Academic literature on the topic 'Peace-building – Law and legislation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Peace-building – Law and legislation"
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Dalipi, Dr Sc Samet. "Institutional fragility – challenge for peacebuilding in Kosovo." ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i2.149.
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Peace building, as part of conflict resolution strategy, is challenged by several internal factors with socio-economic, political, governmental nature, and factors coming from outside the country and violent past under governance of ex Yugoslavia/Serbia. This process becomes more difficult by the transition from socialist to free economy.Kosovo independence undermines taking responsibilities by institutions on peace building perspective which will bring to the gradual reconciliation with neighbors, including Serbia. Growing authoritarian tendencies on decision making mechanisms chock already existing fragile democracy. Enhancing the rule of law and system of justice will create a good basement for elimination of corruption and increase the quality of governance as strengthening elements of the social peace and reconciliation between the communities inside Kosovo. Even that, Kosovo institutions have made huge efforts in building the state mechanisms in preparation for the country’s independence phase. Rise of care in the rule of law, legislation implementation, efforts for combating corruption as a major source of state vulnerability, democratic institution building, and economic development, will be the challenges faced Kosovo’s future.
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Repetskyi, S. "Responsibility for crimes against humanity in international and national criminal legislation." Scientific and informational bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi, no. 16(28) (December 13, 2023): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2023.16.28.162-168.
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Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems of responsibility for crimes against humanity in international and national criminal legislation, proposals for the implementation of international norms in the national criminal legislation, as well as determination of positive and negative changes as a result of such implementation innovations. Methodology. The methodology includes a complex analysis and generalization of available scientific and theoretical, legislative material and formulation of relevant conclusions. Such methods of scientific knowledge during the research were used: comparative legal, logical-grammatical, system-structural, modeling. Results: It was recognized, that in the modern criminal legislation of Ukraine lackes the only criminal-legal norm that would provided responsibility for crimes against humanity. Mostly, crimes in this area are fixed in different parts of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which does not fully reflect everything social danger of these acts. In this connection, there was a need for a legislative enshrinement crimes against humanity in chapter XX of the Special part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, with the aim of effectively countering the commission of criminal offenses against peace, human and international security law and order, as well as fair punishment for criminal acts of the Russian military on the territory of Ukraine at the national level legislation. Scientific novelty. According to the results of the study, it was recognized such progressive provisions regarding actions related to encroachments on peace and security humanity and the international legal order, which can be taken into account in the future for legislative initiatives on criminal liability for criminal offenses in this area. Practical significance. The research results can be used in law-making activities by improvement of the national criminal legislation on criminal offenses against peace, security of humanity and the international legal order, as well as in the educational process during the teaching and studying of the academic disciplines «International criminal law», «Actual problems of criminal law and process» and «Criminal law of Ukraine. A Special part».
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Lončar, Jelena. "State-building and local resistance in Kosovo: Minority exclusion through inclusive legislation." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 49, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.06.004.
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This article focuses on the participation of local citizens in Kosovo in the process of state-building and their engagement with the institutions imposed by the international community. While previous literature focuses either on the constitutional and institutional framework or on the more direct forms of local resistance to international intervention, this article looks into more subtle forms of resistance whereby local citizens change the meanings of imposed institutions. To this purpose, this article examines the process of adoption of two minority-relevant laws: the Law on Historic Centre of Prizren and the Law on the Village of Velika Hoča/Hoçë e Madhe. By employing a critical frame analysis, this paper points to the very subtle forms of resistance to the international rule such as: exclusion of citizens from participation in decision-making, defining citizenship in ethnic terms or changing the meaning of minority relevant legislation by framing it from the perspective of state- and nation-building. All of these actions resist the international efforts to build Kosovo as a multiethnic state and impugn the legitimacy of the system. These findings indicate the important role of local citizens in creating the sustainable peace.
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Vagias, Michail. "Rethinking Amnesties and the Function of the Domestic Judge." Constitutional Review 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/consrev915.
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The award of amnesties or pardons has been used time and again to facilitate the attainment of peace after a civil war. However, this practice has been condemned by human rights and other international bodies as incompatible with the duty of states under human rights law to investigate, prosecute and punish human rights violations and the victims’ rights of access to justice and to the truth. Due to this incompatibility, the function of the domestic (constitutional) judge is none other than to strike down amnesty legislation as null and void. This appears to be the prevailing narrative in contemporary human rights discourse. The present contribution takes issue with this narrative. It takes the position that the international effect of regional human rights jurisprudencehas been to condition, as opposed to wholesale outlaw, the use of amnesties as a post-conflict peace-building tool. It defends the view that while blanket amnesties are increasingly considered incompatible with victims’ rights today, that does not mean that all amnesties are prohibited. From this perspective, this article argues that the proper function of domestic constitutional courts in the performance of the constitutionality control of amnesty legislation should take a different shape; instead of querying whether to strike down or to uphold amnesty legislation in its entirety, Constitutional Courts should condition amnesties to criteria – such as their position as part of a broader transitional justice package including truth telling and compensation – and monitor their implementation on a case-by-case basis.
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Evsikova, E. V., and A. V. Ponomarev. "TO THE QUESTION OF IMPROVING THE LEGISLATION IN THE SPHERE OF ESTABLISHING ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY FOR VIOLATION OF THE SILENCE AND REST OF CITIZENS." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), no. 3 (2) (2022): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-3(2)-22-34.
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The article reveals and examines the regulatory framework for the regulation of ensuring the rights of citizens to peace and quiet in accordance with the administrative-tort legislation of the Republic of Crimea. The authors reveal the compositions of offenses provided for by the administrative-tort legislation of the Republic of Crimea in the sphere of citizens’ rights to peace and quiet, study the qualifying signs, system and gradation of administrative punishments for offenses in the studied area. The authors emphasize the need for a clear understanding of the delimitation of the jurisdiction of federal and regional administrative and tort legislation in the field of ensuring the rights of citizens to the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and the rights of citizens to peace and quiet, analyzing the statistical data of the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and law enforcement practice in this sphere of legal relations, on the basis of which a conclusion is made about the progressive dynamics of the administrative-tort situation in the Russian Federation as a whole, on the basis of which it is concluded that there is a need for high-quality legislative regulation of all key aspects related to administrative responsibility for violating the peace and quiet of citizens. Based on the analysis, the authors develop their proposals to ensure better legal regulation of ensuring the rights of citizens to peace and quiet at the level of administrative and tort legislation of the Republic of Crimea, as well as ensuring the rights of citizens to sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population at the level of administrative and tort legislation. The Russian Federation as a whole.
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Боголюбов, Сергей, and Syergyey Bogolyubov. "FOREIGN LEGISLATION ON AGRICULTURE AS SUBJECT OF COMPARATIVE LAW RESEARCH." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, no. 5 (December 2, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16125.
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Research of relevant foreign legislations on agriculture and conducting of comparative law analysis in this sphere serve as scientific support for the development of domestic agricultural legislation. In the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law such works are carried out by the department of agricultural, ecological and natural resources legislation and by the department of foreign civil legislation. Such comparative law comparisons can always be found in the Institute research papers, varying depending on the topicality of problems and social and economic situation in this country and in the world. Special attention is paid to the development and variety of forms of ownership in the agro-industrial complex, its government support, cooperative building construction in villages, to the use, protection and recovery of agricultural lands, forest resources, animal and vegetal life, sustainable development of rural settlements. Having become the subject of comparative law research, the analysis and summary of foreign legislation on agriculture make a positive contribution to modernization of the Russian legislation.
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RASHID, SINAN. "Women, Security, and Peace: A Reading in Resolution 1325." Journal Ishraqat Tanmawya 27 (June 2021): 288–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.51424/ishq.27.11.
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security and peace are two concepts closely related to the rights of women, especially in the past two decades. In October 2000, Resolution 1325 was issued by the United Nations Security Council regarding women and armed conflicts, based on the role that women can play in building peace and achieving security, whether on the basis of The national or international level, especially that the women most affected during wars and armed conflicts, and some jurisprudential opinions began to take their way into international legislation and the rules of international humanitarian law regarding the protection of non-combatants and civilians in general and women in particular, and the Geneva Convention in 1949 and its annex to the Second Geneva Convention in 1949went 1977 to the necessity of protecting women against any assault, physical violence, or humiliation of all kinds. Therefore, the importance of the topic lies in knowing the role of Resolution in protecting women's rights, not to mention the need to know how women play a role in preserving international peace
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Balanovskiy, Aleksandr A. "Apartment Block Management by a Housing Cooperative: Law Improvement Areas." Family and housing law 6 (December 10, 2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1999-477x-2020-6-32-36.
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This article deals with the regulation of public relations that are developing regarding the management of an apartment building by housing, house-building cooperative. Based on the analysis of Russian legislation on housing and house-building cooperative, attention is drawn to the legal gaps in housing legislation related to the management of multi-apartment housing, house-building cooperative, which is one of the important problems of housing, house-building cooperative, as well as ways to solve them.
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Hoffmeister, Frank. "Strategic autonomy in the European Union’s external relations law." Common Market Law Review 60, Issue 3 (June 1, 2023): 667–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2023048.
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The article reviews the legal significance of the European Union’s quest for “strategic autonomy” in its external relations. First the political origin of the term is recapped and a legal definition proposed: “Striving for multilateral solutions, while being able to take lawful action alone to safeguard the Union’s values, fundamental interests, security, independence and integrity!” Second, the application thereof in the EU’s common commercial policy is reviewed. In particular, the recent EU legislative initiatives that combat economic distortions on the one hand are distinguished from the pieces of EU legislation that foster EU values worldwide on the other hand. Third, the Common Foreign and Security Policy is considered. It is shown how the EU’s reaction in the aftermath of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine led to an unprecedented array of use of available instruments (European Peace Facility, ten sanctions packages, support for Ukraine for its legal cases against Russia). The conclusion identifies a new defining moment for the European project through a remarkable legal push from intergovernmental to integrationist conduct in its external relations in the 2020s. strategic autonomy, external relations law, common commercial policy, CFSP, European Peace Facility
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Damacena, Fernanda Dalla Libera. "Climate Change, Public Insecurity and Law: Conflicts Over Water Resources in the Brazilian Context." Environmental Policy and Law 51, no. 4 (August 16, 2021): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-201040.
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The article examines to what extent the adverse effects of climate change can be considered triggering factors of public insecurity. Against this background, it explores the growing environmental conflicts involving water resources in Brazil, including the Amazon region. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the paper is structured around three topics. The first one outlines how the concept of public security has evolved to the present state, in which climate change is taken into account. Next, climate change is discussed as a factor that magnifies vulnerabilities, an argument supported by a discussion of historical events. The third topic highlights the main threats, vulnerabilities and conflicts involving water resources in Brazil, taking a scientific view of systemic risks and precaution. Finally, we propose rethinking the concept of public security in Brazil from a perspective of parameters involving regulations, principles and state initiative. The article suggests that the immediate and future effects of climate change do have a profound impact on social systems and on the environment, and may be a triggering factor of public insecurity. If institutions and governments do not address existing effects, and invest in adaptations to meet future scientific forecasts on climate change, social stability and the development of a culture of peace will be less likely in Brazil. A fundamental step in this process is the reformulation of the conventional concept of public security in the Brazilian legislation, in order to expressly incorporate the variable of climate security among its stated objectives. In addition, we point out a set of actions and principles with the potentital to promote not only adaptation and resilience, but also contribute to building peace. In terms of methodology, the study is descriptive, exploratory, legislative, bibliographical and documentary.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Peace-building – Law and legislation"
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Lai, Yuen-yee, and 黎婉兒. "The effectiveness of building management ordinance (Cap.344) as a legal tool for building management." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45009284.
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Hulsewé, D. (Daphne). "Moving out to sea : international legal implications of building an offshore airport outside territorial waters." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30306.
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This thesis deals with the plan of the Dutch government to build an offshore airport outside its territorial waters. Because the airport will be outside territorial waters several problems may arise. Under the Law of the Sea the question is whether such an airport can lawfully be built and what the different conditions are under which it is possible. The Convention on International Civil Aviation is older then the new Law of the Sea Convention and therefore not up to date with the new zones in the sea that have emerged. Air law therefore needs to be interpreted in the light of those new developments.The first chapter deals with the reasons behind the plan to build such an airport. Thereafter, subsequent chapters discuss the law of the sea, air law, European law and the law of other organizations, which will have an influence on an offshore airport outside the territorial sea. The final chapter deals with plans and examples of other uses of artificial islands, including offshore airports.
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Cheung, Po-leung Alan, and 張寶樑. "Improvement of building legislation to include environmental design incommercial buildings of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254858.
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Lau, Hung-kwong Vincent. "Security and lending aspects in Hong Kong building project financing." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B38627863.
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Chan, Chi-keung Thomas, and 陳志強. "A study of the impact of the building management ordinance 2000 on domestic building owners in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42577378.
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Du, Plessis Madri. "Evaluation of the international law regarding humanitarian intervention in human rights abuses not breaching international peace and security." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53742.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University,2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study exammes, m stages of development, the existing law regarding humanitarian intervention, problems in respect of this law and cases of intervention. More specifically, intervention in human rights abuses not breaching international peace and security but rather posing a so-called threat to peace is examined. This information is used to consider whether more adequate provision can be made regarding circumstances of intervention to stop situations of grave human rights abuses sooner. From the law regarding humanitarian intervention, it is evident that the institution of intervention is illegal under the present UN legal system. Yet, in a time when the human rights culture has become so important that it forms part of the basis of international law, effective intervention is not being authorised by the Security Council. As a result, other actors have been intervening in cases of grave human rights abuses. These interventions need to be appropriate and well managed. Since the protection of human rights is as valid in non-democracies, as in any democratic state form, the study finds that human rights will benefit from dependence on legitimate authority. Attributing more importance to the Uniting for Peace Resolution could expand the role of the General Assembly. Humanitarian intervention also needs to be coupled with a commitment to address the causes of human rights abuses through conflict resolution and social reconstruction. The study concludes with some criteria/guidelines for the establishment of the legitimacy of intervention.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is - binne 'n raamwerk van ontwikkelingstydperke - 'n ondersoek na die bestaande reg aangaande humanitêre ingryping, probleme tenopsigte daarvan en gevalle van ingryping. Veral ingrypings in menseregte-skendings wat nie internasionale vrede en sekuriteit skend nie, maar eerder 'n sogenaamde bedreiging vir vrede is, word ondersoek. Die inligting wat so bekom is, word gebruik om te oordeel of meer gepaste voorsiening gemaak kan word waarvolgens situasies van growwe menseregte-skendings deur ingryping gouer beëindig kan word. Die reg aangaande humanitêre ingryping toon dat ingryping onwettig is in die bestaande regsisteem van die Verenigde Nasies. In 'n tyd waarin menseregte so belangrik geword het dat dit ten grondslag lê van internasionale reg, word effektiewe ingrypings nogtans nie gemagtig deur die Veiligheidsraad nie. Gevolglik gryp ander partye in om teen situasies van growwe menseregte-skendings op te tree. Hierdie ingrypings moet daarom gepas wees en goed bestuur word. Aangesien die beskerming van menseregte net so geldig is in ander staatsvorms as in demokrasieë, bevind die studie dat menseregte sal baat daarby indien dit afhanklik is van legitieme gesag. Voorts kan die rol van die Algemene Vergadering aangaande die beskerming van menseregte uitgebrei word deur groter waarde te heg aan die "Uniting for Peace"-resolusie. Dit is verder nodig dat humanitêre ingryping gekoppel word aan 'n verbintenis om die oorsake van menseregteskendings aan te pak deur konflik-resolusie en sosiale heropbou. Ter afsluiting word riglyne neergelê om te help met die bepaling van die legitimiteit van . . mgrypmg.
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Chan, Ming-yee, and 陳明義. "The impact of energy efficiency regulation on building design in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253659.
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Yeung, Chi-hung, and 楊志雄. "A survey of environmental impacts of building energy codes on energy management in building services installations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575424.
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Lam, Chuen-wa Carine, and 林傳華. "The interpretation and application of the Building Management Ordinance in the management of private sector housing and its effects." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575783.
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Chan, Shui-fun Josephine, and 陳瑞芬. "The controversy of building maintenance in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251262.
Full textBooks on the topic "Peace-building – Law and legislation"
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Johansson, M. Building services legislation: Directory. 2nd ed. Bracknell: BSRIA, 1993.
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Johansson, M. Building services legislation: Directory. Bracknell: Building Services Research and Information Association, 1990.
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Yi, Kyŏng-ju. P'yŏnghwakwŏn ŭi ihae: Kaenyŏm kwa yŏksa, punsŏk kwa chŏgyong. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Sahoe P'yŏngnon, 2014.
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Republic, Czech. Real estate legislation and the building code. Prague: Trade Links, 2000.
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David, Keane. Building and the law. Dublin: Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Peace-building – Law and legislation"
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Prum, Darren A. "Mandating Sustainability: When Federal Legislation May Preempt the Best Green Building Code Intentions." In Law and the Transition to Business Sustainability, 25–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04723-2_2.
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Motterle, Tatiana. "Building Safer Spaces: Daily Strategies and Networks of Care in Cisheteronormative Italy." In Citizenship, Gender and Diversity, 101–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13508-8_6.
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AbstractThe chapter outlines the undeniable importance of affects, friendships, collective and mutual care and support among LGBTQ people in Italy, reading them as forms of resistance to the general absence of a formal recognition of LGBTQ rights by the Italian state or to the limits of existing legislation. The author starts by introducing some relevant characteristics of the Italian socio-economic and political context and their consequences on the rights and the intimate lives of LGBTQ people. The text then explores the stories of participants, first describing the material and symbolic consequences of the lack of laws protecting LGBTQ rights and then identifying and unpacking some strategies through which participants cope in daily life, namely, working around the law and building networks of care.
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Pannicke-Prochnow, Nadine, and Juliane Albrecht. "Unsealing: Benefits, Potentials, Legal Provisions and Funding: The German Experience." In International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2022, 83–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40609-6_4.
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AbstractSoil ecosystem services are unavailable or very limited in urban areas with a high degree of soil sealing, thereby undermining the long-term quality of life of local residents at a time of climate change. To counter this, unsealing measures can contribute to soil protection and the provision of ecosystem services and thus to climate adaptation. In addition, unsealing measures are essential to compensate for new soil sealing and to ensure land degradation neutrality (SDG 15.3). However, the benefits of unsealing are undermined by the low availability of potential sites for unsealing and a number of obstacles to implementation.In Germany, various legal instruments are available to activate unsealing potentials. Relevant regulations may be found in the fields of building and soil law as well as in water, nature protection and planning law. In practice, however, such regulations are limited in their impact. The paper shows how to better exploit unsealing potentials by a more consistent application of regulatory and planning legislation by authorities and legal revisions on the part of the legislator.
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Sunde, Jørn Øyrehagen. "The History of Nordic Legal Culture and Court Culture: The Story of What Should not Have Been, but Still Came to Be." In Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, 49–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74851-7_4.
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AbstractThe story of the making of a Nordic legal culture and court culture appears, at first glance, to be a story of what should not have been. Culture is about commonalities arising from common experiences. However, the similarities between the Nordic countries’ political history are limited, with no common institutions before the late nineteenth century, large language similarities but no common legal language, and—most importantly—no common legal procedure. Still, the natural conditions in the very north of Europe came to shape the political and legal systems in similar ways, stimulating the desire to create a Nordic legal culture in the second half of the nineteenth century, with the Nordic Meeting for Lawyers playing a crucial role. Hence, law in the Nordic countries shares several characteristics today: a strong legislative tradition and strong courts with lay participation, accessible legal language in legislation and court decisions and orality in legal procedure, a small number of legal professionals and a small and pragmatic legal science. These characteristics can be viewed as building blocks in an overarching characteristic of Nordic legal culture and court culture: dialogue.
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Garrido, María Amalia Blandino, and Isabel María Villar Fuentes. "Civil and Procedural Law Through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Transversal View." In European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World, 45–62. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40801-4_4.
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AbstractThe commitment and responsibility to know and implement the SDGs are universal. Indeed, public authorities and civil society are called to simultaneously be active and passive subjects, protagonists to intervene and recipients of the achievements reached with all the actions that serve any of the 17 proclaimed goals. One way of countering the slow progress is through the joint and coordinated effort of researching and teaching law in universities. With this commitment, this paper aims to analyse how international and EU legislation incorporates sustainability goals related to civil and procedural law. It is based on the consideration that the contents of civil law and procedural law comprise various institutions and regulations that materialise different SDGs. SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strongs Institutions have a particular impact on these areas and, more specifically, the aspects that relate to several of its targets. However, the legal implications, specifically in civil and procedural law, extend to many other objectives. This is the case of SDG 1, which aims to end poverty, SDG 5, which aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls or SDG 10, whose motto is to Reduce inequality within and among countries, which also impacts civil and procedural aspects. Among the civil and procedural institutions that develop these objectives, we can highlight the regulations that prevent inequalities arising from poverty in access to justice, the recognition of the legal capacity of persons with disabilities or the prohibition of child, early or forced marriages.
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Piferi, Claudio. "The Regulatory Apparatus at the Service of Sustainable Planning of the Built Environment: The Case of Law 338/2000." In The Urban Book Series, 417–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_38.
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AbstractIt is wrongly assumed that the environmental sustainability of the building organism is only achievable thanks to the contribution of the systems and their ability to reduce harmful emissions and generate energy from alternative and natural sources. So, system projects have assumed an increasingly considerable importance both in terms of the quantity of documents and the cost of the building. The quantity and complexity of the most recent plant engineering solutions amplify the difficulty of dialogue between the different design levels (architectural, structural, and system design) forcing the professionals involved to compromise that end up disregarding the expected quality. Although it is now clear that the design levels must progress hand in hand from the first hypotheses, and that all must contribute equally to the overall sustainability of the intervention, this does not always happen by preferring to derogate from the system designers the choice of environmentally sustainable solutions. In summary, more and more, often we rely on the technical solutions of the machines used, rather than on the technological qualities of the project. This inevitably involves problems in the construction, operation, and eventual decommissioning phase of the building, especially in the public sphere where the low economic resources of the contracting stations are increasingly used in the purchase, maintenance, management, and disposal of plant engineering tools. A well-structured regulatory system can help to minimize these criticalities: this is the case of law 338, enacted in 2000 with the aim of increasing the availability of residences for university students, which is distinguished for the attention to the environmental issue, orienting the realization of accommodation places towards solutions able to contain waste, soil consumption, etc. The paper aims to describe and analyse the attention paid by the specific legislation to environmental sustainability.
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Cázares Lira, Víctor Manuel. "Building order in age of revolutions." In Peace, Discontent and Constitutional Law, 129–51. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003083894-10.
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Nisenbaum, Steve. "Negotiation and the Shadow of Law." In Handbook on Building Cultures of Peace, 245–57. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09575-2_17.
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Novak, Judit. "On Realizing the World-Class University: Litigation and the State." In Evaluating Education: Normative Systems and Institutional Practices, 93–106. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7598-3_7.
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AbstractThis chapter examines Dickinson v. Mälardalen University as an empirical manifestation of state action for creating and maintaining world-class universities (WCUs). It advances the argument that while litigation has long been assumed to play a far more limited role in higher education (HE) than it does in other areas of public policy, this element of governing fuels a different form of state building, in which courts and judges—sometimes from even the mere existence or threat of their intervention—can play a crucial role in WCU development. At the same time, we need to ask a variety of questions about the outcomes of lawsuits and their effects on HE. Does litigation have the effect of realizing the WCU, or does it not matter at all whether policy goals are pressed in courts or through legislation and professional choices? If it does matter, how and why? This chapter argues that a turn to the courts and a reliance on more formal, less malleable rules is not merely an alternative route to the same goal; litigation matters because law is different, because judicial decision-making shapes and constrains HE politics and policy in important ways.
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Duarte, Rodrigo. "Seeing a Building: On the Relationship between Empirical Intuition and Aesthetic Apprehension in Kant." In Law and Peace in Kant’s Philosophy, 553–64. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110210347.3.553.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Peace-building – Law and legislation"
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JAFAR, MOHAMMED. "Floor and Apartment Ownership System A vision for a New Legislative Organization in Iraqi Law." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp65-84.
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The system of ownership of floors and apartments represents a developed form of the forms of class ownership. In addition to the old image that prevailed in the old laws of the ownership of classes, represented by the system of ownership of the top and bottom, it appeared in Europe as a result of the acute housing crisis in which the system of ownership of floors and apartments occurred. The law was adopted The Egyptian civil system adopted this system, and from it the majority of laws in Arab countries were taken. This advanced system of tiered ownership is based on dividing the vertical building into tiers or apartments owned by multiple persons, separate ownership and common ownership in the building structure, its land and all the common parts intended for the common use of the owners. Although the Iraqi civil law did not adopt the system of ownership of floors and apartments in its texts, the Iraqi legislator tried to fill this legislative deficiency in the Real Estate Registration Law No. (43) of 1971, and despite that, the system of ownership of floors and apartments remained unorganized and constituted completely in Iraqi legislation, The Iraqi legislator has made many attempts to fill this shortcoming, the most recent of which was his issuance of the Law Regulating Ownership of Floors and Apartments in Buildings No. (61) of 2000. However, the change that Iraq witnessed after 2003 made it necessary to reconsider the legislative regulation of the system of ownership of floors and apartments, from During the development of a new regulation in line with the investment laws and instructions in Iraq and in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. We have divided our research into three demands. In the first requirement, we discussed the legislative history of the ownership system of floors and apartments in Iraqi law. In the second requirement, we discussed the legal systems applied in the ownership of classes. As for the third requirement, we devoted it to discussing ways to manage the common parts in the system of ownership of floors and apartments. . We concluded our research, with a conclusion in which we mentioned the most important conclusions, the most important of which is the distinction of the system of ownership of floors and apartments from the system of ownership of the top and bottom, and the multiplicity of Iraqi laws that dealt with this system by organizing without the existence of a comprehensive law for all its provisions applicable to all parts of Iraq, and we suggested finding a new legal organization in the Iraqi legislation , by regulating the substantive provisions of the system of ownership of floors and apartments in the Iraqi civil law, and the necessity of developing a special law dealing with the detailed provisions of this system.
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Gomes, Ramon Fortunato. "The transformations of the peripheral urban form in Brazilian listed heritage coastal cities and their morphological typologies: classification and concepts." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5136.
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This paper presents the results of my PhD research in architecture and urbanism, which analyzes an urban form and its use as a territorial planning tool. The object of study was the protected historic cities listed on the Brazilian coast, which have restrictions on building construction. These cities are influenced by urban flows, the impact of the metropolitan dynamics, and contemporary transformations. The research discusses the rigidity of the building legislation in the urban perimeter of these cities, while urban transformations and informal growth take place in peripheral areas in varied forms, types and arrangements. It aims to identify, classify and conceptualize the morphological types that appear as urban occurrences and consolidate as dispersed informal nuclei. Such urban occurrences are due to the building restrictions, the lack of territorial planning, and the contemporary globalized model of life, which shapes social inequality in urban expansion. The research methodology consisted of a perimeter survey of the 27 heritage listed cities on the Brazilian coast, according to the parameters obtained by Brazilian Forest Law (12.651/2012) and Brazilian Urban Land Parceling Law (Law 6.766/1979). Also, imagery collected by Google Earth was used to identify urban formations that deviate from legislation, similarly to the object of study. As a result, 16 types of urban forms were classified, which consolidated as nuclei of dispersed formations and were linked to an informal urban structural network. Also, territorial planning guidelines were designed, using the analysis of urban forms as a tool for urban transformation.
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Radojević, Zagorka, Anja Terzić, Tea Spasojević-Šantić, Biljana Ilić, and Biljana Bojović. "ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS - LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND ISSUANCE OF PERMITS FOR GAS EMISSIONS WITH THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT." In Aktuelni trendovi u oblasti građevinskih materijala i konstrukcija. Društvo za ispitivanje i istraživanje materijala i konstrukcija Srbije, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/diimk24.116zr.
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The European integration process accelerated the drafting of the Law on Climate Change, which was adopted in March 2021. This law transposes the relevant EU legislation, providing a legal basis for the development and updating of low-carbon development strategies and adaptation programs to changed climate conditions, monitoring, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of climate policies and measures. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of construction products enables the assessment of the cumulative impact of a construction product or service on the environment. Bearing in mind the high emissions of gases with the greenhouse effect in the construction industry, this paper provides a methodology for evaluating the life cycle of products and services on the environment, their quantification through the creation Environmental Product Declarations (EPD), with special reference to the manufacturer's obligation to create a monitoring plan and reporting on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).
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Planojević, Nina. "IZABRANI UPRAVNIK STAMBENE ZGRADE U NOVIM SRPSKIM PROPISIMA." In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.449p.
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The subject of the author’s reflections is the provisions of the new Serbian Law on housing and building maintenance related to the managing of residential buildings by selected managers. The paper is divided into eight parts in which the author presents the overview, analysis and critical review of the following issues – the concept, jurisdiction and the methods of managing the residential buildings; - mandatory nature and members of selected governing body; - selection, personal qualifications, mandate, jurisdiction of the building manager and the termination of his mandate; and – procedures in the situation when the residential building assembly has not selected a building manager. In concluding remarks, the author points to advantages and disadvantages of the new legislation provisions presenting the suggestions for their correction.
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Câmara, Andrea do Nascimento Dornelas, Isabella Trindade, Clarissa Duarte, Maria de Lourdes Nobrega, Byanca Oliveira, and Luama Silva. "Cuando el edificio encuentra la calle: las relaciones entre la normativa y la construcción del espacio urbano." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6105.
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La presente investigación parte de la premisa de que el vínculo del edificio con la calle en su límite entre lo público y lo privado es uno de los puntos más importantes para un reglamento específico. La interface arquitectónica del edificio es justamente el lugar de encuentro y objeto de estudio de la investigación. Para lograr sus objetivos, la investigación busca aclarar las propiedades morfo tipológicas, tanto de las interfaces de los edificios, como también, dentro de los escritos reglamentarios dispuestos en las normativas. Y busca confrontarlos para establecer criterios que promuevan una buena articulación entre los espacios públicos y privados, entre los edificios y la calle. El territorio de estudio es la zona central de la ciudad por su diversidad de tipologías y por presentarse como un territorio para la renovación urbana de la ciudad y que requiere construcción a través de nuevas pautas urbanas donde la normativa aún es un marco principal. This research starts from the premise that the building on its street level, in the boundary between public and private, is one of the most important point for a specific build bulk regulation. The architecture interface of the building is precisely this meeting point and subject matter of this research. To achieve its objectives, the research seeks to clarify the morpho-typological properties of both the buildings interface, as well as, the written rules in the land and use law legislations. It seeks to establish the criteria that will promote good connection between public and private spaces, between buildings and streets. The area of study is the central area of the city for its diversity of types as well as it presents as a territory for urban renewal of the city and will need to be built under new urban patterns, where the legislation is still a main frame.
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Žárská, Elena. "Nový nástroj pre miestny rozvoj v Slovenskej republike." In XXIII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách / 23rd International Colloquium on Regional Sciences. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9610-2020-23.
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In order to address the coherence between intensive construction by development companies and the need for capacity building of the corresponding infrastructure, which is by law provided by the municipality, a new act of legislation was adopted in the Slovak Republic with effect from 1 January 2016. The Local Development Fee Act is meant to be a tool that would enable funding and support building of civic infrastructure and amenities. The aim of the paper is to analyze how the fee was implemented in municipalities. Due to its facultative character - the municipality may or may not adopt it by a generally binding regulation (local ordinance) - it can be assumed that it has been implemented first in larger towns and cities and/or municipalities within the metropolitan areas of these cities. This is where the most intensive residential housing construction takes place. Small municipalities and peripheral municipalities would arguably not apply it, as it could eliminate the interest in housing construction in their territory. Their aim is to retain or attract new residents and investors. To verify this, two hypotheses are set: 1. The local development fee has been implemented by large towns and municipalities in their metropolitan areas. 2. Boroughs of Bratislava applied the maximum amount stipulated by law when levying the fee. The results of the research brought confirmation of the hypotheses as well as some interesting facts.
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Uplisashvili, Guram. "On Some Problematic Issues of the Tax System Development and Tax Culture Formation in Georgia." In Human Capital, Institutions, Economic Growth. Kutaisi University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/c.2023.11.27.
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The presentation focuses on development issues in tax system of Georgia and the formation of tax culture. Forms of relations between tax administration bodies and taxpayers are part of the tax system. The results of the functioning of the tax system depend not only on the tax legislation and the quality of tax administration, but also on citizen mindsets, their law-abiding behavior, their readiness for the established tax burden, and public tax culture. It goes without saying that different societies differ from each other in their specific tax culture. A necessary condition for building the tax system of any country is to base it on certain principles. These are the principles of legality, responsibility, uniformity, justice, stability, cost-effectiveness and so on. When building a tax system, attention should be paid to characteristics of the tax culture typical of the local society. The paper discusses some of the problematic issues identified in the process of reforming the tax system of Georgia, which are related to the current stage of tax culture development. We focused on the risks that were identified in terms of writing off tax debts, measures to simplify the procedures for repayment of overpaid tax, as well as increasing the excise rates. Research has shown that these specific measures have negative fiscal conseuences in both the short and long term and have a negative impact on taxpayers' tax morality. We believe that the degree of readiness of taxpayers for the tax burden should be taken into account when planning the reform of the tax system. In addition, tax system formation and tax administration measures should be planned in such a way that by providing the right positive or negative incentives, the motivation of taxpayers and the attitudes of society as a whole will develop in the desired direction in the long term. It is necessary to continue reforming the tax legislation and the administration system under the following conditions: Further simplification of tax administration procedures. Further strengthening of electronic services. Introduction of additional (especially non-tax) regulations for payers is not welcomed; Maintaining low tax rates. Under the conditions of the current level of tax culture, high rates push taxpayers to shadow operations, thereby undermining their sense of loyalty to taxes; Care should be taken in matters of tax debt write-offs. Such precedents, especially those of a continuous nature, distort the motivation of the payers; There is a need to eliminate weak points in tax legislation and administration. This applies not only to the procedures for repayment of overpaid tax, but also to the possibilities of illegally using special taxation regimes and a number of benefits; It is important to establish a perception of the stability of tax practices in society. It is necessary to adhere the principles of the mandatory nature of taxes, regulation by law, uniformity, justice and other principles. Only in this case, public tax culture will develop in the right direction in the long term. Article in Georgian.
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Thierfeldt, Stefan. "Clearance Levels in Germany: How Do We Know They Are Right?" In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4803.
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Clearance levels (CL) in Germany have been implemented in the Radiation Protection Ordinance (RPO / Strahlenschutzverordnung StrlSchV) of July 2001 which transforms the EURATOM Basic Safety Standards (BSS) into national legislation. Separate clearance options exist e.g. for metals, building rubble, liquids, buildings, wastes and sites. Meanwhile, the CL have found extensive application at a number of operating nuclear installations in Germany, in particular at those under decommissioning or those which will enter the decommissioning phase soon. The CL are based on extensive studies and have been approved by the competent bodies. Yet there has been and is an ongoing discussion in the interested public whether the basis for the CL is correct. In order to establish a scientific basis for this discussion, a Working Group on Clearance within the German Commission on Radiological Protection (SSK) has been established and studies have been launched by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. Key issues comprise inter alia: • comparison of German and international CL (scope, values, method of their derivation, etc.); • review and update of German CL for clearance for disposal as a consequence of changes in the (conventional) waste law; • leaching behaviour of relevant radionuclides from cleared building rubble, especially for the long-term behaviour of radionuclides relevant in contaminated concrete of NPPs; • the possibility of multiple exposure for a single individual from various clearance options; • evaluation of the collective dose which may be caused by clearance in Germany and comparison with the reference value of 1 manSv/a.
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Grudinin, Nikita. "WAYS OF INCREASE OF EFFICIENCY OF REALISATION THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE OF UNITY OF THE STATE POWER SYSTEM IN RUSSIA." In Law and law: problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02033-3/031-039.
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The article analyzes the actual problems of implementing the constitutional principle of unity of the state power system in modern Russia. The author formulated proposals aimed at further improving the efficiency of the Executive, legislative and judicial authorities in the framework of the Federal principle of building a state.
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Abderrahmane, Research ABDI. "FEATURES OF LEGITIMATE POLITICS IN BUILDING THE CONTEMPORARY STATE." In I. International Century Congress for Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/soci.con1-22.
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This research seeks to study Sharia politics in its broad sense, its features and principles, to build the state in order to facilitate the life of human society, reform it, and achieve its immediate and future interests. This can only be achieved by managing the affairs of the state, which must have three conditions and pillars: the people, the territory, and the authority. We establish a harmonious society based on the principles of justice, freedom, and consultation. The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, relied in his policy for the people while building the Islamic state on these landmarks and principles, and after him the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and therefore the state must preserve these landmarks and principles so that it can manage and manage public affairs. In a way that ensures achieving interests and eliminating harms, within what does not exceed the limits of Sharia law and its universal principles
Reports on the topic "Peace-building – Law and legislation"
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Devereux, Stephen. Policy Pollination: A Brief History of Social Protection’s Brief History in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2020.004.
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The relatively recent emergence and sustained rise of social protection as a policy agenda in Africa can be understood as either a nationally owned or ‘donor-driven’ process. While elements of both can be seen in different countries at different times, this paper focuses on the pivotal role of transnational actors, specifically international development agencies, as ‘policy pollinators’ for social protection. These agencies deployed a range of tactics to induce African governments to implement cash transfer programmes and establish social protection systems, including: (1) building the empirical evidence base that cash transfers have positive impacts, for advocacy purposes; (2) financing social protection programmes until governments take over this responsibility; (3) strengthening state capacity to deliver social protection, through technical assistance and training workshops; (4) commissioning and co-authoring national social protection policies; (5) encouraging the domestication of international social protection law into national legislation. Despite these pressures and inducements, some governments have resisted or implemented social protection only partially and reluctantly, either because they are not convinced or because their political interests are not best served by allocating scarce resources to cash transfer programmes. This raises questions about the extent to which the agendas of development agencies are aligned or in conflict with national priorities, and whether social protection programmes and systems would flourish or wither if international support was withdrawn.
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Black, Richard, Joshua Busby, Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Cedric de Coning, Hafsa Maalim, Claire McAllister, Melvis Ndiloseh, et al. Environment of Peace: Security in a New Era of Risk. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lcls7037.
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The environmental crisis is increasing risks to security and peace worldwide, notably in countries that are already fragile. Indicators of insecurity such as the number of conflicts, the number of hungry people and military expenditure are rising; so are indicators of environmental decline, in climate change, biodiversity, pollution and other areas. In combination, the security and environmental crises are creating compound, cascading, emergent, systemic and existential risks. Without profound changes of approach by institutions of authority, risks will inevitably proliferate quickly. Environment of Peace surveys the evolving risk landscape and documents a number of developments that indicate a pathway to solutions––in international law and policy, in peacekeeping operations and among non-governmental organizations. It finds that two principal avenues need to be developed: (a) combining peace-building and environmental restoration, and (b) effectively addressing the underlying environmental issues. It also analyses the potential of existing and emerging pro-environment measures for exacerbating risks to peace and security. The findings demonstrate that only just and peaceful transitions to more sustainable practices can be effective––and show that these transitions also need to be rapid.
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Caparini, Marina. Multilateral Peace Operations and the Challenges of Epidemics and Pandemics. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/awyk9746.
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This paper provides a broad overview of how multilateral peace operations have responded to cholera and Ebola epidemics and the HIV/ AIDS and Covid-19 pandemics over the past 20 years. Such public health crises can be especially lethal in fragile and conflict-affected areas. Peace operations possess resources and capacities that enable them to contribute in varying ways to state and humanitarian responses. Multilateral peace operations have acted to protect the health of peacekeepers and to prevent peacekeepers from spreading infectious diseases. They have also directly provided security to health and humanitarian personnel, health services and supplies to some non-mission personnel and local communities, and communications capacities to dispel dis/misinformation and inform local populations about health measures. Another area where peace operations have given indirect support to epidemic/ pandemic response measures is by offering political engagement, coordination, training and material support to host state actors as well as supporting the rule of law and capacity building of local security and police personnel. The paper concludes by considering arguments against and in favour of more strategic involvement of peace operations in future epidemics and pandemics.
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Almeida, Fernanda. Legislative Pathways for Securing Community-based Property Rights. Rights and Resources Initiative, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/xmhg7144.
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Governments are increasingly recognizing Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ rights to land and resources. Despite increased recognition, there are several shortcomings in the legal frameworks through which governments formally recognize community-based property rights. Building on consultations with legal experts on community rights, recent literature, and a review of over 200 national legal instruments, this paper proposes a framework of analysis to systematically classify and evaluate legal pathways to secure recognition of community-based property rights. The framework considers five key elements common to laws recognizing community-based rights, and helps determine how these rights can be exercised and implemented in practice as well as three common legislative entry points through which legal recognition can take place. Furthermore, to illustrate the variety of legal pathways (and potential advantages and limitations of each) that have been used by national legislators to recognize community tenure rights, the paper also applies this framework to the legal frameworks (or tenure “regimes”) included in the Rights and Resources Initiative’s legal tenure rights database. It concludes that although legal recognition in national systems has advanced in the past decades, it is far from ideal, even in the best cases.
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Borrie, John, Elena Finckh, and Kerstin Vignard. Increasing Transparency, Oversight and Accountability of Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. UNIDIR, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/17/wam/04.
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Armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—often referred to as drones—have become a prominent and sometimes controversial means of delivering lethal force in the 21st century. Yet the international community is some way from reaching consensus on how established international principles are to be interpreted and applied to the use of armed UAVs. This situation is unsatisfactory for promoting civilian protection in conflict, the maintenance of peace and security, or the rule of law. Moreover, UAVs have unique characteristics that make them particularly susceptible to misuse in comparison to other technologies, at the same time as their capabilities are growing rapidly. Taken together, these factors add up to a pressing need for further development of international understandings related to transparency, oversight and accountability in the context of UAV spread and use. Building on a prior United Nations publication in 2015, this UNIDIR study assesses the current situation and suggests ways to strengthen shared understandings of transparency, oversight and accountability to address challenges raised by armed UAVs.
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Gordon, Eleanor, and Briony Jones. Building Success in Development and Peacebuilding by Caring for Carers: A Guide to Research, Policy and Practice to Ensure Effective, Inclusive and Responsive Interventions. University of Warwick Press, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-911675-00-6.
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The experiences and marginalisation of international organisation employees with caring responsibilities has a direct negative impact on the type of security and justice being built in conflict-affected environments. This is in large part because international organisations fail to respond to the needs of those with caring responsibilities, which leads to their early departure from the field, and negatively affects their work while in post. In this toolkit we describe this problem, the exacerbating factors, and challenges to overcoming it. We offer a theory of change demonstrating how caring for carers can both improve the working conditions of employees of international organisations as well as the effectiveness, inclusivity and responsiveness of peace and justice interventions. This is important because it raises awareness among employers in the sector of the severity of the problem and its consequences. We also offer a guide for employers for how to take the caring responsibilities of their employees into account when developing human resource policies and practices, designing working conditions and planning interventions. Finally, we underscore the importance of conducting research on the gendered impacts of the marginalisation of employees with caring responsibilities, not least because of the breadth and depth of resultant individual, organisational and sectoral harms. In this regard, we also draw attention to the way in which gender stereotypes and gender biases not only inform and undermine peacebuilding efforts, but also permeate research in this field. Our toolkit is aimed at international organisation employees, employers and human resources personnel, as well as students and scholars of peacebuilding and international development. We see these communities of knowledge and action as overlapping, with insights to be brought to bear as well as challenges to be overcome in this area. The content of the toolkit is equally relevant across these knowledge communities as well as between different specialisms and disciplines. Peacebuilding and development draw in experts from economics, politics, anthropology, sociology and law, to name but a few. The authors of this toolkit have come together from gender studies, political science, and development studies to develop a theory of change informed by interdisciplinary insights. We hope, therefore, that this toolkit will be useful to an inclusive and interdisciplinary set of knowledge communities. Our core argument - that caring for carers benefits the individual, the sectors, and the intended beneficiaries of interventions - is relevant for students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners alike.
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Jay. L51723 Guidelines for Sound Power Level Measurements Compressor Equipment. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010419.
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Increasing legislation and public awareness of noise are intensifying the efforts of industries today to reduce the noise. The natural gas industry has proved that it is one of the industrial leaders in its awareness of noise problems and has maintained a vigorous research program in noise control for over 30 years. A noise survey can be done in several ways: point measurements, grid point methods, contour methods, scanning techniques, etc. The selection of the method depends on the accuracy required, available personnel, expertise etc. For the most accurate determination of sound power, the scanning method using sound intensity measurements is considered to be the best available in present day circumstances. This method is discussed in detail in later chapters. Point and grid point measurements are useful to determine the Sound Pressure Level, but are of limited use in quantifying the Sound Power Level of a noise source in a complex and multi-source environment such as a compressor station. Guidelines for Sound Power Level Measurements for Compressor Station Equipment Report documents the development of guidelines for in-situ sound power level measurements for compressor station equipment, with sample calculations. Measurement of equipment noise levels in a complex, multi-source environment is very difficult and may be accomplished by several methods. These guidelines specify the sound intensity approach that can be used in almost any field situation. The sound power guidelines described in this report specify the sound intensity approach as the primary measurement method since it can be used in almost any field situation to determine the sound power of a source. In open spaces without reflecting surfaces (except the ground plane) sound pressure measurements may give satisfactory estimates of the sound power of noise sources if background noise is low and other sources can be turned off. Inside a compressor building, the modified reverberation room approach may be allowed, but then only the total sound power can be determined unless background sources can be controlled or other sources turned off. Lastly, the standard guidelines developed were used to conduct field measurements of the sound power of four equipment noise sources including: a) turbine casing, b) turbine air inlet, c) cooler and d) exhaust stack.
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Olson, Hannah, Madeleine Haas, and Megan L. Kavanaugh. State-Level Contraceptive Use and Preferences: Estimates from the US 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Guttmacher Institute, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2024.300488.
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Contraception plays a key role in people’s realization of their sexual and reproductive health and well-being. The factors that shape contraceptive behaviors are complex and dynamic, and there is growing recognition among reproductive health service providers and advocates that contraceptive service delivery must prioritize patients’ values and preferences to help them exercise their reproductive autonomy.1 Similarly, research and public health surveillance systems that measure not only contraceptive use and method selection but also contraceptive preferences are best suited to evaluate service quality and track progress toward meeting the needs of reproductive-aged people. Building on findings from two previous Guttmacher Institute reports describing Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data on contraceptive use in 20172 and 2019,3 this report uses data from the 2022 BRFSS to provide an expanded set of state-level estimates of contraceptive use and preferences. In 2022, scientists at Guttmacher collaborated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to modify existing questions and include additional questions in the BRFSS family planning module. The resulting data set allows analysis not only of people’s primary contraceptive method use but also of multiple method use, overall contraceptive preferences and method-specific contraceptive preferences. Data collection for the 2022 BRFSS occurred during a pivotal time for reproductive health and rights due to the US Supreme Court’s June 2022 ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, which overturned the federal right to abortion. A wave of restrictive state laws and policies have followed, and as legislation concerning sexual and reproductive health care becomes increasingly politicized, state-level policies are key determinants of the quality and accessibility of contraceptive care.4 In this environment, state-level data, especially on person-centered measures of contraceptive preferences, are of paramount importance in understanding how shifts in reproductive health policy and service delivery are felt in the population. This report finds that contraceptive use is high across all reporting jurisdictions, but there is considerable variation in whether people are realizing preferences for which contraceptives they use or whether to use at all. People who report having used a method that requires some interaction with a provider, for example, are more likely than people using exclusively provider-independent or over-the-counter methods to report their current method as their preferred method of contraception. Throughout this report, we will explore how patterns of contraceptive use and preferences vary by type of method or combination of methods and jurisdiction. Given the elevated barriers to contraception that young people have historically experienced,5,6 we also highlight differences between two age-groups (18–24 and 25–49) where possible.*
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Khan, Mahreen. Public Financial Management and Transitioning out of Aid. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.145.
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This rapid review found an absence of literature focused specifically on measuring the impact of PFM and governance systems in countries that have transitioned from aid, by moving up the income ladder. However, there are a few academic publications and a limited number of studies by multilateral, such as the World Bank, that examine the role of PFM and governance systems in countries that are transitioning or have moved away from aid. However, the importance of public financial management (PFM) and governance systems in development is well established and seen as a pre-requisite for economic growth. To effectively transition from aid, most low-income countries (LICs) need to upgrade their PFM and governance systems to meet the different scale, resources, accountability mechanisms, and capacity-building requirements of a middle-income country (MIC). The absence of the above empirical evidence may be due to the complexity of measuring the impact of PFM reforms as the results are non-linear, difficult to isolate from other policies to establish causality, and manifest in a longer time frame. However, through comparative country studies, the consequences of deficient PFM and governance have been well documented. So impaired budgetary planning, implementation, and reporting, limited fiscal transparency, weak accountability mechanisms, resource leakage, and inefficient service delivery are well recognised as detrimental to economic growth and development. The literature on transitioning countries focuses predominantly on the impact of aid withdrawal on the social sector, where comparative qualitative data is easier to obtain and the effects are usually more immediate, visible, and may even extend to global health outcomes, such as in AIDS prevention programmes. Thus, tracking the progress of donor-assisted social sector programmes is relatively easier than for PFM and governance reforms. The literature is more abundant on the overall lessons of transitions from aid both for country governments and donors. The key lessons underscore the importance of PFM and governance systems and mechanisms to a successful transition up the income ladder: Planning for transition should be strategic, detailed and specifically geared to mitigate against risks, explicitly assessing the best mix of finance options to mitigate the impact of aid reduction/withdrawal on national budgets. The plan must be led by a working group or ministry and have timelines and milestones; Where PFM and governance is weak transition preparation should include strengthening PFM especially economic and fiscal legislation, administration, and implementation; Stakeholders such as donor partners (DPs) and NGOs should participate in the planning process with clear, open, and ongoing communication channels; Political and economic assessments in the planning and mid-term phases as well as long-term monitoring and evaluation should be instituted; Build financial, technical, and management capacity throughout the plan implementation This helpdesk report draws on academic, policy, and grey sources from the previous seven years rather than the usual K4D five-year window, to account for the two-year disruption of COVID-19. As cross-country studies on PFM and governance are scarce, a few older studies are also referenced to ensure a comprehensive response to the query. The report focuses on low-income countries transitioning from aid due to a change in status to lower-middle-income countries.
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.
Full textAbstract:
Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries