Journal articles: 'Pdt photodynamic therapy imaging cancer'

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Li, Ziwei, Fan Yang, Di Wu, Yanhong Liu, Yang Gao, Haichen Lian, Hongxin Zhang, Zhibin Yin, Aiguo Wu, and Leyong Zeng. "Ce6-Conjugated and polydopamine-coated gold nanostars with enhanced photoacoustic imaging and photothermal/photodynamic therapy to inhibit lung metastasis of breast cancer." Nanoscale 12, no. 43 (2020): 22173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr05386d.

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Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-conjugated and polydopamine (PDA)-coated gold nanostar (AuNS) nanocomposites (AuNSs@PDA-Ce6) with enhanced photoacoustic (PA) imaging, photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) to inhibit lung metastasis of breast cancer.

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Banerjee, Shramana M., Soha El-Sheikh, Anmol Malhotra, Charles A. Mosse, Sweta Parker, Norman R. Williams, Alexander J. MacRobert, Rifat Hamoudi, Stephen G. Bown, and Mo R. S. Keshtgar. "Photodynamic Therapy in Primary Breast Cancer." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020483.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique for producing localized necrosis with light after prior administration of a photosensitizing agent. This study investigates the nature, safety, and efficacy of PDT for image-guided treatment of primary breast cancer. We performed a phase I/IIa dose escalation study in 12 female patients with a new diagnosis of invasive ductal breast cancer and scheduled to undergo mastectomy as a first treatment. The photosensitizer verteporfin (0.4 mg/kg) was administered intravenously followed by exposure to escalating light doses (20, 30, 40, 50 J; 3 patients per dose) delivered via a laser fiber positioned interstitially under ultrasound guidance. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans were performed prior to and 4 days after PDT. Histological examination of the excised tissue was performed. PDT was well tolerated, with no adverse events. PDT effects were detected by MRI in 7 patients and histology in 8 patients, increasing in extent with the delivered light dose, with good correlation between the 2 modalities. Histologically, there were distinctive features of PDT necrosis, in contrast to spontaneous necrosis. Apoptosis was detected in adjacent normal tissue. Median follow-up of 50 months revealed no adverse effects and outcomes no worse than a comparable control population. This study confirms a potential role for PDT in the management of early breast cancer.

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Yoshida, Tomoyuki, Harubumi Kato, Tetsuya Okunaka, Tetsuo Saeki, Shinya Ohashi, Tadao Okudaira, A. Masaji Lee, et al. "Photodynamic Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.3.41.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a recently developed treatment involving the use of a photosensitizer and low power light, usually from a laser, to selectively destroy tumor cells. At present, we perform PDT for head and neck cancer using argon or excimer dye lasers with hematoporphyrin derivative as a photosensitizer. This study attempted to assess the utility and safety of PDT and to investigate the long-term outcome. All 24 patients had squamous cell carcinoma: 15 with laryngeal, 5 with lingual or oral, and 4 with pharyngeal cancer and were treated by PDT. Data were obtained from records from February 1988 through April 1995. After PDT, 12 of 15 laryngeal cancer patients were classified as having a complete remission (CR), as were 2 of the 5 lingual or oral and one of the 4 pharyngeal cancer patients. The patients were followed for 8 to 153 months. The longest duration of CR in patients treated by PDT alone was 148 months. Photosensitivity was experienced by all patients, but required no treatment. Liver, kidneys, and bone marrow showed no abnormal values. There were no clinically relevant adverse reactions, and patients with severe complications due to other types of treatment and elderly patients were also treated safely with this therapy.

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Nanashima, Atsushi, Masahide Hiyoshi, Naoya Imamura, Koichi Yano, Takeomi Hamada, and Kengo Kai. "Recent Advances in Photodynamic Imaging and Therapy in Hepatobiliary Malignancies: Clinical and Experimental Aspects." Current Oncology 28, no. 5 (October 11, 2021): 4067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol28050345.

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The therapeutic and diagnostic modalities of light are well known, and derivative photodynamic reactions with photosensitizers (PSs), specific wavelengths of light exposure and the existence of tissue oxygen have been developed since the 20th century. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective local treatment for cancer-specific laser ablation in malignancies of some organs, including the bile duct. Although curability for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is expected with surgery alone, patients with unresectable or remnant biliary cancer need other effective palliative therapies, including PDT. The effectiveness of PDT for cholangiocarcinoma has been reported experimentally or clinically, but it is not the standard option now due to problems with accompanied photosensitivity, limited access routes of irradiation, tumor hypoxia, etc. Novel derivative treatments such as photoimmunotherapy have not been applied in the field hepatobiliary system. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) has been more widely applied in the clinical diagnoses of liver malignancies or liver vascularization. At present, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and indocyanine green (ICG) dyes are mainly used as PSs in PDD, and ICG has been applied for detecting liver malignancies or vascularization. However, no ideal tools for combining both PDD and PDT for solid tumors, including hepatobiliary malignancies, have been clinically developed. To proceed with experimental and clinical trials, it is necessary to clarify the effective photosensitive drugs that are feasible for photochemical diagnosis and local treatment.

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Shrestha, Rajeev, Hyun Ji Lee, Junmo Lim, Pallavi Gurung, Til Bahadur Thapa Magar, Young-Tak Kim, Kija Lee, Seulgi Bae, and Yong-Wan Kim. "Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Chlorin e6 on Canine Tumors." Life 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 2102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12122102.

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This work aims to prepare pure Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and establish Ce6-mediated photodynamic therapy (Ce6-PDT) as a better therapy option for canine tumors as well as mouse tumor models. Five dogs suffering from various cancers were treated with Ce6-PDT from one to several times. After receiving the Ce6 (2.5 mg/kg) for 3 h, tumors were illuminated superficially or interstitially with 660 nm light. Two dogs underwent Ce6-guided fluorescence imaging by photodynamic diagnosis (PDD). Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by the 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and western blot assay, respectively. Ce6-PDT efficacy was also determined using melanoma and pancreatic cancer mouse models. Two veterinary patients with mammary carcinoma and histiocytic sarcoma had their tumors significantly diminished and showed improved health after receiving Ce6-PDT. Moreover, in the cases of canine tumors, the adjunctive use of Ce6-PDD revealed cancers that were not visible with white light viewing and provided a visual contrast from surrounding tissues. Also, in vivo, Ce6-PDT remarkably reduced melanoma and pancreatic tumors in the mouse model. These findings could pave the way for a better understanding of the underlying processes of Ce6-PDT, making it an effective and safe candidate for use in human and veterinary applications to abolish various cancers.

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Mimura, Seishiro, Hiroyuki Narahara, Toru Otani, and Shigeru Okuda. "Progress of Photodynamic Therapy in Gastric Cancer." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 5, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.5.175.

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Progress of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in gastric cancer and the clinical outcome are described in this paper. (1) We included the whole lesion and a 5 mm margin in the field for irradiation. Marking by injection of India-ink showing the irradiation field was performed beforehand. (2) We established the standard light dose to be 90 J/cm2 for an argon dye laser and 60 J/cm2 for a pulse wave laser. (3) The size of cancerous lesion curable by PDT was expanded from 3 cm in diameter, i.e. 7 cm2 in area to 4 cm in diameter, i.e. 13 cm2 by employing a new excimer dye laser model, which could emit 4mJ/pulse with 80 Hz pulse frequency. (4) The depth of cancer invasion which could be treated by PDT was increased from about 4 mm, i.e. the superficial part of the submucosal layer (SM-1) to more than 10 mm in depth, i.e. the proper muscular layer. These improvements owe much to the pulse laser, the photodynamic action induced by which permits deeper penetration than that of a continuous wave laser. (5) We employed a side-viewing fiberscope for gastric PDT to irradiate the lesion from an angle of 90°. (6) We designed a simple cut quartz fiber for photoradiation with a spiral spring thickened toward the end. (7) We developed an endoscopic device for photoradiation in PDT which achieves accurate and efficient irradiation. As a result of these improvements a higher cure rate was obtained even with a lower light dose of irradiation.

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Sutedja, Tom G. "Photodynamic Therapy in Advanced Tracheobronchial Cancers." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 5, no. 4 (January 1, 1999): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.5.245.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been introduced in the early eighties for treating patients with malignancies in the tracheobronchial tract. After intravenous injection of the photosensitizers, the tumor area in the tracheobronchial tree is illuminated bronchoscopically using a laser fiber to transmit light of a specific wavelength during the procedure. Secondary tissue necrosis ensues, because of the thrombosis of the tumor vasculature leading to late tissue hypoxia. Ample data have shown that PDT is effective to obtain full depth tissue necrosis with relative sparing of the normal tissue. Local tumor control can be achieved. Competitive endoscopic techniques such as lasers and electrocautery are applicable to debulk tumor in a less selective but more immediate manner. Skin photosensitivity is a potential morbidity of PDT, especially in using the first generation photosensitizers. This limits its palliative potential. More selective and more phototoxic sensitizers in combination with the use of portable diode laser, may improve the clinical usefulness of PDT in the management of lung cancer patients. However, cost-effectiveness studies comparing PDT and other local bronchoscopic treatment modalities such as thermal lasers, electrocautery, cryotherapy, brachytherapy, whether or not in addition to external radiotherapy and chemotherapy, should be conducted to define its definite role in the palliative treatment of advanced obstructive bronchial cancers.

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Okunaka, Tetsuya, Toshimitsu Hiyoshi, Kinya Furukawa, Hideki Yamamoto, Takaaki Tsuchida, Jitsuo Usuda, Hideo Kumasaka, Junzou Ishida, Chimori Konaka, and Harubumi Kato. "Lung Cancers Treated With Photodynamic Therapy and Surgery." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 5, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.5.155.

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Laser endoscopic surgery, especially the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using Photofrin as a photosensitizer, has now achieved a status as effective treatment modality for lung cancer. Twenty-six lung cancer patients received the preoperative PDT for the purpose of either reducing the extent of resection or increasing operability. Bronchoscopical PDT is performed with topical anesthesia approximately 48 h after the intravenous injection of 2.0 mg/kg body weight of Photofrin. Operation was performed 2–9 weeks after initial PDT. The initial purpose of PDT, i.e. either to reduce the extent of resection or convert inoperable disease to operable status, was achieved in 22 out of 26 patients treated. The survival rate of T3 (main bronchus invasion) cases treated by surgery alone increased significantly from 50.9% to 60.0% with the application of preoperative PDT. This remarkable result may imply that this new option of PDT as preoperative laser irradiation may contribute to the management of advanced lung malignancy.

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Zhu, Ya-Xuan, Hao-Ran Jia, Zhan Chen, and Fu-Gen Wu. "Photosensitizer (PS)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-crosslinked nanohybrids for enhanced imaging-guided photodynamic cancer therapy." Nanoscale 9, no. 35 (2017): 12874–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr02279d.

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Zhang, Yang, Cai-Xia Wang, and Shi-Wen Huang. "Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Polymeric Micelles for Imaging-Guided Photodynamic Cancer Therapy." Nanomaterials 8, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8110921.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive treatment for selectively killing malignant tumor cells. The photosensitizer is a necessary component of photodynamic nanomedicine. Many efforts have been made to develop new photosensitizers for efficient cancer photodynamic therapy. In this work, we report a novel nano photosensitizer, polymeric micelles (AIE-M) with aggregation induced emission characteristic, for photodynamic cancer therapy. AIE-M with sub-20 nm particle size is prepared by the self-assembly of salicylaldazine-incorporated amphiphilic polymer (AIE-1), which can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) with light irradiation in solution. After uptake by cancer cells, AIE-M can specially sojourn in plasma membranes of cancer cells at the early stage and predominantly accumulate in the mitochondria of cancer cell at the late stage. The phototoxicity of AIE-M, resulting from the generation of intracellular ROS with light irradiation, can efficiently cause cancer cells death by apoptosis and necrosis. The advantages of AIE-M as a nano photosensitizer include the small size, highly colloidal stability in the process of preparation and storage, and high cell penetration. The ultra-low Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of AIE-1, negligible dark toxicity and super phototoxicity of AIE-M suggest its promising potential for image-guided PDT.

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Liu, Pei, Hongyi Zheng, Zhe Yang, Li Ba, Wei Zhu, Leping Lin, Yuxuan Xiong, Zushun Xu, and Jinghua Ren. "Facile preparation of versatile gadolinium-chelated protein nanocomposite for T1 magnetic resonance imaging-guided photodynamic and photothermal synergetic therapy." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6, no. 11 (2018): 1688–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tb00148k.

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Srivatsan, Avinash, Joseph R. Missert, Santosh K. Upadhyay, and Ravindra K. Pandey. "Porphyrin-based photosensitizers and the corresponding multifunctional nanoplatforms for cancer-imaging and phototherapy." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 19, no. 01-03 (January 2015): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424615300037.

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This review article briefly describes: (a) the advantages in developing multifunctional nanoparticles for cancer-imaging and therapy, (b) the advantages and limitations of most of the porphyrin-based compounds in fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT), (c) problems associated with current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved photosensitizers, (d) challenges in developing in vivo target-specific PDT agents, (e) development of porphyrin-based nuclear-imaging agents (PET, SPECT) with an option of PDT, (f) the importance of light dosimetry in PDT, (g) the role of whole body or local hyperthermia in enhancing tumor-uptake, tumor-imaging and phototherapy and finally, (h) the advantages of photosensitizer-gold nanocages (Ps- Au NC) in photoacoustic and PDT.

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Okunaka, Tetsuya, Harubumi Kato, Chimori Konaka, Kinya Furukawa, Masahiko Harada, and Yutaka Yamamoto. "Photodynamic Therapy of Lung Cancer With Bronchial Artery Infusion of Photofrin." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 2, no. 4 (January 1, 1996): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.2.203.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizing Photofrin is proving to be effective for the treatment of early stage lung cancer. However, wider clinical applications of Photofrin as a photosensitizer for various cancers are hampered by potentially serious and prolonged skin photosensitivity. To prevent these side effects and reduce the hospitalization period, we recently gave reduced doses of Photofrin by bronchial arterial infusion. Five patients with endoscopically evaluated minimally invasive carcinoma of the lung were given 0.7 mg/kg of Photofrin by bronchial arterial infusion 48 hr before PDT. Complete remission was obtained in all 5 cases and no case showed skin photosensitivity when exposed to sunlight under careful surveillance at one week after PDT.

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Chen, Rui, Luzhong Zhang, Jian Gao, Wei Wu, Yong Hu, and Xiqun Jiang. "Chemiluminescent Nanomicelles for Imaging Hydrogen Peroxide and Self-Therapy in Photodynamic Therapy." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/679492.

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Hydrogen peroxide is a signal molecule of the tumor, and its overproduction makes a higher concentration in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue. Based on the fact that peroxalates can make chemiluminescence with a high efficiency in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, we developed nanomicelles composed of peroxalate ester oligomers and fluorescent dyes, called peroxalate nanomicelles (POMs), which could image hydrogen peroxide with high sensitivity and stability. The potential application of the POMs in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer was also investigated. It was found that the PDT-drug-loaded POMs were sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, and the PDT drug could be stimulated by the chemiluminescence from the reaction between POMs and hydrogen peroxide, which carried on a self-therapy of the tumor without the additional laser light resource.

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Zhou, Hailin, Lu Xia, Jing Zhong, Saisai Xiong, Xuan Yi, Lei Chen, Ran Zhu, Quanliang Shi, and Kai Yang. "Plant-derived chlorophyll derivative loaded liposomes for tri-model imaging guided photodynamic therapy." Nanoscale 11, no. 42 (2019): 19823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr06941k.

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Liang, Pingping, Ya Wang, Peng Wang, Jianhua Zou, Hong Xu, Yewei Zhang, Weili Si, and Xiaochen Dong. "Triphenylamine flanked furan-diketopyrrolopyrrole for multi-imaging guided photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy." Nanoscale 9, no. 47 (2017): 18890–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr07204j.

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A near-infrared donor–acceptor–donor agent of triphenylamine flanked furan-diketopyrrolopyrrole nanoparticles is designed and synthesized for fluorescence, photoacoustic and photothermal imaging guided synergistic photodynamic and photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT).

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Duan, Xiangyan, Xiao-Fang Jiang, Dehua Hu, Peng Liu, Shuang Li, Fei Huang, Yuguang Ma, Qing-Hua Xu, and Yong Cao. "Red emitting conjugated polymer based nanophotosensitizers for selectively targeted two-photon excitation imaging guided photodynamic therapy." Nanoscale 11, no. 1 (2019): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr06957c.

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Song, Jinxing, Xiaobo Gao, Mei Yang, Weiju Hao, and Ding-Kun Ji. "Recent Advances of Photoactive Near-Infrared Carbon Dots in Cancer Photodynamic Therapy." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15030760.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment that employs exogenously produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells. ROS are generated from the interaction of excited-state photosensitizers (PSs) or photosensitizing agents with molecular oxygen. Novel PSs with high ROS generation efficiency is essential and highly required for cancer photodynamic therapy. Carbon dots (CDs), the rising star of carbon-based nanomaterial family, have shown great potential in cancer PDT benefiting from their excellent photoactivity, luminescence properties, low price, and biocompatibility. In recent years, photoactive near-infrared CDs (PNCDs) have attracted increasing interest in this field due to their deep therapeutic tissue penetration, superior imaging performance, excellent photoactivity, and photostability. In this review, we review recent progress in the designs, fabrication, and applications of PNCDs in cancer PDT. We also provide insights of future directions in accelerating the clinical progress of PNCDs.

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Saeed, Madiha, M. Zubair Iqbal, Wenzhi Ren, Yuanzhi Xia, Waheed S. Khan, and Aiguo Wu. "Tunable fabrication of new theranostic Fe3O4-black TiO2 nanocomposites: dual wavelength stimulated synergistic imaging-guided phototherapy in cancer." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 7, no. 2 (2019): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tb02704h.

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McCaughan, James S. "Photodynamic Therapy for Obstructive Esophageal Malignancies." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 5, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.5.167.

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Objectives Determine factors affecting survival rates, benefits and complications of patients with obstructive esophageal cancer treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methods From 1982 to January 1998, we used PDT to treat 140 patients with obstructive adeno or squamous carcinoma and evaluated survival up to November 1998. All patients had failed, refused, or were ineligible for surgery, ionizing radiation or chemotherapy. The effect of different variables on survival was estimated using multivariate analysis. The Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), weight, diet and complications were recorded and biopsies and brushings were taken at each endoscopy. At the beginning and end of each endoscopy the minimal diameter open of the esophagus, and the length, thickness and color of the tumor were recorded. Edema, exudate, bleeding, and mucositis were evaluated and recorded on an ordinal scale.Results The only significant variable affecting survival was the clinical stage. The median survival after PDT for all patients was 6.5 months (mean = 13.9). Kaplan–Meier survival after PDT curves were statistically significantly different when stratified by the clinical Stage at the time of PDT (p < 0.0001). Median survival (months) were for: Stage I = 56; Stage II = 12; Stage III = 6.5; Stage IV = 3.5. Analysis of each individual stage showed the KPS was the only confounding variable with a statistically significant effect on survival after PDT and this was only for Stages III and IV. The most significant effect occurred when the KPS was ≥ 70. For Stage III the median survival when the KPS was ≥ 70 was 7.7 months and for a KPS < 70 it was 5.0 months (p = 0.0001). For Stage IV the median survival when the KPS was ≥ 70 was 5.5 months and for a KPS < 70 it was 2.5 months (p = 0.0002). The mean minimum diameter open before PDT was 6.2 mm (median 6.0mm) and at the end of the PDT treatment endoscopy 11.1 mm (median 12.0 mm) for a mean increase in the minimum diameter open of 4.9 mm (median 5.0 mm) This was statistically significant using paired t-tests (p < 0.0001).Conclusions Photodynamic therapy for esophageal carcinoma caused minimal complications and procedure related mortality. Complete obstruction can be relieved by the end of the PDT endoscopy. The length of palliation for “non-curative” patients was equal to or better than that reported historically for most other treatment regimens.

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Ostroverkhov, Petr, Alevtina Semkina, Victor Naumenko, Ekaterina Plotnikova, Raisa Yakubovskaya, Stepan Vodopyanov, Artem Abakumov, et al. "HSA—Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for MRI-Guided Photodynamic Cancer Therapy." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 4 (December 17, 2018): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10040284.

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Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising technique for cancer treatment; however, low tissue permeability for irradiating light and insufficient photosensitizer (PS) accumulation in tumors limit its clinical potential. Nanoparticles are engineered to improve selective drug delivery to tumor sites, but its accumulation is highly variable between tumors and patients. Identifying PS accumulation peak in a personalized manner is crucial for therapeutic outcome. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) provide opportunity for tracking drug accumulation in dynamics using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The purpose of the study was to evaluate MNP loaded with PS as a theranostic tool for treating cancer in mice xenograft colon cancer models. Methods: MNPs coated with human serum albumin (HSA) were loaded with bacteriochlorine a. MRI, atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) and fluorescent imaging were used to study MNP and drug accumulation rates and dynamics in CT26 tumors. Tumor growth curves were evaluated in animals that received PDT at different time points upon MNP systemic injection. Results: Peak MNP accumulation in tumors was detected by MRI 60 min post injection (pi) and the data were verified by AES and fluorescent imaging. Up to 17% of injected dose/g of tissue was delivered to malignant tissues 24 h after injection. Consistent with MRI predicted drug accumulation peak PDT performed 60 min after intravenous injection was more efficient in inhibiting tumor growth than treatment scheduled 30 min and 240 min pi. Conclusions: PS loading on HAS-coated MNPs is a perspective approach to increase drug delivery to tumor site. Tracking for MNP accumulation by MRI can be used to predict drug concentration peak in tumors and to adjust PDT time scheduling for improved antitumor response.

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Li, Lu, Yanjie Liu, Tiedong Sun, Tianlei Zhou, Yinshuai Bai, Xiangzhen Liu, Shiying Zhang, Tao Jia, Xiuhua Zhao, and Yue Wang. "An “all-in-one” strategy based on the organic molecule DCN-4CQA for effective NIR-fluorescence-imaging-guided dual phototherapy." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 29 (2021): 5785–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tb00949d.

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Yang, Tzu-Sen, Yen-Chang Hsiao, Yu-Fan Chiang, and Cheng-Jen Chang. "Imaging and Histopathological Analysis of Microvascular Angiogenesis in Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Cancer." Cancers 15, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041110.

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The objective of this study is to use imaging and histopathological analysis to characterize and monitor microvascular responses to photodynamic therapy (PDT). In vivo chicken chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) and a stimulated malignant oral lesions animal model were used to determine the blood flow and the biological activities of Photofrin® (2.5 mg/kg) exposed to different laser power densities at 630 nm. The vascular changes, the velocity of the blood flow, the speckle flow index (SFI) of fluorescence changes, and ultrastructure damage in the microvasculature before and after PDT were recorded. The subcellular localization of Photofrin® revealed satisfactory uptake throughout the cytoplasm of human red blood cells at 10 s and 20 s before PDT. The mean blood-flow velocities of the veins and arteries were 500 ± 40 and 1500 ± 100 μm/s, respectively. A significant decrease in the velocities of the blood flow in the veins and arteries was detected in the CAM model after PDT. The veins and arteries of CAMs, exposed to the power densities of 80, 100, and 120 mW/cm2, had average blood-flow velocities of 100 ± 20, 60 ± 10, and 0 μm/s and 300 ± 50, 150 ± 30, and 0 μm/s, respectively. In the stimulated malignant oral lesions animal model, the treated tumors exhibited hemorrhage and red blood cell extravasation after PDT. The oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin levels decreased, which resulted in a decrease in tissue oxygen saturation, while the deoxyhemoglobin levels increased. PDT using Photofrin® has the ability to cause the destruction of the targeted microvasculature under nonthermal mechanisms selectively.

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Kato, Harubumi, Tetsuya Okunaka, Chimori Konaka, Kiyoyuki Furuse, Yoko Kusunoki, Takeshi Horai, Nobuhide Takifuji, et al. "Photodynamic Therapy With YAG-OPO Laser for Early Stage Lung Cancer." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 4, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.4.75.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizing Photofrin is proving to be effective for the treatment of early stage lung cancers. The effect of PDT utilizing YAG-OPO laser as new light source was evaluated in 26 patients (29 lesions) with early stage lung cancers. YAG-OPO laser is solid state tunable laser which is easy to change wavelength between 620 and 670 nm exciting various kinds of photosensitizers. Moreover, YAG-OPO laser is more reliable, smaller and has less consumables than argon-dye laser or excimer-dye laser. As the result of PDT with YAG-OPO laser, complete remission (CR) was obtained in 82.6% of the 29 lesions, partial remission (PR) in 13.8% and no change (NC) was obtained in 3.4%. We conclude that PDT utilizing YAG-OPO laser is efficacious in the treatment of early stage lung cancers and can achieve complete remission.

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Yu, Qianqian, Jing Sun, Xufeng Zhu, Lin Qiu, Mengmeng Xu, Sirun Liu, Jianming Ouyang, and Jie Liu. "Mesoporous titanium dioxide nanocarrier with magnetic-targeting and high loading efficiency for dual-modal imaging and photodynamic therapy." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 30 (2017): 6081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb01035d.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT), by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibits cancer cells and is an emerging and pioneering cancer therapeutic modality which can eliminate some of the drawbacks of other traditional anticancer therapies.

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Seo, Sun-Hwa, Ara Joe, Hyo-Won Han, Panchanathan Manivasagan, and Eue-Soon Jang. "Methylene Blue-Loaded Mesoporous Silica-Coated Gold Nanorods on Graphene Oxide for Synergistic Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102242.

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Photo-nanotheranostics integrates near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered diagnostics and therapeutics, which are combined into a novel all-in-one phototheranostic nanomaterial that holds great promise for the early detection and precise treatment of cancer. In this study, we developed methylene blue-loaded mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorods on graphene oxide (MB-GNR@mSiO2-GO) as an all-in-one photo-nanotheranostic agent for intracellular surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT)/photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. Amine functionalization of the MB-GNR@mSiO2 surfaces was performed using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), which was well anchored on the carboxyl groups of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets uniformly, and showed a remarkably higher photothermal conversion efficiency (48.93%), resulting in outstanding PTT/PDT for cancer. The in vitro photothermal/photodynamic effect of MB-GNR@mSiO2-GO with laser irradiation showed significantly reduced cell viability (6.32%), indicating that MB-GNR@mSiO2-GO with laser irradiation induced significantly more cell deaths. Under laser irradiation, MB-GNR@mSiO2-GO showed a strong SERS effect, which permits accurate cancer cell detection by SERS imaging. Subsequently, the same Raman laser can focus on highly detected MDA-MB-23l cells for a prolonged time to perform PTT/PDT. Therefore, MB-GNR@mSiO2-GO has great potential for precise SERS imaging-guided synergistic PTT/PDT for cancer.

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Gulzar, Arif, Fei He, Aanisa Gulzar, Ye Kuang, Fangmei Zhang, Shili Gai, Paioping Yang, and Chen Wang. "In situ oxygenating and 808 nm light-sensitized nanocomposite for multimodal imaging and mitochondria-assisted cancer therapy." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 1 (2021): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb01967d.

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Lv, Ruichan, Chongna Zhong, Arif Kuhan Gulzar, Fei He, Rui Gu, Shili Gai, Shenghuan Zhang, Guixin Yang, and Piaoping Yang. "Near-infrared light-induced imaging and targeted anti-cancer therapy based on a yolk/shell structure." RSC Advances 6, no. 26 (2016): 21590–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra00668j.

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Yolk/shell mesoporous NaYF₄:Yb,Er@MgSiO₃–ZnPc–RGD spheres have been fabricated to combine photodynamic therapy (PDT) and bio-imaging for improved antitumor efficacy under NIR laser irradiation.

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Reagen, Sarah, Yingfen Wu, Di Sun, Carlos Munoz, Nuri Oncel, Colin Combs, and Julia Xiaojun Zhao. "Development of Biodegradable GQDs-hMSNs for Fluorescence Imaging and Dual Cancer Treatment via Photodynamic Therapy and Drug Delivery." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 14931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314931.

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Recently, nano-based cancer therapeutics have been researched and developed, with some nanomaterials showing anticancer properties. When it comes to cancer treatment, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) contain the ability to generate 1O2, a reactive oxidative species (ROS), allowing for the synergistic imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. However, due to their small particle size, GQDs struggle to remain in the target area for long periods of time in addition to being poor drug carriers. To address this limitation of GQDs, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (hMSNs) have been extensively researched for drug delivery applications. This project investigates the utilization and combination of biomass-derived GQDs and Stöber silica hMSNs to make graphene quantum dots-hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (GQDs-hMSNs) for fluorescent imaging and dual treatment of cancer via drug delivery and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although the addition of hMSNs made the newly synthesized nanoparticles slightly more toxic at higher concentrations, the GQDs-hMSNs displayed excellent drug delivery using fluorescein (FITC) as a mock drug, and PDT treatment by using the GQDs as a photosensitizer (PS). Additionally, the GQDs retained their fluorescence through the surface binding to hMSNs, allowing them to still be used for cell-labeling applications.

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Shi, Limiao, Christophe Nguyen, Morgane Daurat, Abdelhamid Chiheb Dhieb, Wajda Smirani, Mireille Blanchard-Desce, Magali Gary-Bobo, Olivier Mongin, Christine Paul-Roth, and Frédéric Paul. "Biocompatible conjugated fluorenylporphyrins for two-photon photodynamic therapy and fluorescence imaging." Chemical Communications 55, no. 81 (2019): 12231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc05657b.

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Three new biocompatible porphyrin-based oxygen photosensitisers were tested in vitro on breast cancer cells via 2P-PDT: one of them, 66 times more active than H₂TPP, gave quite promising results for theranostic applications.

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Dong, Wenjuan, Hu Wang, Hailin Liu, Chunqiao Zhou, Xuelin Zhang, Song Wang, and Lin He. "Potential of Black Phosphorus in Immune-Based Therapeutic Strategies." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2022 (July 11, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3790097.

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Black phosphorus (BP) consists of phosphorus atoms, an essential element of bone and nucleic acid, which covalently bonds to three adjacent phosphorus atoms to form a puckered bilayer structure. With its anisotropy, band gap, biodegradability, and biocompatibility properties, BP is considered promising for cancer therapy. For example, BP under irradiation can convert near-infrared (NIR) light into heat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to damage cancer cells, called photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Compared with PTT and PDT, the novel techniques of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and photoacoustic therapy (PAT) exhibit amplified ROS generation and precise photoacoustic-shockwaves to enhance anticancer effect when BP receives ultrasound or NIR irradiation. Based on the prospective phototherapy, BP with irradiation can cause a “double-kill” to tumor cells, involving tumor-structure damage induced by heat, ROS, and shockwaves and a subsequent anticancer immune response induced by in situ vaccines construction in tumor site, which is referred to as photoimmunotherapy (PIT). In conclusion, BP shows promise in natural antitumor biological activity, biological imaging, drug delivery, PTT/PDT/SDT/PAT/PIT, nanovaccines, nanoadjuvants, and combination immunotherapy regimens.

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Zhao, Xueling, Zongyan Chen, Hongli Zhao, Denghao Zhang, Liang Tao, and Minbo Lan. "Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for simultaneous cancer near-infrared imaging and targeting photodynamic therapy." RSC Adv. 4, no. 107 (2014): 62153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra10801a.

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Lin, Qiaoya, Shuang Sha, Fei Yang, Honglin Jin, and Zhihong Zhang. "KillerRed protein based in vivo photodynamic therapy and corresponding tumor metabolic imaging." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 09, no. 01 (January 2016): 1640001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545816400010.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) gains wide attention as a useful therapeutic method for cancer. It is mediated by the oxygen and photosensitizer under the specific light irradiation to produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce cellular toxicity and regulate the redox potential in tumor cells. Nowadays, genetic photosensitizers of low toxicity and easy production are required to be developed. KillerRed, a unique red fluorescent protein exhibiting excellent phototoxic properties, has the potential to act as a photosensitizer in the application of tumor PDT. Meantime, the course of tumor redox metabolism during this treatment was rarely investigated so far. Thus here, we investigated the effects of KillerRed-based PDT on tumor growth in vivo and examined the subsequent tumor metabolic states including the changes of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH) and flavoprotein (Fp), two important metabolic coenzymes of tumor cells. Results showed the tumor growth had been significantly inhibited by KillerRed-based PDT treatment compared to control groups. A home-made cryo-imaging redox scanner was used to measure intrinsic fluorescence and exogenous KillerRed fluorescence signals in tumors. The Fp signal was elevated by nearly 4.5-fold, while the NADH signal decreased by 66% after light irradiation, indicating that Fp and NADH were oxidized in the course of KillerRed-based PDT. Furthermore, we also observed correlation between the fluorescence distribution of KillerRed and NADH. It suggests that the KillerRed protein based PDT might provide a new approach for tumor therapy accompanied by altering tumor metabolism.

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Bogoeva, Vanya, Lidiya Petrova, Julie Bouckaert, Anna Yordanova, Ivan Ivanov, Régis Vanderesse, and Céline Frochot. "Dual function of lectins — new perspectives in targeted photodynamic therapy." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 23, no. 11n12 (December 2019): 1241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424619300209.

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Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are photosensitizers (PS) that are used in clinical imaging, detection of cancer cells and are particularly applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Many scientists have been focused on the design of different porphyrin compounds. However, similar to other anti-cancer agents, they cannot selectively recognize tumor tissues. Scientists are seeking new methods to overcome this problem and to find appropriate targeted delivery strategies. Plant lectins are especially suitable molecules for such targeting as they preferentially recognize specific antigens on the glycosylated cancer cells. This review will give more detailed information about the dual function of lectins and their interactions with PSs, which is a new perspective in targeted PDT. The implications and potential applications of such studies will also be discussed.

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Kapinus, V. N., O. B. Karyakin, E. V. Yaroslavtseva-Isaeva, O. E. Popovkina, S. A. Ivanov, and А. D. Kaprin. "Experience of using photodynamic therapy in early stages of penile cancer." Cancer Urology 18, no. 3 (December 10, 2022): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2022-18-3-99-106.

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Background. Penile cancer is a rare oncological pathology. Due to the intimate nature of the affected area and high significance of the organ for psycho-emotional state of the patient, at the early stages of the disease organ-sparing operations are preferred allowing to minimize the effect on patient’s quality of life without affecting oncological results.Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment of early stages penile cancer using photodynamic therapy (PDT) with chlorin E6 derivatives.Materials and methods. Between 2017 and 2021, PDT with chlorin E6 derivatives to treat early-stage penile cancer was performed in 15 patients between the ages of 29 and 84 years (mean age 56.4 years). Tumor stage was Tin situ–1bN0M0. PDT was performed with preliminary administration of Photolon and Photoran photosensitizers. Laser exposure on the tumor lesions was performed 3 hours after photosensitizer administration using laser device Latus-2 (662 nm), light dose 200–300 J/cm2, power density 0.21–0.41 mW/cm2.Results. After 1 PDT session, full regression was observed in 11 (73.3 %) patients, partial regression in 4 (26.7 %) patients who underwent 2nd session 2 months later with full effect. Therefore, in all patients full regression of the tumors was achieved. Follow-up duration was 6–56 months. Recurrence was diagnosed in 1 (6.7 %) patient 36 months after PDT, 14 (93.3 %) patients are under observation without signs of local recurrence, among them for more than 4 years – 3 men, more than 3 years – 1, more than 2 years – 3, more than 1 year – 4 and more than 6 months – 3. During the follow-up, no regional or distant metastases were observed in any of the patients.Conclusion. PDT with chlorin E6 derivatives is an effective organ-sparing treatment method for early-stage penile cancer with satisfactory oncological results without negative effect on patients’ quality of life. In 93.3 % of patients, local recurrence of the disease was not observed; during follow-up no distant metastases were diagnosed. It is necessary to point out satisfactory cosmetic results of the treatment: in all patients, elastic non-deforming scars were formed with full preservation of anatomical structures of the penis, no erectile dysfunction or disruption of urination were observed after PDT.

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Kato, Harubumi, Tetsuya Okunaka, Takaaki Tsuchida, Hiroshi Shibuya, Shiro Fujino, and Kyoko Ogawa. "Analysis of the Cost-effectiveness of Photodynamic Therapy in Early Stage Lung Cancer." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.6.9.

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Methods A cost-effectiveness analysis was carried out for photodynamic therapy (PDT) performed in early stage lung cancer cases, which by definition have no lymph node metastasis. The alternative treatment method was lobectomy, which conventionally would have been the first choice of treatment. Costs (C) and effectiveness (E) both of the PDT group and operation group were compared. Effectiveness was determined using quality adjusted life years saved (QALYs) which is the 5-year survival rate adjusted in terms of the quality of life of the patient, and the cost-effectiveness rate was obtained based on the costs of treatment methods during the patient's stay in the hospital. Health care costs, including drugs, were calculated according to the 1992 National Health Insurance list in yen. Costs which were non-reimbursable by the public insurance system, such as for special rooms and sun block cream, were also expressed in yen.Results The total cost of the operated group was ¥1,793,832 and that for the PDT group was ¥1,017,104. The cost-effectiveness rate of the operated group, that is the average cost of treatment per postoperative living month, was ¥37,537, while that of the entire PDT group was ¥30,003. This indicates that the cost-effectiveness rate for the operated group is apparently 1.3 times higher than that of the PDT group. The monthly cost-effectiveness rate for the PDT group of lesions smaller than 2 cm was ¥25,533. Therefore the cost in the operated group is 1.5 times higher.Conclusions This study demonstrated the merits of PDT for early stage lung cancer from the point of view of cost-effectiveness.

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Zhang, Wei, Yanli Lu, Yang Zang, Jinhui Han, Qingyun Xiong, and Jinping Xiong. "Photodynamic Therapy and Multi-Modality Imaging of Up-Conversion Nanomaterial Doped with AuNPs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031227.

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Two key concerns exist in contemporary cancer chemotherapy in clinic: limited therapeutic efficiency and substantial side effects in patients. In recent years, researchers have been investigating a revolutionary cancer treatment technique, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proposed by many scholars. A drug for photodynamic cancer treatment was synthesized using the hydrothermal method, which has a high efficiency to release reactive oxygen species (ROS). It may also be utilized as a clear multi-modality bioimaging platform for photoacoustic imaging (PAI) due to its photothermal effect, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). When compared to single-modality imaging, multi-modality imaging delivers far more thorough and precise details for cancer diagnosis. Furthermore, Au-doped up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have an exceptionally high luminous intensity. The Au-doped UCNPs, in particular, are non-toxic to tissues without laser at an 808 nm wavelength, endowing the as-prepared medications with outstanding therapeutic efficacy but exceptionally low side effects. These findings may encourage fresh effective imaging-guided approaches to meet the goal of photodynamic cancer therapy to be created.

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Zhang, Wei, Yang Zang, Yanli Lu, Jinghui Han, Qingyun Xiong, and Jinping Xiong. "Photodynamic Therapy of Up-Conversion Nanomaterial Doped with Gold Nanoparticles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 4279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084279.

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Two key concerns exist in contemporary cancer chemotherapy: limited therapeutic efficiency and substantial side effects in patients. In recent years, researchers have been investigating the revolutionary cancer treatment techniques of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) proposed by many scholars. A photothermal treatment of cancer was synthesized using the hydrothermal method which has high photothermal conversion efficiency and can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. Photothermal treatment of tumors has a good short-term effect and photodynamic therapy lasts longer. However, both PTT and PDT have their inevitable shortcomings and it is difficult to completely eradicate a tumor using a single mode of treatment. PTT and PDT synergistic treatment not only inherits the advantages of low toxicity and side effects of phototherapy but also enables the two treatment methods to complement each other. It is an effective strategy to improve curative effects and reduce toxic and side effects. Furthermore, gold doped UCNPs have an exceptionally high target recognition for tumor cells. The gold doped UCNPs, in particular, are non-toxic to normal tissues, endowing the as-prepared medications with outstanding therapeutic efficacy and exceptionally low side effects. These findings may encourage the creation of fresh, effective imaging-guided approaches to meet the goal of photothermal cancer therapy.

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Broadwater, Deanna, Hyllana C. D. Medeiros, Richard R. Lunt, and Sophia Y. Lunt. "Current Advances in Photoactive Agents for Cancer Imaging and Therapy." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 23, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 29–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-122019-115833.

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Photoactive agents are promising complements for both early diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. The dual combination of diagnostics and therapeutics is known as theranostics. Photoactive theranostic agents are activated by a specific wavelength of light and emit another wavelength, which can be detected for imaging tumors, used to generate reactive oxygen species for ablating tumors, or both. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines photosensitizer (PS) accumulation and site-directed light irradiation for simultaneous imaging diagnostics and spatially targeted therapy. Although utilized since the early 1900s, advances in the fields of cancer biology, materials science, and nanomedicine have expanded photoactive agents to modern medical treatments. In this review we summarize the origins of PDT and the subsequent generations of PSs and analyze seminal research contributions that have provided insight into rational PS design, such as photophysics, modes of cell death, tumor-targeting mechanisms, and light dosing regimens. We highlight optimizable parameters that, with further exploration, can expand clinical applications of photoactive agents to revolutionize cancer diagnostics and treatment.

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Dash, Banendu Sunder, Suprava Das, and Jyh-Ping Chen. "Photosensitizer-Functionalized Nanocomposites for Light-Activated Cancer Theranostics." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 6658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136658.

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Photosensitizers (PSs) have received significant attention recently in cancer treatment due to its theranostic capability for imaging and phototherapy. These PSs are highly responsive to light source of a suitable wavelength for image-guided cancer therapy from generated singlet oxygen and/or thermal heat. Various organic dye PSs show tremendous attenuation of tumor cells during cancer treatment. Among them, porphyrin and chlorophyll-based ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) dyes are employed for photodynamic therapy (PDT) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals generated with 400–700 nm laser lights, which have poor tissue penetration depth. To enhance the efficacy of PDT, other light sources such as red light laser and X-ray have been suggested; nonetheless, it is still a challenging task to improve the light penetration depth for deep tumor treatment. To overcome this deficiency, near infrared (NIR) (700–900 nm) PSs, indocyanine green (ICG), and its derivatives like IR780, IR806 and IR820, have been introduced for imaging and phototherapy. These NIR PSs have been used in various cancer treatment modality by combining photothermal therapy (PTT) and/or PDT with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. In this review, we will focus on the use of different PSs showing photothermal/photodynamic response to UV-Vis or NIR-Vis light. The emphasis is a comprehensive review of recent smart design of PS-loaded nanocomposites for targeted delivery of PSs in light-activated combination cancer therapy.

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Xu, Hao, Yubin Liu, Junle Qu, and Zhen Yuan. "PEGylated liposomal photosensitizers as theranostic agents for dual-modal photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic therapy." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 12, no. 03 (May 2019): 1941003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545819410037.

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The photosensitizer (PS) as photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent, can also serve as the contrast agent for dual-modal fluorescence imaging (FLI) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) for precise cancer theranostics. In this study, the PAI capability of commercial PS, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring-A (BPD) were examined and compared with that from the other PSs and dyes such as TPPS4, Cy5 dye and ICG. We discovered that BPD exhibited its advantage as contrast agent for PAI. Meanwhile, BPD can also serve as the contrast agent for enhanced FLI. In particular, the PEGylated nanoliposome (PNL) encapsulated BPD (LBPD) was produced for contrast enhanced dual-modal FLI and PAI and imaging-guided high-efficiency PDT. Enhanced FLI and PAI results demonstrated the significant accumulation of LBPD both within and among individual tumor during 24[Formula: see text]h monitoring for in vivo experiment tests. In-vitro and in-vivo PDT tests were also performed, which showed that LBPD have higher PDT efficiency and can easily break the blood vessel of tumor tissues as compared to that from BPD. It was discovered that LBPD has great potentials as a diagnosis and treatment agent for dual-modal FLI and PAI-guided PDT of cancer.

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Thapa Magar, Til Bahadur, Rajeev Shrestha, Pallavi Gurung, Junmo Lim, and Yong-Wan Kim. "Improved Pilot-Plant-Scale Synthesis of Chlorin e6 and Its Efficacy as a Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy and Photoacoustic Contrast Agent." Processes 10, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112215.

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Photodynamic therapy and photoacoustic (PA) imaging are emerging therapeutic modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancer or other diseases. In this study, the second-generation photosensitizer Chlorin e6 was prepared on a pilot scale by using the rapid, simple, and green synthetic method as compared to a conventional protocol. In the modified method, the extraction/reaction time and volume of solvents were significantly reduced. The dark and photodynamic cytotoxicity of Ce6 was measured against B16F10 melanoma cell line. Ce6 did not affect cancer cells in the dark up to 192 µM, ensuring their safety in the absence of light. After PDT, it displayed significant cytotoxicity at lower concentrations (IC50: 18.9 µM). For in vivo study, B16F10 allograft mice were treated with Ce6 at 2.5 mg/kg and then exposed to red light (660 nm) after 3 h. The Ce6-PDT caused the inhibition of tumor growth. Furthermore, Ce6 was also used as a photoacoustic imaging agent in ICR mice to visualize the internal organs. Therefore, this study provides valuable information about Ce6-PDT as a promising strategy for anti-cancer therapy as well as visualization of internal organs without surgery or X-rays.

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Zhu, Houjuan, Chen Xie, Peng Chen, and Kanyi Pu. "Organic Nanotheranostics for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Phototherapy." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 8 (May 16, 2019): 1389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170921103152.

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Phototherapies including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) have emerged as one of the avant-garde strategies for cancer treatment. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a new hybrid imaging modality that shows great promise for real-time in vivo monitoring of biological processes with deep tissue penetration and high spatial resolution. To enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce side effects and minimize the probability of over-medication, it is necessary to use imaging and diagnostic methods to identify the ideal therapeutic window and track the therapeutic outcome. With this regard, nanotheranostics with the ability to conduct PA imaging and PTT/PDT are emerging. This review summarizes the recent progress of organic nanomaterials including nearinfrared (NIR) dyes and semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) in PA imaging guided cancer phototherapy, and also addresses their present challenges and potential in clinical applications.

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Balalaeva, Irina V., Tatiana A. Mishchenko, Victoria D. Turubanova, Nina N. Peskova, Natalia Y. Shilyagina, Vladimir I. Plekhanov, Svetlana A. Lermontova, Larisa G. Klapshina, Maria V. Vedunova, and Dmitri V. Krysko. "Cyanoarylporphyrazines with High Viscosity Sensitivity: A Step towards Dosimetry-Assisted Photodynamic Cancer Treatment." Molecules 26, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 5816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195816.

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Despite the significant relevance of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an efficient strategy for primary and adjuvant anticancer treatment, several challenges compromise its efficiency. In order to develop an “ideal photosensitizer” and the requirements applied to photosensitizers for PDT, there is still a need for new photodynamic agents with improved photophysical and photobiological properties. In this study, we performed a detailed characterization of two tetracyanotetra(aryl)porphyrazine dyes with 4-biphenyl (pz II) and 4-diethylaminophenyl (pz IV) groups in the periphery of the porphyrazine macrocycle. Photophysical properties, namely, fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of both photosensitizers, demonstrate extremely high dependence on the viscosity of the environment, which enables them to be used as viscosity sensors. PzII and pz IV easily enter cancer cells and efficiently induce cell death under light irradiation. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, we demonstrated the possibility of assessing local intracellular viscosity and visualizing viscosity changes driven by PDT treatment with the compounds. Thus, pz II and pz IV combine the features of potent photodynamic agents and viscosity sensors. These data suggest that the unique properties of the compounds provide a tool for PDT dosimetry and tailoring the PDT treatment regimen to the individual characteristics of each patient.

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Ruan, Zheng, Le Liu, Wei Jiang, Shuya Li, Yucai Wang, and Lifeng Yan. "NIR imaging-guided combined photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy by a pH-responsive amphiphilic polypeptide prodrug." Biomaterials Science 5, no. 2 (2017): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6bm00787b.

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Bondon, Nicolas, Denis Durand, Kamel Hadj-Kaddour, Lamiaa M. A. Ali, Rabah Boukherroub, Nadir Bettache, Magali Gary-Bobo, et al. "Photosensitivity of Different Nanodiamond–PMO Nanoparticles in Two-Photon-Excited Photodynamic Therapy." Life 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12122044.

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Background: In addition to their great optical properties, nanodiamonds (NDs) have recently proved useful for two-photon-excited photodynamic therapy (TPE-PDT) applications. Indeed, they are able to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly upon two-photon excitation but not with one-photon excitation; Methods: Fluorescent NDs (FNDs) with a 100 nm diameter and detonation NDs (DNDs) of 30 nm were compared. In order to use the gems for cancer-cell theranostics, they were encapsulated in a bis(triethoxysilyl)ethylene-based (ENE) periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) shell, and the surface of the formed nanoparticles (NPs) was modified by the direct grafting of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and amino groups using PEG-hexyltriethoxysilane and aminoundecyltriethoxysilane during the sol–gel process. The NPs’ phototoxicity and interaction with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were evaluated afterwards; Results: Transmission electronic microscopy images showed the formation of core–shell NPs. Infrared spectra and zeta-potential measurements confirmed the grafting of PEG and NH2 groups. The encapsulation of the NDs allowed for the imaging of cancer cells with NDs and for the performance of TPE-PDT of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells with significant mortality. Conclusions: Multifunctional ND@PMO core–shell nanosystems were successfully prepared. The NPs demonstrated high biocompatibility and TPE-PDT efficiency in vitro in the cancer cell model. Such systems hold good potential for two-photon-excited PDT applications.

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Pu, Yiyao, Yuda Zhu, Zi Qiao, Nini Xin, Suping Chen, Jing Sun, Rongrong Jin, Yu Nie, and Hongsong Fan. "A Gd-doped polydopamine (PDA)-based theranostic nanoplatform as a strong MR/PA dual-modal imaging agent for PTT/PDT synergistic therapy." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 7 (2021): 1846–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb02725a.

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The construction of a Gd–PDA-Ce6@Gd-MOF (GPCG) theranostic nanosystem which shows enhanced MR/PA imaging performance with great cancer photothermal/photodynamic synergistic therapeutic efficiency under 808/660 nm double laser irradiation.

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Zhou, Yan, Chi-Fai Chan, Daniel W. J. Kwong, Ga-Lai Law, Steven Cobb, Wai-Kwok Wong, and Ka-Leung Wong. "αvβ3-Isoform specific erbium complexes highly specific for bladder cancer imaging and photodynamic therapy." Chemical Communications 53, no. 3 (2017): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc09246b.

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We have synthesized a bifunctional erbium–porphyrin tumor imaging and PDT agent (Er–R3) that is capable of killing bladder cancer cellsviaits selective binding to the integrin α_vβ₃isoform overexpressed on the cell membrane.

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Dan, Qing, Zhen Yuan, Si Zheng, Huanrong Ma, Wanxian Luo, Li Zhang, Ning Su, Dehong Hu, Zonghai Sheng, and Yingjia Li. "Gold Nanoclusters-Based NIR-II Photosensitizers with Catalase-like Activity for Boosted Photodynamic Therapy." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 8 (August 7, 2022): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081645.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) under fluorescence imaging as a selective and non-invasive treatment approach has been widely applied for the therapy of cancer and bacterial infections. However, its treatment efficiency is hampered by high background fluorescence in the first near-infrared window (NIR-I, 700–900 nm) and oxygen-dependent photosensitizing activity of traditional photosensitizers. In this work, we employ gold nanoclusters (BSA@Au) with the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) fluorescence and catalase-like activity as alternative photosensitizers to realize highly efficient PDT. The bright NIR-II fluorescence of BSA@Au enables the visualization of PDT for tumor with a high signal-to-background ratio (SBR = 7.3) in 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse models. Furthermore, the catalase-like activity of BSA@Au endows its oxygen self-supplied capability, contributing to a five-fold increase in the survival period of tumor-bearing mice receiving boosted PDT treatment compared to that of the control group. Moreover, we further demonstrate that BSA@Au-based PDT strategy can be applied to treat bacterial infections. Our studies show the great potential of NIR-II BSA@Au as a novel photosensitizer for boosted PDT against cancer and bacterial infections.

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Li, Jiong, Xuandong Wang, Dongye Zheng, Xinyi Lin, Zuwu Wei, Da Zhang, Zhuanfang Li, Yun Zhang, Ming Wu, and Xiaolong Liu. "Cancer cell membrane-coated magnetic nanoparticles for MR/NIR fluorescence dual-modal imaging and photodynamic therapy." Biomaterials Science 6, no. 7 (2018): 1834–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8bm00343b.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pdt photodynamic therapy imaging cancer'

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