Academic literature on the topic 'Peary Arctic Expedition, 1896'
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Journal articles on the topic "Peary Arctic Expedition, 1896"
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Wærp, Henning Howlid. "Sverdrup´s Arctic Adventures. Or: What makes an Expedition Report worth reading? – Otto Sverdrup: New Land. Four years in the Arctic Regions (1903)." Nordlit 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.1347.
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Otto Sverdrup, born 1854, is one of the main polar explorers in Norway. However he is much less known not only than Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen, but also than Hjalmar Johansen, who was a member of Nansen´s Fram expedition 1893-96, and also lesser known than Eivind Astrup, who took part in two of Robert Peary´s expeditons across northern Greenland in 1891-92 and 1893-94. Hjalmar Johansen and Eivind Astrup published their own accounts from the expeditons: Selv-anden paa 86°14'. Optegnelser fra Den Norske polarfærd 1893-96 (1898) and Blandt Nordpolens naboer (1895). Astrup´s book was reprinted in 1990 and 2004, and Johansen´s book was reprinted in 1942, 1949 and 2003. They are both included in the Polar Library, together with books by Nansen and Amundsen (the Polar Liberary is by Kagge publishing house).Otto Sverdrup´s polar expedition report New Land (Nyt land), a two volume work from 1903, from the second Fram expedition 1898-1902 to north-west Greenland and northern Canada, is in comparison never reprinted. He is not in the Polar library. And his name is among readers of travelogues very much forgotten. Why is this, and what kind of book is New Land?
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Wamsley, Douglas W. "Albert L. Operti: chronicler of Arctic exploration." Polar Record 52, no. 3 (December 16, 2015): 276–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247415000753.
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ABSTRACTThe great wave of immigrants to the United States during the late 1800s brought many talented individuals who enriched American culture and society. Notable among them stands the Italian-born artist, Albert L. Operti (1852–1927), a versatile painter, illustrator and sculptor. For much of his professional career, Operti served as a scenic artist for the Metropolitan Opera House and later as an exhibit artist for the American Museum of Natural History. However, he maintained an avid personal interest in polar explorers and the history of polar exploration, ultimately turning his artistic skills to the subject. Operti served as official artist for Robert E. Peary during his Arctic expeditions of 1896 and 1897, producing paintings, drawings and even plaster casts of the Inuit from the expedition. Over the course of his lifetime he painted a number of ‘great’ pictures depicting, in a factually accurate manner, important incidents in Arctic history along with numerous smaller paintings, sketches, illustrations and studies. The quality of his work never rivaled his more talented contemporaries in the field of ‘great’ paintings, such as the prominent artists William Bradford and Frederic Church. Nonetheless, Operti achieved some recognition in his time as a painter of historical Arctic scenes, but the full extent of his contributions are little known and have been largely unexamined. Unlike the explorers themselves whose legacy rests upon geographic or scientific accomplishments and written narratives, Operti's legacy stands upon the body of distinctive artwork that served to convey, in realistic and graphic terms, the hardships and accomplishments of those explorers. This article recounts the life of Operti and his role as an historian in disseminating knowledge of the polar regions and its explorers to the public.
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Junker, Clara. "Race to the Pole: Matthew Henson, Arctic Explorer." American Studies in Scandinavia 54, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 62–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v54i2.6740.
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In his memoir, A Negro Explorer at the North Pole (1912), Matthew Henson describes the toll of his and Peary’s race to the Pole. This record of the 1908-09 Arctic expedition complicates established understandings of the “Dash to the Pole” and his own role as Peary’s assistant. Donald B. Macmillan declared in How Peary Reached the Pole: The Personal Story of His Assistant (2008) that Peary could not have done it without Henson (275), whose text uncovers an accomplished writer and explorer at work. The complicated character of Robert E. Peary figures prominently in his pages, though in a less independent version than in other accounts. Henson details the highly skilled labor he performs in the Arctic, and his own personality and perceptions. He shares, to a degree, the value systems of his Commander and the white members of the expedition, including the emphasis on heroic masculinity. But he also inscribes his racial heritage into his memoir, and his close, if complex, relation to the Inughuit. The result of intricate balancing acts, Henson’s silences echo in his text, revealing what could not be articulated by an African American member of Peary’s legendary expeditions. Henson’s contemporaries paid little attention to his accomplishments, since white American and European explorers dominated the field of Arctic travel, but his contribution received more attention as the 20th Century progressed. His experience suggests the costs and the crises—personal, national, and international—of a contested icescape increasingly visible and accessible in the 21st Century.
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Kjær, Kjell-G. "Belgica in the Arctic." Polar Record 41, no. 3 (July 2005): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247405004420.
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Belgica, which Adrien de Gerlache used on the first expedition to winter in the Antarctic, was originally a bottlenose whaler named Patria, built in Norway in 1884. She was designed and constructed by Johan Chr. Jakobsen, renowned for his design of polar ships. Patria was sold to Adrien de Gerlache and renamed Belgica in 1896. In 1896–97 she was refitted and equipped in Sandefjord, Norway, for an Antarctic expedition. Nansen and Amundsen met for the first time on Belgica's deck. Late in 1899 Belgica returned to Antwerp after more than two years on an Antarctic expedition. From 1901 to 1904 Belgica returned to bottlenose whaling and, in addition, made a voyage to northeast Greenland to establish depots and build houses for the Baldwin-Ziegler Polar Expedition. In 1905 the Duc d'Orléans chartered her to survey the coast of northeast Greenland, and on her return he bought her. In 1907 and 1909 she sailed on Arctic expeditions led by the Duc d'Orléans and captained by de Gerlache. In 1916 she was sold to Det Norske Kulsyndikat and renamed Isfjord. She became a freighter carrying coal from Longyearbyen to ports in northern Norway. In 1918 she was sold and her new owner converted her into a floating cod-liver oil refinery and fish-processing plant. In 1940 she was impounded by British forces and used as a floating ammunition depot. On 19 May 1940 she was sunk during a German air raid. Her wreck was re-discovered in 1990.
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Blanchette, Robert A., Benjamin W. Held, Joel Jurgens, Amanda Stear, and Catherine Dupont. "Fungi attacking historic wood of Fort Conger and the Peary Huts in the High Arctic." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): e0246049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246049.
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Historic wooden structures in Polar Regions are being adversely affected by decay fungi and a warming climate will likely accelerate degradation. Fort Conger and the Peary Huts at Lady Franklin Bay in northern Ellesmere Island are important international heritage sites associated with early exploration in the High Arctic. Fort Conger, built by Adolphus Greely and expedition members during the First International Polar Year in 1881, was dismantled and used by Robert Peary and his expedition crew in the early 1900’s to build several smaller shelters. These historic structures remain at the site but are deteriorating. This investigation examines the fungi associated with wood decay in the historic woods. Soft rot was observed in all 125 wood samples obtained from the site. The major taxa found associated with the decayed wood were Coniochaeta (18%), Phoma (13%) Cadophora (12%), Graphium (9%), and Penicillium (9%) as well as many other Ascomycota that are known to cause soft rot in wood. Micromorphological observations using scanning electron microscopy of historic wooden timbers that were in ground contact revealed advanced stages of type I soft rot. No wood destroying Basidiomycota were found. Identification of the fungi associated with decay in these historic woods is a first step to better understand the unusual decomposition processes underway in this extreme environment and will aid future research to help control decay and preserve this important cultural heritage.
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Devlin, C. Leah. "William Scoresby as an Arctic physical oceanographer." Archives of Natural History 46, no. 1 (April 2019): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2019.0551.
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Encouraged by naturalists Robert Jameson and Joseph Banks, whaler William Scoresby became an expert on the natural and physical processes at work in the European Arctic. Original letters between Scoresby and these naturalists, housed in the archive of the Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society (Yorkshire, England), document in the language of the times his biological observations and experiments in physical oceanography. Scoresby's researches resulted in An Account of the Arctic Regions, with a History and Description of the Northern Whale-fishery in 1820, which became a seminal work in Arctic science. Among the prescient observations in An Account of the Arctic Regions was a description of deep strata of water, under currents moving in different directions from the surface. A copy of An Account of the Arctic Regions was given as a gift to Norwegian scientist-explorer Fridtjof Nansen in 1897 upon the completion of the Fram expedition (1893–1896) and still resides in his personal library in Norway. In it is an underlined passage, suggesting that Nansen had read the whaler's book, perhaps in preparation for writing his own volumes on Arctic science, The Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893–1896 (1900–1906). Then, by inference, Nansen had been familiar with Scoresby's description of the under currents. In The Norwegian North Polar Expedition Nansen wrote that he had observed similar patterns of deep-water movements during the Fram expedition. This phenomenon must have perplexed him, because he posed the problem to the Swedish mathematician-oceanographer Vagn Walfrid Ekman, who mathematically described the water movement. Ekman's resulting model, a spiral staircase of descending deep-water currents, became known as the Ekman Spiral.
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Barr, W., and W. Blake. "The site of Fort Magnesia, Payer Harbour, Pirn Island, NWT." Polar Record 26, no. 156 (January 1990): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400022750.
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ABSTRACTThe site of Fort Magnesia, the base hut of a three-man expedition to Payer Harbour, Pirn Island, in the Canadian Arctic, has recently been rediscovered by a party from the Geological Survey of Canada. Erected by Robert Stein's party in summer 1899, and used by them for two years, the hut was almost certainly moved to another site by Robert E. Peary for his over-wintering in 1901–02. Only fragments of the hut now remain. Five graves, probably of Peary's Eskimo helpers, are located nearby.
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Jones, Mary Katherine. "From explorer to expert: Sir William Martin Conway's ‘delightful sense of something accomplished’." Polar Record 50, no. 3 (November 26, 2013): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247413000739.
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ABSTRACTIn 1896, Sir William Martin Conway led an expedition to the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, then a terra nullius. It was the first expedition to cross the interior of the main island, Spitsbergen. Was Conway an ‘expert’ explorer or an enthusiastic amateur, or something in-between? This article examines Conway's comparisons of Arctic versus Alpine in his expedition narrative, The first crossing of Spitsbergen, and his portrayal of expedition members’ expertise and shortcomings. Distinctions between Arctic explorers, travellers and tourists at that time are assessed, as is Conway's occasional tendency to highlight the polar aspects of his homeland while perceiving the island of Spitsbergen in a notably English light. Conway's expert status developed with the subsequent publication of journal articles and No man's land, the first history of Svalbard. In the latter, his simplicity of style and form, and the pronounced British bias of the main narrative, contrast with the scholarly breadth and focus of the final reference sections, which acted as a catalyst for subsequent international bibliographical and cartographical compilations relating to the region.
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Wolff, Torben. "The First Danish Deep-Sea Expedition on the Ingolf: 1895 and 1896." Earth Sciences History 27, no. 2 (November 3, 2008): 164–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.2.201558682104577l.
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The Danish Ingolf Expedition took place in the summer months of 1895 and 1896, with C. F. Wandel as captain, a man with long experience in hydrographical work in the Arctic. The other scientific participants were the zoologists H. Jungersen, W. Lundbeck and H. J. Hansen during the 1895 cruise; C. Wesenberg-Lund replaced Hansen during the 1896 cruise. C. H. Ostenfeld was the botanist and M. Knudsen the hydrographer. The Ingolf (see Figure 1) was a naval cruiser. In both years the voyages were hindered by ice that had moved much further south than normal, even closing most of the Denmark Strait. In 1895, the best results were obtained south of Iceland and in the Davis Strait; in 1896 south and east of Iceland and as far north as Jan Mayen Island. A total of 144 stations were completed, all with soundings, trawlings and (for the first time) continuous hydrographical work associated with the deep-sea trawling (bottom measurements of temperature, salinity, chlorine contents and specific gravity). Eighty of the stations were deeper than 1,000 m. There were more than 800 hydrographical measurements, with about 3,300 registrations recordings added on the basis of the measurements. 138 gas analyses were performed on board with samples from the surface and the sea bottom. The main result of the expedition was the final demonstration of probably the most important threshold boundaries in the world: the Wyville Thompson Ridge from East Greenland to Scotland with maximum depths of 600 m, separating the fauna in the Norwegian and Polar Sea to the north, always with negative below-zero temperatures except close to the Norwegian coast, from the fundamentally different general Atlantic deep-sea fauna to the south of the ridge with positive temperatures. The results are published in the Ingolf Report, with fifteen volumes containing forty-three papers by nineteen Danish authors and fourteen papers by six foreign authors. The sieving technique was excellent—due to an apparatus designed by H. J. Hansen that kept the animals under water until preservation and using the finest silk for sieving. In this way, the expedition collected more smaller animals than had been acquired by previous deep-sea expeditions. Hansen's studies of the peracarid crustaceans and parasitic copepods and Lundbeck's report on the sponges were particularly noteworthy. The 130 photographs taken on board and on land by the ship's doctor William Thulstrup represent a cultural/historical treasure.
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Rapp, Hans Tore. "A monograph of the calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) of Greenland." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, no. 7 (November 15, 2013): 1395–459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413001070.
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Greenland has more than 200 years of history of studies of the sponge fauna and is the type locality for a number of species. Many of these have not been encountered since, and as the type material has been hard to find or even lost, their taxonomic status has remained uncertain. In this study all species of calcareous sponges previously reported from Greenland are reviewed. The revision is based predominantly on new or unidentified material collected during various expeditions, but also on material used by previous authors. This includes samples from all coasts of Greenland, from the southernmost Kap Farvel area to Peary Land on the northern coast, some of the northernmost records of calcareous sponges ever. Greenland is a transition zone between the western and eastern Atlantic boreal calcareous sponge faunas, being home to species from both sides of the North Atlantic combined with some true Arctic species. There is also a strong link between the Canadian and Greenlandic sponge faunas. Twenty-eight species have been identified, from which six are new to Greenland and one is new to science. New records for Greenland are: Clathrina arnesenae (Rapp, 2006); Clathrina camura (Rapp, 2006); Clathrina pellucida (Rapp, 2006); Sycon abyssale Borojevic & Graat-Kleeton, 1965; Leucandra valida Lambe, 1900; and Sycettusa thompsoni (Lambe, 1900). Clathrina tendali sp. nov. has been described from western Greenland and Leucosolenia corallorrhiza (Haeckel, 1872) and Leucandra penicillata (Schmidt, 1869) have been resurrected. Keys for identification of higher taxa and the different species of Greenlandic Calcarea are provided.
Books on the topic "Peary Arctic Expedition, 1896"
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Cook & Peary: The polar controversy, resolved. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997.
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Fairley, Gillis Kim, and Ayer Silas Hibbard, eds. Boreal ties: Photographs and two diaries of the 1901 Peary Relief Expedition. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.
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Nansen, Fridtjof. Farthest north: The epic adventure of a visionary explorer. New York: Skyhorse Pub., 2008.
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Nansen, Fridtjof. Farthest north. New York: Modern Library, 1999.
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Nansen, Fridtjof. Farthest north: The epic adventure of a visionary explorer. New York: Skyhorse Pub., 2008.
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Nansen, Fridtjof. Farthest north: The epic adventure of a visionary explorer. New York: Skyhorse Pub., 2008.
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Keely, Robert N., and G. G. Davis. In Arctic Seas: The Voyage Of The Kite With The Peary Expedition, Together With A Transcript Of The Log Of The Kite. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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Keely, Robert N., and G. G. Davis. In Arctic Seas: The Voyage Of The Kite With The Peary Expedition, Together With A Transcript Of The Log Of The Kite. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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How Peary Reached the Pole: The Personal Story of His Assistant. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008.
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Davis, Gwilym George, and Robert Neff Keely. In Arctic Seas: The Voyage of the Kite with the Peary Expedition. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Peary Arctic Expedition, 1896"
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Asma, Stephen T. "Flesh-Eating Beetles and The Secret Art & Taxidermy." In Stuffed Animals & pickled Heads, 3–46. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130508.003.0001.
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Abstract Collecting and Displaying natural history specimens is a more complex and dramatic activity than most museum visitors appreciate. The specimens themselves, for example, have intriguing and elaborate histories that largely go untold, because, unlike fine art objects, their individuality must be subjugated to the needs of scientific pedagogy. Generations of visitors at the American Museum of Natural History, for example, examined an Inuit skeleton as part of a general anthropology exhibit, unaware of the skeleton’s own peculiar history. In 1993 the American Museum of Natural History finally returned this particular skeleton, the remains of an Inuit man named Qisuk, to his descendants in western Greenland. Qisuk and other Inuits, including his six-year-old son, Minik, had been “acquired” as living specimens during an Arctic expedition in 1897. After polar explorer Robert Peary convinced the Inuits to return with him, the new emigrants found themselves housed in the basement of the American Museum of Natural History. Shortly after arriving, Qisuk died of tuberculosis, and unbeknownst to Minik, the museum staff removed Qisuk’s flesh, cleaned his bones, and put him on display for New York audiences. Some time later Minik, who originally had been told that his father’s bones had been returned home for proper burial, stumbled across his own father in an exhibit display case.
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Genauer, Rebecca. "Frozen in Motion: Ethnographic Representation in Donald B. MacMillan’s Arctic Films." In Films on Ice. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748694174.003.0023.
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This chapter examines the explorer Donald MacMillan, who accompanied Robert Peary during the 1908-09 Polar expedition, and took tens of thousands of still photographs and exposed nearly 100,000 feet of motion picture footage during his long career as explorer, scientist, lecturer, and ethnographer. Four of MacMillan’s edited single-reel films – Hunting Musk-Ox with the Polar Eskimo (date unknown), Travelling with the Eskimos of the Far North (1930), Eskimo Life in South Greenland (filmed during a 1926 expedition), and Under the Northern Lights (circa 1928) –survive. Genauer’s chapter argues that MacMillan disavowed narrative and generic conventions of ethnographic representation, which allowed his films to break from the supposed verisimilitude characteristic of contemporary explorer films.