected at 8 m from the beginning of the borders occurred for the application rate of 0.24 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 : 66,42% for 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ); 62,46% for chemical oxygen demand (COD); 47,46% for total phosphorus (TP); 47,45% for total dissolved phosphorus (TDP); 42,60% for inorganic dissolved phosphorus (IDP); 85,12% for organic dissolved phosphorus (ODP); 53,39% for total nitrogen (N tot ); 55,55% for ammoniacal nitrogen (N am ); 68,98% for organic nitrogen (N org ); 55,41% for ammonium nitrogen (NH 4+ -N); 27,11% for sodium (Na); and 12,34% for potassium (K). However, for total suspended phosphorus (TSP), the highest removal rate occurred for the application rate of 0.36 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 : 55,65%. For nitric nitrogen (N nit ), the highest removal rate occurred for the application rate of 0.48 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 : 34,10%. The coefficients for the stage 1 of the exponential model were k = 0,00195 and n = 2,31541, for BOD; k = 0,02001 and n = 0,78463, for COD; k = 0,00194 and n = 2,31368, for TP; k = 0,01470 and n = 0,93652, for TSP; k = 0,00163 and n = 2,34421, for TDP; k = 0,00230 and n = 2,08953, for IDP; k = 0,00952 and n = 1,95454, for ODP; k = 0,01255 and n = 1,20646, for N tot ; k = 0,00591 and n = 1,73648, for N am ; k = 0,07736 and n = -0,34409, for N nit ; k = 0,00885 and n = 1,74748, for N org ; k = 0,00558 and n = 1,85048, for NH 4+ -N; k = 0,01004 and n = 0,19381, for Na; and k = 0,00705 and n = 1,06897, for K. Soils samples were collected at two layers at 1 m from upper end: L 1 (0 to 10 cm) and L 2 (50 to 60 cm). For all treatments the amount of organic matter at L 1 decreased at the end of the experiment. At L 2 the amount of organic matter increased for the treatments with application rates of 0.24 and 0.48 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 , and decreased for the 0.36 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 . It was detected a decrease in P for both layers for the treatments with 0.24 and 0.48 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 of application rate. In an opposite way, the amount of P for the treatment with 0.36 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 increased. At L 1 and L 2 , the highest increase in Na, K and Ca were detected at the treatment with 0.36 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 of application rate, while the highest increase in Mg was detected at the treatment with 0.24 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 , for L 1 , and at the treatment with 0.48 m 3 ·h -1 ·m -1 for L 2 . The treatment with 0.36 m 3 ·h - ·m -1 of application rate, in 137 days, presented the highest values of biomass production and P, N, Na, K, Ca and Mg removals by the 'coastcross' bermudagrass.
Dissertação importada do Alexandria

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FACEPE
A soldagem na metalurgia atual vem sendo cada vez mais necessária em função da evolução industrial para atender uma sociedade cada vez mais exigente. O conhecimento do nível de tensões residuais gerados no processo de soldagem é sobretudo um fator de segurança para evitar problemas de acidentes e desgastes, em peças de engenharia. Neste trabalho esta sendo proposto um novo método de avaliação do nível destas tensões residuais. As tensões residuais (TR) de uma junta soldada do aço naval ASTM AH-32 foram medidas a partir da extensão do deslocamento de pontos mapeados numa máquina de medição por coordenadas (MMC) e por difração de raios-X (DR-X), onde os resultados das tensões residuais foram bastante próximos, apresentando comportamento semelhante. Para todos os ensaios, a soldagem foi realizada pelo processo SMAW (manual) utilizando eletrodo revestido AWS E7018 na posição G3 ascendente, por um soldador qualificado e pelo processo SAW (automático), com o objetivo de verificar se há influência do fator humano. Os corpos de prova foram soldados e depois foram marcados pontos (em grafite) sobre os quais se mediu as tensões residuais por difração de raios-X. Depois de medidas as tensões por DR-X foram feitos furos sobre os pontos (3,12 mm de diâmetro x 2,00 mm de profundidade) cujas coordenadas foram mapeadas numa máquina de medir por coordenadas. Depois de medidas as tensões residuais, as juntas soldadas foram submetidas a um tratamento térmico para alívio de tensões (recozimento parcial a 680°C, por 30 minutos). Depois de aliviadas as tensões, mediram-se na máquina de medição por coordenadas os deslocamentos sofridos pelos furos previamente mapeados. Baseado nos deslocamentos sofridos, as tensões residuais foram calculadas e comparadas às medidas da DR-X para validação desta nova metodologia de medição. Os resultados obtidos pela técnica de medição por coordenadas (MMC) mostraram uma boa correlação com DR-X, principalmente no sentido longitudinal. Os aspectos morfológicos da junta soldada do aço ASTM AH32 foram analisados antes e após tratamento térmico para alívio de tensões. A evolução microestrutural produzida pela plastificação e pelo alívio de tensões subseqüente foi observada e analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Para caracterização microestrutural foram preparados corpos de prova por metalografia tradicional nas condições de soldados e tratados e as análises microestruturais foram realizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Baseados nas análises morfológicas, os resultados mostraram a eficácia do tratamento para alívio das tensões residuais e, a partir das quais, os efeitos da plastificação / restauração parcial da microestrutura foram evidenciados.

Doutoramento em Engenharia do Ambiente / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa
Horticulture industry uses peat as the main constituent in growing media formulations due to its ability to support efficient plant production. However, peat is a non-renewable resource at its actual extraction rate, and environmental issues associated with greenhouse gases emission from peat harvest raised peatland ecosystem conservation awareness through environmental initiatives, organizations and politics worldwide, limiting its use. There has been an increasing demand for environmentally friendly peat alternatives focused on locally available, organic and renewable materials from industrial side-streams, mainly wood-based and forest biomass. Therefore, woody raw-materials physical, chemical and biological properties are important to determinate further pre-treatment identification and choice. This work evaluates bark-based growing media suitability from non-native forest species in Mediterranean region, Acacia melanoxylon – residual biomass from invasive species control – and Eucalyptus globulus – a pulpwood industrial waste-stream. Ageing, a zero-waste treatment, allowed A. melanoxylon mature bark to effectively replace half of container medium volume as peat alternative. Low-temperature hydrothermal treatment, a faster process, enabled E. globulus bark to substitute quarter container medium volume, ensuring equal plant performance as commercial material. Both raw-materials sieve size manipulation promoted its incorporation as aeration growing media component. Given the wood-based raw-materials nature, Nitrogen amendment should be provided according to plant and cultivation system’s needs. Furthermore, by replacing the ‘end-of-life’ biomass material into new potential horticultural products, circular economy approach was applied throughout this study. Thus, A. melanoxylon juvenile bark extracts phytotoxic effect showed a promising non-synthetic and natural bio-herbicide for weed control. In response to the potential circularity of invasive species biomass resources into add-value horticultural products, the present study outcome underlines Acacia species biomass commercial valorisation as alternative management tool to support the costs of control, avoiding the potential risk of conflict between economic exploitation and negative environmental impact
N/A

A Shredder é o equipamento para a trituração da sucata ferrosa que permite a reciclagem do aço nas siderúrgicas. A sucata é em sua maioria procedente da reciclagem de veículos de fim de vida. Por isso, esse resíduo é conhecido como ASR (Automotive Shredder Residue). A Terra da Shredder é a fração do ASR de pequena granulometria (<2mm) apresentando o aspecto de solo. Esse resíduo é tratado como rejeito e em sua totalidade destinado aos aterros industriais. O grande volume de resíduo gerado contribui para a saturação dos aterros, provoca impactos ambientais, despende um alto custo de disposição e assim exige o desenvolvimento de tecnologias para seu reaproveitamento. Este trabalho propõe utilizar a Terra da Shredder, resíduo sólido gerado na Shredder localizada em Iracemápolis-SP-BR, em peças de concreto para pavimentação através da técnica de solidificação/estabilização (S/S) em matrizes de cimento Portland. Na primeira etapa do experimento, o resíduo foi classificado como Classe IIA. A segunda etapa consistiu na produção de matrizes compostas com cimento, agregados e água, foram produzidos corpos de prova com os seguintes teores de substituição, em massa, da areia natural pelo resíduo: 5%,10%,15% e 20%. A matriz com o teor de substituição de 20% apresentou uma resistência mecânica compatível com a norma ABNT NBR 9781, por isso foram fabricadas peças de concreto com esse teor de substituição. As peças de concreto apresentaram bom desempenho mecânico, físico e, com exceção do alumínio, fenóis totais e cádmio, as outras substâncias que ultrapassaram os limites de solubilização (ferro total, fluoretos, manganês, selênio, surfactantes) foram encapsuladas pelo cimento, sendo que o cádmio também estava presente em peças de concreto para pavimentação fabricadas apenas com os materiais convencionais, sem o resíduo. Dessa forma, conclui-se que os blocos podem ser utilizados na construção civil.
The Shredder is the equipment for the processing of ferrous scrap which allows the recycling of steel. Scrap is in its majority coming from the recycling of end of life vehicles. Therefore, the residue formed in this grinding process is known as ASR (Automotive Shredder Residue). The fine fraction of the ASR has soil aspect so will be called Shredder\'s soil. This residue is treated as waste and in its entirety for the landfills. It is estimated that for each ton of metallic material separated in Shredders approximately 227 kg of waste are produced. This large volume of waste generated contributes to the saturation of landfills,causes environmental impacts, expends a high cost of disposal and thus requires the development of technologies for its reuse. This paper proposes to use the fine fraction (<2mm) of the solid waste generated in a shredder in the city of Iracemápolis-SP-BR in concrete paving blocks through the techinique of solidification/stabilization (S/S) in Portland cement matrix. The experimental research began with completion of leaching tests and solubilization for the classification of waste class IIA , substances that exceeded solubility limits were total phenols, total iron, fluoride, manganese, selenium, aluminum, cadmium and surfactants. The second stage was the production of cement matrix that is composed by cement, aggregates and water they were produced matrices with the following replacement levels of natural sand by the waste: 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The matrice with the 20% replacement level, showed a consistent resistance to compatible with standard ABNT NBR 9781, therefore concrete paving blocks were manufactured content this level of replacement. The blocks had good mechanical, physical and with the exception of aluminum and cadmium, other substances that exceeded solubility limits were encapsulated. Cadmium also appear in paving blocks manufactured with conventional materials, without residue. Thus, it is concluded that the concrete paving blocks can be used in construction.

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A indústria de tratamento de água utiliza a água bruta proveniente de mananciais superficiais transformando-a em água tratada. O monitoramento deste processo é de extrema importância para manter a qualidade do produto gerado, o controle do proceso de tratamento e disposição dos resíduos produzidos. Neste sentido, este trabalho visou contribuir para a solução de dois problemas que ocorrem nos sistemas de água da Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR). O primeiro se refere ao consumo excessivo de cloro na linha tronco de distribuição de água tratada do sistema produtor Gurjaú, observado ao longo de 23 km de tubulação. Foram verificadas variações nas medições de cloretos, cor, ferro, pH, sólidos totais e turbidez. Os resultados mostraram que ocorreram reações de oxidação do ferro, pelo cloro presente na água tratada na tubulação de ferro fundido. O segundo problema se refere ao estudo de quantificação e caracterização dos resíduos gerados nas etapas de decantação e filtração, no processo de tratamento de água das 6 maiores ETAs da RMR. Foi verificado que estas estações, em conjunto tratam em torno de 8,0 m3/s de água, dos quais 4,2% resultam em lodo produzido nos decantadores e 1,6% em água de lavagem de filtros das ETAs. Os resíduos provenientes dos decantadores apresentam uma umidade elevada em torno de 93%, o que lhes conferem um estado fluido, mas com sólidos totais acima de 30 g/L, o que o caracteriza como resíduo sólido, segundo define a NBR 10.004 (ABNT, 1987). A DQO média deste resíduo ficou em torno de 30 g/L e o teor de alumínio foi bastante elevado, em torno de 1 g/L, proveniente do uso do sulfato de alumínio no tratamento. Para as águas de lavagens dos filtros foram encontrados sólidos totais em torno de 0,5 g/L, DQO de 0,3 g/L e alumínio de 0,05 g/L. Outras características também ressaltam a necessidade de tratamento antes de sua adequada disposição, porém no momento a COMPESA lança seus resíduos em cursos d água próximos as ETAs

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O atual gerenciamento dos ResÃduos SÃlidos Urbanos (RSU) na maioria das cidades brasileiras vem se mostrando pouco eficaz para o atendimento das populaÃÃes, tanto pela explosÃo demogrÃfica ocorrida nas Ãltimas dÃcadas como pelo seu estilo de vida consumista. A produÃÃo massiva de resÃduos sÃlidos, lÃquidos e gasosos tambÃm està ligada diretamente à tecnologia empregada no beneficiamento dos produtos extraÃdos da natureza, os quais, na maioria das vezes, sÃo difÃceis de serem reabsorvidos pelos ecossistemas. Dessa maneira, a limpeza urbana assume um importante papel dentre as necessidades da sociedade brasileira, adquirindo importÃncia sanitÃria, econÃmico-financeira, social e estÃtica. Estudos realizados quanto ao aproveitamento e reciclagem dos lixos revelaram suas potencialidades e uma excelente alternativa como destino final de muitos resÃduos urbanos. O presente estudo ressalta a problemÃtica dos RSU, tendo como objetivo propor uma alternativa para reduÃÃo de resÃduos orgÃnicos de caranguejo uÃa gerados pelas barracas de praia, localizadas na Praia do Futuro, na cidade de Fortaleza, bem como sugerir, aos demais estabelecimentos comerciais que produzem o mesmo tipo de resÃduo, transformÃ-los em fertilizantes orgÃnicos. A pesquisa tambÃm procurou verificar a viabilidade do produto gerado dos resÃduos de caranguejo como uma fonte nutricional alternativa para uma cultura de feijÃo caupi. A escolha dessa cultura se deve primeiramente pela sua relevÃncia para populaÃÃo e por oferecer uma rÃpida resposta, sendo uma cultura de ciclo curto. AlÃm de estudar a composiÃÃo do lixo gerado por esses estabelecimentos, a pesquisa tambÃm buscou analisar sua composiÃÃo quÃmica, seu rendimento e buscar dados de produtividade como altura da planta, nÃmero de vagens, tamanho das vagens, peso das vagens, nÃmero de sementes por vagens e peso de cem sementes. Para este estudo foram testados vinte e dois tratamentos com quatro repetiÃÃes, os quais variavam quanto Ãs proporÃÃes de adubo de caranguejo e fertilizante quÃmico de ambos para que fossem verificadas suas respostas. O percentual de matÃria orgÃnica reciclÃvel desse lixo estudado à de aproximadamente 87,34%, entretanto, os resÃduos de caranguejo contribuem com 52% desses rejeitos. O rendimento desse material à de aproximadamente 24%. Alguns parÃmetros analisados como nitrogÃnio, fÃsforo, cÃlcio e magnÃsio ganharam destaque devido seus valores percentuais, encontrados nesse produto orgÃnico, variarem de duas a quatro vezes mais quando os mesmos sÃo observados numa amostra de esterco bovino. Os dados relativos à produtividade revelaram que os tratamentos que proporcionaram os melhores resultados tinham em comum a presenÃa da farinha de caranguejo, mostrando que a adiÃÃo desse composto orgÃnico melhora as respostas quanto aos parÃmetros de produtividade, implicando na reduÃÃo da quantidade de fertilizantes quÃmicos no solo, no aumento da economia para o produtor e um destino adequado para os resÃduos sÃlidos orgÃnicos gerados.
The current management of the Urban Solids Residuals (URS) in most Brazilian cities have been considered to be slightly inefficient for the demand of the population, due to the rapid growth of the population in the last few decades and also because of their consuming lifestyle. The massive production of solid, liquids and gas residuals is also directly linked with the technology employed to benefit products extracted from nature, which most cases are difficult to be reabsorbed by the ecosystems. In this way, the urban cleanliness assumes an important role among the needs of the Brazilian society; gaining sanitary, economic, social and aesthetic importance. Studies conducted regarding the positive outcomes and the recycling of rubbish have shown its potentialities and an excellent alternative to the final disposal of many urban residuals. The current study highlights the problems and concerns with the URS, and suggests an alternative for the reduction of crabâs organic residuals generated by the restaurants at Futuroâs Beach in Fortaleza. In addition, the present study also proposes to other commercial establishments that produce such residuals, opportunity to transform them in organic fertilizers. The research aims to verify the viability for a better use of crabâs residuals generated by the restaurants at Futuroâs Beach as an alternative organic compost, working as a nutritional resource for a culture of Caupi beans. The choice for this culture is primarily due to its relevance to the wide population and also for being able to offer a quick response, as it is a culture of short cycle. Further to the study of the composition of the rubbish generated by such establishments, the research also aimed to analyse its chemical composition, its income and to look for productivity items such as plantâs height, number and size of string beans, weight of string beans, number of seeds per string beans, and the weight of a hundred seeds. For the purpose of this study, twenty two treatments, with four repetitions, which varied between the proportions of crab compost and chemical fertilizers in both of them were used in order to verify the results. The percentage of recyclable organic contents of this rubbish studied is about 87, 34%. However, crabâs residuals contributed with 52%. The income of this material is around 24%. Some parameters analysed like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium stood out due to its percentage values, found in this organic product, vary between 3 and 4 times more than those found in a sample of bovine compost. The data related to the productivity revealed that the treatments which obtained the best results had in common the presence of crabâs flour. This shows that by adding this organic compost enhances productivity parameters, which has a direct impact in the reduction of the amounts of chemical fertilizers used in the soil, a financial saving for the farmer and an adequate means for the organic solid residuals generated.

Dreiaxiale Druckprüfungen können als Einstufenversuche, als Mehrstufenversuche oder als Versuche mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen ausgeführt werden. Bei der Anwendung der Mehrstufentechnik ergeben sich insbesondere Fragestellungen hinsichtlich der richtigen Wahl des Umschaltpunktes und des optimalen Verlaufs des Spannungspfades zwischen den einzelnen Versuchsstufen. Fraglich beim Versuch mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen bleibt, ob im Versuchsverlauf tatsächlich Spannungszustände erfasst werden, welche die Höchstfestigkeit des untersuchten Materials repräsentieren. Die Dissertation greift diese Fragestellungen auf, ermöglicht den Einstieg in die beschriebene Thematik und schafft die Voraussetzungen, die zur Lösung der aufgeführten Problemstellungen notwendig sind. Auf der Grundlage einer umfangreichen Datenbasis gesteinsmechanischer und petrophysikalischer Kennwerte wurde ein numerisches Modell entwickelt, welches das Spannungs-Verformungs-, Festigkeits- und Bruchverhalten eines Sandsteins im direkten Zug- und im einaxialen Druckversuch sowie in dreiaxialen Druckprüfungen zufriedenstellend wiedergibt. Das Festigkeitsverhalten des entwickelten Modells wurde in Mehrstufentests mit unterschiedlichen Spannungspfaden analysiert und mit den entsprechenden Laborbefunden verglichen.

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Peat is intensively used in horticultural nurseries. Yet, nowadays is fundamental to consider the environments aspects and reduce its exploration, besides the reduction of the costs of the nurseries with this input. Based on these concerns it was decided to re-use the organic residues from a horticultural nursery and from a dairy farm. Four composts, A, B, C and D were produced from dry cattle manure, thin sawdust, animal food waste, pieces of garlic and onion raw and peat and horticultural plant waste. Compost A was obtained with 24 kg of each referred residues. Compost B derived from the mixture of 28 kg of cattle manure, sawdust, peat and plants waste and 18 kg of garlic/onion raw and animal food wastes. To produce compost C, 32 kg of cattle manure, sawdust, peat and plants wastes and 12 kg of garlic/onion raw and animal food wastes were mixed. 40 kg of cattle manure, sawdust and peat and plants wastes were used to prepare compost D. The composting process of the piles lasted for 108 days. Temperature was daily measured in order to control the need to revolve and water the pile. Several samples were collected in different stages of the process, which revealed that all the composts obtained had a higher pH and electric conductivity and higher levels of the majority of mineral elements, compared with peat. Peat showed higher values of organic matter, total carbon and C/N and C/P ratios. Germination and growing tests are commonly used to evaluate compost maturation. Immature composts can cause phytotoxicity, reducing germination and plant growing. For each final compost A, B, C and D, four different proportions of compost/peat - 25% of compost and 75% of peat (25/75), 50% of compost and 50% of peat (50/50), 75% of compost and 25% of peat (75/25) and 100% of compost (100) - were prepared to assess its quality through germination and growing tests carried with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Peat was also included as a control. Two hundred and ninety four plants were randomly grown in the nursery for five weeks, including one control, and four compost/peat proportions for each compost A, B, C and D. Some plants germinated six days after sowing, for the mixtures 25/75 B, 25/75 D, 50/50 D and 75/25 D, and in the seventh day all mixtures showed germinated plants, suggesting the maturation of the composts.When plants reached the ideal size for plantation, five weeks after sowing, twenty plants from each proportion of compost/peat as well as the control, were collected, weighed and analyzed. Plants from portions 75/25 and 100 of all composts were smaller and yellowish, as a result of high electric conductivity of growing media. Plant dry matter accumulation from the proportions 50/50 A, 25/75 B, 50/50 B, 25/75 C, 50/50 C and 25/75 D and from peat was similar. On the contrary, higher levels of all composts led to plants of poor quality, not suitable for the market. Producing healthy plants is an important goal in nurseries. To verify if the plants produced in the nursery, succeed after plantation, thirty six lettuce plants from the mixtures 25/75 and 50/50 from each compost were planted in a greenhouse. After nine weeks, the plants had already reached the size to be sold. The results obtained in this study suggested that it was possible to replace 50% peat used in the nursery, by composts produced in the explorations with the residues, to reduce the amount of peat to the half, with both environmental and economical benefits.------------------------------------------A turfa é utilizada intensivamente nos viveiros hortícolas, mas nos dias de hoje é fundamental considerar os aspectos ambientais e reduzir a sua exploração, para além de diminuir os custos dos viveiros com esta matéria-prima. Com base nestas preocupações decidiu-se reutilizar os resíduos de um viveiro hortícola e de uma vacaria. Produziram-se quatro compostos, A, B, C e D, a partir de estrume de bovino seco, serradura fina, sobras de comida dos animais, cortes da rama de alho e cebola e desperdícios de turfa e plântulas hortícolas. Com cada um dos compostos foram preparadas quatro proporções de composto/turfa de - 25% de composto e 75% de turfa, 50% de composto e 50% de turfa, 75% de composto e 25% de turfa e 100% de composto -, para avaliar a qualidade destes através de ensaios de germinação e crescimento de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) Este estudo permitiu comprovar que é possível substituir 50% da turfa utilizada no viveiro, por composto formado a partir de resíduos existentes nas explorações onde este trabalho se realizou. Tal poderá, assim, reduzir o consumo e os custos da turfa para metade, com as vantagens de índole ambiental e também económica, subjacentes à realização do estudo ora apresentado.

Sandy soils have low water and nutrient holding capacity which limit crop growth. In the short-term, these constraints can be overcome by increased fertiliser application or irrigation. However, long-term solutions are needed to improve farm productivity and sustainability. Clay added to sandy soils may be such a solution. Compared to sandy soils, clay soils have smaller pores and higher cation exchange capacity and therefore greater water and nutrient holding capacity. Clay can also bind organic matter via cation bridges and thereby reduce its accessibility to decomposing microbes. In sandy soils with clay subsoil, the clay can be mixed into the sandy top soil by delving or spading. However, the clay subsoil is not uniformly distributed in the sandy top soil. It forms clay peds of varying size which creates a highly non-uniform soil environment with patches of sandy soil with clay peds next to sandy soil with little or no clay. The clay-rich patches can hold more water and nutrients compared to the surrounding sandy soil that could influence nutrient availability and organic C binding. Little is known about the influence of ped size and rate of clay added to sandy soil on nutrient availability and organic C binding after residue addition. The aims of the study were i) to determine the effect of clay addition rate and ped size in residue amended sandy soil on soil respiration, nutrient availability and organic C retention ii) to assess the effect of clay soil particle size and clay soil properties on nutrient availability and organic C binding after addition of residues with low or high C/N ratio iii) to determine the effect of clay addition rate and ped size on nutrient leaching after mineral fertilizer addition. A series of incubation experiments were carried out to assess the effect of clay addition rate and ped size on nutrient availability and organic C retention on < 53 μm fraction after mixing with low and high C/N ratio residue. In the first study, clay peds of 1, 2 or 3 mm size derived from a clay-rich Vertosol (73% clay) were added to a sandy soil (3% clay) at clay addition rates of 10% and 20% w/w. After addition of ground mature faba bean residue (C/N 37) at 10 g kg-1, the soils were incubated for 45 days at 80% of water holding capacity. Clay addition to sandy soil influenced nutrient availability after plant residue addition, particularly when small peds are added at higher rates. Sandy soil with clay peds had a greater maximum NH4 and P sorption capacity than sandy soil alone, sorption capacity was higher at 20% compared to 10% clay addition and greater with 1 mm than 3 mm peds. Retrieval of clay peds at the end of the experiment showed ped breakdown during the experiment but also formation of larger peds. Compared to the < 53 μm fraction added at the start of the experiment, total organic carbon (TOC) content of the < 53 μm fraction was up to two-fold higher, particularly in the smaller peds (1 and 2 mm). The study confirmed that claying can increase organic C sequestration, but also showed that organic C sequestration is likely to be greatest when the added clay peds are small. The capacity to bind organic C and nutrients may depend on clay soil properties such as mineralogy, clay concentration and exchangeable Fe and Al. A 45-day experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of clay type on nutrient availability and organic carbon retention with residues differing in C/N ratio (20 or 47). Two clay soils with smectite as a dominant mineral were used. They differed in smectite percentage [high (40%) or low (5-10%)], clay content (73 or 42%) and exchangeable Fe and Al concentration (low or high). The clay soils were added to sandy soil at rate of 20% w/w either finely ground or as 2 mm peds. Over 45 days, available N and P, microbial biomass N and P concentrations and cumulative respiration were greater with low C/N than high C/N residue. With low C/N residue, compared to sandy soil alone clay addition increased available N concentration and initial microbial biomass C and N, but decreased cumulative respiration and P availability. This study showed that addition of clay soil to sandy soil influences nutrient availability, but there were no clear differences between clay soils or sizes. The lack of differences between high and low smectite clay soil suggests that a high concentration of Fe and Al oxides can compensate for a lower clay concentration and proportion of smectite with respect to binding of organic matter and nutrients. In the previous studies, we found that clay addition had no consistent effect on cumulative respiration and ped size effect was variable. Secondly, low C/N ratio residue had stronger effect on nutrient availability due to its high decomposition rate and nutrient release compared to high C/N ratio residue. The third experiment was conducted to investigate that if clay addition has a different effect on respiration and nutrient availability when added as peds with a greater range of sizes (1, 3 and 5 mm) in presence of plant residue with lower C/N ratio. The aims of this experiment were to (i) determine the effect of clay addition rate and ped size in residue amended sandy soil on nutrient availability, and (ii) assess breakdown of peds during the experiment and organic C retention by the < 53 μm fraction of the peds. Clay soil addition to sandy soil amended with plant residue reduced respiration rate and available P concentration. Ped size had little effect on respiration and nutrient availability. Clay soil addition increased soil organic carbon retention compared to sandy soil alone. With respect to ped size, the experiment showed substantial ped breakdown and but also formation of larger peds over 45 days. The first three experiments were conducted over 45 days. But longer term studies are needed to better evaluate the effect of claying in the field. To investigate the effect of repeated addition of residue (finely ground wheat mature shoots added every 2 months) in clay amended sandy soil, a longer term (8 months) study was conducted with clay soil added as finely ground soil, 1 and 3 mm peds. The organic C content of the whole soil increased during the experiment with a greater increase in clay amended soils. The organic C content of the > 53 μm fraction was very low and changed little over time. With finely ground clay soil and 1 mm peds, the organic C content of the < 53 μm fraction increased mainly in the first 2 months while in 3 mm peds it increased over 6 months to reach similar concentrations as with finely ground clay soil and 1 mm peds. Excessive use of fertilizer in sandy soils can cause leaching of nutrient elements N and P into water ways and cause eutrophication. In the fifth experiment, clay soil was added in sandy soil at 10% or 20% clay soil w/w finely ground or as 2 and 5 mm peds with and without N and P fertiliser (27 mg N kg-1 and 7 mg P kg-1). The clay sand mixture (30 g) was placed in cores with nylon mesh at the bottom. The soils were incubated at 80% water holding capacity and leachate was collected weekly for 50 days. Clay addition significantly reduced leaching of N and P as compared to sandy soil alone. In sandy soil alone, the highest N (68%) leaching occurred after the first week whereas the highest amount (41%) of P was leached after two weeks. It can be concluded that clay addition to sandy soil can reduce the risk of nutrient leaching and enhance carbon sequestration in sandy soils by decreasing C loss via respiration and leaching. This effect will be greatest with finely ground clay soil or small peds.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, 2017

Dynamic systems and robotic manipulators designed for time-optimal point-to-point motion are adversely affected by residual vibrations introduced due to the joint flexibility inherent in the system. Over the years, multiple techniques have been employed to improve the efficiency of such systems. While some techniques focus on increasing the system damping to efficiently dissipate the residual energy at the end of the move, several techniques achieve rapid repositioning by developing cleverly shaped input profiles that aim to reduce energy around the natural frequency to avoid exciting the resonant modes altogether. In this work, a numerical framework for constructing shaped inputs using a Versine basis function with peak acceleration constraint has been developed and improvements for the existing numerical framework for the Ramped Sinusoid basis function have been made to extend the range of values of the weighting function and improve the computational time. Performance metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of the numerical framework in minimizing residual vibrations have been developed. The effects of peak input acceleration and weighting function on the residual vibration in the system have been studied. The effectiveness of the method has been tested under multiple conditions in simulations and the results were validated by performing experiments on a two-link flexible joint robotic arm. The simulation and experimental results conclusively show that the inputs developed using the constrained numerical approach result in better residual vibration performance as compared to that of an unshaped input.

The direct variable costs for heat and electricity production based on solid biomass fuel combustion is approximately 3-5 times lower than the costs in a fossil fuel-oil based boiler in Sweden. In addition waste derived biomass fuels are typically much cheaper than biomass not classified as waste. The introduction of the waste derived fuels; wastewater treatment sludge, demolition wood, and animal waste in a 50MWth circulating fluidized bed (CFB) biomass boiler located in Perstorp, Sweden, led to rapid deposit buildup in superheaters, heavy ash accumulation in economizers and failing boiler tubes and vortex finders that forced frequent boiler shutdowns. This in turn increased the use of expensive oil (fossil fuel) in backup boilers and the CO2 footprint of the on-site energy conversion system. This work aims to increase the general mechanistic understanding of combustion systems using complex fuels, and includes: A mapping of the boiler failure and preventive maintenance statistics; elemental composition analysis of ash, deposits and fuel fractions; flue-gas composition measurements; chemical speciation analysis; an attempt to describe the overall ash transformation reactions and mass balance throughout the combustion process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to analyze the elemental composition of ash and deposits. The SEM-EDS results were used together with data from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermodynamic phase data, and equilibrium calculations in an attempt to quantify the crystalline phases and the overall ash transformation of the process. Based on the findings concerning ash transformation and the failure statistics, it has been possible to identify generic key parameters regarding boiler design and process parameters, enabling major improvements of the CFB boiler availability, a lower overall energy conversion cost and a reduced CO2 footprint.
Den direkta rörliga kostnaden för värme-och elproduktion baserad på fast biobränsle är ungefär 3-5 gånger lägre än kostnaden för fossiloljebaserad produktion. Avfallsklassade fasta biobränslen är vidare oftast betydligt billigare än fasta biobränslen som inte är klassade som avfall. Införandet av de avfallsklassade bränslena; reningsslam, rivningsvirke, och animaliskt avfall i en 50MWth cirkulerande fluidiserad bädd (CFB) -panna, ledde till kraftig beläggningstillväxt i överhettare och ackumulering av aska i ekonomisers, samt haveri av panntuber och centrumrör i cyklonerna, som tvingade fram frekventa pannstopp. Detta ökade i sin tur användningen aveldningsolja (fossilt bränsle) i reservkrafts-pannor vilket resulterade i ett större CO2 utsläpp och en högre kostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten. Detta arbete syftar till att öka den allmänna mekanistiska förståelsen av förbränningssystem som använder komplexa bränslen, och omfattar; haveri- och underhållsstatistik, elementarsammansättningsanalys av aska, beläggningar och bränslefraktioner, rökgasens sammansättning, kemisk specificering av askor och beläggningar, ett försök att beskriva de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna, samt en massbalans för förbränningsprocessen. Svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) utrustat med energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi (EDS) användes för att analysera den elementära sammansättningen av aska och beläggningar. SEM-EDS-resultaten användes tillsammans med pulverröntgendiffraktionsanalys (XRD), termodynamiska fasdata, och jämviktsberäkningar i ett försök att kvantifiera de kristallina faserna och de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna i processen. Baserat på resultaten rörande askomvandling och haveristatistik, har det varit möjligt att identifiera generiska nyckelparametrar gällande panndesign och processparametrar, som möjliggjort stora förbättringar av CFB pannans tillgänglighet, en lägre totalkostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten samt ett minskat CO2-utsläpp.

The objective of this study is to develop test protocols for comparing the effectiveness of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) mixtures with high-performance steel fibers. Steel fibers can be added to fresh concrete to increase the tensile strength, ductility, and durability of concrete structures. In order to quantify steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) mixtures for field applications, a material test capable of predicting the performance of SFRC for field loading conditions is required. However, current test methods used to evaluate the structural properties of FRC (such as residual strength and toughness) are widely regarded as inadequate; a simple, accurate, and consistent test method is needed. It was determined that the Double-Punch Test (DPT), originally introduced by Chen in 1970 for plain concrete, could be extended to fiber-reinforced concrete to satisfy this industry need. In the DPT, a concrete cylinder is placed vertically between the loading platens of the test machine and compressed by two steel punches located concentrically on the top and bottom surfaces of the cylinder. It is hypothesized that the Double-Punch Test is capable of comparing future fiber-reinforcement design options for use in structural applications, and is suitable for evaluating FRC in general. The DPT Research and Testing Program was administered to produce sufficient within-laboratory data to make conclusions and recommendations regarding the simplicity, reliability, and reproducibility of the DPT for evaluating the performance of SFRC. Several variables (including fiber manufacturer, fiber content, and testing equipment) were evaluated to verify the relevance of the DPT for FRC. In this thesis, the results of 120 Double-Punch Tests are summarized and protocols for its effective application to fiber-reinforced concrete are recommended. Also, fundamental data is provided that indicates the DPT could be standardized by national and international agencies, such as the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), as a method to evaluate the mechanical behavior of FRC. This project is sponsored by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) through TxDOT Project 6348, "Controlling Cracking in Prestressed Concrete Panels and Optimizing Bridge Deck Reinforcing Steel," which is aimed at improving bridge deck construction through developments in design details, durability, and quality control procedures.
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Dreiaxiale Druckprüfungen können als Einstufenversuche, als Mehrstufenversuche oder als Versuche mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen ausgeführt werden. Bei der Anwendung der Mehrstufentechnik ergeben sich insbesondere Fragestellungen hinsichtlich der richtigen Wahl des Umschaltpunktes und des optimalen Verlaufs des Spannungspfades zwischen den einzelnen Versuchsstufen. Fraglich beim Versuch mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen bleibt, ob im Versuchsverlauf tatsächlich Spannungszustände erfasst werden, welche die Höchstfestigkeit des untersuchten Materials repräsentieren. Die Dissertation greift diese Fragestellungen auf, ermöglicht den Einstieg in die beschriebene Thematik und schafft die Voraussetzungen, die zur Lösung der aufgeführten Problemstellungen notwendig sind. Auf der Grundlage einer umfangreichen Datenbasis gesteinsmechanischer und petrophysikalischer Kennwerte wurde ein numerisches Modell entwickelt, welches das Spannungs-Verformungs-, Festigkeits- und Bruchverhalten eines Sandsteins im direkten Zug- und im einaxialen Druckversuch sowie in dreiaxialen Druckprüfungen zufriedenstellend wiedergibt. Das Festigkeitsverhalten des entwickelten Modells wurde in Mehrstufentests mit unterschiedlichen Spannungspfaden analysiert und mit den entsprechenden Laborbefunden verglichen.