Relevant bibliographies by topics / Peaceful treaties

Academic literature on the topic 'Peaceful treaties'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Peaceful treaties"

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Popova, O. A. "International Legal Regulation of the Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes: Basic Concepts." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 7 (August 7, 2020): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.116.7.129-144.

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The paper examines the problem of the militarization of outer space, the relevance of which has significantly increased in recent years in connection with the termination of a number of important international treaties in the field of arms reduction. The problem is aggravated by the absence of a complete ban on the placement of weapons in outer space in international treaties. The paper analyzes the norms of international space law, the norms of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, doctrinal approaches to determining the use of outer space for peaceful purposes. The author concludes that the terms “peaceful use” and “use exclusively for peaceful purposes” in relation to outer space have different meaningful boundaries: the first reflects an interest in peaceful uses (non-military) without establishing a complete ban on the use of outer space for military purposes, the second excludes any purpose other than peaceful. In order to exclude the use of outer space for military purposes the author proposes to use the second term. The use of military means for peaceful purposes is permitted in international law; therefore, it is proposed to establish the legal limits of such use in outer space, clearly defining the prohibited activities. The author notes that at present the principle of the use of outer space for peaceful purposes is a guideline reflecting the desire of the international community to prevent the use of outer space for military purposes.
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Mehfooz, Musferah. "Safeguarding Places of Worship during the Prophetic Era: Assessment of Early Islamic Covenants and Their Impacts on Early Muslim Polities." Religions 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13090799.

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Treaties and covenants have been the most important instruments of international relations in both ancient and modem times, playing a significant role in the promotion of religious freedom, peaceful coexistence, and interfaith harmony. The rapid spread and broad appeal of early Islam brought matters of international relations and cosmopolitan state governance to a cadre of Muslim leaders whose main political experience had been with parochial Arabian tribalism. The foremost issue was the position, rights, and responsibilities of non-Muslim religious communities within the Arab-Islamic empire. Consequently, numerous covenants and treaties were devised with subjects and with foreign states during the expansion of the Muslim world. This study examines the protection of non-Muslim places of worship under the rule of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ and his successors, including future caliphs and generals. It explores the practical application of the covenants by the successors of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ during early Islamic history, exploring the extent to which these covenants and treaties were effective in maintaining peaceful co-existence in a multi-faith society. In sum, for the sake of concision, only specific segments of the covenants and treaties are examined, which were devised with the non-Muslims for the protection of their worship places during the early Muslim Conquests.
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Riak PhD, Gabriel Alier, and Dut Bol Ayuel Bill. "THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN RELATION ON ECONOMIC POLICY IN AFRICA." IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/sshr.v8i11.5385.

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Foreign refers to the conduct of human affairs by peaceful means, employing techniques of persuasion and negotiation (Barnett and Duvall, 2010). It usually refers to international diplomacy, the conduct of international relations through the intercession of professional diplomats with regard to issues of peace-making, trade, war, economics, culture, environment and human relations (Berridge, 2005). Diplomacy is typically carried out by government officials, who use bargaining, negotiation, and other peaceful means to negotiate treaties, trade policies, and other international agreements, including agreements to prevent, limit, manage, or settle conflicts (Claude, 2012).
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He, Kai, T. V. Paul, and Anders Wivel. "Introduction: International Institutions and Peaceful Change." Ethics & International Affairs 34, no. 4 (2020): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089267942000060x.

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The rise of “the rest,” especially China, has triggered an inevitable transformation of the so-called liberal international order. Rising powers have started to both challenge and push for the reform of existing multilateral institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and to create new ones, such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). The United States under the Trump administration, on the other hand, has retreated from the international institutions that the country once led or helped to create, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP); the Paris Agreement; the Iran nuclear deal; the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty; the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). The United States has also paralyzed the ability of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to settle trade disputes by blocking the appointment of judges to its appellate body. Moreover, in May 2020, President Trump announced his decision to quit the Open Skies Treaty, an arms control regime designed to promote transparency among its members regarding military activities. During the past decade or so, both Russia and the United States have been dismantling multilateral arms control treaties one by one while engaging in new nuclear buildups at home.
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Hensel, Paul, and Marit Brochmann. "Peaceful Management of International River Claims." International Negotiation 14, no. 2 (2009): 393–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180609x432879.

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AbstractAs global water scarcity increases, both scholars and leaders have suggested that water will be a leading cause of future armed conflict. Yet other scholars argue that states typically cooperate rather than fight to manage their shared water resources. We address these arguments by examining the management of internationally shared rivers in the Americas, Western Europe, and the Middle East from 1900–2001. We propose hypotheses on the factors that lead states to become involved in disagreements over shared rivers as well as the factors that lead them to negotiate over these disagreements. Heckman probit analysis suggests that water scarcity – found by past work to be an important influence on armed conflict over rivers – is also an important influence on peaceful efforts to settle river problems; river claims are more likely where water supply is lower and demand is greater, but negotiations are also generally more likely in these same situations. Furthermore, while the existence of river treaties does not prevent the emergence of river claims, the presence of at least one treaty over the specific subject of the claim provides an important starting point that greatly increases the likelihood of negotiations over such claims. We conclude that the more pessimistic views of water management are missing an important part of the story. States are much more likely to negotiate in the most dangerous situations, and institutionalization of river resources can make an important contribution to negotiations over any disagreements that do emerge.
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Glikman, Olga Vladimirovna, Aziza Ulugbekovna Nazarova, Alina Valeryevna Filippova, and Ekaterina Gennadyevna Minenkova. "Nuclear energy: Russia’s international treaties with other EEU members." SHS Web of Conferences 118 (2021): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111803022.

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The purpose of the study is to identify trends and compare the scope of multilateral and bilateral international legal regulation of relations between Russia and other Eurasian Economic Union members in the field of peaceful use of nuclear power (energy). The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific and special legal methods. The application of these methods made it possible to subject the current national legislation in the field of nuclear energy to in-depth comparative legal analysis and to identify the prospects for its modernization. The result of the study was the absence of special provisions in the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union aimed at integration in the nuclear energy sector and the formation of a common nuclear energy market of the Eurasian Economic Union. The study’s novelty lies in the authors’ approach to the allocation and comparison of the scope and subject matter of existing international treaties of Russia with other Eurasian Economic Union members, regulating cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy, which are not included in the Eurasian Economic Union law. According to the authors, despite the prospects and trends of forming the Eurasian Economic Union nuclear law noted by experts, Russia’s bilateral international agreements with other Eurasian Economic Union members will continue to play a special role in regulating relations in the nuclear energy sector.
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Laurinavichus, Cheslovas. "Reflections on the History of a Century Ago on the Basis of the Collection of Documents “Lithuania — Russia 1917—1920”." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016510-0.

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Based on archival documents from the Lithuanian and Russian archives, as well as taking advantage of the latest works of historians, the article presents a polemical view of some aspects of the history of the 20th century, relevant for Lithuania and Russia. These are the problems of the red terror, world revolution, propaganda, as well as the preconditions for peace between Lithuania and Russia. The author emphasizes that the peace treaty between Russia and Lithuania not only allowed the two states to build bilateral relations on the basis of peaceful cooperation, but also became one of the treaties that Soviet Russia concluded for possible peaceful and smooth relations with Europe, including the mediation of Lithuania.
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Sambor, М. А. "Sources of right to freedom of peaceful assembly." Law and Safety 75, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2019.4.01.

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The right to freedom of peaceful assembly is marked by the multifaceted nature of this right for society, the state, groups of individuals and individuals. The right to freedom of peaceful assembly is a manifestation of human nature in communication with other people, society and the state. The unconditional right to freedom of peaceful assembly has a rich history of its formation and development. However, without historical origins it is impossible to form an objective and necessary for the modern man to understand the content of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. Based on the above, the purpose of this article is to investigate the sources of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. For the first time in modern domestic science the sources of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly have been explored. In order to understand and form the legal basis and mechanism (algorithm) for exercising the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, it is important to understand the origins of this right and to substantially fill the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. Sources of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly in their retrospective dimension allow us to approach the understanding of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, taking into account the historical peculiarities of the understanding of this right, conditioned by the historical stages of the development of humanity, statehood and legal ideas about human rights in general and the right to freedom of peaceful assembly in particular. Sources of law are not only formalized and materialized rules of law, but also the engine, the driving force in the identification, formulation and only in the further implementation of the rule of law in a certain materialized regulatory document. This aspect of the sources of law cannot be neglected, since in this case the sources of law, including the sources of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, are significantly depleted, and a number of links in the chain of law are lost. Therefore, the nature of the origin of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, which is identified with human nature, is important for the study of the sources of the right to peaceful assembly, and therefore the right to freedom of peaceful assembly is a natural human right that determines its social activity and role in society. In this regard, interest is defined as a natural legal source of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. Interest is realized in the form of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, so it reveals the meaning of this right. The source of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly is an integral part of the sources of law as a whole, and therefore the study of the former is inseparable from an understanding of the sources of law. Common formal (material) sources of law are regulations, customs, legal treaties, legal precedents, and legal doctrines, so within the scope of this article, we carefully examine these sources of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. The natural-law component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly emphasizes the direct dependence of the existence and enjoyment of the right on human rights and its interest in the exercise of this right, so we are convinced that the said source of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly is likely to be on the frontier of the study of legal and other social sciences. Formal legal sources of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, in their turn, are generally in the sphere of sources of law, with those peculiarities that dictate an understanding of the content and peculiarities of the exercise and realization of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. By far, the most widespread source of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and with didactic features of knowing this right in the system of Ukrainian law is a legal act. The Constitution of Ukraine belongs to this type of sources of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly (as its special norms intended to regulate public relations in the exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly in Ukrainian society, as well as general rules that ensure the ordering of relations and the formation of legal space for the implementation of the said rights), the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Code of Administrative Judiciary of Ukraine, as well as other procedural normative legal acts, which, although they do not contain any special rules, are directed to regulate relations precisely with the exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, but in their general form provide the opportunity to regulate a number of aspects of the exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. Another, possibly key, source of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly is a legal treaty, in particular an international legal treaty. It is in such treaties that the world community, humanity, has recognized the right of each person to the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, to freedom of exercise and to the exclusivity of grounds for restricting the exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. Unfortunately, legal precedent in Ukraine only becomes meaningful, and as a source of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly it is characterized, in some places, by contradictory content.
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Kilibarda, Pavle. "The Militarization of Outer Space and the Liability Convention." Air and Space Law 40, Issue 3 (May 1, 2015): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2015019.

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In spite of the fact that international law has proclaimed that outer space is to be used for peaceful purposes, States continue to expand their military capacity beyond the bounds of the Earth's atmosphere. Recent testing of anti-satellite weaponry is a cause for concern that the term 'peaceful uses' is losing its meaning in an increasingly militarized outer space environment. The problem certainly stems from the fact that space law does not explicitly define said uses, thereby allowing States to provide a legal justification for their actions. This article will examine existing space law, as well as general international law, in an attempt to flesh out a more substantial meaning for the most oft-abused provisions of the relevant treaties in three distinct sections: first, we shall explore the notion of 'peaceful uses' as a general term; we shall proceed with an analysis of the prohibition of stationing weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) in outer space; finally, we shall see how the Liability Convention may be read as limiting States' potential advantages from militarizing space.
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Fung, Edmund S. K. "The Chinese Nationalists and the Unequal Treaties 1924–1931." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 4 (October 1987): 793–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0000932x.

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The movement to abolish the unequal treaties was the cause célèbre of Chinese nationalism after the First World War. It was an extension of the late Qing movement to retrieve the rights and interests (shouhui liquan yundong) that had been lost to the powers over the decades. Whereas the quintessence of the late Qing campaign was economic nationalism and the means it employed peaceful, the post-war drive was highly political and at times accompanied by a degree of violence. The Chinese determination, strengthened by Germany's and Austria's relinquishment of their treaty status, was a bond that united the whole nation from Beijing to Guangzhou (Canton) despite their domestic political differences.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Peaceful treaties"

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Qasaymeh, Khaled Ahmed. "South Africa’s peaceful use of nuclear energy under the nuclear non-proliferation treaty and related treaties." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13855.

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Energy is the natural power stored in matter which can be potential and kinetic energy. This occurs in nature in various forms such as chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. The scientific research relating to nuclear energy has revealed that atoms are the foundation of matter. In 1905 Albert Einstein initiated the quantum revolution utilising the Newtonian mass-energy equivalence concept in order to put his famous equation: E =mc2, where energy is (E). This facilitated the nuclear research which focused on manufacturing the first atomic bomb. In 1945 the USA acquired its first two atomic bombs which were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, killing 200 000 people; mostly civilians. But nuclear energy research has been redirected by scientists in order to industrialise nuclear technology in order to address growing power needs. This encouraged policy makers to consider the risks posed by utilising nuclear energy for civil purposes. The shift towards peaceful nuclear energy applications has been motivated by the many valuable contributions to humankind which nuclear energy offers - for instance in the fields of energy generation, human health, agriculture and industry. The nature of nuclear energy lends itself to becoming an important component of the world energy and global economic system. Nuclear energy is a viable option for many countries including South Africa, because it offers an economic and clean source of electricity; the primary engine for socio-economic development. South Africa operates the only two nuclear power reactors in Africa, (Koeberg 1 and Koeberg 2) generating 1.8 GWe. South Africa’s energy supply infrastructure consists fundamentally of coal-fired power plants which pose serious threats to the environment. Therefore, it is assumed that the planned 9.6 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 will meet the requirements of South Africa’s policy regarding the diversification of available energy resources to secure energy supply, support economic growth, and contribute to environmental management. Consequently, the legal system which governs nuclear energy programme is intended to prohibit the proliferation of nuclear weapons, ensure security and maintain the safe operation of nuclear facilities.
Public, Constitutional, & International Law
LL.D.
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Books on the topic "Peaceful treaties"

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Treaties, Australia Parliament Joint Standing Committee on. Agreement for Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy. Canberra: Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, 2000.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Threshold Test Ban and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions treaties: Report together with additional views (to accompany Ex. N, 94-2). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Threshold Test Ban and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions treaties: Report (to accompany Ex. N, 94-2 and Treaty doc. 101-19). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Union, Soviet. Protocols to the Threshold Test Ban and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaties with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Message from the President of the Union States transmitting the protocol to the treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the limitation of underground nuclear weapons tests ... for peaceful purposes (the Protocols), signed at Washington on June 1, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Threshold Test Ban and Peaceful Nuclear Explosion treaties with the U.S.S.R.: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, July 17, 31, and September 13, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Canada. External Affairs and International Trade Canada. Nuclear : agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Argentine Republic for co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy (with annexes), Ottawa, June 21, 1994, in force July 24, 1996 =: Nucléaire : accord de coopération entre le gouvernement du Canada et le gouvernement de la République Argentine concernant les utilisations pacifiques de l'énergie nucléaire (avec annexes), Ottawa, le 21 juin 1994, en vigueur le 24 juillet 1996. Ottawa, Ont: Queen's Printer for Canada = Imprimeur de la Reine pour le Canada, 1996.

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Argentina. Proposed Agreement for Cooperation between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Argentine Republic Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy: Message from the President of the United States transmitting the text of a proposed agreement ... with accompanying annex and agreed minute, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 2153 (b) and (d). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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Argentina. Proposed Agreement for Cooperation between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Argentine Republic Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy: Message from the President of the United States transmitting the text of a proposed agreement ... with accompanying annex and agreed minute, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 2153 (b) and (d). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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Poland. Atomic energy: Peaceful uses of nuclear energy : agreement between the United States of America and Poland, signed at Vienna September 18, 1991. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1998.

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Soviet Union. Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Tests and the Treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes: Texts of treaties and protocols. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Peaceful treaties"

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Burns, Stephen. "Milestones in Nuclear Law: A Journey in Nuclear Regulation." In Nuclear Law, 55–73. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-495-2_4.

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AbstractThe development of the nuclear legal framework has been an interesting journey reflecting a commitment to addressing the key aspects of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy through a variety of approaches using both binding treaties and conventions and non-binding codes and guidance. This complex framework of hard and soft law instruments has developed in response to action forcing events. Future development of the legal regime will be aided by greater harmonization and commitment to ensuring that institutions at an international and national level are transparent and willing to engage in constructive interaction with stakeholders. Legal advisers will continue to play an important role in assisting policy makers and technical experts in crafting comprehensive and effective approaches to further development of the framework for nuclear energy and its regulation. In those deliberations a number of key elements should be highlighted. This chapter suggests that elements are stakeholder trust, strong institutional capacity, and integration of international instruments and standards at national levels.
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Hairi Yazdi, Mehdi. "Welfare or Peaceful Coexistence." In A Philosophical Treatise on Muslim Politics, 103–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96658-4_17.

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Lock, Tobias. "Article 12 CFR." In The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759393.003.532.

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Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association at all levels, in particular in political, trade union and civic matters, which implies the right of everyone to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his or her interests.
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Goddard, David S. "The Applicability of Human Rights Treaties in Maritime Law Enforcement." In Peaceful Maritime Engagement in East Asia and the Pacific Region, 199–210. Brill | Nijhoff, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004518629_013.

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"UNCOPUOS and ILA National Space Legislation Based on the Space Treaties." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 1–14. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7407-2.ch001.

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This chapter begins with an introduction to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) and the national space legislation based on the space treaties. This chapter describes the contents, research results, and perspective on the Model Law of National Space Legislation proposed by the UNCOPUOS and ILA. Especially, the author presents and comments on the contents of the legal text “Rules for Suborbital Activities Draft” proposed by the ILA Space Law Committee's Rapporteur. Outer space law is an area of the law that encompasses national and international law governing activities in outer space. Outer space law can be described as the body of law applicable to and governing space-related activities. The term “space law” is most often associated with the rules, principles and standards of international law appearing in the United Nation's five international space treaties.
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Brinkman, Anna. "Merchants of Fortune: Negotiating Spanish Neutrality in the American War of Independence." In Economic Warfare and the Sea, 85–100. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789621594.003.0005.

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Economic warfare, in the form of commerce predation, was a crucial part of Britain's strategy in the West Indies during the American War of Independence. The rebels relied on a flow of goods provided by Spanish, French, Dutch and British merchants which British warships and privateers tried to stem. Britain's peaceful relations with the other three powers in the region depended greatly on being perceived to justly conduct economic warfare without breaking maritime law or bilateral treaties. British strategy during the war, therefore, was a fine line between crippling the rebels through aggressive commerce predation without giving cause for grievance to the other regional powers. The war opened several commercial opportunities in the form of smuggling and privateering. Merchants intentionally blurred the boundaries between enemies and allies to suit a given commercial venture. These blurred boundaries in the Americas were problematic for British ministers and Admiralty officials entrusted with prosecuting the war. Maritime treaties and international law were constantly reinterpreted in an attempt to avoid ruptures with other colonial powers, achieve Britain's war aims, and lend credence to British policy.
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Moore, Cerwyn. "Message of Hope and Glad Tidings to our People in Egypt, Part 8." In Al-Qaeda 2.0, edited by Donald Holbrook, 33–46. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190856441.003.0003.

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The Arab Spring revolutions undermined the relevancy of Al-Qaeda, as forces that were anathema to the group—nationalism, pluralism, areligious mass mobilization—had materialized to topple secular regimes, which otherwise had always been a central objective of Al-Qaeda and Zawahiri in particular. The latter thus responded, seeking to exploit disillusionment in the fallout of the revolutions and reframing the events according to Al-Qaeda’s agenda. The mainstay of this public relations initiative was his ‘Message of Hope and Glad Tidings’ series, aimed predominantly at citizens of his native Egypt, but with dedicated messages to peoples across the Arab world. In this eighth instalment of the series, we thus dip into an ongoing debate where Zawahiri continues in his attempts at reframing the revolutions, presenting the uprising in Egypt as a protest against areligious laws and treaties and against the peaceful relations with Israel, underpinned by American interference
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Masahiko, Asada. "Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, International Security, Ch.18 Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament under International Law." In The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827276.003.0019.

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This chapter traces the history of attempts and achievements in regulating the use of nuclear energy and material, focusing on nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. Ever since its invention, the nuclear weapon has occupied a special place in the global security order, both militarily and politically, due to its extraordinary destructive power. This picture is further complicated by the fact that nuclear material has both military and civilian uses. Civilian use of nuclear material includes generating electricity through nuclear reactors. Nuclear material also has medical, agricultural, and other peaceful applications, such as its use in the treatment of cancer. The chapter assesses in detail such treaties as the Partial Test Ban Treaty, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. It also looks at the current challenges involving the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Iran.
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Wight, Martin. "Is There a Philosophy of Statesmanship?" In International Relations and Political Philosophy, 121–30. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848219.003.0009.

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This essay assumes that readers will be familiar with Wight’s analysis distinguishing three traditions of thinking about international politics and will therefore recognize ‘three types’. The ‘three groups’, Wight observes, consist of (1) ‘idealists’ and ‘revolutionaries’ and ‘Utopians’ committed to serving the ‘general will’ and ‘the cause’; (2) ‘moralists’ and ‘Grotians’ dedicated to upholding treaties and the rule of law; and (3) ‘realists’ and ‘Machiavellians’ concerned with calculating how to defend and advance ‘the national interest’. With regard to survival imperatives, however, Wight holds that ‘all statesmen are realists’. He also qualifies this exposition of three traditions of thinking about international relations by pointing out that some Grotians and moralists have championed ‘a different Utopia’, an ideal distinct from the revolutionary uniformity sought by certain religions and ideologies. This different Utopia was the League of Nations, an institution designed to bring about a peaceful universal legal order. The League’s advocates expected a majority of nations, backed by world public opinion, to maintain peace and order through rational appeals and, if necessary, economic sanctions, with war as a final recourse to restore international amity.
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Sleeper-Smith, Susan. "Plunder and Massacre." In Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest, 210–42. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640587.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the impact on Indian villages following George Rogers Clark’s seizure of Fort Vincennes from the British in 1779. Clark modeled how he expected his militia followers to deal with Indians. Rather than negotiate with them, Clark scorned, intimidated, brutalized, and killed Native people. He encouraged his men to loot prosperous Indian villages along the lower Wabash. Raiding and plundering thriving Indian communities became a profitable venture for Clark’s penniless militia and for the squatters who followed them onto Kentucky lands. Marauders made substantial profits from the Indian clothing, silver ornaments, and household goods stolen on these assaults. Auctions took place regularly along the Kentucky frontier as returning raiders sold the booty and then divided the profits among themselves. Indians who had signed peace treaties with the U.S. became easy targets. The frequent massacre of peaceful Indian leaders and their followers led to support for a Pan-Indian Confederacy. Determined to keep the Ohio River as the boundary line with U.S. lands, this confederacy dealt a humiliating defeat to the U.S. Army, led by General Harmar, and left President Washington resolved to seek revenge.
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Conference papers on the topic "Peaceful treaties"

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Herianto, Dodik Setiawan Nur, Yaries Mahardika Putro, and Haekal Al Asyari. "Space Diplomacy as a Way to Face the Era of Space Commercialization in Indonesia." In Seminar Nasional Kebijakan Penerbangan dan Antariksa III. Bogor: In Media, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/p.sinaskpa.iii.11.

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In its development, outer space activities have gone through a few stages. Initiated by the first launch of satellite to outer space up to the use of space of commercial activities. All of these progresses is subsidized by technological development and international legal framework in governing space activities. States have committed to cooperate amongst each other for the peaceful purposes of outer space declared in the five main international outer space treaties. As a developing equatorial country with specific geographical location, Indonesia has a steady desire in mastering and applying space science and technology. Consistent with its primary aims enlisted under the Indonesian Space Law; to improve Indonesia’s self-sufficiency and competitiveness in the area of space activities and to use space to benefit its population and to increase national productivity. Out of the various space activities such as space science and remote sensing that has been conducted by Indonesia, space commercialization is an area that has potentials in contributing to the aforementioned goals that has been brushed off. This paper aims to analyse the role of Indonesian diplomacy in setting up opportunities for space commercial improvement in hopes of closing the gap between developed and developing countries of rapid outer space advancement. This paper uses a normative legal research with conceptual and comparative approach.
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