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Academic literature on the topic 'PCV2'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PCV2"

1

Liu, Jiankui, Chunhua Wei, Ailing Dai, Zhifeng Lin, Kewei Fan, Jianlin Fan, Jiayue Liu, Manlin Luo, and Xiaoyan Yang. "Detection of PCV2e strains in Southeast China." PeerJ 6 (March 27, 2018): e4476. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4476.

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Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been prevalent in swine herds in China since 2002, causing severe economic loss to the pig industry. The number of live pigs in southeast China is > 20 million. Since information on the genetic variation of PCV2 in the Fujian province is limited, the objective of the present work was to investigate the epidemiological and evolutionary characteristics of PCV2 in southeast China from 2013 to 2017. Of the 685 samples collected from 90 different swine herds from 2013 to 2017, 356 samples from 84 different swine herds were positive for PCV2. PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2d, and PCV2e co-existed in the Fujian province, with PCV2d being the predominant circulating strain in swineherds and PCV2e being reported for the first time in China. Strikingly, PCV2-FJ-water DNA comes from contaminated river water and not infected animals. Sequence comparison among all isolates indicated that 95 isolates shared approximately 78.7%–100% nucleotide identity and 74.5%–100% amino acid identity for open reading frame 2 (ORF2). Amino acid alignment showed that the Cap protein of PCV2e differed markedly from those of PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2c, and PCV2d. These results indicated that various PCV2 genotypes exist in China, and that PCV2 is continuously evolving, leading to rapid emergence of new variant stains.
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Xu, Quanming, Yongyi Zhang, Wen Sun, Hong Chen, Dewen Zhu, Chang Lu, Yuanyuan Yin, Kul Raj Rai, Ji-Long Chen, and Ye Chen. "Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of PCV2 Reveals That PCV2e Is an Emerging Genotype in Southern China: A Preliminary Study." Viruses 14, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14040724.

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Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), has ravaged the pig industry, causing huge economic loss. At present, PCV2b and PCV2d are highly prevalent genotypes worldwide, while in China, in addition to PCV2b and PCV2d, a newly emerged PCV2e genotype detected in the Fujian province has attracted attention, indicating that PCV2 genotypes in China are more abundant. A preliminary study was conducted to better understand the genetic diversity and prevalence of PCV2 genotypes in southern China. We collected 79 random lung samples from pigs with respiratory signs, from 2018 to 2021. We found a PCV2-positivity rate of 29.1%, and frequent co-infections of PCV2 with PCV3, Streptococcus suis (S. suis), and other porcine pathogens. All PCV2-positive samples were sequenced and subjected to whole-genome analysis. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the PCV2 ORF2 gene and complete genomes, found that PCV2 strains identified in this study belonged to genotypes PCV2a (1), PCV2b (6), PCV2d (10), and PCV2e (6). Importantly, PCV2e was identified for the first time in some provinces, including Guangdong and Jiangxi. Additionally, we found two positively selected sites in the ORF2 region, located on the previously reported antigenic epitopes. Moreover, codon 63, one of the positively selected sites, has different types of amino acids in different genotypes. In conclusion, this study shows that PCV2e is an emerging genotype circulating in southern China, which warrants urgent, specific surveillance to aid the development of prevention and control strategies in China.
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Song, Sok, Gyu-Nam Park, SeEun Choe, Ra Mi Cha, Song-Yi Kim, Bang-Hun Hyun, Bong-Kyun Park, and Dong-Jun An. "Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Isolated from Korean Wild Boars." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060457.

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In Korea, three genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) have been identified on domestic pig farms, while two genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) have been identified in wild boar populations. Here, we investigated genotype diversity and genotypic shift in 91 PCV2 isolates from 1340 wild boars captured in South Korea between 2013 and 2017. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete ORF2 showed that the 91 PCV2 strains were detected as four genotypes by qPCR screening assay: PCV2a (2.2%, 2/91), PCV2b (16.5%, 15/91), PCV2d (80.2%, 73/91), and PCV2h (1.1%, 1/91). Only one intergenotype recombinant event was detected between PCV2 ORF2 in wild boars (PCV2b) and domestic pigs (PCV2a). Amino acid positions 86–89 within ORF2, which distinguishes the different genotypes, were conserved in all PCV2 genotypes isolated from South Korean wild boars, including TNKI in PCV2a/PCV2h, SNPR in PCV2b, and SNPL in PCV2d. The estimated nucleotide substitution rates in the ORF2 region of viruses from South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs were 5.8145 × 10−4 and 4.5838 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year (s/s/y), respectively. The times to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for South Korean domestic pig PCV2 were 1937 (PCV2a), 1972 (PCV2b), 1999 (PCV2d-1), and 2000 (PCV2d-2). By contrast, the tMRCA for South Korean wild boar PCV2b and PCV2d were 1989 and 2001, respectively. Thus, the PCV2d genotype is prevalent among South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs.
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Dudar, L., V. Polischuk, L. Budzanivska, Gyula Balka, and Attila Csagola. "COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 2 UKRAINIAN ISOLATES." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 72, no. 2 (2016): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2016.72.5-8.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with distinct syndromes and diseases in swine, collectively known as porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD), which include postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), PCV2-associated pneumonia as a part of the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), PCV2-associated enteritis, PCV2-associated reproductive failure, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) (1–3). PCV2-infection is widespread and essentially all pig herds are infected with PCV2. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), a member of the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae, is a very small single-stranded negative-sense DNA virus of approximately 1.7 kb (4). The genome of PCV2 encodes three major open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the replicase proteins (ORF1), the viral capsid protein (ORF2), and a protein with suggested apoptotic activity (ORF3) (5). Previous reports showed that there were five PCV2 genotypes, including PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2c, PCV2d, and PCV2e (6– 9). Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Ukrainian PCV2 isolates from different regions of Ukraine.
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Shen, Hui-Gang, Patrick G. Halbur, and Tanja Opriessnig. "Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of the current porcine circovirus 2 genotypes after implementation of widespread vaccination programmes in the USA." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 1345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.039552-0.

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To determine the prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) genotypes in the USA during 2010–2011, 5 years after widespread PCV2 vaccination, serum samples from clinically normal pigs that were PCV2 vaccinated (n = 1177), non-vaccinated (n = 378) or of unknown vaccination status (n = 120), and 100 lung samples from pigs diagnosed with PCV-associated disease (PCVAD) were tested. The presence of PCV2, PCV1, PCV1-2a and porcine parvovirus (PPV) DNA was determined by PCR. Determination of the PCV2 genotype was done by differential PCR and sequencing. The prevalence of PCV2a and PCV2b in serum samples was 7.7 % (129/1675) and 8.4 % (141/1675), respectively. PCV2a DNA was only detected in non-vaccinated pigs. For the 100 PCVAD pigs, the prevalence of PCV2a and PCV2b in lung tissues was 13.0 and 65.0 %, respectively. Partial PCV2 ORF2 sequences (9–563 nt) were obtained from 85 PCV2 DNA-positive samples (24 normal pigs and 61 PCVAD cases). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 12.9 % (11/85) of the sequences belonged to the 2E clade and the PCV2a genotype and 87.1 % (74/85) belonged to the 1B clade and the PCV2b genotype. The alignment of putative PCV2 capsid amino acid sequences revealed possible recombination or mutation between PCV2a and PCV2b genotypes. Chimeric PCV1-2a was not detected in any of the samples and the prevalence rates of PCV1 and PPV were low. Our results suggest PCV2b is more prevalent than PCV2a in PCVAD cases and in vaccinated herds PCV2b circulation is common. The data generated in this study provide novel information on the distribution of PCV2 genotypes in vaccinated pig populations.
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Suh, Jeongmin, Taehwan Oh, Keehwan Park, Siyeon Yang, Hyejean Cho, and Chanhee Chae. "A Comparison of Virulence of Three Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (a, b, and d) in Pigs Singularly Inoculated with PCV2 and Dually Inoculated with PCV2 and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070891.

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The aim of this study was to compare the virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes in dually inoculated pigs with both three genotypes (a, b, and d) of PCV2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 (PRRSV-2) versus pigs singularly inoculated with the same three PCV2 genotypes (a, b, and d). Differences in this comparison were found in PCV2 viremia levels, lung and lymphoid lesion severity, and the amount of PCV2 antigen within the lymphoid lesions. Regardless of PCV2 genotypes, pigs that were dually inoculated with PCV2/PRRSV had significantly higher clinical scores, less average daily weight gain, higher levels of PCV2 viremia, and more severe lug and lymphoid lesions compared to pigs singularly inoculated with PCV2. Among the dually infected pig groups, pigs infected with PCV2d/PRRSV-2 had significantly higher levels of PCV2 viremia, more severe lung and lymphoid lesions, and more PCV2-positive cells within lymphoid lesions compared to pigs dually inoculated with PCV2a/PRRSV-2 and PCV2b/PRRSV-2. The results of this study demonstrated significant differences in the virulence among dual inoculation of PCV2a/PRRSV-2, PCV2b/PRRSV-2, and PCV2d/PRRSV-2. A significant difference in the virulence among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups was not found with respect to the levels of PCV2 viremia and production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions.
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Tan, Chew Yee, Roongroje Thanawongnuwech, Siti Suri Arshad, Latiffah Hassan, Michelle Wai Cheng Fong, and Peck Toung Ooi. "Genotype Shift of Malaysian Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) from PCV2b to PCV2d within a Decade." Animals 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141849.

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This paper aims to update the molecular status of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in Malaysia. Firstly, the molecular detection rate of PCV2 in farm and sampled pig population were reported to be 83.78% (31/37 farms) and 83.54% (66/79 pigs) positive for PCV2, respectively. PCV2 was detected across all age groups, from fetuses, porkers to sows. Co-detection of PCV2 and PCV3 antigens was also reported at a rate of 28.77% (21/73). Secondly, PCV2 antigen was also detected in Malaysian abattoir lung samples: 18 out of 19 (94.74%) samples originating from clinically healthy finishers were tested positive. Further, this is the first study to confirm the circulation of PCV2 in the wild boar population roaming Peninsular Malaysia, where 28 out of 28 (100%) wild boar lung samples were found positive. One decade earlier, only genotype PCV2b was reported in Malaysia. This most recent update revealed that genotypes PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d were present, with PCV2d being the predominant circulating genotype. PCV2 cap gene nucleotide sequences in this study were found to be under negative selection pressure, with an estimated substitution rate of 1.102 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year (ssy).
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Oh, Taehwan, Jeongmin Suh, Kee Hwan Park, Siyeon Yang, Hyejean Cho, and Chanhee Chae. "A Comparison of Pathogenicity and Virulence of Three Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (a, b, and d) in Pigs Singularly Inoculated with PCV2 and Dually Inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV2." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080979.

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The objective of this study was to compare the virulence of three different porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) in pigs infected with either one of these three PCV2 genotypes versus pigs dually inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV2. Pigs were inoculated intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae at 4 weeks of age followed by another intranasal inoculation at 6 weeks of age with one of three PCV2 genotypes. Dual infection with two pathogens produced moderate and severe dyspnea, lethargy, and reduced weight gain in pigs regardless of the PCV2 genotype evaluated compared with pigs only inoculated with PCV2. The overall levels of PCV2d viremia and severity of lymphoid lesions, and PCV2-antigen within lymphoid lesions were significantly higher in pigs dually inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae/PCV2d when compared with all other dually inoculated groups. The level of PCV2 viremia and the production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions did not differ significantly among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups. The results of this study demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae potentiated the replication of PCV2d more than it did with the other PCV2 genotypes as measured by lymphoid lesion severity.
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Nisavic, J., N. Milic, A. Radalj, M. Mirilovic, B. Vejnovic, M. Cosic, A. Knezevic, L. Veljovic, and A. Zivulj. "Detection and characterisation of porcine circoviruses in wild boars in northeastern Serbia." Veterinární Medicína 67, No. 3 (January 24, 2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/32/2021-vetmed.

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The objective was to expand and update the knowledge on the presence and genotype diversity of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 (PCV2 and PCV3) in the wild boar populations from the hunting grounds in northeastern Serbia. The presence of PCV3 was not determined, and PCV2 was confirmed in 40.32% of the organ samples from 124 wild boars hunted from 2018 to 2019, indicating their significance in virus circulation since traditional pig farms with irregular PCV2 vaccination strategies are widespread in this region. The most prevalent genotype was PCV2d, followed by PCV2b and PCV2a in 55.6%, 38.9%, and 5.5% of the examined samples, respectively. Nucleotide sequences of the detected strains were homogenous within the genotype and clustered within the subgroups PCV2d-2, PCV2b-1A/B, and PCV2a-2D with high identity to European, Chinese, and Serbian domestic pig sequences suggesting their origin. Wild boars presented with no clinical or pathological signs of infection, implying that these animals might be less susceptible to disease, particularly since the cofactors present in pig farming systems that support the disease development are absent in the wild. The high PCV2 detection frequency demonstrates the importance of wildlife monitoring to track virus population dynamics, especially in regions with free-range pig farming in order to plan adequate disease control strategies.
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Raev, Sergei, Anton Yuzhakov, and Taras Aliper. "Whole-Genome Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Russia." Pathogens 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121631.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD) that bring about significant economic losses in the pig industry all over the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of PCV2 in Russia and characterize the available complete genome sequences. PCV2 DNA was detected at all investigated farms located in different regions of Russia. Whole-genome analysis demonstrated that the majority of PCV2 strains belonged to genotype PCV2d (12 out of 14), while PCV2a and PCV2b were only detected at 2 farms (one at each). Further analysis revealed that all antibody recognition sites in Russian PCV2 strains were different from the corresponding epitopes in a PCV2a vaccine strain, suggesting that PCV2a-based vaccines may only provide limited protection against these strains. PCV2d strains could be grouped into 3 distinct lines which shared 98.7–100% identity within open reading frame 2 (ORF2). It is the first study reporting the genetic diversity of PCV2 strains in Russia. Our data indicated that, similarly to China, Europe, and USA, PCV2a and PCV2b have largely been replaced by PCV2d.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PCV2"

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au, warren raye@vcp monash edu, and Warren Raye. "An investigation into the status of porcine circovirus in Australia." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050705.135219.

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This thesis reports for the first time the detection of porcine circovirus virus (PCV) in the Australian pig herd. PCV DNA was detected in the tissues of pigs from several Australian states using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, the primers for which were based on the sequence of PCV1 and PCV2 strains detected in North America and Europe. PCV type 1 or 2 was detected in 80 of 367 (21.7%) pigs tested. In the 80 positives, both PCV1 and PCV2 were detected in 14 samples. Virus was detected in pigs from all states from which samples were obtained: Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. The complete genomes of 13 strains of Australian PCV were sequenced. Analysis of the data indicated there was extremely high homology between the Australian strains of PCV1 and PCV2 and previously published sequences of PCV1 and PCV2 strains from North America and Europe.There were no consistent differences between the genome of the Australian strains and strains in North America and Europe. The widespread occurrence of PCV in the tissues of pigs was confirmed by a small scale serological study of the Western Australian pig herd using an immunofluorescence assay, which did not discriminate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. This assay detected PCV antibody in 11 of 14 pig herds in Western Australia, with a prevalence rate in positive herds varying from 25 to 47%, but it was unable to differentiate antibody to PCV1 and PCV2. A PCV2-specific recombinant viral capsid protein was produced in insect cells with a baculovirus expression system and this was used to develop a PCV2-specific ELISA and a Western immunoblotting assay. These assays were applied to samples from a national pig serum bank and detected PCV2 antibody in 33% of 3933 serum samples. The highest seroprevalence to the recombinant PCV2 capsid antigen was detected in the samples from Victoria where there was a 51.3% seroprevalence rate, and the lowest in Western Australia where there was an 11.4% seroprevalence rate. An in situ hybridisation (ISH) technique was developed for the detection of PCV in tissues of infected pigs and infected cell cultures. A monoclonal antibody specific for the capsid protein of PCV2 was also produced and has application for the development of immunocytochemical procedures for the detection of PCV2 in tissues and cell cultures. The high prevalence of PCV in the Australian pig herd and the absence of reports of PMWS suggested that the Australian strains of PMWS detected may have been of low virulence. To examine the pathogenicity of Australian strains, two animal experiments were conducted where the type species of PCV1 present in persistently-infected PK15 pig kidney cells and an Australian PCV2 strain were cultured in vitro in cell cultures and inoculated into weaner pigs. As expected, the PCV1 replicated well in pigs but did not result in the induction of clinical signs or lesions in the inoculated pigs. The inoculation into weaner pigs of cell culture replicated PCV2 with an apparent virus titre of 103 virus particles/mL resulted in infection of only some of the inoculated pigs and it was concluded that the PCV2 inoculum contained insufficient virus to infect all pigs into which it was inoculated. The PCV2 did not induce any disease syndrome and could not be visualised in tissue sections of infected pigs using immunohistochemical techniques. In conclusion, techniques were developed for the detection of PCV in the Australian pig herd. PCV of both genetic types were detected at prevalence rates similar to those reported in other countries where PMWS has occurred, and the widespread occurrence of PCV was confirmed by serological assays. The PCV strains present were genetically indistinguishable from those present in North America and Europe. The reason for the absence of PMWS in Australia is most likely not due to differences in the characteristics of the PCV strains present.
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Szikora, Florian. "Studie zum Vorkommen der Genotypen PCV2a und PCV2b des Porcinen Circovirus Typ 2 in schweinehaltenden Betrieben mit unterschiedlichen PCV2-Impfregimen." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-179461.

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Oliver, Ferrando Salvador. "Effect of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) sow or piglet vaccination in different PCV2 subclinical infection scenarios." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461187.

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La present Tesi doctoral esta formada per tres estudis. El primer estudi va avaluar l'efecte de la vacunació de truges enfront a PCV2 sobre els paràmetres reproductius durant dos cicles gestacionals consecutius. Es van immunitzar 94 truges gestants amb una vacuna comercial enfront a PCV2, i 97 van ser injectades amb una solució salina tamponada amb fosfat (PBS). En el primer cicle reproductiu el tractament va ser aplicat a les 6 i 3 setmanes abans del part, i en el segon cicle es va aplicar una dosi de record o PBS a les 2 setmanes abans del part. Les truges vacunades van mostrar nivells d'anticossos significativament més elevats en comparació amb les no vacunades. L'ADN de PCV2 només es va detectar al part en 2 (4,2%) truges no vacunades. Les truges vacunades van tenir 1,3 garrins nascuts vius més per camada en el segon cicle que les no vacunades. El present estudi va demostrar per primera vegada que la vacunació de truges enfront a PCV2 pot tenir una influència positiva sobre la prolificitat i la vitalitat de la seva descendència en una explotació de reproductores subclínicament infectades per PCV2. En el segon estudi, es va avaluar l'efecte de la vacunació de truges enfront a PCV2 sobre la resposta immune humoral i cel·lular en truges i la seva progènie. A les 7 setmanes abans del part, es van seleccionar 15 truges negatives a PCV2 per PCR i amb valors d'anticossos mitjans-baixos. Aquestes truges es van distribuir aleatòriament en dos grups de tractament segons els seus nivells d'anticossos. A les 6 i 3 setmanes abans del part, 7 truges van ser vacunades amb una vacuna comercial enfront a PCV2 i 8 van ser injectades amb PBS. Els garrins nascuts de truges vacunades tenien nivells significativament més alts de citoquines vinculades a les cèl·lules Th1 de memòria (IFN-γ i TNF-α) en comparació amb els provinents de les femelles no vacunades. En conclusió, la vacunació de truges enfront a PCV2, a més de desencadenar una resposta immune humoral en truges i la seva progènie, podria estar associada a una major transferència d'immunitat cel·lular de la mare al garrí. L'objectiu del tercer estudi va ser determinar la dinàmica serològica i virològica de la infecció per PCV2 en garrins vacunats a diferents edats en un escenari de PCV2-SI. Es van seleccionar 644 garrins sans de 2 setmanes d'edat que foren distribuïts aleatòriament en quatre grups de tractament: vacunació enfront a PCV2 a les 3, 6 o 10 setmanes d'edat (grups 3W-VAC, 6W-VAC i 10W-VAC, respectivament) i porcs no vacunats (grup NON-VAC). Específicament, amb la vacunació enfront a PCV2 a les 3 o 6 setmanes d'edat es van obtenir resultats similars, ja que les dues pautes van desencadenar una seroconversió eficient i van reduir, en diferents punts de mostreig, la proporció d'animals virèmics en comparació amb el grup no vacunat. Per altra banda, la vacunació enfront a PCV2 a les 10 setmanes d'edat només va aconseguir aquesta reducció a les 25 setmanes d'edat; en aquest cas, la vacunació va coincidir amb l'augment del percentatge de porcs virèmics. En conclusió, sota les condicions del present estudi, el temps òptim de vacunació dels garrins per controlar la infecció per PCV2 va ser a les 3 o 6 setmanes d'edat. A més, els OF van demostrar ser una matriu útil per a la avaluació de la dinàmica de seroconversió, en canvi, la detecció del ADN de PCV2 en OF no va mostrar ser un mètode efectiu per a la avaluació del control de la infecció durant els programes vacunals estudiats.
The present PhD thesis consists of three studies. The first study sought to evaluate the effect of sow vaccination against PCV2 on reproductive parameters during two consecutive reproductive cycles. Ninety-four pregnant sows were primo-immunized with a commercial PCV2 vaccine and ninety-seven were injected with phosphate-buffered saline at 6 and 3 weeks before farrowing, and then boosted at 2 weeks before the second one. Vaccinated sows showed significantly higher antibody levels compared to the non-vaccinated counterparts. PCV2 DNA was only detected at farrowing in 2 (4.2%) non-vaccinated sows. Vaccinated sows had 1.3 more live-born piglets per litter at the second cycle than non-vaccinated counterparts. The present study represents the first attempt to demonstrate that PCV2 sow vaccination may have a positive influence on prolificacy and vitality of the offspring in a subclinically infected breeding herd. In the second study, the effect of PCV2 sow vaccination on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in sows and their progeny was assessed. At 7 weeks before farrowing, fifteen PCV2 PCR negative pregnant sows with medium-low antibody values were selected and randomly distributed in two groups according to the antibody levels. Seven sows were vaccinated with a commercial PCV2 vaccine and eight were injected with phosphate-buffered saline at 6 and 3 weeks before farrowing. Piglets from vaccinated sows had significantly higher levels of cytokines linked to Th1 memory cells (IFN-γ and TNF-α) in comparison to the ones from non-vaccinated dams. In conclusion, PCV2 sow vaccination, apart from triggering a humoral immune response in sows and their progeny, might be associated to an increased transfer of cell-mediated immunity from the dam to the piglet. The purpose of the third study was to determine the PCV2 serological and virological infection dynamics in piglets vaccinated at different ages in a PCV2-SI scenario. Six hundred and forty-four 2 week-old healthy piglets were selected and distributed into four treatment groups: vaccination at 3, 6 or 10 weeks of age (3W-VAC, 6W-VAC and 10W-VAC groups, respectively) and unvaccinated pigs (NON-VAC group). Specifically, PCV2 vaccination at 3 or 6 weeks of age yielded similar results, since they produced an earlier seroconversion and reduced, at different sampling points, the proportion of viraemic animals in comparison to the unvaccinated group. In contrast, PCV2 vaccination at 10 weeks of age only achieved such reduction at 25 weeks of age; in this case, vaccination coincided with the increase of the percentage of viraemic pigs in the population. In conclusion, under the present study conditions, the optimal time for piglet vaccination to control PCV2 infection was at either 3 or 6 weeks of age. In addition, OF proved to be a useful matrix for the evaluation of seroconversion dynamics, however, PCV2 DNA detection in OF did not show to be an effective method for the infection control assessment during the studied vaccine programs.
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Ceia, Joana Filipa Simões. "Avaliação do efeito de dois protocolos vacinais para PCV2 em leitões." Master's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4856.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
As vacinas comerciais contra o circovírus porcino tipo 2 (PCV2) reduzem significativamente as perdas associadas a este vírus e melhoram os parâmetros produtivos dos efectivos suínos. A maioria dos produtores vacina os leitões ao desmame mas, sendo este um momento crítico da produção, a alteração do momento de vacinação poderá ser uma estratégia a adoptar quando os indivíduos são expostos a múltiplos agentes perturbadores da homeostasia num curto período de tempo. Este estudo teve como objectivo a avaliação do momento mais adequado à vacinação de leitões contra o PCV2, considerando parâmetros zootécnicos e imunitários. Foram avaliados as reacções adversas à vacinação, a morbilidade, a mortalidade, o ganho médio diário (GMD) e o peso dos animais. Os 453 leitões de dois desmames consecutivos foram distribuídos por dois grupos de tratamento. Efectuou-se a administração intramuscular de uma dose de 2 ml de Porcilis® PCV e de uma dose de 2 ml de M+PAC® em leitões 5 dias antes do desmame (grupo A) ou 5 dias após o desmame (grupo B). O peso corporal individual dos animais foi registado no dia 0 do ensaio e 45 dias depois. Realizaram-se colheitas de sangue em leitões de cada grupo às 12, 16 e 22 semanas de idade para detecção e quantificação de anticorpos anti-PCV2 e anticorpos baculomarcadores, de modo a aferir sobre a qualidade da imunização com a vacina de subunidades contendo a proteína da cápside de PCV2a expressa num sistema de baculovírus (Porcilis® PCV). A vacinação induziu hipertermia e diminuição da actividade e da ingestão. O grupo A exibiu morbilidade 4 vezes superior à do grupo B (P<0,0001), mas a mortalidade não diferiu entre grupos (P=0,578). O peso final e o GMD diferiram significativamente entre os dois grupos (P=0,009), tendo-se observado um melhor desempenho produtivo dos leitões do grupo A. Os resultados de Bacucheck® ELISA e de Synbiotics Serelisa® indicaram que Porcilis® PCV foi correctamente utilizada, não existindo diferenças em termos imunitários entre grupos. Sendo o crescimento na primeira semana após o desmame um factor de risco para o subsequente desempenho na recria, especulou-se que o custo metabólico e a perturbação derivados da vacinação 5 dias após o desmame nos leitões do grupo B, exerceram efeitos a mais longo prazo, o que justificou o seu pior desempenho produtivo. Deste modo, o efeito negativo da vacinação no desempenho da recria não pode ser menosprezado, devendo ser considerado aquando da concepção de estratégias vacinais.
ABSTRACT - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF TWO VACCINATION PROTOCOLS FOR PCV2 IN PIGLETS - Commercial porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines significantly reduce losses associated to this virus and improve productive performance in swine herds. Most producers vaccinate piglets at weaning but being this one of the most critical moments of production, altering vaccination timing may be a strategy to adopt when individuals are exposed to multiple disturbing factors in a short period of time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most adequate moment for piglet’s vaccination against PCV2 considering productive performance and immune parameters. Adverse reactions to vaccination, morbidity, mortality, average daily gain (ADG) and weight were assessed. 453 piglets of two consecutive weanings were distributed between two treatment groups. An intramuscular injection of a 2 ml dose of Porcilis® PCV and a 2 ml dose of M+PAC® was performed in piglets 5 days before weaning (group A) or 5 days after weaning (group B). Individual body weights of all animals were measured the day 0 of trial and 45 days later. Blood samples were taken from piglets of both groups at 12, 16 and 22 weeks of age for detection and quantification of anti-PCV2 antibodies and baculomarkers to evaluate vaccination quality with the subunit vaccine based on the PCV2a capsid protein expressed in baculovirus system (Porcilis® PCV). Vaccination induced hyperthermia, prostration and anorexia. Group A exhibited 4 times more morbidity than group B (P<0.0001) but mortality did not differ between groups (P=0.578). Final weight and ADG differed significantly between groups (P=0.009) with group A piglets having an increased performance. Bacucheck® ELISA and Synbiotics Serelisa® results indicated that Porcilis® PCV had been used correctly with no immune differences between groups. Being growth performance in the first week after weaning a risk factor for subsequent nursery performance, it is speculated that disturbance and metabolic cost of vaccination 5 days after weaning in group B piglets may have had greater potential for longer term effects, which explained their worst growth performance. Thus, negative effects of vaccination on nursery growth performance should not be underestimated when conceiving vaccine strategies.
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Szikora, Florian [Verfasser], and Mathias [Akademischer Betreuer] Ritzmann. "Studie zum Vorkommen der Genotypen PCV2a und PCV2b des Porcinen Circovirus Typ 2 in schweinehaltenden Betrieben mit unterschiedlichen PCV2-Impfregimen / Florian Szikora. Betreuer: Mathias Ritzmann." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068767111/34.

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Fusaro, Laura <1981&gt. "Patologie da Porcine Circovirus tipo 2 (PCV2) nel suino." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3640/1/fusaro_laura_tesi.pdf.

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The main work involved the PMWS (Post-weaning multisystemic Wasting Syndrome), caused by PCV-2 (Porcine Circovirus type 2) that involved post-weaned pigs. Merial Italy has funded a study activity in which groups of 3-5 animals were sampled for lungs, tracheo-bronchial and superficial inguinal lymph nodes, ileum and tonsils. The protocol applied can be identified as a more diagnostic potential on the individual than on the group. PNP. Another investigation has been conducted to study proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (PNP), a form of interstitial pneumonia in weaning and post-weaning pigs characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes, coagulative necrosis and granular debris within alveolar spaces. Many studies suggest porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as the main causes of the disease, but Aujeszky disease virus (ADV) and swine influenza virus (SIV) are also considered. An immunohistochemical study was carried out to evaluate the role of these viruses in PNP lesions in Italy. PNP results primarily associated with PRRSV, even if co-infection is characterized by more severe histological features. Reproductive pathology. A major risk factor for PCV2 infection is a viraemic episode taking place in pregnant sows with low antibody titer which is transmitted by specific PCV2 products of conception. PCV2 can infect the fetus even by vehicles through infected semen or ova, or as a result of infection of the genital tract. An investigation was carried out to identify the presence and localization of PCV2 in the genital tracts of sows experimentally infected with PCV2 and in their fetuses. The results obtained suggest that: conventional sows can be infected by intrauterine exposition; low antibody titres increase the probability of infection; PCV2 infection close to insemination time reduces the pregnancy rate; placental lesions may represent an additional cause of fetal suffering.
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Fusaro, Laura <1981&gt. "Patologie da Porcine Circovirus tipo 2 (PCV2) nel suino." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3640/.

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The main work involved the PMWS (Post-weaning multisystemic Wasting Syndrome), caused by PCV-2 (Porcine Circovirus type 2) that involved post-weaned pigs. Merial Italy has funded a study activity in which groups of 3-5 animals were sampled for lungs, tracheo-bronchial and superficial inguinal lymph nodes, ileum and tonsils. The protocol applied can be identified as a more diagnostic potential on the individual than on the group. PNP. Another investigation has been conducted to study proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (PNP), a form of interstitial pneumonia in weaning and post-weaning pigs characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes, coagulative necrosis and granular debris within alveolar spaces. Many studies suggest porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as the main causes of the disease, but Aujeszky disease virus (ADV) and swine influenza virus (SIV) are also considered. An immunohistochemical study was carried out to evaluate the role of these viruses in PNP lesions in Italy. PNP results primarily associated with PRRSV, even if co-infection is characterized by more severe histological features. Reproductive pathology. A major risk factor for PCV2 infection is a viraemic episode taking place in pregnant sows with low antibody titer which is transmitted by specific PCV2 products of conception. PCV2 can infect the fetus even by vehicles through infected semen or ova, or as a result of infection of the genital tract. An investigation was carried out to identify the presence and localization of PCV2 in the genital tracts of sows experimentally infected with PCV2 and in their fetuses. The results obtained suggest that: conventional sows can be infected by intrauterine exposition; low antibody titres increase the probability of infection; PCV2 infection close to insemination time reduces the pregnancy rate; placental lesions may represent an additional cause of fetal suffering.
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Ferrari, Karen Linares. "Diversidade molecular do gene Cap (ORF-2) do circovírus suíno 2 (PCV2) detectado em amostras de pulmão com e sem lesões pneumônicas macroscópicas em suínos abatidos no Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-12082013-121700/.

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Circovirus suíno 2 (PCV2) associado a doenças (PCVAD do inglês Porcine circovirus associated disease) pode se manifestar como infecção sistêmica, enterite, problemas reprodutivos, síndrome de dermatite e nefropatia suína e complexo de doenças respiratórias (PRDC). A ocorrência de PRDC, que afeta, principalmente, animais de crescimento e terminação, caracteriza-se por crescimento lento, tosse prolongada e dispnéia, assim como lesões macroscópicas características em pulmão. PCV2 possui três principais regiões abertas de leitura (ORFs): ORF-1 codifica proteínas envolvidas na replicação (gene Rep); ORF-2 codifica proteína estrutural do capsídeo (gene Cap) e ORF-3 codifica proteína envolvida na indução de apoptose celular. O gene Cap é a região mais variável do PCV2, havendo indícios da associação entre a proteína Cap e patogenicidade. De acordo com a nomenclatura unificada proposta por Segalés et al., três diferentes genótipos são atualmente reconhecidos (PCV2a, - 2b, -2c). O aumento na incidência e gravidade da PCVAD foi atribuído ao surgimento do PCV2b tornando-se o mais prevalente subtipo em países da América do Norte, Europa, e no Brasil. Diante dos prejuízos que a PRDC acarreta, 200 amostras de pulmão com e sem lesões pneumônicas macroscópicas foram analisadas para PCV2 pela PCR; 88,5 % (177/200) foram positivas para PCV2 por PCR corroborando com estudos em que o PCV2 foi encontrado em um grande numero de amostras e poderia desenvolver um papel da PRDC. Entretanto, não houve associação significativa entre amostras positivas e presença ou ausência de lesões pneumônicas macroscópicas (p=0,26). A análise filogenética de 27 amostras PCV2 positivas sequênciadas (22 genoma completo e cinco ORF-2 completa) foram agrupadas no genótipo PCV2b. Devido à alta identidade de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos entre as sequencias obtidas e as recuperadas de estudos anteriores com presença e ausência de PCVAD, não há indícios de associação entre patogenicidade e o subtipo de PCV2 identificado neste trabalho
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) associated disease (PCVAD) may manifest as systemic infection, enteritis, reproductive problems, dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome and porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). The occurrence of PRDC, which affects mainly the growing and finishing animals, characterized by slow growth, prolonged cough and dyspnea, as well as characteristic gross lesions in the lungs. PCV2 has three main regions denominated open reading frames (ORFs): ORF-1 encodes a protein involved in replication (Rep gene), ORF-2 encodes the capsid structural protein (Cap gene) and ORF-3 encodes a protein involved in the induction of cellular apoptosis. The Cap gene is the most variable region of PCV2, with evidence of association between the Cap protein and pathogenicity. According to an unified nomenclature proposed by Ségales et al., three different subtypes are currently recognized (PCV2a,-2b-2c). The increased incidence and severity of PCVAD was attributed to the rise of PCV2b becoming the most prevalent subtype in countries of North America, Europe, and Brazil. Given the damage that leads to PRDC, 200 samples of lungs with and without macroscopic pneumonic lesions were analyzed for PCV2 by PCR; 88.5% (177/200) were positive for PCV2 by PCR corroborating with studies in which PCV2 was found in a large number of samples and could develop a role in PRDC. However, there was no significant association between positive samples and the presence or absence of macroscopic pneumonic lesions (p=0.26). Phylogenetic analysis of the 27 samples PCV2 positive sequenced (22 complete genome and five complete ORF-2) were grouped in genotype PCV2b. Due to the high identity between the nucleotide and amino acid sequences obtained and retrieved from previous studies with presence and absence of PCVAD, there is no evidence of association between subtype and pathogenicity of PCV2 identified in this work
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Baldin, Cintia Manzatto. "Avaliação da transmissão horizontal e descrição da patogenia em leitões experimentalmente infectados com Circovírus suíno 2." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-24032014-104754/.

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Circovírus suíno 2 (PCV2) é responsável pelas doenças associadas ao circovírus suíno (PCVAD do inglês Porcine circovirus associated disease) que engloba várias condições clínicas. Acomete suínos nas principais áreas produtoras do mundo causando grandes prejuízos. A situação acerca do conhecimento acerca da complexa patogenia e os múltiplos fatores de risco permitem compreender apenas em parte o verdadeiro impacto das PCVADs em suínos, sendo este um conhecimento mais amplo e dependente de resultados obtidos com infecções experimentais. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: i) verificar a infectividade do isolado brasileiro de PCV2 em animais infectados experimentalmente; ii) verificar a transmissão horizontal do isolado brasileiro de PCV2 em animais infectados experimentalmente; iii) avaliar a patologia do isolado brasileiro nos animais infectados experimentalmente; e iv) avaliar a resposta imune humoral nos animais infectados experimentalmente com o isolado brasileiro. Foram utilizados nove leitões divididos em três grupos com três animais cada: i) G1 animais inoculados por via intra-nasal, com aproximadamente 49 dias de idade; ii) G2 animais não inoculados mantidos na mesma baia que os G1; e iii) GC animais controle. Amostras de soro, suabes (nasal e fecal) e dados de desempenho foram coletados semanalmente. Amostras de tecidos foram coletadas durante a necropsia, aos 42 dias após a inoculação (dpi). Os animais do GC foram acompanhados até 140 dias de idade. A infecção pelo PCV2 foi avaliada através da descrição das manifestações clínicas, alterações anatômicas e histológicas, quantificação do DNA de PCV2 nas amostras de soro, suabes e tecidos e detecção de anticorpo anti-PCV2 no soro. As técnicas utilizadas foram coloração de tecido pela Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE), reação em cadeia pela polimerase quantitativa (PCRq), imunohistoquímica (IHQ) e ELISA ( do inglês enzyme-linked imunossorbente assay). Os resultados demonstraram que o isolado brasileiro induziu infecção subclínica nos animais inoculados (G1), demonstrado através da detecção de baixa carga de DNA viral nos tecido e soros, ausência de sinais clínicos e achados histopatológicos característicos de PCVAD, além da ausência de soroconversão nos três animais inoculados. A transmissão horizontal foi demonstrada, pois em um animal contactante (G2) foi recuperado o DNA de PCV2 em vários tecidos. No entanto, a ausência de soroconversão, não permitiu avaliar a resposta imune humoral nos diferentes grupos (G1 e G2). Fatores como idade dos animais no momento da inoculação (49 dias), via de inoculação, inóculo e ausência de co-agentes podem ter contribuído para o desencadeamento dos resultados observados.
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is responsible for the porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD) that encompasses several clinical conditions. It affects the main pig producing areas of the world, causing extensive damage. Currently, knowledge about the complex pathogenesis associated with the multiple risk factors provides insight into the true impact of PCVADs, depending on the extensive knowledge based on the experimental infections. The aims of this study were: i) verify the infectivity of the brazilian PCV2 in experimentally infected animals; ii) verify the horizontal transmission of the Brazilian PCV2 in experimentally infected animals; iii) evaluete the patology of Brasilian PCV2 in experimentally infected animals; iv) evaluete the humoral immune response in experimentally infected animals with the Brazilian isolate. Nine piglets were divided into three groups with three animal each: i) G1 inoculated animals by intranasally route, with approximately 49 days of age; ii) G2 non-inoculated animals maintained in the same pen that G1 and iii) GC control animals. Serum samples, swabs (nasal and fecal) and performance data were collected weekly. Tissue samples were collected during necropsy at 42 days post inoculation (dpi). Animals from GC were monitored up to 140 days of age. PCV2 infection was evaluated by clinical, anatomical and histological alteration, quantification of PCV2 DNA in serum samples, swabs and tissues and detection of PCV2 antibodies in serum. The techniques of tissue hematoxylin-eosin staining, polymerase chain reaction quantitative (PCRq), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and ELISA were used. The results showed that the Brazilian PCV2 virus induced subclinical infection in inoculated animals (G1), shown by the low viral DNA load in the tissue and serum, the lack of clinical and pathological signs of PCVAD and absence of seroconversion in the three inoculated animals. The horizontal transmission was demonstrated by the recovery of the viral DNA on one of contacting animals in various tissues. However, the absence of seroconversion, does not allowed the antibody levels evaluation in the different groups (G1 and G2). Factors such as age at the time of inoculation (49 days), route of inoculation, inoculum and absence of co-agents may contribute to the onset of the observed results.
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Ober, Rebecca Ariel. "Pre and post-infection microbiome associations with weight gain in pigs co-infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38431.

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Master of Science
Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology
Megan Niederwerder
Evidence has shown that the gastrointestinal microbiome plays an important role in response to infectious disease. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are two of the most important pathogens affecting the swine industry worldwide. Co-infections are common on a global scale, resulting in pork production losses through reducing weight gain and causing respiratory disease in growing pigs. Our initial microbiome work demonstrated that the fecal microbiome was associated with clinical outcome of pigs 70 days post-infection (dpi). However, it remained uncertain if microbiome characteristics could predispose response to viral challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine if microbiome characteristics present at the time of viral challenge were associated with outcome after co-infection. Using the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array, we profiled the microbiome in feces on 0 dpi from pigs identified as having high or low growth rates after co-infection. High growth rate pigs had less severe interstitial pneumonia, reduced PRRSV replication, and a significant increase in average daily weight gain throughout the study. At the level of the fecal microbiome, high growth rate pigs had increased microbial diversity on both a family and species level. Shifts in the microbiome composition of the high growth rate pigs included reduced Methanobacteriaceae species, increased Ruminococcaceae species, and increased Streptococcaceae species when compared to low growth rate pigs. Our results indicate that both microbiome diversity and composition prior to virus exposure may play a role in the subsequent response of pigs to PRRSV/PCV2 co-infection. We followed this study by investigating the microbiome characteristics that are present after co-infection and the role of the microbiome in subclinical infections. Microbiome analysis at 3 and 6 weeks post-infection showed no significant difference between high and low growth rate pigs. The results from both exploring the impact that the initial microbiome has on outcome as well as examining the trends in the microbiome during the post-infection period demonstrate that microbiome pre-infection composition may play a larger role in the outcome of subclinical disease in pigs than microbiome composition during viremia or after viral clearance.
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Books on the topic "PCV2"

1

Association, American Bankers, ed. Pricing consumer credit: PC2 sourcebook. Washington, D.C. (1120 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington 20036): American Bankers Association, 1986.

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Roberts, Todd F. Microencapsulation of PC12 cells in a HEMA/MMA copolymer. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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Vallbacka, Jennifer Jane. Microencapsulation of PC12 cells and delivery in a hemiparkinsoian rat model. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1998.

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Moore, Heidi Maria. Modulation of pH homeostasis by extracellular ATP in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1995.

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Nguyẽ̂n, Văn Linh. Nguyen Van Linh, secrétaire général du CC du PCV répond. Hanoi: Editions en Langues étrangères, 1989.

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Hill, Mary Catherine. Preconditioned Conjugate-Gradient 2 (PCG2), a computer program for solving ground-water flow equations. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Hill, Mary Catherine. Preconditioned Conjugate-Gradient 2 (PCG2), a computer program for solving ground-water flow equations. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Hill, Mary Catherine. Preconditioned Conjugate-Gradient 2 (PCG2), a computer program for solving ground-water flow equations. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Hill, Mary Catherine. Preconditioned Conjugate-Gradient 2 (PCG2), a computer program for solving ground-water flow equations. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Hill, Mary Catherine. Preconditioned Conjugate-Gradient 2 (PCG2), a computer program for solving ground-water flow equations. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "PCV2"

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Petrini, S., M. Paniccià, V. Silenzi, F. Ciuti, M. Bresaola, M. Fortunati, G. M. De Mia, G. Perugini, and M. Ferrari. "Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies in Pigs Inoculated with an Inactivated Vaccine Against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2)." In Trends in Veterinary Sciences, 63–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36488-4_12.

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Baker, Julien S., Fergal Grace, Lon Kilgore, David J. Smith, Stephen R. Norris, Andrew W. Gardner, Robert Ringseis, et al. "PCO2." In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 690. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_2842.

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Böning, Dieter, Michael I. Lindinger, Damian M. Bailey, Istvan Berczi, Kameljit Kalsi, José González-Alonso, David J. Dyck, et al. "Arterial PCO2." In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_4064.

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Donato, Dominique M., Steven K. Hanks, Kenneth A. Jacobson, M. P. Suresh Jayasekara, Zhan-Guo Gao, Francesca Deflorian, John Papaconstantinou, et al. "PC2." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1348. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_101002.

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Lang, Hartmut. "Druckkontrollierte Beatmung (PCV/A-PCV)." In Außerklinische Beatmung, 119–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53996-5_9.

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Ospina-Tascón, Gustavo A. "The PCO2 Gaps." In Hemodynamic Monitoring, 173–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69269-2_16.

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Aardahl, C. L., and J. W. Rogers. "Plasma CVD (PCVD)." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 90–91. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145333.ch53.

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Schmitt, H., G. Braun, and M. Brunner. "Nichtinvasive pCO2-Messung bei Kindern während der Narkose: endexspiratorischer pCO2 im Vergleich zum transkutanen pCO2." In Kinderanästhesie — Symposium, 195–203. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73582-0_25.

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van den Hout, M. A. "Panic, Perception, and pCO2." In Panic and Phobias 2, 117–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73543-1_11.

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Rooth, G., U. Ewald, and F. Caligara. "Transcutaneous Po2 and Pco2 Monitoring at 37°C Cutaneous Po2 and Pco2." In Continuous Transcutaneous Monitoring, 23–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1927-6_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "PCV2"

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Wijesena, H. R., K. M. Sutton, S. D. Kachman, and D. C. Ciobanu. "516. Investigation of host genetic role in PCV2 infections." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_516.

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van Dommelen, Isabelle, and N. Wertenbroek. "Reduction of antibiotics after implementing PCV2 vaccination on 460 sow Dutch pigfarm." In Ninth International Conference on the Epidemiology and Control of Biological, Chemical and Physical Hazards in Pigs and Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-665.

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Bak, Hanne, and K. Havn. "Significantly reduced use of antimicrobials with PCV2 and ileitis vaccination in a Danish herd." In Ninth International Conference on the Epidemiology and Control of Biological, Chemical and Physical Hazards in Pigs and Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-667.

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Lapierre, S., M. Adam, D. Richard, and R. Desrosiers. "Reduction of antibiotic usage and performance improvement following the use of a PCV2 vaccine." In Eighth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-832.

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Aerts, R., and N. Wertenbroek. "Implementing PCV2 vaccination resulting in reduction of antibiotic use on Dutch farrow-to-finish farm." In Ninth International Conference on the Epidemiology and Control of Biological, Chemical and Physical Hazards in Pigs and Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-666.

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Brons, N., A. Hughes, and M. Adam. "Antibiotic reduction on farms in the United Kingdom, as a result of the introduction of PCV2 vaccination in piglets." In Eighth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-878.

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Brockhoff, E., G. Cunningham, and C. Misutka. "A retrospective analysis of a high health commercial pig production system showing improved production and reduced antibiotic use after implementation of a PCV2 vaccination." In Eighth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-835.

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Broyles, Jack, and Roger Shirt. "Guide for Selecting Pressure Control Valves With Actuators Used in Pipeline Applications." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31249.

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Abstract:
This paper will discuss guidelines for the selection of pressure control valves (PCV) with electro-hydraulic actuators for use in liquid petroleum pipelines. The performance criteria for PCVs functioning in pipeline pressure control applications are distinct from those used in other industrial applications. Also, PCVs required for large diameter petroleum pipeline represent a relatively small number of total control valve applications. For these reasons, general practitioners of control valve selections, typically engineers at EPCs, commonly apply selection strategies that are effective in other industrial applications, but tend to be less so in pipeline applications. This paper will discuss control valve selection criteria including Critical Threshold Capacity, Effective Control Region and Valve Gain Band. Actuator selection criteria discussed in this paper includes Torque Requirements, Speed of Response, and Positioning Resolution.
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BACHMANN, P. K., P. GEITTNER, and H. LYDTIN. "Progress in the PCVD process." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.1986.wa1.

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Bachmann, P., D. Leers, H. Wehr, and D. Wiechert. "Ultrabroadband single-mode fibers prepared with PCVD." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.1985.tuq23.

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Reports on the topic "PCV2"

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Hoogland, M., T. Opriessnig, and Patrick G. Halbur. Effect of different adjuvants on PCV2-associated lesions. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1090.

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Reeves, John T., and John V. Weil. Sleep Disturbances at High Altitude. Role of a PCO2 Apneic Threshold. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229426.

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Weil, Max H. Quantitative Mechanistic Modeling of Sublingual PCO2 as an Index of Severity and Resuscitation Success. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada417675.

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Zerby, Susan E., and Andrew G. Ewing. The Latency of Exocytosis Varies with the Mechanism of Stimulated Release in PC12 Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada300357.

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Dunkelberger, Jenelle R., Nick V. L. Serão, Maureen Kerrigan, Joan Lunney, Bob Rowland, and Jack C. M. Dekkers. Effect of WUR Genotype and PRRS Vaccination on Pigs Co-Infected with PRRS and PCV2b. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1359.

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Daugherty, W. NINTH INTERIM STATUS REPORT: MODEL 9975 PCV O-RING FIXTURE LONG-TERM LEAK PERFORMANCE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1149712.

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Daugherty, W. L. EIGHTH INTERIM STATUS REPORT: MODEL 9975 PCV O-RING FIXTURE LONG-TERM LEAK PERFORMANCE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1091869.

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Daugherty, W., and E. Hoffman. FIFTH INTERIM STATUS REPORT: MODEL 9975 PCV O-RING FIXTURE LONG-TERM LEAK PERFORMANCE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1019383.

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Daugherty, W., and E. Hoffman. FIFTH INTERIM STATUS REPORT: MODEL 9975 PCV O-RING FIXTURE LONG-TERM LEAK PERFORMANCE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1001423.

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Daugherty, W., and T. Stefek. FOURTH INTERIM STATUS REPORT: MODEL 9975 PCV O-RING FIXTURE LONG-TERM LEAK PERFORMANCE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/958683.

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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'PCV2' for particular source types:
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