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Journal articles on the topic 'Pea'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Fukumoto, F., Y. Masuda, and K. Hanada. "Pea Tissue Necrosis Induced by Cucumber mosaic virus Alone or Together with Watermelon mosaic virus." Plant Disease 87, no. 4 (April 2003): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.4.324.

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Necrotic diseases of the stems, petioles, and leaves of pea plants (Pisum sativumL.), leading to wilting and death, occur in the Wakayama and Mie Prefectures of Japan. Based on host range, symptomatology, electron microscopy, and serological relationships, Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and three Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolates (PE2, PE3A, and PB1) were isolated from diseased plants in the Wakayama Prefecture. In the Mie Prefecture, CMV (PEAN) also was isolated from pea plants with similar symptoms. Single infection with CMV (PB1 or PEAN) caused stem necrosis and eventual death of pea plants. Similar symptoms developed after double infection with WMV and PE2 or PE3A, whereas single infection with PE2 and PE3A induced symptomless infection in pea plants. We concluded either CMV alone or synergistic effects of mixed infection with CMV and WMV induced pea plant stem necrosis.

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2

Suto, Takeru, Naoki Kawano, Kai Okazaki, Yuma Takebuchi, Hiroyuki Fukushima, Takumi Kato, Daisuke Nakauchi, and Takayuki Yanagida. "Scintillation properties of (C₆H₅C _n H_2nNH₃)₂PbCl₄ (n = 1–4)." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 62, no. 1 (November 22, 2022): 010610. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac8f02.

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Abstract Organic–inorganic perovskite crystals (C6H5C n H2n NH3)2PbCl4 (n = 1: PMA, n = 2: PEA, n = 3: PPA, and n = 4: PBA) were prepared, and their scintillation characteristics were evaluated. A broad emission peak originating from self-trapped excitons (STE) was observed from all of the crystals when excited by 310 nm light. Further, the broad emission was also clearly observed from PMA, PEA, and PBA under X-ray. Moreover, the scintillation light yields under α-ray were calculated to be 1460 (PEA), 439 (PPA), and 120 (PBA) photons/5.5 MeV-α, and the light yield of PEA was higher than that of a ZnO single crystal. In addition, all of the crystals showed a fast decay-time attributable to STE under X-ray.

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3

Politano, Valerie T., Robert M. Diener, Mildred S. Christian, David R. Hawkins, Gretchen Ritacco, and Anne Marie Api. "The Pharmacokinetics of Phenylethyl Alcohol (PEA)." International Journal of Toxicology 32, no. 1 (January 2013): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581812471688.

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The present studies were conducted to compare the dermal absorption, plasma pharmacokinetics, and excretion of phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) by pregnant and nonpregnant rats, rabbits, and humans. The PEA is a natural fragrance material that is widely used in perfumes, soaps, and lotions and is a major ingredient of natural rose oil. Following dermal (430, 700, or 1400 mg/kg body weight [bw]), gavage (430 mg/kg bw), or dietary (430 mg/kg bw) administration of PEA to rats, plasma concentrations of PEA were found to be low regardless of the route of administration. The plasma concentrations of phenylacetic acid (PAA, the major metabolite of PEA) greatly exceeded the concentrations of PEA and were highest after gavage, followed by dermal then dietary administration. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion were compared following topical application of 14C-labeled PEA to rats, rabbits, and humans (specific activities of dosing solutions: 58-580, 164, and 50 µCi/mL, respectively). In rabbits, the plasma concentration–time profile for PAA was markedly prolonged compared to rats or humans. In humans, only 7.6% of the applied dose of PEA was absorbed, versus 77% in rats and 50% in rabbits. Based on a human dermal systemic exposure of 0.3 mg/kg per day from the use of multiple consumer personal care products containing PEA, a rat dermal no observed adverse effect level of 70 mg/kg per day, and the percentage of dose absorbed in humans, the margin of safety exceeds 2600 concluding that, under normal fragrance use conditions, PEA is not a developmental toxicity hazard for humans.

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4

Congdon, B. S., B. A. Coutts, M. Renton, M. Banovic, and R. A. C. Jones. "Pea seed-borne mosaic virus in Field Pea: Widespread Infection, Genetic Diversity, and Resistance Gene Effectiveness." Plant Disease 100, no. 12 (December 2016): 2475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-16-0670-re.

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From 2013 to 2015, incidences of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) infection were determined in semi-leafless field pea (Pisum sativum) crops and trial plots growing in the Mediterranean-type environment of southwest Australia. PSbMV was found at incidences of 2 to 51% in 9 of 13 crops, 1 to 100% in 20 of 24 cultivar plots, and 1 to 57% in 14 of 21 breeding line plots. Crops and plots of ‘PBA Gunyah’, ‘Kaspa’, and ‘PBA Twilight’ were frequently PSbMV infected but none of PSbMV resistance gene sbm1-carrying ‘PBA Wharton’ plants were infected. In 2015, 14 new PSbMV isolates obtained from these various sources were sequenced and their partial coat protein (CP) nucleotide sequences analyzed. Sequence identities and phylogenetic comparison with 39 other PSbMV partial CP nucleotide sequences from GenBank demonstrated that at least three PSbMV introductions have occurred to the region, one of which was previously unknown. When plants of ‘Greenfeast’ and PBA Gunyah pea (which both carry resistance gene sbm2) and PBA Wharton and ‘Yarrum’ (which carry sbm1) were inoculated with PSbMV pathotype P-2 isolate W1, resistance was overcome in a small proportion of plants of each cultivar, showing that resistance-breaking variants were likely to be present. An improved management effort by pea breeders, advisors, and growers is required to diminish infection of seed stocks, avoid sbm gene resistance being overcome in the field, and mitigate the impact of PSbMV on seed yield and quality. A similar management effort is likely to be needed in field pea production elsewhere in the world.

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5

Lugito, Graecia, and Eamor M. Woo. "Intertwining lamellar assembly in porous spherulites composed of two ring-banded poly(ethylene adipate) and poly(butylene adipate)." Soft Matter 11, no. 5 (2015): 908–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm02489c.

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SEM figures show interiors of fracture surfaces for neat poly(butylene adipate) (PBA), neat poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), and 25/75 PBA/PEA blend, respectively, crystallized at 30 °C. The former two show ring-banded spherulites with corrugated-board layers but the latter reveals intertwining lamellae with porosity owing to crystal impingement.

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6

Zhang, Pei, Shirui Zhao, Yaoyao Yu, Huan Wang, Yan Yang, and Chenguang Liu. "Biocompatibility Profile and In Vitro Cellular Uptake of Self-assembled Alginate Nanoparticles." Molecules 24, no. 3 (February 3, 2019): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030555.

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Polymeric nanoparticles could offer promising controlled drug delivery. The biocompatibility is of extreme importance for future applications in humans. Self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles based on phenylalanine ethyl ester (PAE)-modified alginate (Alg) had been successfully prepared and characterized in our lab. However, little is known about their interaction with cells and other biological systems. In this study, nanoparticles (NPs) based on PAE-Alg conjugates (PEA-NPs) with different degree of substitution (DS) were prepared and investigated. Our results showed that PEA-NPs had no effects on the proliferation of the human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells at concentrations up to 1000 μg/mL. Furthermore, the in vitro cellular uptake profile of PEA-NPs, concerning several parameters involved in the application of therapeutic or diagnostic NPs, such as NPs concentration, time and temperature, was described. Different NPs have been adopted for cellular uptake studies and the NPs internalized into Caco-2 cells were quantified. Cellular uptake efficiency could reach 60% within 4 h. PEA-NPs also showed greater cell permeability than oleoyl alginate ester nanoparticles (OAE-NPs) previously prepared in our lab. Our studies reveal that NPs based on PEA conjugate are promising nanosystems for cellular delivery.

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7

Lauk, R., and E. Lauk. "Pea-oat intercrops are superior to pea-wheat and pea-barley intercrops." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science 58, no. 2 (June 2008): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064710701412692.

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8

Funnell, Deanna L., and Hans D. VanEtten. "Pisatin Demethylase Genes Are on Dispensable Chromosomes While Genes for Pathogenicity on Carrot and Ripe Tomato Are on Other Chromosomes in Nectria haematococca." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 8 (August 2002): 840–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.8.840.

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Studies on the wide-host-range fungus Nectria haematococca MP VI have shown a linkage between virulence on pea and five of nine PDA genes that encode the ability to detoxify the pea phytoalexin, pisatin. Most of the PDA genes are on chromosomes of approximately 1.6 megabases (Mb) and two of these genes, PDA1-2 and PDA6-1, have been demonstrated to reside on approximately 1.6-Mb chromosomes that can be lost during meiosis. Prior studies also have shown that the dispensable chromosome carrying PDA6-1 contains a gene (MAK1) necessary for maximum virulence on chickpea. The present study evaluated whether the other approximately 1.6-Mb chromosomes that carry PDA genes also are dispensable, their relationship to each other, and whether they contain genes for pathogenicity on hosts other than pea or chickpea. DNA from the PDA1-1 chromosome (associated with virulence on pea) and the PDA6-1 chromosome (associated with virulence on chickpea) were used to probe blots of contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gels of isolates carrying different PDA genes and genetically related Pda¯ isolates. All of the approximately 1.6-Mb PDA-bearing chromosomes hybridized with both probes, indicating that they share significant similarity. Genetically related Pda¯ progeny lacked chromosomes of approximately 1.6 Mb and there was no significant hybridization of any chromosomes to the PDA1-1 and PDA6-1 chromosome probes. When isolates carrying different PDA genes and related Pda¯ isolates were tested for virulence on carrot and ripe tomato, there was no significant difference in lesion sizes produced by Pda+ and Pda- isolates, indicating that genes for pathogenicity on these hosts are not on the PDA-containing chromosomes. These results support the hypothesis that the chromosomes carrying PDA genes are dispensable and carry host-specific virulence genes while genes for pathogenicity on other hosts are carried on other chromosomes.

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9

Yousseef, Manhal, Samuel Lubbers, Florence Housson, and Dominique Valentin. "Sensory evaluation as a tool in assessing the quality of new fermented products." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i3.1501.

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Ten starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria were used to ferment five mixtures of milk and pea protein (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of pea) to select the cocktail that can lead to products similar to traditional yogurt. Product quality evaluation was performed by comparing the sensory profile of 49 formulated products with the profile of a milk fermented by commercial lactic ferments. The sensory profiles were analyzed by means of three-way ANOVAs and a principal component analysis (PCA). Substitution of cow milk protein with 40% of pea proteins reduce starter cultures effects and decrease product quality. In contrast, until 30% of pea protein, starter cultures show positive and negative effects. For example, products fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus acidophilus with 30% pea protein have positive characters like creamy and smooth, but Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus + Lactobacillus rhamnosus caused bad quality and negative characters like bitter and astringent even with 100% cow milk.

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10

Coleman, Jeffrey J., Catherine C. Wasmann, Toshiyuki Usami, Gerard J. White, Esteban D. Temporini, Kevin McCluskey, and Hans D. VanEtten. "Characterization of the Gene Encoding Pisatin Demethylase (FoPDA1) in Fusarium oxysporum." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 12 (December 2011): 1482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-11-0119.

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The pea pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi is able to detoxify pisatin produced as a defense response by pea, and the gene encoding this detoxification mechanism, FoPDA1, was 82% identical to the cytochrome P450 pisatin demethylase PDA1 gene in Nectria haematococca. A survey of F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi isolates demonstrated that, as in N. haematococca, the PDA gene of F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi is generally located on a small chromosome. In N. haematococca, PDA1 is in a cluster of pea pathogenicity (PEP) genes. Homologs of these PEP genes also were found in the F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi isolates, and PEP1 and PEP5 were sometimes located on the same small chromosomes as the FoPDA1 homologs. Transforming FoPDA1 into a pda– F. oxysporum f. sp. lini isolate conferred pda activity and promoted pathogenicity on pea to some transformants. Different hybridization patterns of FoPDA1 were found in F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi but these did not correlate with the races of the fungus, suggesting that races within this forma specialis arose independently of FoPDA1. FoPDA1 also was present in the formae speciales lini, glycines, and dianthi of F. oxysporum but they had mutations resulting in nonfunctional proteins. However, an active FoPDA1 was present in F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli and it was virulent on pea. Despite their evolutionary distance, the amino acid sequences of FoPDA1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi and F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli revealed only six amino acid differences, consistent with a horizontal gene transfer event accounting for the origin of these genes.

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11

McPhee, Kevin. "Garden Pea." Journal of New Seeds 6, no. 2-3 (February 15, 2005): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j153v06n02_14.

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12

Gixhari, B., M. Pavelková, H. Ismaili, H. Vrapi, A. Jaupi, and P. Smýkal. "Genetic diversity of Albanian pea (Pisum sativum L.) landraces assessed by morphological traits and molecular markers." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 2 (June 12, 2014): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/227/2013-cjgpb.

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In order to investigate the genetic diversity present in the pea germplasm stored in the Albanian genebank, we analyzed 28 local pea genotypes of Albanian origins for 23 quantitative morphological traits, as well as 14 retrotransposon-based insertion polymorphism (RBIP) molecular markers. The study of morphological characters carried out during three growing seasons (2010, 2011 and 2012) had the objective of characterization of traits useful in breeding programs. RBIP marker analysis revealed the genetic similarity in range from 0.06 to 0.45. ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis was used to visualize the association among different traits. Most of the quantitative morphological traits showed significant differences. PCA and cluster analysis (Ward’s method) carried out for morphological traits divided the local pea genotypes into three clusters. Finally, the study identified the agronomicaly important traits which will facilitate the maintenance and agronomic evaluation of the collections.

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13

Taylor, Steve L., Justin T. Marsh, Stef J. Koppelman, Jamie L. Kabourek, Philip E. Johnson, and Joseph L. Baumert. "A perspective on pea allergy and pea allergens." Trends in Food Science & Technology 116 (October 2021): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.017.

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14

Christian, David A., and Lee A. Hadwiger. "Pea saponins in the pea-Fusarium solani interaction." Experimental Mycology 13, no. 4 (December 1989): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5975(89)90037-6.

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15

Rahmawati, Laila, Muhammad Fahri Reza Pahlawan, Hari Hariadi, and Rudiati Evi Masithoh. "Detection of encapsulant addition in butterfly-pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract powder using visible–near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics analysis." Open Agriculture 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0135.

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Abstract Butterfly-pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract powder is a functional product with numerous benefits obtained by extraction followed by the drying process. During drying, encapsulations can be added to protect the color and antioxidants of the samples. Using visible-near-infrared (Vis–NIR) spectroscopy, this research aimed to detect maltodextrin and soybean protein isolate (SPI) added as encapsulants to butterfly-pea extract powder. Butterfly-pea extract powder were added with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% concentrations of maltodextrin and SPI. Spectral data were acquired using a Vis–NIR fiber optic spectrometer at 350–1,000 nm. The chemometric methods used were principal component analysis (PCA), PCA-discriminant analysis (PCA–DA), partial least square regression (PLSR), and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results showed that PCA can discriminate pure and maltodextrin- and SPI-added samples using low principal components. PCA-DA determined the accuracy levels of 88% for maltodextrin and 94.67% for SPIs. The PLSR models predicted the addition of maltodextrin with the following variables: coefficient of determination of calibration (R c 2), 0.98; coefficient of determination of prediction (R p 2), 0.98; root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), 2.1%; and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), 4.02%. The values for the addition of SPI were R c 2 of 0.97, R p 2 of 0.97, RMSEC of 2.72%, and RMSEP of 2.83%. The PLS-DA models resulted in an accuracy of 98 and 91% for the identification of maltodextrin and SPI, respectively. In conclusion, this research showed the potency of Vis–NIR spectroscopy combined with a proper chemometric analysis to detect additives in butterfly-pea extract powders.

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16

Qinjuan, Luo, Wang Lianming, Zhao Xiaoqing, Qian Hua, and Yan Lei. "Research on Detection Method of Pea Seed Vigor based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technology." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 15 (August 26, 2021): 1072–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2021.15.116.

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Rapid and noninvasive detection methods of seed vigor, an important index to evaluate seed quality, have been the research focus in recent years. In this paper, the detection method of pea seed vigor based on hyperspectral imaging technology was researched. First, the spectral images of different vigor grade samples with artificial aging were captured, and the original spectrum was pretreated with multiple scattering correction. Secondly, SPA and PCA were used to select respective bands. Finally, PLS-DA and LS-SVM model were established to identify the seed vigor of the pea seed, based on the whole band spectrum, the characteristic bands extracted by SPA and PCA respectively. The results showed that PLS-DA and LS-SVM models are effective, but LS-SVM had better performance. Through comparison, the method using full band spectrum was more accurate, the efficiency of method using 5 characteristic bands extracted by PCA was the highest while the way of extracting the representative band by SPA was the most meaningful to this study which achieved similar accuracy to the full band with only 20 bands. The SPA-LS-SVM method afforded the recognition accuracy (100%) for modeling set and validation set used to determine the vigor of pea seeds. The overall results suggest that hyperspectral imaging technology is useful for classification of different vitality pea seeds with non-destructive manner, which can provide a basis for further development of online scoring devices

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17

Chen, Yun, Changhua Liu, Peter R. Chang, Debbie P. Anderson, and Michel A. Huneault. "Pea starch-based composite films with pea hull fibers and pea hull fiber-derived nanowhiskers." Polymer Engineering & Science 49, no. 2 (December 15, 2008): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21290.

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18

Kreuzmann, J., and M. Liška. "Pea Variety Terno." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, No. 2 (November 21, 2011): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6059-cjgpb.

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19

Kreuzman, J., R. Drdla, and P. Liška. "Pea variety Herold." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 39, No. 1 (November 23, 2011): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6099-cjgpb.

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20

Kreuzman, J. "Pea variety Slovan." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 44, No. 4 (January 22, 2009): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/76/2008-cjgpb.

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21

Baggett, J. R., and D. Kean. "Seven Pea Seedborne Mosaic Virus Resistant Pea Breeding Lines." HortScience 23, no. 3 (June 1988): 630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.3.630.

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Abstract Seven breeding lines of peas (Pisum sativum L.), OSU 547-29, OSU 559-6, OSU 564-3, OSU 584-16, OSU 589- 12, OSU 615-15, and OSU 620-1, resistant to pea seedborne mosaic virus (PSbMV) and pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) have been released by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. The lines resulted from three cycles of breeding to transfer pea seedborne mosaic virus resistance from PI lines to commercially usable peas. They have horticultural type approaching that of commercial cultivars, and all have good field resistance to pea enation mosaic virus. The development of cultivars resistant to PSbMV should relieve the pea seed industry of the restrictions and expenses involved in avoidance of PSbMV contamination of seed supplies.

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22

Velaga, Swetha Bindu, Muneeswar Gupta Nittala, Michael S. Ip, Luc Duchateau, and SriniVas R. Sadda. "Post hoc analysis of ellipsoid zone changes beyond the central subfield in symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion patients from the OASIS trial." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 6, no. 1 (June 2021): e000648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000648.

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Background/aimsOASIS is a Phase IIIb trial (NCT01429441) assessing long-term outcomes in subjects with symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (VMA). The purpose of this study is to report on the frequency, severity, location and time course of ellipsoid zone (EZ) alterations in ocriplasmin-treated and sham control eyes in the OASIS study.Methods220 patients (146 ocriplasmin, 74 sham) subjects with VMA were enrolled in this masked post hoc analysis phase IIIb, randomised, sham-controlled double-masked multicentre clinical trial. A masked post hoc analysis of OCT images was performed at the Doheny Image Reading Center from subjects enrolled in the OASIS trial. The status of the EZ band was assessed in three different macular regions: the central subfield (CS) (≤1 mm diameter), the parafoveal area (PAA) (>1 to ≤3 mm) and the perifoveal area (PEA) (>3 to ≤6 mm). The EZ band was rated as normal/intact, full thickness macular hole (FTMH), abnormal but continuous, discontinuous/disrupted or absent at visits from baseline (pretreatment) to week 1 (day 7), month 1 (day 28), month 3, month 6, month 12 and the final follow-up at month 24. EZ band status was compared in both study and control eyes.ResultsA total of 208 patients (138 ocriplasmin, 70 sham) were included in this analysis. At baseline, FTMH was present in 48.6%, 8.0%, 0% and 52.8%, 2.9%, 0% in the CS, PAA and PEA of the ocriplasmin and sham groups, respectively. The EZ was graded to be abnormal but continuous, discontinuous/disrupted or absent at Baseline in 21.0%, 4.3%, 2.8% in the CS, PAA and PEA, respectively, of the ocriplasmin group; and 12.9%, 10.0%, 4.3% in the CS, PAA and PEA of the sham group. For the ocriplasmin group in the PAA, this frequency increased to 6.6% at week 1, was 9.8% at month 1, but improved to 3.8% at month 3, and remained stable to 1.6% at month 24. These differences, however, were not statistically significant.ConclusionsOcriplasmin treatment for symptomatic VMA was associated with EZ abnormalities in a small percentage of patients that was best assessed in regions (PEA) relatively unaffected by the VM interface disease at baseline. The EZ abnormalities were apparent by week 1, persisted at month 1, and appeared to resolve in the majority of cases by month 3.Trial registration numberNCT01429441

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23

Spencer, G. E., N. I. Syed, K. Lukowiak, and W. Winlow. "Halothane-induced synaptic depression at both in vivo and in vitro reconstructed synapses between identified Lymnaea neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 2604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.6.2604.

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1. In the present study we tested the ability of the general anesthetic, halothane, to affect synaptic transmission at in vivo and in vitro reconstructed peptidergic synapses between identified neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis. 2. An identified respiratory interneuron, visceral dorsal 4 (VD4), innervates a number of postsynaptic cells in the central ring ganglia of Lymnaea. Because VD4 has previously been shown to exhibit immunoreactivity for FMRFamide-related peptides, it was hypothesized that these peptides may be utilized by VD4 during synaptic transmission. In the intact, isolated CNS of Lymnaea, we have identified novel connections between VD4 and the pedal A (PeA) cells. We demonstrate that VD4 makes inhibitory connections with the PeA neurons, in particular PeA4, and that these synaptic responses are mimicked by exogenous application of FMRFamide. 3. The synaptic transmission between VD4 and the PeA cells in an intact, isolated CNS preparation was completely blocked in 2%, but not 1% halothanc. Interestingly, the postsynaptic responses (PeA) to exogenous FMRFamide were maintained in the presence of both 1 and 2% halothane. 4. To determine the specificity of the observed responses and to determine the precise synaptic site of anesthetic action, we reconstructed the VD4/PeA synapses in vitro. After isolation from their respective ganglia, both cell types extended processes and established neuritic contact. We demonstrated that not only did the presynaptic neuron reestablish the appropriate inhibitory synapses with the PeA neurons, but that the PeA cells also maintained their responsiveness to exogenous FMRFamide. 5. Superfusion of the in vitro synaptically connected VD4 and PeA cells with 2% halothane completely abolished the synaptic transmission between these cells. However, even higher concentrations of 4% halothane failed to block the responsiveness of the PeA neurons to exogenous FMRFamide. Moreover, both 1 and 2% halothane enhanced the duration of the postsynaptic response to exogenously applied FMRFamide. These data suggest that the halothane-induced depression of synaptic transmission most likely occurred at the presynaptic level. 6. This study provides the first direct evidence that peptidergic transmission in the nervous system may also be susceptible to the actions of general anesthetics. In addition, we utilized a novel approach of in vitro reconstructed synapses for studying the effects of general anesthetics on monosynaptic transmission in the absence of other synaptic influences.

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24

Wu, Qindong, and Hans D. VanEtten. "Introduction of Plant and Fungal Genes into Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Hairy Roots Reduces Their Ability to Produce Pisatin and Affects Their Response to a Fungal Pathogen." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 17, no. 7 (July 2004): 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.7.798.

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Pisatin is an isoflavonoid phytoalexin synthesized by pea (Pisum sativum L.). Previous studies have identified two enzymes apparently involved in the synthesis of this phytoalexin, isoflavone reductase (IFR), which catalyzes an intermediate step in pisatin biosynthesis, and (+)6a-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase (HMM), an enzyme catalyzing the terminal step. To further evaluate the involvement of these enzymes in pisatin biosynthesis, sense- and antisense-oriented cDNAs of Ifr and Hmm fused to the 35s CaMV promoter, and Agrobacterium rhizogenes, were used to produce transgenic pea hairy root cultures. PDA, a gene encoding pisatin demethylating activity (pda) in the pea-pathogenic fungus Nectria haematococca, also was used in an attempt to reduce pisatin levels. Although hairy root tissue with either sense or antisense Ifr cDNA produced less pisatin, the greatest reduction occurred with sense or antisense Hmm cDNA. The reduced pisatin production in these lines was associated with reduced amounts of Hmm transcripts, HMM protein, and HMM enzyme activity. Hairy roots containing the PDA gene also produced less pisatin. To evaluate the role of pisatin in disease resistance, the virulence of N. haematococca on the transgenic roots that produced the lowest levels of pisatin was tested. Hairy roots expressing antisense Hmm were more susceptible than the control hairy roots to isolates of N. haematococca that are either virulent or nonvirulent on wild-type pea plants. This appears to be the first case of producing transgenic plant tissue with a reduced ability to produce a phytoalexin and demonstrating that such tissue is less resistant to fungal infection: these results support the hypothesis that phytoalexin production is a disease resistance mechanism.

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Chavan, U. D., R. Amarowicz, and F. Shahidi. "HARDNESS PHENOMENON IN BEACH PEA (Lethyrus maritimus L.)." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 1 (April 21, 2013): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v14n1.2013.36-43.

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Beach pea is mostly grown on seashores and it contains higher amount of protein than other legumes. However, the pea has several undesirable attributes, such as long cooking time and hard to germinate (imbibitions) that limited its use as food. The present investigation aimed to study the physico-chemical properties, cooking characteristics and hull crude fibre structure of beach pea as compare to other similar legumes. Standard methods of processing pulses were used for present study. Beach pea seeds contained very low grain weight, density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index than the green pea and field pea. Beach pea had higher amount of crude protein, ash, crude fibre and polyphenols, but lower in starch content than the green pea and field pea. Without any treatment to beach pea seeds the water uptake capacity was very low. Mechanical treatment to beach pea seeds increased<br />the water uptake percentage. The recovery of hull was 3 to 6 times higher in beach pea than that of green pea and field pea. The crude protein content in beach pea hull was 2-5% higher than others. The beach pea hull, dhal and whole seeds were good source of macro- and micro- minerals than that of the other two peas. The electron microscopic structure of beach pea hull crude fibre showed a very close and compact structure than green pea and field pea hull crude fibre structure. Lowering the hardness of beach pea seeds with mechanical or chemical treatments will give more scope for their utilization in the human nutrition.

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Chavan, U. D., R. Amarowicz, and F. Shahidi. "HARDNESS PHENOMENON IN BEACH PEA (Lethyrus maritimus L.)." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 1 (April 21, 2013): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v14n1.2013.p36-43.

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Beach pea is mostly grown on seashores and it contains higher amount of protein than other legumes. However, the pea has several undesirable attributes, such as long cooking time and hard to germinate (imbibitions) that limited its use as food. The present investigation aimed to study the physico-chemical properties, cooking characteristics and hull crude fibre structure of beach pea as compare to other similar legumes. Standard methods of processing pulses were used for present study. Beach pea seeds contained very low grain weight, density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index than the green pea and field pea. Beach pea had higher amount of crude protein, ash, crude fibre and polyphenols, but lower in starch content than the green pea and field pea. Without any treatment to beach pea seeds the water uptake capacity was very low. Mechanical treatment to beach pea seeds increased<br />the water uptake percentage. The recovery of hull was 3 to 6 times higher in beach pea than that of green pea and field pea. The crude protein content in beach pea hull was 2-5% higher than others. The beach pea hull, dhal and whole seeds were good source of macro- and micro- minerals than that of the other two peas. The electron microscopic structure of beach pea hull crude fibre showed a very close and compact structure than green pea and field pea hull crude fibre structure. Lowering the hardness of beach pea seeds with mechanical or chemical treatments will give more scope for their utilization in the human nutrition.

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Ulimaz, Trixie A., Debby Ustari, Virda Aziza, Tarkus Suganda, Vergel Concibido, Jutti Levita, and Agung Karuniawan. "Genetic Diversity of Butterfly Pea [Clitoria ternatea] from Indonesia Based on Flower and Yield Component Traits in Two Land Conditions." Jurnal AgroBiogen 16, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v16n1.2020.p1-6.

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<p>Genetic diversity among the butterfly pea genotypes is important information to support breeding program of this underutilized crop. The important characters to be targeted in the breeding program of this crop included yield and yield components of flowers that are strongly affected by the environment and have not been previously reported. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) from Indonesia tested in two land conditions, namely dryland and former paddy fields, based on flower character and yield component traits. The results showed that butterfly pea accessions were divided into two main clusters with dissimilarity coefficient of 0.01–3.99 indicating wide genetic diversity across accessions. The Mantel correlation showed that the genetic distance among accessions studied were not significantly correlated (r = 0.044, P = 0.8709). Based on principal component analysis (PCA), the eigenvalue ranged from 1.69 to 3.34 with a cumulative contribution of 72.64%. The traits that influenced genetic diversity in this study were flower length, weight of one fresh flower, total weight of pods, and weight of 100 seeds. The results of this study should be useful to support future butterfly pea breeding program.</p>

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Don Beauchesne, Al Sloan, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, Debbie McLaren, and Kan-Fa Chang. "Mendel field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08110.

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Mendel, a semi-leafless and powdery mildew resistant field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with green cotyledons, has high seed yielding ability, good lodging resistance, round seed shape and medium seed size. It has good seed bleaching resistance and high green color intensity. The cultivar is adapted to field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, cultivar description

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Don Beauchesne, Al Sloan, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, Debbie McLaren, and Kan-Fa Chang. "Hugo field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08111.

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Hugo is a high-yielding field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with yellow cotyledons. It has a semi-leafless leaf type, and is powdery mildew resistant. It has round seed shape, medium seed size and high seed coat integrity. The cultivar is adapted to field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, cultivar description

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Bing, D. J., D. Beauchesne, A. Sloan, Y. Gan, C. Vera, D. McLaren, and K. F. Chang. "Argus field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09082.

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Argus is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It has excellent lodging resistance and high seed yield. Argus is resistant to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd. (syn. E. polygoni DC.). Argus is adapted to all field growing regions in western Canada.Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., powdery mildew resistance, cultivar description

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Don Beauchesne, Al Sloan, Debbie McLaren, and Cecil Vera. "Earlystar field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 1115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-076.

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Bing, D. J., Beauchesne, D., Sloan, A., McLaren, D. and Vera, C. 2011. Earlystar field pea. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1115–1116. Earlystar is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It is a high-yielding and early-maturing cultivar and is resistant to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd. Earlystar is adapted to all field growing regions in western Canada.

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Baggett, James R., and Deborah Kean. "`Cascadia' Snap Pea." HortScience 28, no. 12 (December 1993): 1195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.12.1195.

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Tom Warkentin, Deng-Jin Bing,, Allen Xue, Robert Conner, Al Sloan, Yantai Gan, David Gehl, Cecil Vera, Kelly Turkington, George Clayton, and Denise Orr. "Miser field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-082.

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Miser is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with powdery mildew resistance and good yield. It was developed by Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. It has small seeds acceptable to the yellow field pea market. Miser was issued registration number 5627 2003 Apr. 09 by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food In spection Agency. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., powdery mildew resistance, seed size

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Tom Warkentin, Stanford Blade,, and Albert Vandenberg. "Cutlass field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-105.

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Cutlass, a yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, was released in 2003 by Alberta Agriculture Food and Rural Development and the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in Saskatchewan and Alberta through the Variety Release Committee of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. Cutlass has semileafless leaf type, powdery mildew resistance, medium-sized, round seeds, and good yielding ability. Cutlass is adapted to the field pea growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., cultivar description

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Al Sloan, Robert Conner, Tom Warkentin, Allen Xue, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, et al. "Canstar field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 3 (July 7, 2006): 751–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-214.

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Canstar, a yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativumL.) cultivar, has a semi-leafless leaf type, medium maturity, medium-sized and round seeds, good lodging resistance and high yielding ability. Canstar is resistant to powdery mildew and is adapted to the field pea growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Pisum sativum, field pea, powdery mildew resistance, cultivar description

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Al Sloan, Don Beauchesne, Robert Conner, Tom Warkentin, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, et al. "Reward field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 1165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-240.

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Reward, a semi-leafless and powdery mildew resistant yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, has excellent lodging resistance, high yielding ability, round seed shape and medium seed size. It is adapted to field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Pisum sativum L., field pea, powdery mildew resistance, cultivar description

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Don Beauchesne, Al Sloan, Robert Conner, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, Debbie McLaren, David Gehl, Tom Warkentin, and Kan-Fa Chang. "Agassiz field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 1167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-079.

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Agassiz is a semi-leafless and powdery mildew resistant field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with yellow cotyledons, high seed yielding ability, good lodging resistance, round seed shape and medium seed size. It is adapted to field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, cultivar description, yellow cotyledons

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Bing, Deng-Jin, Don Beauchesne, Al Sloan, Robert Conner, Yantai Gan, Cecil Vera, Debbie McLaren, David Gehl, Tom Warkentin, and Kan-Fa Chang. "Thunderbird field pea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 1171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-083.

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Thunderbird, a semi-leafless field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with yellow cotyledons, has high seed yielding ability, excellent lodging resistance and improved seed shape compared with check cultivars. It is resistant to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi DC. var pisi. Thunderbird is adapted to all field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, cultivar description, powdery mildew resistance

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Karahara, Ichirou. "The pea stem." Plant Signaling & Behavior 7, no. 9 (September 2012): 1182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.21179.

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McReynolds, Rae Marie. "Sweet Pea Summer." Psychological Perspectives 56, no. 4 (October 2013): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332925.2013.843995.

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41

Sanchez, Cesar. "Bacterial pea shooters." Nature Reviews Microbiology 9, no. 8 (June 27, 2011): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2618.

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42

Smith, Bruce G. "Subatomic pea shooter." Journal of Chemical Education 63, no. 7 (July 1986): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed063p629.2.

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Hajj, Milad El, Apryl Cronley, and Ryan Tedford. "RECURRENT PEA ARREST." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 73, no. 9 (March 2019): 2172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(19)32778-0.

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LANGILLE, J. E., J. A. MacLEOD, J. S. BUBAR, and R. W. JONES. "VICTORIA FIELD PEA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 785–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-101.

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Victoria, a yellow-cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, was licensed in April 1984, will be released to growers in 1986. Victoria is well-adapted to most areas of the Maritime Region, where it outyielded the check cultivars in Regional Cooperative Trials conducted from 1981 to 1983.Key words: Cultivar description, pea (field), Pisum sativum L.

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ALI-KHAN, S. T. "TIPU FIELD PEA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 1015–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-129.

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Tipu, a semi-leafless cultivar of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba, was licensed on 12 June 1985. Tipu is similar to the cultivar Century in yield but exhibits superior standing ability and other agronomic advantages associated with the semi-leafless characteristic.Key words: Pea (field, dry), Pisum sativum L., cultivar description, semi-leafless

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ALI-KHAN, S. T. "TITAN FIELD PEA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 1017–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-130.

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Titan, a yellow-seeded cultivar of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba, was licensed in October 1985. Titan is a high-yielding cultivar which outyielded Century by 10.7% in Cooperative Tests conducted across Canada. The cultivar matures 3 d later and has slightly larger seeds than Century.Key words: Pea (field, dry), Pisum sativum L., cultivar description

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SLINKARD, A. E., and R. A. A. MORRALL. "BELLEVUE FIELD PEA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 805–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-109.

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Bellevue field pea (Pisum sativum L.) was licensed in 1986. It is about 15% higher yielding than the check cultivars Century and Trapper. Bellevue has smooth seeds with yellow cotyledons. It has the le gene for shortened internodes and is about 6 d later maturing than Century and Trapper. Seed weight is about 179 g/1000 seeds, intermediate between Century and Trapper.Key words: Cultivar description, pea (field), Pisum sativum L.

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ALI-KHAN, S. T., B. NILSSON, A. BORG, and P. BONIS. "EXPRESS FIELD PEA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 907–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-106.

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Express, a yellow-seeded cultivar of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) developed by Svalof AB, Sweden, was registered in Canada in 1987. Express is earlier-maturing and higher-yielding than check cultivars but more susceptible to powdery mildew.Key words: Pea (field, dry), cultivar description

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ALI-KHAN, S. T., B. NILSSON, N. JOHANSSON, and P. BONIS. "FORTUNE FIELD PEA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 909–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-107.

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Fortune, a yellow-seeded cultivar of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) developed by Svalof AB, Sweden, was registered in Canada in 1987. Fortune is well adapted to the pea-growing areas of western Canada where it yields higher than the Century and Trapper cultivars.Key words: Pea (field, dry), cultivar description

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ALI-KHAN, S. T., and R. C. ZIMMER. "YELLOWHEAD FIELD PEA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-137.

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Yellowhead is a yellow seeded cultivar of field pea with high yield and high edible fiber content. In national Cooperative Tests, Yellowhead yielded 19–20% higher than the commonly grown cultivars Century and Trapper. Its fiber content, as measured by percent seed hull, was 17% higher than the average fiber content of Century or Trapper.Key words: Field pea, dry pea, cultivar description, edible fiber

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