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Journal articles on the topic 'Pearling'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Rafik, Sifeddine, Mohamed Rahmani, Juan Pablo Rodriguez, Said Andam, Amine Ezzariai, Mohamed El Gharous, Salwa Karboune, Redouane Choukr-Allah, and Abdelaziz Hirich. "How Does Mechanical Pearling Affect Quinoa Nutrients and Saponin Contents?" Plants 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061133.

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Agriculture is facing many challenges, such as climate change, drought, and salinity, which call for urgent interventions for fast adaptation and crop diversification. The introduction of high-value and stress tolerant crops such as quinoa would be a judicious solution to overcome constraints related to abiotic stress and to increase land productivity and farmers’ incomes. The implementation of quinoa in Morocco has not been supported by a full valorization program to control the quality of quinoa seeds. The novelty of this work is to assess the pearling operation as an efficient method of saponins removal as well as the determination of total residual saponins. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of several pearling durations on nutrient and saponin content of quinoa seeds of three tested varieties (Puno, Titicaca, and ICBA-Q5). Five pearling durations were tested (0, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 min) using a locally manufactured pearling machine. The results indicated that a pearling duration of two minutes was enough to reduce total saponin content from 0.49% to 0.09% for Puno variety, from 0.37% to 0.07% for Titicaca variety, and from 0.57% to 0.1% for ICBA-Q5 variety. Our results showed that pearling slightly reduced protein, total fat, and moisture contents for all varieties except for Puno, where total fat content slightly increased with the pearling. Puno variety had the highest seed content in terms of protein and total fat; the ICBA-Q5 variety had the lowest. Titicaca had the highest bran content in terms of protein and total fat, ICBA-Q5 had the highest bran content in terms of ash and the lowest bran content in terms of protein and total fat, and Puno had the lowest bran content in terms of ash. Pearling had no significant effect on macronutrient contents in the processed seed, but it resulted in a very highly significant difference for most of them in the bran except for Mg and S. Regarding seed content in terms of micro-nutrients, statistical analysis showed significant differences between varieties in terms of Zn, Cu, and Mn contents, but no significant difference was recorded for Fe or B. Pearling had no significant effect on seed micronutrient contents. Therefore, to retain maximum nutritional content in the quinoa and maintain quinoa integrity, it is necessary to limit the pearling duration of quinoa to two minutes, which is enough to reduce saponin content below the Codex Standard threshold (0.12%).

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2

Sots, S., I. Kustov, and Y. Kuzmenko. "SOME FEATURES OF BARLEY AND OATS PROCESSING." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i3.1510.

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It is proved the high effectiveness of using naked oats varieties Salomon and Samuel and hull-less barley variety Achilles as raw material for production new groats products with high biological value. Researched modes of pearling, water heat treatment and its impact on yield of pearled and flaked groats. The technological scheme of processing hull less barley and naked oats for producing groats, flakes, mixtures of groats and flakes were developed. Technology includes grain cleaning stage, grain water heat treatment, pearling, sorting of pearling products, pearled groat water heat treatment, mixing, flaking, drying, and control of end products. Studied hull-less barley characterized by high protein content 14,615,8 % and β-glucans – 6,8-7,4 %, has same to conventional dehulled grain mass fraction of lipids 2,1-3,8 % and starch – 57,6-60,5 %, low ash content 2,3-2,7%. Naked oats grain traditionally characterized by high mass fraction of lipids – 6,0-6,3 %,high mass fraction of protein - 14,9-15,4% and βglucans - 6,4-6,9% close to conventional dehulled grain mass fraction of starch – 59,3-61,6 % and ash – 2,1-2,3 %. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of hull-less barley and naked oats before pearling is 12-13 %. In the pearling the grain with this humidity depending on the duration of pearling yield of groat estimated to range between 6796 %. Increasing moisture content of grain before pearling to 14.0% does not significantly change the limits of yield values, and pearling grain with low moisture content of 10.5% leads to excessive grinding and formation of a significant amount of by-products and waste in the form of fine particles and husking bran.Technologically expedient moisture content of naked oats pearled groat before steaming stage are 15 % and the vapor pressure in steamer of 0.10 MPa. For the pearled barley groat most appropriate moisture content of before steaming is 20 % and the vapor pressure in steamer of 0.10 MPa.Steaming in this mode allows to obtain flaked groats with yield at 84 to 93%

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3

Chaïeb, Sahraoui, and Sergio Rica. "Spontaneous curvature-induced pearling instability." Physical Review E 58, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 7733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.58.7733.

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4

Sots, S., I. Kustov, Y. Kuzmenko, and O. Vereshchynskyi. "FEATURES OF PROCESSING OATS INTO GROATS PRODUCTS." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 4 (February 3, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i4.1587.

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In the given article the existing technologies of hulled oats grain processing into groats products were analyzed. The possibilities of using new breeding varieties of oats to improve existing technologies were analyzed. Advantages using naked oat varieties for the production of groats and flakes were considered. Results of research influence intensity of pearling and water heat treatment on yield of pearled groats and its quality indicators were shown. The high efficiency of use naked oats for the production of pearled groats with regulated quality indicators was determined. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of naked oats before pearling is 12-12.5 %. In the pearling the grain with this humidity depending on the duration of pearling yield of groat estimated to range between 78 94 %. Use as raw materials naked oats increase yield of pearled groats at 1.4-1.6 times in compared to processing of conventional varieties. Modes of preparation of pearled groats for flaking was investigated, feature their influence on the yield and qualities of flaked groats were determined. Analyses of the physical properties of the obtained flaked products were conducted. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of pearled naked oats groats before steaming is 17-17.5 %. After steaming groats with this moisture yield of flaked groat estimated to range between 84,3 93,6 %. The main stages of processing naked oats into groats products were determined. The technological scheme of processing naked oats for producing groats and flakes were developed. The technological scheme of processing hull-less barley and naked oats for producing groats, flakes, mixtures of groats and flakes were developed. Technology includes grain cleaning stage, grain water heat treatment, pearling, sorting of pearling products, pearled groat water heat treatment, mixing, flaking, drying, and control of end products.

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5

Sławińska, Martyna, Michał Sobjanek, Joanna Dawicka, Joanna Kłudkowska, and Roman Nowicki. "Penile changes due to genital pearling (fang muk)." Dermatology Review 1 (2017): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/dr.2017.66224.

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6

Vella, Marco, Alberto Abrate, Stefania Zerbo, Antonietta Lanzarone, Carlo Pavone, and Alchiede Simonato. "Spontaneous extrusion of male genital pearling." Urology Case Reports 38 (September 2021): 101728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eucr.2021.101728.

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7

Morse, Robyn. "Pearling and the Language of Freedom." Journal of Global Slavery 7, no. 3 (October 6, 2022): 317–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00703003.

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Abstract As international anti-slavery pressure on the British increased in the early twentieth century, officials in the Persian Gulf began to manumit a growing number of enslaved persons. Enslaved pearl divers needed to physically approach the British in order to start their manumission application. In this process, their memories and history would be typically condensed into a one-page document. I argue that not just imperial archival methods influenced these statements, but the memory of British imperial experience with slavery influenced the ways in which they approached, understood, and targeted slavery in the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. The manufactured English-language applications in the archive corresponded with British conceptions of slavery, but the interpretations of slavery placed on Persian Gulf communities didn’t conform to local understandings of the institution. I demonstrate the process of translation, in which local realities of enslavement were transformed into British understandings of freedom.

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8

Boedec, G., M. Jaeger, and M. Leonetti. "Pearling instability of a cylindrical vesicle." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 743 (March 4, 2014): 262–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.34.

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AbstractA cylindrical vesicle under tension can undergo a pearling instability, characterized by the growth of a sinusoidal perturbation which evolves towards a collection of quasi-spherical bulbs connected by thin tethers, like pearls on a necklace. This is reminiscent of the well-known Rayleigh–Plateau instability, where surface tension drives the amplification of sinusoidal perturbations of a cylinder of fluid. We calculate the growth rate of perturbations for a cylindrical vesicle under tension, considering the effect of both inner and outer fluids, with different viscosities. We show that this situation differs strongly from the classical Rayleigh–Plateau case in the sense that, first, the tension must be above a critical value for the instability to develop and, second, even in the strong tension limit, the surface preservation constraint imposed by the presence of the membrane leads to a different asymptotic behaviour. The results differ from previous studies on pearling due to the consideration of variations of tension, which are shown to enhance the pearling instability growth rate, and lower the wavenumber of the fastest growing mode.

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9

Naseeb, Haifa Tawfeeq, Jongoh Lee, and Heejae Choi. "Elevating Cultural Preservation Projects into Urban Regeneration: A Case Study of Bahrain’s Pearling Trail." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 6629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126629.

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The island of Muharraq in the Kingdom of Bahrain was previously in a state of socioeconomic disrepair and neglect, until the nine years-long “Pearling Trail” project revived the area. Historically, Muharraq’s importance inheres in it being the main trade center of the Middle East since the Mesopotamian period, especially as the source of the finest pearls in the world. However, the discovery of oil that led to the rapid urbanization of the region and Japan perfecting the production of cultured pearls had meant that Muharraq dwindled out of cultural significance. Due to the residents’ dissatisfaction and nostalgia for the island’s past glory, along with the government’s new policies towards cultural preservation, the “Pearling Trail” Project commenced in 2012. The Ministry of Culture of Bahrain repaired, renovated and preserved an area of 3.5 km, transforming it into an eco-museum with a thriving business and cultural community. The transformation of the island elevated the city into a trendy local attraction, hosting local and global cultural festivals and events, owing to the “Pearling Trail’s” Urban Regeneration Project’s success. By studying the “Pearling Trail” three success factors are identified: Project expansion beyond UNESCO preservation requirements, focus on sustainability and continuous use, and improved access to culture and cultural opportunities. Identifying these factors could allow for future preservation projects in Bahrain or elsewhere to be upgraded for urban regeneration or revitalization.

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10

Yu, Yan, and Steve Granick. "Pearling of Lipid Vesicles Induced by Nanoparticles." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 40 (October 14, 2009): 14158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja905900h.

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11

Yan, Zengshuai, Shixin Li, Zhen Luo, Yan Xu, and Tongtao Yue. "Membrane nanotube pearling restricted by confined polymers." Soft Matter 14, no. 46 (2018): 9383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01711e.

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Combining dissipative particle dynamics simulations, free energy calculations, and a force analysis, we propose and demonstrate that the membrane nanotube pearling can be restricted by confined polymers.

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12

Heisel, Scott, Paul Schwarz, and John Barr. "Preharvest Sprout Damage as Measured by Pearling." Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 62, no. 2 (April 2004): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/asbcj-62-0059.

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13

Powers, Thomas R., and Raymond E. Goldstein. "Pearling and Pinching: Propagation of Rayleigh Instabilities." Physical Review Letters 78, no. 13 (March 31, 1997): 2555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.78.2555.

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14

Whited, B., J. Rossignac, G. Slabaugh, T. Fang, and G. Unal. "Pearling: Stroke segmentation with crusted pearl strings." Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis 19, no. 2 (June 2009): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1054661809020102.

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15

Mousia, Zoe, Sarah Edherly, Severino S. Pandiella, and Colin Webb. "Effect of wheat pearling on flour quality." Food Research International 37, no. 5 (June 2004): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2004.02.012.

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16

Yue, Tongtao, Falin Tian, Mingbin Sun, Xianren Zhang, and Fang Huang. "Inter-tube adhesion mediates a new pearling mechanism." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 1 (2016): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp04579g.

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17

Yue, Tongtao, Xianren Zhang, and Fang Huang. "Molecular modeling of membrane tube pearling and the effect of nanoparticle adsorption." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 22 (2014): 10799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp01201a.

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18

Galán, María Gimena, and SR Drago. "Parboiling of sorghum grains as a strategy to improve endosperm yield and mineral content of refined flours." Food Science and Technology International 25, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013218794593.

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The aims were (i) to optimize the parboiling/decorticating process by assessing the effects of parboiling soaking temperature (60–80 ℃) and pearling time (4–6 min and 5.5–9.5 min for red and white sorghum) on endosperm yield and ash content, to obtain pregelatinized refined flours from parboiling sorghum (RF-PS) and (ii) to evaluate the final content of selected nutrients in RF-PS obtained in these optimal conditions. Endosperm yield decreased with the increase of pearling time, and a maximum around 70 ℃ soaking temperature was observed. Ash content decreased with increasing soaking temperature and pearling time. The optimal conditions of soaking temperature–pearling time were 73.3 ℃–4.8 min for red sorghum and 67.9 ℃–8.6 min for white sorghum, considering maximum endosperm yield and ash content lower than 0.65 g/100 g. In RF-PS obtained under optimal conditions, protein, lipid, Cu, and free polyphenols were higher in red sorghum than white sorghum (10.16 ± 0.62 vs. 9.42 ± 0.61 g/100 g, 0.89 ± 0.16 vs. 0.62 ± 0.11 g/100 g, 2.08 ± 0.21 vs. 1.88 ± 0.20 mg/kg, 79.51 ± 14.51 vs. 63.82 ± 4.33 mg/100 g). Fe, Zn, Ca, and Na were higher in white sorghum than red sorghum (20.61 ± 2.92 vs. 17.56 ± 0.98 mg/kg, 11.94 ± 0.84 vs. 9.58 ± 1.65 mg/kg, 87.45 ± 12.91 vs. 75.31 ± 12.57 mg/kg, 129.62 ± 9.03 vs. 102.69 ± 28.34 mg/kg). No difference was observed in the contents of ash, Mg, and K. It was possible to improve endosperm yield using a parboiling process prior to decortication. In addition, this process contributes to increase the mineral content in RF-PS.

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19

Bleidere, Māra, Zaiga Jansone, Ilze Grunte, and Ida Jakobsone. "Biochemical Composition of Spring Barley Grain Pearled to Varying Degrees." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 71, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0082.

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Abstract Differences in biochemical composition in dehulled and pearled grain samples affected by the various degrees of pearling were studied for spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Twelve covered spring barley and two hulless genotypes were examined. Commercial samples of pearled barley were included for comparison. Covered barley grain samples were pearled using a small-scale barley pearler to obtain dehulled and pearled barley grain products with pearling percentage of 12% and 30%, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the chemical composition between dehulled grain and pearled grain. As the outer layers of the covered grain were removed to a greater degree by pearling, crude protein content, crude ash, total phenolic concentration and radical scavenging activity in the pearled grain significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while starch concentration increased, without changes in the β-glucans concentration. The concentration of phenolic compounds in the dehulled barley grain samples were 1.30 to 1.61 times higher than for pearled grains. There was a significant (p < 0.01) correlation determined among values of dehulled and pearled grain of different barley genotypes in crude protein, starch, and β-glucan content, but no relationship was found in total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity.

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20

Haidara, Hamidou. "Wetting-mediated collective tubulation and pearling in confined vesicular drops of DDAB solutions." Soft Matter 10, no. 47 (2014): 9460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm01579g.

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21

Paul, Gayatri, Prasanta Kumar Das, and Indranil Manna. "Motion, deformation and pearling of ferrofluid droplets due to a tunable moving magnetic field." Soft Matter 16, no. 6 (2020): 1642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm02224d.

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22

Ruggeri, Stefania, Elisa De Arcangelis, Altero Aguzzi, Maria Cristina Messia, and Emanuele Marconi. "Design of Cereal Products Naturally Enriched in Folate from Barley Pearling By-Products." Nutrients 14, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 3729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14183729.

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Folate is a fundamental vitamin for human health in prevention of many diseases; however, unfortunately its deficiency is widespread, so a greater availability of folate rich foods is desirable. The aim of this study was to design new cereal products naturally enriched in folate using barley flour from pearling as ingredient. Folate content of unfortified and fortified commercial grain-based products was considered to identify the best ingredients for new formulation and for folate content comparisons. Nineteen Italian barley cultivars were evaluated for their folate content and Natura was chosen for its highest folate levels = 69.3 μg/100 g f.w. Application of pearling gave a by-product flour with a high folate level: 221.7 ± 7.0 μg/100 g; this flour was employed to design pasta and biscuits naturally enriched in folate: 87.1 μg/100 g and 70.1 ± 3.7 μg/100 g f.w., respectively. Folate content of new products is higher than commercial samples: 39.2 μg/100 g in refined pasta, 60.4 μg/100 g in wholemeal pasta, 62.1 μg/100 g in fortified biscuits and 10.4 μg/100 g in unfortified ones. Enriched pasta had higher folate retention (68.5%) after cooking compared to the fortified one (27.8%). This research shows promising results concerning the pearling technique to design new cereal products naturally enriched in folates.

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23

Vlahovska, Petia M. "Voltage-morphology coupling in biomimetic membranes: dynamics of giant vesicles in applied electric fields." Soft Matter 11, no. 37 (2015): 7232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm01050k.

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Giant vesicles in electric fields display a plethora of intriguing dynamics (formation of edges, pearling, phase separation) that highlight a lack of comprehensive understanding of membrane electromechanics.

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24

Liyana-Pathirana, Chandrika, Jim Dexter, and Fereidoon Shahidi. "Antioxidant Properties of Wheat As Affected by Pearling." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, no. 17 (August 2006): 6177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf060664d.

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25

Caballero, David, Inês Mendes Pinto, Boris Y. Rubinstein, and Josep Samitier. "Protrusion membrane pearling emerges during 3D cell division." Physical Biology 16, no. 6 (October 10, 2019): 066009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1478-3975/ab4549.

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26

Tsafrir, Ilan, Dror Sagi, Tamar Arzi, Marie-Alice Guedeau-Boudeville, Vidar Frette, Daniel Kandel, and Joel Stavans. "Pearling Instabilities of Membrane Tubes with Anchored Polymers." Physical Review Letters 86, no. 6 (February 5, 2001): 1138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.86.1138.

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27

Bar-Ziv, Roy, Tsvi Tlusty, and Elisha Moses. "Critical Dynamics in the Pearling Instability of Membranes." Physical Review Letters 79, no. 6 (August 11, 1997): 1158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.79.1158.

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28

Sinha, Kumari Priti, Siddharth Gadkari, and Rochish M. Thaokar. "Electric field induced pearling instability in cylindrical vesicles." Soft Matter 9, no. 30 (2013): 7274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3sm00052d.

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29

Wang, Ruohang, Apostolis A. Koutinas, and Grant M. Campbell. "Effect of pearling on dry processing of oats." Journal of Food Engineering 82, no. 3 (October 2007): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.02.051.

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30

Vlahovska, Petia M. "Asymmetric shapes and pearling of a stretched vesicle." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 754 (July 31, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.373.

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AbstractClosed bilayer membranes (vesicles) display a plethora of non-spherical shapes under equilibrium conditions, unlike drops and bubbles which are kept spherical by surface tension. Even more complex behaviour arises under applied flow. Intriguingly, a vesicle can adopt asymmetric shapes even under symmetric forcing such as uniaxial extensional flow. Narasimhan, Spann & Shaqfeh (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 750, 2014, pp. 144–190) explain the mechanism of this peculiar instability and trace its origin to the tension which develops in the area-incompressible membrane in response to the applied stress. The authors also show that this mechanism is relevant to the pearling of tubular vesicles. This study raises many questions, e.g. whether other soft particles with load-dependent tension such as capsules can undergo similar shape transformations.

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31

Su, Yu-Cheng, and Jeff Z. Y. Chen. "A model of vesicle tubulation and pearling induced by adsorbing particles." Soft Matter 11, no. 20 (2015): 4054–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00565e.

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32

Hirich, Abdelaziz, Sifeddine Rafik, Mohamed Rahmani, Amira Fetouab, Fatima Azaykou, Kaoutar Filali, Hayatullah Ahmadzai, et al. "Development of Quinoa Value Chain to Improve Food and Nutritional Security in Rural Communities in Rehamna, Morocco: Lessons Learned and Perspectives." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020301.

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Agricultural production in the Rehamna region, Morocco is limited with various challenges including drought and salinity. Introduction of climate resilient and rustic crops such as quinoa was an optimal solution to increase farmer’s income and improve food security. This study summarizes results obtained from a research project aiming to develop quinoa value chain in Morocco. The study tackled several aspects including agronomic traits (yield and growth), transformation, quality (nutritional and antinutritional traits) and economic analysis and, finally, a strength–weaknesses–opportunities–threats analysis, lessons learned and development perspectives were presented. From an agronomic point of view, introduced new quinoa cultivars showed higher performance than locally cultivated seeds and, furthermore, the use of irrigation and organic amendment has tremendously improved seed yield by double and three times, respectively, compared to rainfed conditions. Nutritional analysis revealed that protein and phosphorus content remained stable after seed pearling while most of the micronutrients content decreased after seed pearling. However, saponins content was reduced by 68% using mechanical pearling compared to 57% using both traditional abrasion and washing. The economic analysis showed that production cost of quinoa seeds could be further decreased using mechanized intensive tools along with irrigation and organic amendment supply. This study revealed several lessons learned from the field experience and proposed several development actions for each value chain component that can be implemented within a national quinoa program.

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33

Narsimhan, Vivek, Andrew P. Spann, and Eric S. G. Shaqfeh. "Pearling, wrinkling, and buckling of vesicles in elongational flows." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 777 (July 15, 2015): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.345.

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Tubular vesicles in extensional flow can undergo ‘pearling’, i.e. the formation of beads in their central neck reminiscent of the Rayleigh–Plateau instability for droplets. In this paper, we perform boundary integral simulations to determine the conditions for the onset of this instability. Our simulations agree well with experiments, and we explore additional topics such as the role of the vesicle’s initial shape on the number of pearls formed. We also compare our simulations to simple physical models of pearling that have been presented in the literature, where the vesicle is approximated as an infinitely long cylinder with a constant surface tension and bending modulus. We present a complete linear stability analysis of this idealized problem, including the effects of non-axisymmetric deformations as well as surface viscosity. We demonstrate that, while such models capture the essential physics of pearling, they cannot capture the stability of these transitions accurately, since finite length effects and non-uniform surface tension effects are important. We close our paper with a brief discussion of vesicles in compressional flows. Unlike quasi-spherical vesicles, we find that tubular vesicles can transition to a wide variety of permanent, buckled states under compression. The idealized problem mentioned above gives the essential physics behind these instabilities, which to our knowledge has not been examined heretofore.

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34

Yeung, Judy, and Thava Vasanthan. "Pearling of Hull-less Barley: Product Composition and Gel Color of Pearled Barley Flours As Affected by the Degree of Pearling." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, no. 1 (January 2001): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000893e.

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35

Goldstein, Raymond E., Philip Nelson, Thomas Powers, and Udo Seifert. "Front Progagation in the Pearling Instability of Tubular Vesicles." Journal de Physique II 6, no. 5 (May 1996): 767–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1996210.

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36

Coveas, J. L., S. T. Milner, and W. B. Russel. "Late Stages of the “Pearling" Instability in Lipid Bilayers." Journal de Physique II 7, no. 9 (September 1997): 1185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1997180.

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37

Bar-Ziv, R., T. Tlusty, E. Moses, S. A. Safran, and A. Bershadsky. "Pearling in cells: A clue to understanding cell shape." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, no. 18 (August 31, 1999): 10140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.18.10140.

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38

Martínez, Julia. "Steve Mullins explores schooner-based pearling in North Australia." History Australia 17, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2020.1719015.

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39

Lampi, Anna-Maija, Robert A. Moreau, Vieno Piironen, and Kevin B. Hicks. "Pearling barley and rye to produce phytosterol-rich fractions." Lipids 39, no. 8 (August 2004): 783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-004-1296-1.

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Nelson, Philip, Thomas Powers, and Udo Seifert. "Dynamical Theory of the Pearling Instability in Cylindrical Vesicles." Physical Review Letters 74, no. 17 (April 24, 1995): 3384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.74.3384.

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41

van Donkelaar, Laura H. G., Jos A. Hageman, Serhat Oguz, Tom R. Noordman, Remko M. Boom, and Atze-Jan van der Goot. "Combining unmalted barley and pearling gives good quality brewing." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 122, no. 2 (May 12, 2016): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jib.319.

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Yu, Sarah. "Broome Creole: Aboriginal and Asian Partnerships along the Kimberley Coast." Queensland Review 6, no. 2 (November 1999): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s132181660000115x.

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Romantic Broome — the pearling centre of the North West … the locale of exciting novels! White-sailed luggers skimming across azure seas in the early dawn. Colowful Asiatics jostling in Sheba Lane — the famous street 0’ Pearls. And languorous tropical nights beneath the glittering southern Cross.

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43

Vink, Markus. "Pearls, People, and Power: Pearling and Indian Ocean worlds; Octopus Crowd: Maritime history and the business of Australian pearling in its schooner age." Mariner's Mirror 106, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2020.1820738.

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44

Karbalaeikhani, Ali, Ali Mehrabi, and Alireza Saied. "Bone Grafting Surgery, A Detailed Review of History." Journal of Research in Orthopedic Science 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jrosj.8.4.109.2.

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Bone grafting is a surgical procedure, dating back to the Neolithic era. This paper to review the history of bone grafting surgery. The search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Google scholar databases for any related article, as well as pearling of the references of these papers.

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Kraitzman, Noa, and Keith Promislow. "Pearling Bifurcations in the Strong Functionalized Cahn--Hilliard Free Energy." SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 50, no. 3 (January 2018): 3395–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/16m1108406.

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SAHAY, K. M., and A. P. GANDHI. "Studies on the pearling and milling of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 20, no. 2 (June 28, 2007): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb01921.x.

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Carter, Robert. "The History and Prehistory of Pearling in the Persian Gulf." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no. 2 (2005): 139–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520054127149.

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AbstractThe paper presents an analysis and synthesis of historical and archaeological data on pearl fishing in the Persian Gulf. The history of pearling in the region is reviewed, from the earliest possible references to the mid 20th century. Economic data from the 18th–20th centuries CE is analysed in detail, to de fine the economic course of the pearling industry during that time, and assess the impact on human settlement in the region. The archaeological data for pearl fishing are then examined, from the 6th millennium BCE onwards, and compared to the historical evidence. The results of archaeological survey in the Abu Dhabi islands region are then taken as a case study, and changes in settlement patterns are related to the historical trajectory of the pearling industry. It is observed that the regional economy became overwhelmingly dependent on the pearl trade in recent centuries, and was increasingly subject to the demands of the global market. Cette étude présente une analyse et une synthèse des données historiques et archéologiques sur la pêche des perles dans le Golfe arabo-persique. L'histoire de la pêche des perles dans la région est passée en revue, depuis les plus anciennes références connues qui remontent au milieu du 20e siècle. Les données économiques du 18e au 20e siècle sont analysées en détail pour dé finir l'évolution de l'industrie perlière pendant cette période et évaluer son incidence sur le peuplement de la région. Les données archéologiques sur la pêche des perles, examinées depuis le 6ème millénaire avant J.-C., ont été comparées aux données historiques. Les résultats des reconnaissances archéologiques dans les îles de la région d'Abu Dhabi sont alors présentées comme étude de cas et les modi fications de con figuration de l'habitat sont reliées à l'évolution historique de l'industrie perlière. On remarque que l'économie de cette région est devenue presque entièrement dépendante du commerce des perles dans les siècles récents, et qu'elle était de plus en plus assujettie à la demande du marché mondial.

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Yue, Tongtao, Yan Xu, Mingbin Sun, Xianren Zhang, and Fang Huang. "How tubular aggregates interact with biomembranes: wrapping, fusion and pearling." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 2 (2016): 1082–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp06511a.

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How soft tubular aggregates interact with biomembranes is crucial for understanding the formation of membrane tubes connecting two eukaryotic cells, which are initially created from one cell and then connect with the other.

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Mullins, Steve. "Book Review: Pearling in the Arabian Gulf: A Kuwaiti Memoir." International Journal of Maritime History 14, no. 1 (June 2002): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140201400165.

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Bendejacq, D., M. Joanicot, and V. Ponsinet. "Pearling instabilities in water-dispersed copolymer cylinders with charged brushes." European Physical Journal E 17, no. 1 (March 24, 2005): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2004-10111-4.

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