Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Peace-building – Law and legislation'
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Lai, Yuen-yee, and 黎婉兒. "The effectiveness of building management ordinance (Cap.344) as a legal tool for building management." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45009284.
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Hulsewé, D. (Daphne). "Moving out to sea : international legal implications of building an offshore airport outside territorial waters." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30306.
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This thesis deals with the plan of the Dutch government to build an offshore airport outside its territorial waters. Because the airport will be outside territorial waters several problems may arise. Under the Law of the Sea the question is whether such an airport can lawfully be built and what the different conditions are under which it is possible. The Convention on International Civil Aviation is older then the new Law of the Sea Convention and therefore not up to date with the new zones in the sea that have emerged. Air law therefore needs to be interpreted in the light of those new developments.The first chapter deals with the reasons behind the plan to build such an airport. Thereafter, subsequent chapters discuss the law of the sea, air law, European law and the law of other organizations, which will have an influence on an offshore airport outside the territorial sea. The final chapter deals with plans and examples of other uses of artificial islands, including offshore airports.
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Cheung, Po-leung Alan, and 張寶樑. "Improvement of building legislation to include environmental design incommercial buildings of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254858.
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Lau, Hung-kwong Vincent. "Security and lending aspects in Hong Kong building project financing." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B38627863.
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Chan, Chi-keung Thomas, and 陳志強. "A study of the impact of the building management ordinance 2000 on domestic building owners in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42577378.
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Du, Plessis Madri. "Evaluation of the international law regarding humanitarian intervention in human rights abuses not breaching international peace and security." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53742.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University,2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study exammes, m stages of development, the existing law regarding humanitarian intervention, problems in respect of this law and cases of intervention. More specifically, intervention in human rights abuses not breaching international peace and security but rather posing a so-called threat to peace is examined. This information is used to consider whether more adequate provision can be made regarding circumstances of intervention to stop situations of grave human rights abuses sooner. From the law regarding humanitarian intervention, it is evident that the institution of intervention is illegal under the present UN legal system. Yet, in a time when the human rights culture has become so important that it forms part of the basis of international law, effective intervention is not being authorised by the Security Council. As a result, other actors have been intervening in cases of grave human rights abuses. These interventions need to be appropriate and well managed. Since the protection of human rights is as valid in non-democracies, as in any democratic state form, the study finds that human rights will benefit from dependence on legitimate authority. Attributing more importance to the Uniting for Peace Resolution could expand the role of the General Assembly. Humanitarian intervention also needs to be coupled with a commitment to address the causes of human rights abuses through conflict resolution and social reconstruction. The study concludes with some criteria/guidelines for the establishment of the legitimacy of intervention.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is - binne 'n raamwerk van ontwikkelingstydperke - 'n ondersoek na die bestaande reg aangaande humanitêre ingryping, probleme tenopsigte daarvan en gevalle van ingryping. Veral ingrypings in menseregte-skendings wat nie internasionale vrede en sekuriteit skend nie, maar eerder 'n sogenaamde bedreiging vir vrede is, word ondersoek. Die inligting wat so bekom is, word gebruik om te oordeel of meer gepaste voorsiening gemaak kan word waarvolgens situasies van growwe menseregte-skendings deur ingryping gouer beëindig kan word. Die reg aangaande humanitêre ingryping toon dat ingryping onwettig is in die bestaande regsisteem van die Verenigde Nasies. In 'n tyd waarin menseregte so belangrik geword het dat dit ten grondslag lê van internasionale reg, word effektiewe ingrypings nogtans nie gemagtig deur die Veiligheidsraad nie. Gevolglik gryp ander partye in om teen situasies van growwe menseregte-skendings op te tree. Hierdie ingrypings moet daarom gepas wees en goed bestuur word. Aangesien die beskerming van menseregte net so geldig is in ander staatsvorms as in demokrasieë, bevind die studie dat menseregte sal baat daarby indien dit afhanklik is van legitieme gesag. Voorts kan die rol van die Algemene Vergadering aangaande die beskerming van menseregte uitgebrei word deur groter waarde te heg aan die "Uniting for Peace"-resolusie. Dit is verder nodig dat humanitêre ingryping gekoppel word aan 'n verbintenis om die oorsake van menseregteskendings aan te pak deur konflik-resolusie en sosiale heropbou. Ter afsluiting word riglyne neergelê om te help met die bepaling van die legitimiteit van . . mgrypmg.
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Chan, Ming-yee, and 陳明義. "The impact of energy efficiency regulation on building design in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253659.
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Yeung, Chi-hung, and 楊志雄. "A survey of environmental impacts of building energy codes on energy management in building services installations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575424.
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Lam, Chuen-wa Carine, and 林傳華. "The interpretation and application of the Building Management Ordinance in the management of private sector housing and its effects." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575783.
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Chan, Shui-fun Josephine, and 陳瑞芬. "The controversy of building maintenance in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251262.
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Li, Hiu-yeung Tony, and 李曉陽. "Owner Incorporation: a trick or a solution toprivate residential property management." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31969422.
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Lui, Chit-ying Wendy, and 呂哲盈. "Constraints of the Building Management Ordinance as a cure to buildingmanagement problems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968983.
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Temmers, Zsa-Zsa. "Building encroachments and compulsory transfer of ownership." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5326.
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Thesis (LLD (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African courts seem to be adopting a new approach to the problem of building encroachments. For pragmatic and policy reasons courts are now inclined to exercise its discretion in favour of leaving building encroachments in place, against compensation, despite the common law right to demand removal. It has been widely accepted that courts indeed have the discretion to award damages instead of removal of the building encroachment. However, the circumstances involved and the consequences of these orders are uncertain and hence these orders result in confusion. It is unclear how this discretion is exercised. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether this discretion includes the power to order transfer of the encroached-upon land to the encroacher. There are doctrinal and constitutional implications that may be triggered by these court orders that leave building encroachments in place. The doctrinal issues centre on what happens when an encroachment is not removed and nothing is said about the rights of the respective parties after the order is made. Possible solutions are investigated to provide a doctrinally sound outcome in encroachment disputes. It is clear that the encroacher is allowed to continue occupying the portion of property on which the encroachment is erected. It seems as though a use right is indirectly created when the encroachment remains in place. The constitutional difficulty lies in the fact that the court orders may result in infringements that conflict with section 25 of the Constitution. The focus is specifically to determine whether these orders result in the compulsory loss of property or property rights. With reference to Germany, the Netherlands and Australia, a comparative perspective is provided in order to support the doctrinal and policy arguments. The comparative law provides a source of guidelines for what may work effectively and informs the ultimate suggestion of this project, namely the need for legislation to regulate building encroachments in South Africa. The legislation envisaged would have to prescribe with at least some sort of certainty how and in which circumstances the discretion should be exercised. It should also provide clarity with regard to the right that is created when the encroachment is not removed and how the compensation that is awarded in exchange for removal, should be determined. The unnecessary confusion and uncertainty that result from court orders made in the context of building encroachments may be cleared up by legislation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrikaanse howe begin al hoe meer om ‘n nuwe benadering te volg ten opsigte van oorskrydende bouwerke. Dit lyk asof howe meer geneig is om hul diskresie uit te oefen ten gunste daarvan om die oorskryding vir pragmatiese en beleidsredes teen vergoeding in stand te hou, ten spyte van die gemeenregtelike reg om verwydering te eis. Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat howe wel die diskresie het om in die konteks van oorskrydende bouwerke skadevergoeding toe te ken in plaas van verwydering. Die omstandighede betrokke by en die nagevolge van hierdie beslissings is egter onseker en daarom lei dit tot verwarring. Dit is nie altyd duidelik hoe hierdie diskresie uitgeoefen word nie. Daarbenewens is daar ook onsekerheid oor of die diskresie die bevoegdheid insluit om oordrag van die grond waarop die oorsrkryding staan, te gelas. Die beslissings kan ook doktrinêre en grondwetlike implikasies hê. In terme van die doktrinêre probleem is daar vrae oor wat gebeur as die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie en niks word gesê oor die regte van beide partye in die dispuut nie. Oplossings word ondersoek om die beste moontlike doktrinêre verduideliking te probeer vasstel. Die eienaar van die oorskrydende bouwerk mag voortgaan om die grond waarop die oorskryding staan te okkupeer. Dit lyk asof ‘n gebruiksreg indirek geskep word ten gunste van die oorskryder wanneer die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie. ‘n Grondwetlike probleem mag veroorsaak word deur die moontlike oortreding van artikel 25 van die Grondwet. Die beslissings mag lei tot die gedwonge verlies van grond of regte, wat aan die vereistes van artikel 25 moet voldoen. ‘n Vergelykende perspektief met verwysing na Duitsland, Nederland en Australië word verskaf om die doktrinêre en beleidsargumente te ondersteun. Die vergelykende reg bied ‘n bron van riglyne vir wat effektief kan werk en het dus die wetgewing wat in hierdie proefskrif voorgestel word geïnspireer. Die wetgewing wat beoog word sal moet voorskryf hoe en onder watter omstanghede die diskresie uitgeoefen moet word. Dit moet ook sekerheid gee ten opsigte van die reg wat geskep word as die oorskryding nie verwyder word nie en hoe die skadevergoeding bepaal moet word. Die onnodige verwaring en onsekerheid wat veroorsaak word deur hierdie hofbeslissings kan opgeklaar word deur die promulgering van wetgewing om oorskrydende bouwerke te reguleer.
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Berlin, Lois F. "Peer to peer sexual harassment : emerging law as it applies to school building administrators' legal responsibility for prevention and response /." Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-151320/.
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Hui, Ken, and 許亦鈞. "Court decisions on building contract disputes: a Coasian empirical analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40988193.
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Huang, Huasheng, and 黃華生. "The effects of building regulations control on the design of private residential buildings." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244944.
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Chung, Ng Kam-seung Grace, and 鍾吳錦裳. "An evaluation of the impacts of the Building Management Ordinance on Owners' Corporations of domestic buildings in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45008000.
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趙惠敏 and Wai-mun Susanna Chiu. "The effect of the building management ordinance on residential property management in Hong Kong: from owner-organization's perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968843.
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Ho, Sing-hung Echo, and 何醒紅. "Governmental regulation in the property management industry: a case of the building management ordinance." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968053.
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Chan, Yee, and 陳羽. "Is strata title a solution to the problems of multi-storey building management in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31256892.
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Smith, Valerie Rose Riecke. "Impact to alternative contracting methods using multivariate analysis in the regulatory environment." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24633.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Building Construction, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Committee Chair: Oberle, Rita A.; Committee Co-Chair: Castro-Lacouture, Daniel; Committee Member: Bluestein, Fradya; Committee Member: Dobbins, Michael; Committee Member: Roper, Kathy
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Lam, Kit-wah, and 林杰華. "How Building Management Ordinance enhances the competitiveness of the private residential property management market?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4500853X.
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Wong, Wing-lok, and 王榮樂. "An analysis of the impact of the Building Management Ordinance on owners' incorporation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3196834X.
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Lai, Hung-kit, and 黎鴻傑. "Energy conservation in building services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252862.
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Williams, Gerald Herman Jr. "An Evaluation of Public Construction Contracting Methods for the Public Building Sector in Oregon using Data Envelopment Analysis." PDXScholar, 2003. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1645.
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Since 1976 public agencies in Oregon have been allowed to select construction contractors using a "qualification" based competition instead of the more typical lowest responsible bid or Design-Bid-Build (DBB) basis. Since 1985, at least 136 such selections, commonly known as CM/GC for Construction Manager/General Contractor, have been made. The results of this policy have not previously been analyzed. This research compares these selection methods, seeking to answer the following questions:
Does the CMl/GC method result in projects that differ from DBB projects regarding cost and schedule control?
Are CMl/GC projects more efficient than DBB projects, where efficiency is defined as the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technical efficiency score?
Does efficiency depend on an interaction between project type and the selection method?
How do project stakeholders evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of the two selection methods?
How do projects compare when the only apparent difference between them is the selection method?
To answer these questions, we identified 407 Oregon public building construction projects and obtained a variety of data, including cost and schedule results, for 215 jobs (111 CMl/GC and 104 DBB). We analyzed the data several ways, including statistical analysis, DEA, and various qualitative methods.
Results:
There was no statistically significant difference between the CMl/GC and DBB projects regarding cost and schedule control.
The DEA technical efficiency scores showed that CMl/GC projects outperformed the DBB projects.
There was no interaction effect between project type and selection method.
Project stakeholders stated that reduction of risk is the principal benefit of using CMl/GC; however, architects and subcontractors are less enthusiastic than owners and general contractors.
Data on two nearly identical projects indicated that the DBB project was less costly than the comparable CMlGC project and also incurred less cost growth; both projects were completed on time.
To summarize, this research fails to find support for the current Oregon law that exempts certain projects from competitive bidding based on the presumption that CMl/GC will lead to substantial cost savings but does indicate that the CMl/GC projects may be better able to accommodate accelerated project schedules.
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Machado, Ane Graziela Stahlhofer. "Meio ambiente do trabalho na construção civil : uma análise a partir dos princípios de direito ambiental." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2015. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1001.
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Esta dissertação analisa o meio ambiente do trabalho no Brasil, dando especial ênfase para o trabalho na construção civil, através da análise de dados oficiais sobre os acidentes de trabalho e as doenças profissionais deste setor, bem como suas principais irregularidades e as formas de combatê-las. Além disso, também é analisada a aplicação dos Princípios de Direito Ambiental na promoção de um meio ambiente de trabalho saudável e adequado no setor da construção civil, bem como é realizado o estudo de um caso concreto. O objetivo geral da presente pesquisa é analisar a evolução do meio ambiente do trabalho no Brasil, à luz das disposições legais e dos princípios de direito ambiental, procurando ressaltar a indissociável relação do meio ambiente de trabalho com a saúde, a segurança e a dignidade do trabalhador. O objetivo específico, consiste em contribuir com a criação de uma nova cultura de prevenção contra os riscos inerentes ao meio ambiente do trabalho na construção civil. Foram utilizados neste estudo os métodos de pesquisa bibliográfica e dedutivo, na análise e na interpretação dos dados coletados. A conclusão do presente estudo é de que o meio ambiente do trabalho na construção civil brasileira é inadequado para garantir a saúde e a segurança do trabalhador brasileiro, por diversos fatores que são analisados na dissertação. Através do presente estudo se pretende despertar sobre a importância do tema, que merece toda a atenção por parte do Estado e da sociedade, pois repercute não só para a vítima e para a sua família, como para toda a sociedade que é responsável pelo custeio social.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-09-21T14:09:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ane Graziela Stahlhöfer Machado.pdf: 942054 bytes, checksum: 346089e1ef9207c1d079958363df310c (MD5)
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This dissertation analyses the labor environment in Brazil, emphasizing particularly the building construction, through official data analysis concerning work accidents and the main professional diseases in this sector, as well as their irregularities and means of addressing them. Besides, the application of Environmental Law Principles is analysed in order to promote a healthy and adequate labor environment within the building construction sector, as a study of a concrete case is performed. The general objective of the present research is analysing the evolution of the labour environment in Brazil in the light of legal provisions and environmental Law, aiming to emphasize the inseparable relationship of labour environment with health, safety and labour dignity. The specific objective consists in contributing with the creation of a new prevention culture against work environment inherent risks within the building construction. In this study, the methods of bibliographical research and deductive were used for the analysis and the interpretation of collected data. The conclusion of the present study points that the work environment within Brazilian building construction is inadequate to ensure health and safety of Brazilian labour due to several factors that are analysed throughout the dissertation. By way of the present study, it is intended to arouse interest about the theme and its importance, which deserves all the attention by State and society once it has effects not only for the victim and his family, but also for the whole society which holds the responsibility for the social costs.
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Averill, Jason D. "Performance-Based Codes: Economics, Documentation, and Design." Digital WPI, 1999. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/809.
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The advent of performance-based codes in the United States underscores the need for a thorough, systematic approach to the documentation and accomplishment of a performance-based design. This project has three objectives: economic analysis of performance-based codes from a social view point, documentation of a performance-based design, and an example application of the ICC Performance-Based Code to high-rise office building. Economic issues explored include the externalities, insurance, and liabilities associated with performance-based codes. Documentation of a performance-based design includes delineation of the scope and goals with agreement between the designer, architect, building owner, and authority having jurisdiction, examination of the relevant code statutes, development of appropriate fire scenarios which meet the requirements of the performance matrices, thorough documentation of all design tool and calculation assumptions and limitations, and a clear demonstration of satisfactory accomplishment of stated goals and objectives. Finally, performance-based design alternatives to a prescriptively-designed 40 story office building were developed. There were three major design alternatives. The first design feature was the evacuation of occupants using elevators. The second alternative was the use of the assured fire safety system, which combined emerging technologies in fire detection, alarm, and suppression. The final design alternative was the routing of the domestic water supply through the sprinkler riser in order increase the reliability of the sprinkler system and save design, material, and installation costs associated with the domestic water supply risers. Finally, this project analyzed the specific life-cycle economic impact of the design alternatives when compared to the prescriptive design.
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Tan, Peng Soon. "Using agent-based modeling to assess the impact of martial law on a representative Iraqi town." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FTan.pdf.
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Makishima, José Narumi de Queiroz. "Gestão de segurança do trabalho na construção civil: a manutenção predial em uma indústria de alimentos." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2011. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/320.
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As organizações têm repassado para empresas especializadas os trabalhos que originalmente realizavam com empregados de seus quadros de efetivos. Este fenômeno tem provocado um crescente movimento de subcontratação de serviços conhecido como terceirização. As empresas terceirizadas têm se estabelecido de forma frágil do ponto de vista da segurança do trabalho, negligenciando os aspectos mais básicos estabelecidos pela legislação vigente, normas técnicas e as boas práticas nesta área no intuito de oferecer propostas mais econômicas para fazer frente a um mercado cada vez mais competitivo. Estabeleceu-se como objetivo para esta pesquisa identificar as práticas adotadas em matéria de segurança por uma companhia multinacional do ramo de alimentos, que é certificada na Norma OHSAS 18.001:2007, no que tange as empresas terceirizadas que prestaram serviços de manutenção predial com foco nas atividades de construção civil no período de julho de 2009 a junho de 2010. A metodologia utilizada consistiu de um estudo detalhado da documentação relativa ao sistema de gestão da organização contratante quanto aos trabalhos terceirizados e dos registros das subcontratadas concernentes a acidentes e medidas prevencionistas adotadas para o atendimento das exigências estipuladas pela contratante. Como resultado principal desta pesquisa identificou-se que dentre as medidas adotadas destacaram-se o estabelecimento de processos administrativos e técnicos, como a operacionalização de ações chaves como a fundamentação dos trabalhos com base em requisitos da Norma OHSAS 18.001, dos programas de treinamento, do atendimento a legislação, da definição de procedimentos para atividades administrativas e de risco, de uma boa relação entre contratante e contratada, da organização de profissionais de segurança, de preparação de emergências e atendimento médico. Como conclusão verificou-se que as medidas implantadas foram eficazes, pois contribuíram efetivamente para que a área de manutenção predial com foco em construção civil apresentasse o melhor desempenho em termos de indicadores de acidentabilidade. Desta forma recomenda-se considerar a aplicação das ações preventivas identificadas nesta pesquisa em virtude da sua eficácia, e pelo processo de implantação ser basicamente de ordem administrativa.Organizations have transferred to specialized companies that originally held the jobs of their employees with effective frameworks. This phenomenon has caused a growing movement known as outsourcing services. The outsourced companies have been established so fragile from the standpoint of safety at work, neglecting the most basic aspects established by the legislation, technical standards and best practice in this area in order to offer more economic proposals to deal with a market every increasingly competitive. It was established as a goal for this research to identify the practices adopted in terms of safety by a multinational company in the food industry field that is certified under OHSAS 18.001:2007, regarding outside contractors who provide building maintenance services with focus on civil construction activities during July 2009 thru June 2010. The methodology consisted of a detailed study relating to the contracting organization management system concerning outside contractors as well as of the records of accidents and preventive measures adopted to meet the requirements stipulated by the contractor. As a main result of this research it was identified that among the measures adopted, it were highlighted the establishment of administrative and technical procedures, such as the operationalization of key actions like work oriented on the requirements of OHSAS 18001, training programs, the legislation attendance, the definition of administration procedures and for risk management activities, a good relationship between the contractor and subcontractors, the organization of safety professionals, emergency preparedness and medical care. As conclusion it was found that the measures implemented were effective because they contributed to the branch of building maintenance with a focus on civil construction on presenting the best performance in terms of accident rates. Therefore it is recommended to consider the application of the preventive actions identified in this survey due to its effectiveness, and for the fact that the deployment process is basically administrative.
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Oberlander, Moshe Marla. "Peace building : the role of social work and law in the promotion of social capital and political integration." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84686.
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The study suggests that two domestic conditions are critical to foster opportunities for sustainable peace between formerly conflicting societies. The conditions are defined as social capital and political integration. These are explored in the context of Israeli and Palestinian societies following the signing of the Oslo Peace Accords in 1993 and through 1999, just one year prior to the outbreak of the al-Aqsa Intifada.Social capital refers to networks of association. Strong networks of relationship are important because they are positively associated with a community and/or society's ability to foster social cohesion, to problem-solve and cope with growing uncertainty such as that exemplifying the period of transition from conflict to peace.
Income inequality is inversely related to social capital. Communities and societies characterized by growing income inequality are typified by diminishing social capital, hence receding capacity to weather the impact of major societal change.
The term political integration refers to the relationship between a government and its citizens. In politically integrated societies citizens share a sense that government is concerned with their welfare and hence their loyalty is expressed through support of the government, its programs and policies. Growing political fragmentation, a lack of abidance, and the breakdown of relationships between civil society and government mark politically disintegrated societies. Political integration is particularly relevant in the aftermath of the signing of a peace agreement when domestic sectarian divides threaten to undermine the national entity that must maintain the delicate balance attained by formerly conflicting societies.
Social capital and political integration are the outcome of greater or lesser human rights: social and economic, civil and political. The persistence of inequality, social and economic, civil and political, wears down the relationships between members of a society and between citizens and their government.
Analysis of standard social and economic indicators in Palestinian and Israeli societies suggests that despite the promised peace dividend social and economic inequality persisted and in some instances worsened between 1993 and 1999. Analysis of civil and political conditions in both societies suggests that political disintegration as opposed to growing integration characterized the six-year period.
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Gonçalves, Felyppe Blum. "Avaliação da vibração e ruído ocupacionais no fresamento de pisos industriais." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1327.
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A constante mudança nos meios de trabalho ocorre devido a evolução tecnológica e industrial. Entretanto, com o advento de tais inovações, dificilmente o trabalhador da indústria não é submetido aos mais variados riscos ocupacionais resultantes dos processos produtivos. Diante deste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar os níveis de vibração e de ruído aos quais os trabalhadores de uma empresa do setor da construção civil, especializada na manutenção e reformas de pisos industriais, estavam expostos durante suas jornadas de trabalho em duas frentes de trabalho. As medições foram realizadas em locais e dias distintos nos municípios de Curitiba e de São José dos Pinhais, ambos no estado do Paraná. Para a avaliação da vibração ocupacional, utilizou-se um acelerômetro junto ao trabalhador e um sensor triaxial acoplado na empunhadura dos equipamentos objeto de estudo, que foram duas diferentes fresadoras de piso. Posteriormente os dados foram processados e comparados com o novo texto do Anexo no 08 da Norma Regulamentadora NR-15, apresentado para consulta pública pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego entre os meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2014. Já para a medição do ruído utilizou-se um dosímetro de ruído junto ao trabalhador, cujo resultado final possibilitou a comparação com o Anexo no 01 da mesma Norma Regulamentadora. Os resultados finais indicaram níveis de exposição excessivos, superiores aos limites de tolerância determinados pela Legislação, tanto para vibração quanto para o ruído, gerando insalubridade para os trabalhadores expostos, em todos os locais onde foram realizadas as medições.The constant change in the means of work is done by technological and industrial developments. However, with the advent of such innovations, hardly the work of the industry is not subject to a variety of occupational hazards resulting from production processes. Given this context, the present study aimed to monitor the working hours of the employees of a company in the construction industry, specializing in industrial floor maintenance and renovations, as exposure of vibration and noise on two fronts work in the cities of Curitiba - PR and São José dos Pinhais – PR. The program took place in two locations and on different days. The workday adopted by the company is six hours daily. For the evaluation of vibration, we used accelerometer with the worker and coupled to the handle of the equipment object of study, a mill floor, triaxial sensor subsequently the data were processed and compared with the new text of Annex No. 08, NR 15, submitted for public consultation by the Ministry of Labour and Employment in the months of January and February 2014. As for noise measurement used a dosimeter with the worker, whose final results enabled comparison with the regulatory norm 15 - Annex No. 01. The final results indicate excessive exposure to the tolerance specified by the legislation, both vibration and sound pressure level, featuring unhealthy at all locations where measurements were performed.
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Allie, Shouket. "Exploring the concept of conciliation (ṣulḥ) as a method of alternative dispute resolution in Islamic law." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7632.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis research will chart and navigate the early stages in the development, conceptualisation, and formulation of Islāmic law and the concept of ṣulḥ as a mechanism of legal redress in Islāmic law (Sharī’a). The research shows that firstly, the mechanism is deeply rooted and embedded in scriptural (Qur’ānic) and extrascriptural text namely the corpus of Ḥadīth. There is a plethora of instructions to prove that reconciliation is indeed a lofty goal which is rewarded as an act of worship. Like many other aspects of the Sharī’a, ṣulḥ is regulated by provisions of the scripture and extra-scriptural sources considered by Muslims as the (Sharī’a). Secondly ṣulḥ is also the preferred method of alternative dispute resolution because it is fluid, contractual, expeditious and one of the most effective ways of solving different types of disputes, whether commercial or family. It has therefore gained considerable traction in modern western financial industry which I think is largely due to its contractual nature and the absence of the adversarial element. As a mechanism of redress, ṣulḥ is governed by Islāmic law of contract which takes the form of an agreement which can be mutually negotiated between two or more parties. Of late it has also become the mechanism of choice in family and marital disputes.
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Teuteberg, Salomé Marjanne. "A framework for constitutional settlements : an analysis of diverging interpretations of the South African Constitution." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96706.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa’s transition to democracy has been hailed as exemplary in the field of conflict resolution and constitution-making. The negotiated settlement was expected to serve as a consensual constitutional framework boding well for the newly democratic regime, but by 2014 evidence was accumulating of an emerging dissensus on the South African Constitution. The literature on the South African transition does not anticipate this emerging constitutional dissensus, or address the possibility that the constitution meant different things to different stakeholders. While there was widespread endorsement of the ratification of the constitution, an apparent divergence has emerged about its meaning and what is stands for. Many studies addressed the process of constitutional negotiations and the outcome thereof, but few examine the meaning that the original negotiators invested into this outcome. The study aimed to address whether this dissensus was present during the negotiating process (1990 - 1996), and whether the negotiators’ agreement on the formal text of the constitution obscures fundamentally diverging interpretations. The study is in the form of a qualitative, descriptive case study. This study created a novel conceptual framework within which to classify diverse interpretations. Perceptions of negotiated compromises in deeply divided societies were conceptualised in the form of Constitutional Contracts, Social Contracts and Benchmark Agreements. Original negotiators’ views and opinions were analysed in order to identify dispositions reconcilable with each of the concepts identified. This framework proved significantly helpful in identifying whether the views of the negotiators were divergent – on several levels, differences between negotiators during the negotiating period came to the fore. It became evident from the findings that there were indeed present among the ranks of the negotiators of the South African Constitution diverging interpretations of this outcome. It became clear that certain interpretations were more easily categorised than others: while being able to locate the views of some negotiators within the concepts of Constitutional Contract or Social Contract, identifying those views congruent with the Benchmark Agreement proved more difficult. Also, some negotiators’ views can be located within one, two or all of the categories. It became evident that while negotiators may be categorised within all three concepts of the framework, their opinions are not necessarily specific to the indicators of one single concept. This study brought significant insight into several concepts, including the Social Contract in a changing society. The Social Contract is identifiable within a system that fosters process over institutions, with specific focus on the working of the electoral system. The Social Contract is vested in the political culture as opposed to in the written text, but the written text does facilitate these types of processes by entrenching mechanisms for ongoing negotiation and revision. However, while some of these mechanisms exist within the Constitution, it does not mean that they are effectively used. Characteristics associated with the Social Contract, such as flexibility and an inclusive process, tend to be associated with longer lasting constitutions. The question remains whether South Africans should be actively seeking to build a Social Contract, and whether a Constitutional Contract can evolve into a Social Contract.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika se oorgang na demokrasie word beskou as ‘n uitnemende voorbeeld in die veld van konflikoplossing en die skryf van grondwette. Daar is verwag dat die onderhandelde skikking sal dien as ‘n ooreengekome grondwetlike raamwerk vir die nuwe demokratiese regime, maar teen 2014 het bewyse begin akkumuleer van ‘n opkomende dissensus oor die grondwet. Die literatuur oor die Suid-Afrikaanse oorgang antisipeer nie hierdie ontluikende grondwetlike dissensus nie, en spreek nie die moontlikheid aan dat die grondwet verskillende dinge vir verskillende rolspelers beteken nie. Alhoewel daar wydverspreide onderskrywing van die bekragtiging van die grondwet was, het daar ‘n klaarblyklike verdeeldheid na vore gekom oor wat die grondwet beteken, en waarvoor dit staan. Die proses van onderhandeling, sowel as die uitkoms in die formaat van die grondwet, is deur baie studies aangespreek, maar min ondersoek die betekenis wat die oorspronklike onderhandelaars in die uitkoms belê het. Dié studie is daarop gerig om ondersoek of hierdie onderliggende dissensus reeds tydens die onderhandelingsproses (1990 – 1996) teenwoordig was, en of die onderhandelaars se ooreenkoms oor die formele teks fundamenteel uiteenlopende interpretasies daarvan verberg. Die studie is in die vorm van 'n kwalitatiewe, beskrywende gevallestudie. ‘n Nuwe konseptuele raamwerk is ontwikkel waarbinne die diversiteit van opinie hieroor geklassifiseer kan word. Persepsies van onderhandelde kompromieë in diep verdeelde samelewings is gekonseptualiseer in die vorm van Grondwetlike Kontrakte, Sosiale Kontrakte en Maatstaf Ooreenkomste. Oorpsronklike onderhandelaars se standpunte en opinies is geanaliseer om gesindhede versoenbaar met elk van die konsepte te identifiseer. Hierdie raamwerk was nuttig om te identifiseer of die menings van die onderhandelaars uiteenlopend was. Verskille op verskeie vlakke het tussen die onderhandelaars tydens die onderhandelingstydperk na vore gekom. Dit is duidelik dat daar wel uiteenlopende interpretasies van hierdie uitkoms teenwoordig was binne die geledere van die onderhandelaars. Sekere interpretasies is makliker geklassifiseer as ander: die menings van sommige onderhandelaars kan as kongruent met die Grondwetlike Kontrak of die Sosiale Kontrak geidentifiseer word, maar dit was moeiliker om sienings ooreenstemmend met die Maatstaf Ooreenkoms te identifiseer. Sekere onderhandelaars se standpunte kan ook in een, twee of al drie kategorieë geplaas word. Dit het duidelik geword dat terwyl sekere onderhandelaars se opvattings binne al drie konsepte van die raamwerk geklassifiseer kan word, hul menings nie noodwendig spesifiek binne die aanwysers van 'n enkele konsep val nie. Hierdie studie het beduidende insig in verskeie konsepte gebied, insluitend die Sosiale Kontrak in 'n veranderende samelewing. Die Sosiale Kontrak is identifiseerbaar binne 'n stelsel wat die belangrikheid van proses oor instellings beklemtoon. Die Sosiale Kontrak berus in politieke kultuur, maar die geskrewe gondwetlike reëls fasiliteer hierdie tipe van prosesse deur die vestiging van meganismes vir voortgesette onderhandeling en hersiening. Hierdie verskynsel is tipies meer duidelik sienbaar in die werking van verskillende kiesstelsels. Alhoewel hierdie meganismes kan bestaan binne ‘n grondwet, beteken dit nie dat hulle doeltreffend gebruik word nie. Eienskappe wat verband hou met die Sosiale Kontrak, soos buigsaamheid en 'n inklusiewe proses, is geneig om verband te hou met 'n duursame en standhoudende grondwet. Die vraag bly staan of Suid-Afrikaners aktief op soek moet wees na die bou van ‘n Sosiale Kontrak, en of 'n Konstitusionele Kontrak kan ontwikkel om ‘n Sosiale Kontrak te vorm.
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Eva, Mihalik [Verfasser], Hans-Joachim [Gutachter] Heintze, and Pierre [Gutachter] Thielbörger. "Building sustainable peace: From practice to law \(\textit de lege ferenda}\)? : Legal assessment of the concept "post-conflict peacebuilding" / Mihalik Eva ; Gutachter: Hans-Joachim Heintze, Pierre Thielbörger ; Institut für Entwicklungsforschung und Entwicklungspolitik, International Development Studies." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1148752072/34.
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Biju, Bárbara Pavani. "Utilização do sistema de informação geográfica (SIG) na indicação de possíveis áreas aptas à disposição de resíduos de construção e de demolição." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1328.
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CAPESOs resíduos oriundos da construção e demolição quando não têm uma destinação final adequada acarretam em problemas de ordem social, econômica e ambiental. O descarte que muitas vezes acontece em locais inapropriados, demonstra a necessidade de áreas para a correta disposição final em acordo com as normas vigentes. Visando a diminuição dos impactos causados por esse tipo de resíduos, buscando atender a legislação pertinente, a indicação de áreas aptas à implantação de aterros de resíduos de construção e demolição ou aterro classe A faz-se necessária. Para isso, foi utilizada a ferramenta de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), apoiada pela análise e decisão por multicritérios. O SIG utilizado como ferramenta base na identificação de possíveis áreas adequadas tem como vantagem: o baixo custo; maior rapidez no processo de tomada de decisão e a diversidade de cenários que podem ser analisados ao mesmo tempo, sendo de grande valia nas etapas de gerenciamento dos resíduos de construção e demolição. Integrando o SIG com a ferramenta de análise e tomada de decisão por multicritérios, tem-se como resultado a indicação de possíveis áreas aptas à implantação de aterros de construção civil e inertes para o Núcleo Central Urbano da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba.
The construction and demolition (C&D) waste when do not have a proper final disposal; result in social, economic and environmental problems. The disposal often happens in inappropriate locations and demonstrates the necessity of adequate areas for the waste final disposal but also the selected site must be in accordance with local standards and regulations. Considering all these facts, the aim of this work is to indicate possible suitable areas for C&D waste landfill, using the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool, supported by Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). The GIS used as a basic tool to identify possible suitable areas has several advantages: low cost; faster decision-making process and various scenarios can be analyzed simultaneously, being a valuable tool in all the construction and demolition waste management steps. Integrating GIS with MCDA has resulted in the indication of possible suitable areas for C&D waste disposal, having as a study area the Urban Central Core of Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. Keywords: Geographic Information System. Co
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Edmundson, Joshua R. "THE ONE EXHIBITION THE ROOTS OF THE LGBT EQUALITY MOVEMENT ONE MAGAZINE & THE FIRST GAY SUPREME COURT CASE IN U.S. HISTORY 1943-1958." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/399.
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The ONE Exhibition explores an era in American history marked by intense government sponsored anti-gay persecution and the genesis of the LGBT equality movement. The study begins during World War II, continues through the McCarthy era and the founding of the nation’s first gay magazine, and ends in 1958 with the first gay Supreme Court case in U.S. history.
Central to the story is ONE The Homosexual Magazine, and its founders, as they embarked on a quest for LGBT equality by establishing the first ongoing nationwide forum for gay people in the U.S., and challenged the government’s right to engage in and encourage hateful and discriminatory practices against the LGBT community. Then, when the magazine was banned by the Post Office, the editors and staff took the federal government to court. As such, ONE, Incorporated v. Olesen became the first Supreme Court case in U.S. history that featured the taboo subject of homosexuality, and secured the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech for the gay press. Thus, ONE magazine and its founders were an integral part of a small group of activists who established the foundations of the modern LGBT equality movement.
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García, García Ángel. "Otra mirada sobre Yugoslavia. Memoria e historia de la participación de las fuerzas armadas españolas en Bosnia - Herzegovina." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10889.
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El estudio de la intervención española en la ex - Yugoslavia se organiza a partir de dos temáticas centrales: el análisis de los mecanismos jurídicos e institucionales de las organizaciones internacionales y la experiencia vivida de los protagonistas de estas misiones de paz. Por lo tanto, la tesis se articula a tres bandas: historia jurídica, historia social del pensamiento y la experiencia vivida. Las fuentes originales aúnan declaraciones internacionales, testimonios personales, y análisis pormenorizado de los medios de comunicación social.The study of the spanish intervention in the former Yugoslavian Republic is based in two main subjects: The analysis of legal and institucional mechanism of international organizations and the lived experience of the main figures of these peace missions. Therefore, the thesis is articulated in a trilateral way: Legal history, Social History of thought and the lived experience. The original sources join international declarations, personal evidence and the detailed analysis of the social media
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Siddiqui, Shariq Ahmed. "Navigating Identity through Philanthropy: A History of the Islamic Society of North America (1979 - 2008)." Thesis, Indiana University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3665939.
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This dissertation analyzes the development of the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), a Muslim-American religious association, from the Iranian Revolution to the inauguration of our nation's first African-American president. This case study of ISNA, the largest Muslim-American organization in North America, examines the organization's institution-building and governance as a way to illustrate Muslim-American civic and religious participation. Using nonprofit research and theory related to issues of diversity, legitimacy, power, and nonprofit governance and management, I challenge misconceptions about ISNA and dispel a number of myths about Muslim Americans and their institutions. In addition, I investigate the experiences of Muslim-Americans as they attempted to translate faith into practice within the framework of the American religious and civic experience. I arrive at three main conclusions. First, because of their incredible diversity, Muslim-Americans are largely cultural pluralists. They draw from each other and our national culture to develop their religious identity and values. Second, a nonprofit association that embraces the values of a liberal democracy by establishing itself as an open organization will include members that may damage the organization's reputation. I argue that ISNA's values should be assessed in light of its programs and actions rather than the views of a small portion of its membership. Reviewing the organization's actions and programs helps us discover a religious association that is centered on American civic and religious values. Third, ISNA's leaders were unable to balance their desire for an open, consensus-based organization with a strong nonprofit management power structure. Effective nonprofit associations need their boards, volunteers and staff to have well-defined roles and authority. ISNA's leaders failed to adopt such a management and governance structure because of their suspicion of an empowered chief executive officer.
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Martín, i. Díaz Jordi. "Geopolitical and urban changes in Sarajevo (1995 – 2015)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/650917.
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During the collapse of Socialist Yugoslavia and amid a concomitant process to ethnically divide Bosnia, Sarajevo suffered through a siege which after three-and-a-half years resulted in a completely new social, political and territorial order. Following the signing of the peace agreement in Paris in December 1995, to end the war in Bosnia, the city simultaneously experienced a transition from war to peace and from socialism to capitalism. This double transition was marked by increasing intervention from the international community, who deployed an administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina to supervise the implementation of the peace agreement. Despite the fact that no specific local peace-building mission was established in Sarajevo, the Office of the High Representative (OHR), in charge of supervising the civilian annexes of the agreement, became particularly involved in the supervision, coordination and even execution of several key processes shaping its urban transformation, in areas such as the management of land, economic transition and the reconstruction of Sarajevo’s intrinsic ethnic diversity. Thus, this dissertation analyses the role of the OHR in the urban transformation of the symbolic Bosnian capital during the post-war period with an ultimate focus on the impact of those policies, developed mostly between 1995 and 2003, in the current ethnic and spatial configuration of the city.En l’àmbit dels estudis urbans Sarajevo no és un cas d’estudi menor degut al seu simbolisme, amb un pes significatiu en la història contemporània continental, així com també per la llarga tradició de diversitat, inicialment religiosa i posteriorment ètnica, i de convivència al llarg de la seva història. Sarajevo és, de fet, un cas peculiar, sinó únic, en el sentit que la coexistència entre les diverses comunitats és una característica intrínseca de la ciutat, havent estat promoguda pels principals governs responsables dels tres períodes de major expansió urbana. Aquesta llarga tradició va rebre una de les seves principals agressions durant el col·lapse de la Iugoslàvia socialista. En el marc d’un procés de territorialització ètnica de Bòsnia i Hercegovina, desenvolupat principalment pels líders polítics serbobosnians conjuntament amb els sèrbies, Sarajevo va acabar sent sotmesa a tres anys i mig de setge que van provocar una profunda transformació de l’ordre social, ètnic, polític i territorial. Després de la signatura dels acords de pau a París el desembre de 1995, coneguts com els Acords de Dayton, que van posar fi a la guerra a Bòsnia, la ciutat va emprendre el període postbèl·lic destruïda, encerclada i dividida, amb una àrea assetjada sota control del Govern de Bòsnia i Hercegovina i els sectors perifèrics, i fins i tot alguns barris centrals, sota domini de les tropes serbobosnianes.
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Rayroux, Antoine. "Pratiques et usages de l'Europe dans le maintien de la paix : la coopération franco-irlandaise au Tchad." Thèse, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10126.
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Cette thèse porte sur les opérations militaires menées par l’Union européenne et s’interroge sur leurs effets dans deux domaines : le processus d’européanisation et l’évolution du maintien de la paix. Pour les partisans du choix rationnel, l’européanisation reflète les préférences des principales puissances européennes, qui s’imposent aux autres États, surtout dans le domaine des politiques de défense. Pour les constructivistes à l’inverse, la gestion en commun des crises internationales entraîne des adaptations et un certain rapprochement des façons de faire nationales.
Pour solutionner ce débat, cette recherche expose et défend une approche sociologique des opérations militaires de l’UE, qui s’inspire du tournant pratique en relations internationales et des usages de l’Europe en études européennes. Cette approche insiste sur le contexte de l’interaction, les stratégies sociales des acteurs, et le bien-fondé d’une méthode interprétative qui s’appuie sur l’expérience de ces acteurs. La démonstration empirique repose sur une analyse qualitative comparative de deux cas opposés : les acteurs français et irlandais dans le cadre de l’opération militaire EUFOR Tchad/RCA, dont ils eurent la charge.
La recherche conclut que l’européanisation n’est pas un phénomène linéaire et homogène, et que sa forme dépend avant tout du contexte et des acteurs observés. Au niveau politique et décisionnel (à Bruxelles), les logiques nationales l’emportent, chaque acteur tentant de mettre à profit ses ressources opportunes (matérielles, idéelles, symboliques) pour faire valoir ses préférences nationales. Cependant, plus on s’éloigne de Bruxelles (vers l’état-major de l’opération militaire et plus encore vers le terrain), plus les militaires, principaux acteurs concernés, développent des pratiques communes qui se superposent à leurs singularités et préférences nationales. Le contexte opérationnel du maintien de la paix génère des dynamiques de socialisation et d’apprentissage qui favorisent l’émergence d’usages communs de l’Europe militaire. Ces usages constituent les fondements d’une approche « européenne » du maintien de la paix, combinaison hybride de pratiques importées d’autres contextes (national, OTAN, ONU), et de pratiques nouvelles, spécifiques à l’UE. Cependant, cette européanisation sociologique demeure essentiellement au niveau des militaires. Elle n’entraîne pas de convergence au niveau formel, politique et décisionnel, où les dynamiques nationales restent dominantes.This dissertation is about European Union-led military operations and their effects on two issues: processes of Europeanization and the evolution of peacekeeping. For rational choice scholars, Europeanization reflects the preferences of Europe’s main powers, which impose those preferences on other states, especially when it comes to defence policies. On the opposite, constructivists argue that handling international crises collectively results in adaptations and a certain rapprochement of national ways to do things. To sort out this debate, this research puts forward and defends a sociological approach to EU military operations, which is inspired by the practice turn in international relations and usages of Europe in European studies. This approach emphasizes the context of interaction, actors’ social strategies, and the merits of an interpretive method grounded in actors’ experiences. The empirical demonstration rests upon a qualitative and comparative analysis of two most different cases: French and Irish actors during the military operation EUFOR Tchad/RCA, in which they got involved. The research concludes that Europeanization is not a linear and homogenous phenomenon, and that its shape mostly depends on the context and actors under scrutiny. At the political and decisional level (in Brussels), national logics prevail, and each actor tries to take advantage of its opportune resources (material, ideal, symbolic) in order to enforce its national preferences. However, the further one moves away from Brussels (towards the operation’s headquarters or the field), the more military actors – the main actors concerned with EU operations – develop common practices that come on top of their national singularities. The operational context of peacekeeping yields dynamics of socialization and learning, which themselves make common usages of military Europe possible. These usages make up the grounds of a “European” approach to peacekeeping, which is a hybrid combination of existing practices imported from other contexts (national, NATO, UN) and new, EU-specific practices. However, this Europeanization tends to remain mostly at the military’s level. It does not bring about convergence at the formal, political and decisional level, where national dynamics still prevail.
Thèse réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgique)
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DE, GROOF Emmanuel. "Domestic interim governance under international law : towards a ius in interregno for regulating post-conflict transitions." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41767.
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Defence date: 3 June 2016Examining Board: Professor Francesco Francioni, EUI (Supervisor); Professor Nehal Bhuta, EUI; Professor Jean d’Aspremont, University of Manchester; Professor Anne Peters, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law.
State creation and direct international territorial administration are now beyond their zenith. At present we increasingly witness how, under the impact of various forms of external influence, important changes affect institutional and constitutional structures within the state, i.e. without creating new states or without affecting the state's territorial integrity. These changes are often paired with the introduction of a new constitution and of a transitional period ('interregnum') at the end of which a new constitution enters into force ('reconstitutionalization'). The thesis represents the first attempt to systematically analyze conflict-related domestic interim governance ('DIG') –public power exercised by interim governments, transitional councils, etc., in states said to be in transition ('transitional authorities')– from an international legal perspective. It introduces and develops the concept of ius in interregno, which refers to the body of legal norms applicable to conflict-related DIG. Despite the wide variety of sources and contexts, it is possible to carve out a rudimentary but coherent ius in interregno applicable to DIG. The analysis focuses on norms and practices of the interregnum itself, while making largely abstraction of the origin and outcome of 'transitions': the journey becomes the destination. Based on a close observation of several transitions, the thesis unveils which norms apply to DIG. These norms concern, inter alia, limitations ratione temporis and ratione materiae to DIG; and the 'inclusivity' of DIG en lien with the principle of internal self- determination. To the extent that a ius in interregno crystallizes as a body of norms, transitional authorities cannot act as they please: they are not legibus soluti. Finally, the thesis argues that third states that wish to interact with transitional authorities must also respect the core of a ius in interregno. States increasingly conduct constitutional geopolitics by trying to impact the constitutional structure of another state, even without forcible intervention, and by hand-picking their favored oppositional transitional authority. Revisiting the principles of self-determination and non-intervention, a ius in interregno also tackles the delicate issue of indirect (non-forcible) regime change.
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Bjorklund, Beth A. "Form-based codes and historic preservation : three Nashville case studies." 2011. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1639861.
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Form-based codes are “A method of regulating development to achieve a specific urban
form. Form-Based Codes create a predictable public realm primarily by controlling
physical from, with a lesser focus on land use, through city or county regulations.”1
Based on their ability to regulate the form and design of the built environment while
looking to historic patterns of development and existing architecture, it seems that formbased
codes should go hand-in-hand with historic preservation. This thesis explores that
possibility by analyzing three case studies in Nashville, Tennessee, and concludes that
form-based codes do indeed have the potential for success in preserving the character of
historic areas.Introduction -- Evolution of land development regulations -- Form-based planning in Nashville -- Three Nashville case studies -- Form-based codes and historic preservation.
Department of Architecture
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Van, Niekerk L. "Prevention of environmental health hazards through effective building control." 2012. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000955.
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M. Tech. Environmental HealthThe purpose of the study was to determine the knowledge and perception of the Environmental Health Practitioner regarding enforcing environmental health legislation and the procedures which must be followed in terms of building control. The objectives of the study were: to determine the knowledge of the Environmental Health Practitioner regarding enforcing environmental health legislation on building plans; to determine the perceptions of the Environmental Health Practitioner towards their roles and responsibility to enforce environmental health legislation through building control; to determine the perceptions of the Environmental Health Practitioner regarding the working relationship between environmental health and building control; and to compare the practical application when building plans are scrutinised by Environmental Health Practitioner with the legal requirements needed to prevent environmental health hazards.
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Makhuvele, Sevha Thomas. "Capacity-building of school governing bodies in area of policy interpretation and implementation." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/732.
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MEd (Educational Management)Department of Educational Management
The aim of the study was to investigate the capacity-building of School Governing Bodies (SGBs) in the area of policy interpretation and implementation. The research was carried out in schools under Klein Letaba Circuit in the Mopani Education District, in the Limpopo Province. This was a qualitative study where the researcher used purposive sampling to select schools and participants and interviews and document analysis to collect requisite data. In analysing data collected, content analysis was used. On the basis of data analysed and interpreted, the research findings revealed that SGBs do not have the necessary capacity to interpret and implement policies in schools. This is as a result of the inadequate training that they receive during their term of office, high level of illiteracy among them and lack of monitoring and support by the Department of Basic Education (DBE). The study therefore recommends that SGBs be adequately trained in their home languages and encouraged to form cluster committees to share experiences to develop their capacity. The DBE should continuously monitor and support SGBs in the execution of their duties.
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Dirkis, Michael. "Terms of engagement : a qualitative examination of the basic building blocks of Australia's international tax regime (residency and source) against the tax policy objectives of equity, efficiency, simplicity and the prevention of tax avoidance and an exploration of the avenues for reform." Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146467.
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Grootboom, Funeka Arthur. "Case study of health and safety in construction projects of the Electricity Supply Commission of South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20994.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, 2016Eskom is a state owned enterprise that generates, transmits and distributes electricity to various sectors. Hence, it supports South Africa’s growth and development aspirations by constructing new electricity infrastructure. This can be achieved by adopting safety, health, environmental and quality (SHEQ) management as a business imperative. Presently, there have been a number of incidents and accidents at some construction sites of the Eskom distribution sector in the Mpumalanga province, which are mainly due to non-compliance with construction health and safety. This research project aims to determine the compliance of contractors servicing Eskom. This is achieved by checking the compliance of the health and safety file of contractors with the Safety, Health and Environmental specification checklist of Eskom. The study aims to investigate if the use of the checklist has improved contractors’ compliance by 2014. In order to achieve these aims, factors are addressed relating to the current state of construction health and safety legislation; the impact of construction health and safety on the economy; project parameters; roles and responsibilities of parties involved on construction sites; performance of small and emerging contractors. The study shows that established contractors always achieved higher compliance when compared to the emerging contractors. In 2014, 90% of contractors complied with the checklist, hence in 2015/16 the contractors can be expected to meet the 100% requirement, therefore complying with the Eskom value of “Zero Harm”.
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Mande, Ntumba. "Building families through Assisted Reproductive Technologies in South Africa: a critical legal analysis." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21859.
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The advent of ARTs has enabled many individuals to have children and build families. Although ARTs have from the start been designated to serve as alternative way for heterosexual infertile individuals and couples to have genetically related children, ARTs are nowadays widely used by gays and lesbians to have even genetically unrelated children and build their families. This study addresses the well-being of children born as a result of ARTs and growing up in homosexual families in South Africa. South Africa has legalised homosexual unions, granting gays and lesbians several rights, including the right to marry, use ARTs to reproduce, and build families in which they raise their children. South Africa has also provided constitutional and statutory protection of children’s rights and has further required that the child’s best interests be considered as paramount in every matter concerning the child. Although ARTs may have allowed people to have children, they have proven to put the child’s interests at risk. ARTs are associated with several physical and psychological problems for resulting children. The legal protection provided for those children seems to be inadequate in respect of their best interests. Unlike Australian statutes that have provided strong protection for the child’s best interests, South African legislations regulating ARTs are far from protecting ART-born children’s interests. The application of the child’s best interests criterion to ART procedures has revealed that in the USA and Australia efforts of the state, ART providers and parents have been centred on the transfer of the custody of the ART-born child to the commissioning parent(s). Although in South Africa the application of the child’s best interests in the context of surrogacy procedures has revealed the protection of the child’s interests, it should be noted that that protection seems to focus on the child’s post-birth period. This situation leaves ART-born children without any protection, especially before their birth. In order to give effect to section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 and protect ART-born children’s interests, I make certain proposals for law reform in the final chapter of this thesis.Private Law
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Mortlock, Alice. "Assessing the conditions for multilateral interventions or non-interventions : intervention and non-intervention in the Asia Pacific region : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for degree of Masters of Political Science at the University of Canterbury /." 2006. http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/etd/adt-NZCU20070130.121404.
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DEZALAY, Sara. "Revamping law by circumventing the state : non-governmental organizations in the international management of social violence on the African continent." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/18413.
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Defence date: 21 June 2011Examining Board: Professor Pierre-Marie Dupuy, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva (EUI Supervisor); Professor Johanna Siméant CESSP-CNRS Paris I-Sorbonne (External Supervisor); Professor Ron Levi Departments of political science and sociology, University of Toronto; Prof. Christian Reus-Smit, EUI, Political and Social Sciences Department
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis explores the social usages of the law in scholarly and professional spaces, in the North, that are sites of production and legitimation of tools devised to diagnose and prescribe solutions over armed conflicts on the African continent since the end of the Cold war. Based on the hypothesis of the “weak” character of an internationalized space of conflict management, it aims at tracing the triggers and logic of a “sens commun réformateur” over armed conflicts in the South, expressed in a three-pronged emphasis over prevention, pacification and punishment. It favors an empirical entry, the usages of the law by non-governmental organizations based in the United States and Western Europe. Its focus is restricted to social usages of the law ranging from the legitimation of military interventions to para-judicial tools such as “Alternative dispute resolution” to judicial international arenas. Divided in three parts, it traces firstly, the genesis and turn, expressed in policy and scholarly discourses and practices, towards a political economy of intervention, justified as triggered by the diagnosed failure of the recipient State in the African South, and articulated with a redefinition of intervention as a continuum ranging from prevention to military interventions. It shows, secondly, how non-governmental forms of intervention have been integrated within this redefinition of intervention as a modality not only of circumventing recipient States, but also of rebuilding social peace in the South, i.e. of building a “bottom up” State, and analyzes the redefinition of forms of legitimation of non-profit modalities of interventionism. It explores, thirdly, the instrumental role played by the law as a symbolic capital and a moral resource in accommodating a tension between constraint, including in the moral and legal arsenal deployed to justify military interventions, and order, in that the effect is one of legitimation within objectified legal hierarchies.
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Adjibi, Emile. "The impact of Gacaca courts in three Rwandan communities." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2432.
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Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Technology: Public Management (Peacebuilding), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015.One of the major issues following the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was what to do with the huge number of people (around 100 000) accused of crimes during the genocide. Western legal approaches dealt with a handful of such cases at huge expense but the vast majority of the accused languished in prison. The government decided to employ a modified version of Gacaca - the traditional way of dealing with disputes and lower level crimes at community level. Using a qualitative research methodology and employing focus groups and individual interviews as data collection tools, this research investigate perceptions about the operation of Gacaca in three Rwandan communities, with particular reference to truth, justice, forgiveness and reconciliation. The research suggests that in the three communities, Gacaca was seen as bringing the truth out into the open and to provide a measure of justice, although limitations were noted in both of these respects. Given the enormity of the genocide crimes, however, there seemed to be little progress in the areas of forgiveness and reconciliation.
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