Academic literature on the topic 'PcrA'
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Journal articles on the topic "PcrA"
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Bender, Kelly S., Ching Shang, Romy Chakraborty, Sara M. Belchik, John D. Coates, and Laurie A. Achenbach. "Identification, Characterization, and Classification of Genes Encoding Perchlorate Reductase." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 15 (2005): 5090–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.15.5090-5096.2005.
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ABSTRACT The reduction of perchlorate to chlorite, the first enzymatic step in the bacterial reduction of perchlorate, is catalyzed by perchlorate reductase. The genes encoding perchlorate reductase (pcrABCD) in two Dechloromonas species were characterized. Sequence analysis of the pcrAB gene products revealed similarity to α- and β-subunits of microbial nitrate reductase, selenate reductase, dimethyl sulfide dehydrogenase, ethylbenzene dehydrogenase, and chlorate reductase, all of which are type II members of the microbial dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase family. The pcrC gene product was similar to a c-type cytochrome, while the pcrD gene product exhibited similarity to molybdenum chaperone proteins of the DMSO reductase family members mentioned above. Expression analysis of the pcrA gene from Dechloromonas agitata indicated that transcription occurred only under anaerobic (per)chlorate-reducing conditions. The presence of oxygen completely inhibited pcrA expression regardless of the presence of perchlorate, chlorate, or nitrate. Deletion of the pcrA gene in Dechloromonas aromatica abolished growth in both perchlorate and chlorate but not growth in nitrate, indicating that the pcrABCD genes play a functional role in perchlorate reduction separate from nitrate reduction. Phylogenetic analysis of PcrA and other α-subunits of the DMSO reductase family indicated that perchlorate reductase forms a monophyletic group separate from chlorate reductase of Ideonella dechloratans. The separation of perchlorate reductase as an activity distinct from chlorate reductase was further supported by DNA hybridization analysis of (per)chlorate- and chlorate-reducing strains using the pcrA gene as a probe.
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Gupta, Nidhi, and A. K. Srivastava. "Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Poly Chromium Acrylate/Poly Acrylonitrile: Synthesis and Properties of Semi IPN-1." High Performance Polymers 4, no. 4 (1992): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/4/4/003.
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A series of semi-I tpe interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) based on poly chromium acrylate and poly acrylonitrile crosslinked with divinyl benzene have been synthesized. Synthetic details, including concentration of poly chromium acriylate (PCrA), acrylonitrile (AN) and divinyl benzene (DVB) and average molecular weight of PCrA were varied and their effect on the crosslink density of the network was studied by swelling experiments. High [PCrAJ and low [AN] increases swelling and thereby average molecular weight between crosslinks (M,). SEM micrographs and glass transition temperature show phase separation at high [PCrA] content.
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Yang, Hongjing, Zhiying Shan, Jaewha Kim, et al. "Regulatory Role of PopN and Its Interacting Partners in Type III Secretion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 7 (2007): 2599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01680-06.
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ABSTRACT The type III secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays a significant role in pathogenesis. We have previously identified type III secretion factor (TSF), which is required for effective secretion of the type III effector molecules, in addition to the low calcium signal. TSF includes many low-affinity high-capacity calcium binding proteins, such as serum albumin and casein. A search for the TSF binding targets on the bacterial outer membrane resulted in identification of PopN, a component of the T3SS that is readily detectable on the bacterial cell surface. PopN specifically interacts with Pcr1, and both popN and pcr1 mutants have a constitutive type III secretion phenotype, suggesting that the two proteins form a complex that functions as a T3SS repressor. Further analysis of the popN operon genes resulted in identification of protein-protein interactions between Pcr1 and Pcr4 and between Pcr4 and Pcr3, as well as between PopN and Pcr2 in the presence of PscB. Unlike popN and pcr1 mutants, pcr3 and pcr4 mutants are totally defective in type III secretion, while a pcr2 mutant exhibits reduced type III secretion. Interestingly, PopN, Pcr1, Pcr2, and Pcr4 are all secreted in a type III secretion machinery-dependent manner, while Pcr3 is not. These findings imply that these components have important regulatory roles in controlling type III secretion.
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Anand, Syam P., Haocheng Zheng, Piero R. Bianco, Sanford H. Leuba, and Saleem A. Khan. "DNA Helicase Activity of PcrA Is Not Required for the Displacement of RecA Protein from DNA or Inhibition of RecA-Mediated Strand Exchange." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 12 (2007): 4502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00376-07.
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ABSTRACT PcrA is a conserved DNA helicase present in all gram-positive bacteria. Bacteria lacking PcrA show high levels of recombination. Lethality induced by PcrA depletion can be overcome by suppressor mutations in the recombination genes recFOR. RecFOR proteins load RecA onto single-stranded DNA during recombination. Here we test whether an essential function of PcrA is to interfere with RecA-mediated DNA recombination in vitro. We demonstrate that PcrA can inhibit the RecA-mediated DNA strand exchange reaction in vitro. Furthermore, PcrA displaced RecA from RecA nucleoprotein filaments. Interestingly, helicase mutants of PcrA also displaced RecA from DNA and inhibited RecA-mediated DNA strand exchange. Employing a novel single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay, we demonstrate a lengthening of double-stranded DNA upon polymerization of RecA and show that PcrA and its helicase mutants can reverse this process. Our results show that the displacement of RecA from DNA by PcrA is not dependent on its translocase activity. Further, our results show that the helicase activity of PcrA, although not essential, might play a facilitatory role in the RecA displacement reaction.
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Ruiz-Masó, J. A., S. P. Anand, M. Espinosa, S. A. Khan, and G. del Solar. "Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of the Streptococcus pneumoniae PcrA Helicase and Its Role in Plasmid Rolling Circle Replication." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 21 (2006): 7416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01010-06.
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ABSTRACT PcrA is a chromosomally encoded DNA helicase of gram-positive bacteria involved in replication of rolling circle replicating plasmids. Efficient interaction between PcrA and the plasmid-encoded replication initiator (Rep) protein is considered a requirement for the plasmid to replicate in a given host, and thus, the ability of a Rep protein to interact with heterologous PcrA helicases has been invoked as a determinant of plasmid promiscuity. We characterized transcription of the Streptococcus pneumoniae pcrA gene in its genetic context and studied the biochemical properties of its product, the PcrA Spn helicase. Transcription of the pneumococcal pcrA gene was directed by promoter Pa, consisting of an extended −10 box. Promoter Pa also accounted for expression of a second essential gene, radC, which was transcribed with much lower efficiency than pcrA, probably due to the presence of a terminator/attenuator sequence located between the two genes. PcrA Spn displayed single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. PcrA Spn showed 5′→3′ and 3′→5′ helicase activities and bound efficiently to partially duplex DNA containing a hairpin structure adjacent to a 6-nucleotide 5′ or 3′ single-stranded tail and one unpaired (flap) nucleotide in the complementary strand. PcrA Spn interacted specifically with RepC, the initiator of staphylococcal plasmid pT181. Although the pneumococcal helicase was able to initiate unwinding of the RepC-nicked pT181 DNA, it was much less processive in this activity than the cognate staphylococcal PcrA protein. Accordingly, PcrA Spn was inefficient in in vitro replication of pT181, and perhaps as a consequence, this plasmid could not be established in S. pneumoniae.
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Trivella, Maria Giovanna, Alessandra Piersigilli, Fabio Bernini, et al. "Percutaneous Cardiac Support during Myocardial Infarction Drastically Reduces Mortality: Perspectives from a Swine Model." International Journal of Artificial Organs 40, no. 7 (2017): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ijao.5000604.
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Background/Aims Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with cardiogenic shock (CS) remains the leading cause of in-hospital death in acute coronary syndromes. In the AMI-CS pig model we tested the efficacy of temporary percutaneous cardiorespiratory assist device (PCRA) in rescuing the failing heart and reducing early mortality. Methods In open-chest pigs we induced AMI by proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation. Eight animals without PCRA (C group) were compared with 12 animals otherwise treated with PCRA (T group), starting approximately at 60 minutes post-occlusion and lasting 120–180 minutes. In 3 animals of the T group, regional myocardial oxygen content was also imaged by two-dimensional near infrared spectroscopy (2D-NIRS) with and without PCRA, before and after LAD reperfusion. Results All animals without PCRA died despite unrelenting resuscitation maneuvers (120 minutes average survival time). Conversely, animals treated with PCRA showed a reduction in life-threatening arrhythmia and maintenance of aortic pressure, allowing interruption of PCRA in all cases early in the experiments, with sound hemodynamics at the end of the observation period. During LAD occlusion, NIRS showed severe de-oxygenation of the LAD territory that improved with PCRA. After PCRA suspension and LAD reperfusion, the residual de-oxygenated area proved to be smaller than the initial risk area. Conclusions In AMI, PCRA initiated during advanced CS drastically reduced early mortality from 100% to 0% in a 4–5 hour observation period. PCRA promoted oxygenation of the ischemic area during LAD occlusion. Results support the use of PCRA as first line of treatment in AMI-CS, improving myocardial rescue and short-term survival.
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Moreno-del Álamo, María, Begoña Carrasco, Rubén Torres, and Juan Carlos Alonso. "Bacillus subtilis PcrA Helicase Removes Trafficking Barriers." Cells 10, no. 4 (2021): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10040935.
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Bacillus subtilis PcrA interacts with the RNA polymerase and might contribute to mitigate replication–transcription conflicts (RTCs). We show that PcrA depletion lethality is partially suppressed by rnhB inactivation, but cell viability is significantly reduced by rnhC or dinG inactivation. Following PcrA depletion, cells lacking RnhC or DinG are extremely sensitive to DNA damage. Chromosome segregation is not further impaired by rnhB or dinG inactivation but is blocked by rnhC or recA inactivation upon PcrA depletion. Despite our efforts, we could not construct a ΔrnhC ΔrecA strain. These observations support the idea that PcrA dismantles RTCs. Purified PcrA, which binds single-stranded (ss) DNA over RNA, is a ssDNA-dependent ATPase and preferentially unwinds DNA in a 3′→5′direction. PcrA unwinds a 3′-tailed RNA of an RNA-DNA hybrid significantly faster than that of a DNA substrate. Our results suggest that a replicative stress, caused by mis-incorporated rNMPs, indirectly increases cell viability upon PcrA depletion. We propose that PcrA, in concert with RnhC or DinG, contributes to removing spontaneous or enzyme-driven R-loops, to counteract deleterious trafficking conflicts and preserve to genomic integrity.
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Naqvi, Asma, Eowyn Tinsley, and Saleem A. Khan. "Purification and Characterization of the PcrA Helicase of Bacillus anthracis." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 22 (2003): 6633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.22.6633-6639.2003.
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ABSTRACT PcrA is an essential helicase in gram-positive bacteria, and a gene encoding this helicase has been identified in all such organisms whose genomes have been sequenced so far. The precise role of PcrA that makes it essential for cell growth is not known; however, PcrA does not appear to be necessary for chromosome replication. The pcrA gene was identified in the genome of Bacillus anthracis on the basis of its sequence homology to the corresponding genes of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, with which it shares 76 and 72% similarity, respectively. The pcrA gene of B. anthracis was isolated by PCR amplification and cloning into Escherichia coli. The PcrA protein was overexpressed with a His6 fusion at its amino-terminal end. The purified His-PcrA protein showed ATPase activity that was stimulated in the presence of single-stranded (ss) DNA (ssDNA). Interestingly, PcrA showed robust 3′→5′ as well as 5′→3′ helicase activities, with substrates containing a duplex region and a 3′ or 5′ ss poly(dT) tail. PcrA also efficiently unwound oligonucleotides containing a duplex region and a 5′ or 3′ ss tail with the potential to form a secondary structure. DNA binding experiments showed that PcrA bound much more efficiently to oligonucleotides containing a duplex region and a 5′ or 3′ ss tail with a potential to form a secondary structure than to those with ssDNAs or duplex DNAs with ss poly(dT) tails. Our results suggest that specialized DNA structures and/or sequences represent natural substrates of PcrA in biochemical processes that are essential for the growth and survival of gram-positive organisms, including B. anthracis.
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Nozawa-Inoue, Mamie, Mercy Jien, Nicholas S. Hamilton, Valley Stewart, Kate M. Scow, and Krassimira R. Hristova. "Quantitative Detection of Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria by Real-Time PCR Targeting the Perchlorate Reductase Gene." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 6 (2008): 1941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01658-07.
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ABSTRACT A quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the pcrA gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of perchlorate reductase, detected pcrA genes from perchlorate-reducing bacteria in three different genera and from soil microbial communities. Partial pcrA sequences indicated differences in the composition of perchlorate-reducing bacterial communities following exposure to different electron donors.
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Carrasco, Carolina, Cesar L. Pastrana, Clara Aicart-Ramos, Sanford H. Leuba, Saleem A. Khan, and Fernando Moreno-Herrero. "Dynamics of DNA nicking and unwinding by the RepC–PcrA complex." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 4 (2020): 2013–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1200.
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Abstract The rolling-circle replication is the most common mechanism for the replication of small plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance genes in Gram-positive bacteria. It is initiated by the binding and nicking of double-stranded origin of replication by a replication initiator protein (Rep). Duplex unwinding is then performed by the PcrA helicase, whose processivity is critically promoted by its interaction with Rep. How Rep and PcrA proteins interact to nick and unwind the duplex is not fully understood. Here, we have used magnetic tweezers to monitor PcrA helicase unwinding and its relationship with the nicking activity of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pT181 initiator RepC. Our results indicate that PcrA is a highly processive helicase prone to stochastic pausing, resulting in average translocation rates of 30 bp s−1, while a typical velocity of 50 bp s−1 is found in the absence of pausing. Single-strand DNA binding protein did not affect PcrA translocation velocity but slightly increased its processivity. Analysis of the degree of DNA supercoiling required for RepC nicking, and the time between RepC nicking and DNA unwinding, suggests that RepC and PcrA form a protein complex on the DNA binding site before nicking. A comprehensive model that rationalizes these findings is presented.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PcrA"
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Chisty, L. T. "PcrA function in plasmid replication." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1427879/.
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PcrA is a DNA helicase involved in unwinding plasmi ds as a part of a complex in asymmetric rolling - circle replication of certain plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance genes. PcrA translocates on single stranded DNA by coupling ATP hydrolysis to movement on DNA. Initiator protein, RepD is required to nick supercoiled plasmid site - specifically and open an ssDNA stretch that PcrA can bind. The presence of RepD is needed throughout plasmid unwinding to maintain processivity. Using fluorescent - based techniques, PcrA helicase mechanistic functions and interactions with different components of the replication complex were examined at the ensemble and single molecule level. The development of ensemble techniques included labelling of PcrA with environment sensitive fluorophores such as the coumarin derivative, MDCC. Using MDCC - PcrA(K138C) a transloc ation assay was developed, which determined that PcrA translocates two times faster on dC (500 bases s -1) than on dT oligos (240 bases s -1). MDCC - PcrA(E449C) was used to investigate the PcrA and RepD interaction. The signal observed with this and other labelled PcrA mutants indicated that the 2B subdomain of PcrA is likely to be interaction site between PcrA and RepD . MDCC - PcrA(E449C) enabled the determination of PcrA kin etics with the initiation complex and showed that ATP - PcrA binds differently to PcrA to RepD - DNA complex as compared to apo PcrA , possibly indicating tha t ATP binding stabilises PcrA in a specific conformation when binding to RepD - DNA. A single - molecule a ssay was developed to study individual surface - bound PcrA helicases unwinding full length plasmids by total internal reflection fluorescence microscop y . PcrA unwinds plasmid with the average rate of 40 - 50 bp s - 1 showing 10 - fold variation between the indivi dual helicases. The experiments indicated that the unwinding starts almost immediately after addition of ATP . The single molecule experiments with fluorophore - labelled biotinylated PcrA so clear indication that PcrA unwinds plasmids as a monomer with proce ssivity over 3000 base pairs. The comparison of the ssDNA translocation rate and dsDN A unwinding rates show ed a significant difference between the two forms of translocation, which indicate d PcrA to be a passive helicase. This means that PcrA is n o t active ly destabilising the hydrogen bonding between DNA bases but taking advantage of the thermal fluctuation between the base pairs and so leading to separation of component DNA strands.
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Cerqueira, Lucas Saar. "PCRA - um protocolo cooperativo de acesso ao meio para redes de sensores aquáticas." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/7214.
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Previous issue date: 2018-03-27<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>O monitoramento de ambientes aquáticos ainda é uma tarefa difícil e dispendiosa. De fato, em ambientes aquáticos, ondas eletromagnéticas e ópticas sofrem alta atenuação e, mesmo a comunicação acústica apresenta baixa vazão e alta taxa de erro de bits. A maioria das abordagens existentes para melhorar o desempenho da comunicação subaquática se baseia no desenvolvimento de modems acústicos, acesso múltiplo ao canal de comunicação e roteamento de dados. Neste trabalho apresentamos PCRA: um Protocolo Cooperativo para Redes de Sensores Aquáticas. O PCRA funciona de forma síncrona/assíncrona sobre o método TDMA combinado com um esquema ARQ baseado em Selective Repeat. Cada nó que não possui dados para transmitir pode se tornar um cooperador e retransmitir mensagens para auxiliar os nós vizinhos. Ele usa os nós sensores ociosos como nós retransmissores, aumentando a diversidade do espaço de comunicação. Nossas simulações mostram que, quando comparado a um protocolo não cooperativo, o PCRA reduz a taxa de erro de pacotes em 65% e aumenta o goodput em 16% enquanto gasta menos de 1% a mais de energia.<br>Monitoring underwater environments is still a hard and costly task. Indeed, electromagnetic and optical waves suffer high attenuation, being absorbed in a few meters and even acoustic communication presents low throughput and high bit error rate. Most of the existing approaches to enhance underwater communication performance relies on developing acoustic modems, multiple access of the communication channel, and data routing. In this paper we present PCRA: a Cooperative Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks. PCRA synchronously/asynchronously works on top of TDMA method combined with an ARQ scheme based on selective repeat technique. Each node that has no data to transmit can become a cooperator and retransmit messages to assist neighboring nodes. It uses idle sensor nodes as relay nodes, enhancing communication space diversity. Our simulations show that, when compared to a non-cooperative protocol, PCRA enhances overall network performance metrics. For instance, it reduces packet error rate by 65% and increases goodput by 16% while spending less than 1% more energy.
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Lynch, Gerard Patrick. "Molecular characterization of the interaction between the plasmid initiator protein RepD and PcrA helicase." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536100.
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Dillingham, Mark Simon. "Biochemical studies on DNA helicases." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312245.
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Cravello, Laëtitia. "Etudes structurales des protéines par spectrométrie de masse couplée aux échanges hydrogène/deuterium et à la réticulation chimique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009698.
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Les protéines sont impliquées dans de nombreux processus biologiques. Il est nécessaire pour comprendre en détail leur fonction et leur mode d’action afin d’obtenir des informations sur leur structure et sur leurs interactions éventuelles avec leurs partenaires. Le travail réalisé durant cette thèse a consisté à développer deux méthodes innovantes utilisant la spectrométrie de masse pour étudier la structure des protéines et à appliquer ces méthodes à une problématique biologique. Nous avons optimisé une méthode associant les échanges H/D et la spectrométrie de masse sur une protéine modèle, la protéine PBP-2X. L’utilisation combinée de trois protéases nous a permis d’obtenir un meilleur recouvrement de séquence de la protéine étudiée et une plus grande résolution spatiale dans la localisation des zones d’intérêt. Une méthode associant la réticulation chimique et la spectrométrie de masse a été mise au point sur une protéine modèle : le cytochrome c. Les contraintes de distances ainsi obtenues vont intervenir dans une démarche bioinformatique visant à déterminer la famille de repliement d’une protéine de structure inconnue. Enfin, ces deux méthodes ont été appliquées avec succès sur des protéines du système de sécrétion de type III de Pseudomonas aeruginosa : PcrV et PcrG. Nos résultats expérimentaux sur PcrV corrèlent à la structure modélisée de PcrV et la protéine PcrG est globalement peu structurée. L’interaction PcrV-PcrG a été caractérisée, elle met en jeu les domaines « coiled-coil » de chacune des deux protéines. La formation du complexe induit un changement de la conformation de PcrV qui pourrait avoir pour conséquence la stabilisation de PcrG<br>Proteins are involved in many biological processes. They might be targets for medical treatments as well as therapeutic agents. A detailed knowledge of protein structure and a characterization of protein complexes are important to understand protein functions in a cell. In this study, we developed two new methods, which use mass spectrometry, to elucidate protein structure. These methods were then applied with success on a biological study. We improved a method that combines H/D exchange experiments with mass spectrometry on a model protein: PBP-2X. We show that the combination of three proteases increases the sequence coverage of the protein and the spatial resolution in the determination of interest areas. We developed a method, which associates intramolecular cross-linking and mass spectrometry on a model protein: the cytochrome c. Distance constraints determined by this way will be included in a bioinformatic project, that could give the folding family of a protein of which the tri-dimensional structure is unknown. We applied these two methods on proteins which are involved in type III protein secretion system from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: PcrV and PcrG. Experimental data (accessibility, secondary structures and distance constraints) are in agreement with the structural predictions on PcrV. PcrG is mainly unstructured. PcrG and PcrV are in interaction through their coiled-coil domains. Complexation between the two proteins induces conformational changes on PcrV, which could stabilize PcrG
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Caye-Eude, Aurélie. "Génétique et architecture clonale des leucémies myélomonocytaires juvéniles sporadiques et syndromiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC173/document.
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La LMMJ est un syndrome myéloprolifératif et myélodysplasique rare du jeune enfant, initiée par des mutations classiquement décrites comme mutuellement exclusives de RAS (NRAS, KRAS) ou de régulateurs de la voie RAS (PTPN11, NF1 ou CBL). Ces mutations, somatiques ou constitutionnelles, entraînent l’hyperactivation de cette voie de signalisation et une hypersensibilité spécifique au GM-CSF. La LMMJ est une hémopathie sévère dont le seul traitement est l’allogreffe de moelle osseuse. Cependant sa présentation et son évolution sont particulièrement hétérogènes puisqu’une transformation en leucémie aiguë myéloide survient chez un tiers des patients quand d’autres présentent des formes plus indolentes, voire des rémissions spontanées en l’absence de greffe. Cette hétérogénéité n’est que partiellement liée à la mutation initiatrice et pourrait s’expliquer par la présence de mutations additionnelles et/ou par une variabilité dans la cellule initiatrice de la leucémie, qui n’a jamais été précisément caractérisée.La caractérisation génétique de 118 LMMJ nous a permis de montrer que les anomalies génétiques additionnelles sont peu nombreuses dans les LMMJ sporadiques, et exceptionnelles dans les LMMJ syndromiques sauf en cas de neurofibromatose de type-1. Ces anomalies se concentrent sur deux grands systèmes, la voie RAS et le PRC2, et leur présence s’accompagne d’un pronostic défavorable (particulièrement en cas de mutations multiples de la voie RAS). L’absence d’anomalie additionnelle permet à l’inverse de distinguer un sous-groupe de patients qui présentent une forte probabilité de survie à long terme sans greffe et pour lesquels une soultion attentiste serait à privilégier. Une collaboration avec l’équipe de D Bonnet (Crick Institute) nous a ensuite permis d’établir un modèle murin de xénotransplantation dans des souris immunodéficientes de type NSG ou NSG-S et de montrer que la capacité de propagation de la leucémie est bien portée par la fraction souche, mais s’étend aussi chez certains patients à des fractions plus différenciées. Le profil génétique des 15 xénogreffes étudiées reproduit fidèlement l’architecture clonale des LMMJ natives, tant dans les souris NSG que NSG-S. L’architecture clonale des LMMJ est dans la majorité des cas compatible avec une acquisition linéaire des altérations, mais une architecture complexe est parfois observée, avec coexistence de clones distincts, dont les plus faiblement représentés sont susceptibles de devenir dominants lors de la rechute. Le séquençage de sous-populations isolées a montré que l’ensemble des mutations (initiatrice et additionnelles) est présent dès les fractions les plus immatures (HSC/MPP/MLP). Le séquençage de colonies obtenues par culture des progéniteurs en méthylcellulose révèle que les mutations coexistent dans les mêmes cellules, sans qu’il soit possible de hiérarchiser leur ordre de survenue, témoignant d’un avantage sélectif majeur de leur association dès la cellule souche. Au total, nos résultats remettent en cause le dogme de l’exclusivité mutuelle des mutations activant RAS dans les LMMJ, confirment le rôle central et initiateur de cette voie oncogénique dans la leucémogénèse et suggérent un effet-dose de l’activation de RAS, en particulier en cas de mutation de NRAS. La présence d’altérations multiples ciblant la voie RAS marque des LMMJ agressives et rapidement évolutives. La mise en évidence d’une fréquente dérégulation du PRC2 offre de nouvelles perspectives therapeutiques (comme l’utilisation des inhibiteurs de bromodomaine). La mise en place d’un modèle de souris xénotransplantée devrait de plus faciliter les études biologiques et la mise en place d’évaluations précliniques<br>JMML is a rare myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic neoplasm of early childhood, initiated by mutations classically described as mutually exclusive of RAS (NRAS, KRAS) or RAS pathway regulators (PTPN11, NF1 or CBL). These mutations, either germline or somatically aquired, lead to an hyperactivation of the RAS signalling pathway and a to a specific hypersensitivity to GM-CSF. JMML is a severe hemopathy, and the only curative treatment is allogenic bone marrow transplantation. However, its presentation and evolution are particularly heterogeneous since transformation into acute myeloid leukaemia occurs in about one third of patients, when others present more indolent forms, or even spontaneous remissions in the absence of transplantation. This heterogeneity is only partially accounted for by the initiating mutation and could be related to the presence of additional mutations, or some variability in the leukemia initiating cell, which has never been precisely characterized so far.Establishing the genetic landscape of 118 LMMJ allowed us to show that additional genetic abnormalities are scarse in sporadic JMML and exceptional in syndromic JMML, except in the case of type-1 neurofibromatosis. These additional abnormalities mainly target two major biologic components, the RAS pathway and the PRC2, and their presence is associated with an unfavourable prognosis (particularly in the case of multiple mutations targeting the RAS pathway). On the other hand, the absence of any additional abnormality allows to delineate a subgroup of patients who have a high probability of long-term survival in the absence of bone marrow transplantation, and for whom a wait-and-see approach would be preferable. A collaboration with D. Bonnet’s group (Crick Institute) allowed us to establish a mouse model of xenotransplantation in immunodeficient NSG or NSG-S mice and to demonstrate that the leukemia propagating cell is present in the stem cell fractions (HSC, CD34+/CD38-…) but also extends in certain patients to more differentiated fractions, such as CMP. The genetic profile of xenografts established from 15 JMML faithfully reproduced the clonal architecture of the native leukemia, either in NSG or NSG-S mice. The clonal architecture of JMML is linear in the great majority of cases, with linear acquisition of alterations, but a complex architecture is sometimes observed, with coexistence of distinct clones, the weakest of which being susceptible to become dominant at relapse. Sequencing of sorted cell populations showed that all mutations (initiating and additional) are present in the most immature fractions (HSC/MPP/MLP). The sequencing of colonies obtained by culturing progenitors into methylcellulose revealed that mutations coexist in the same cells, their order of appearance being often impossible to determine, showing a major selective advantage of their association from the most immature compartment. In conclusion, our findings confirm the central role of RAS activation in JMML leukemogenesis. The identification of multiple alterations targeting the RAS pathway challenges the dogma of the mutual exclusivity of these mutations and defines a subset of aggressive and rapidly evolving JMML, suggesting a dose-effect of RAS activation, particularly in case with NRAS mutation. Recurrent deregulation of PRC2 in JMML may offer new therapeutic approaches, such as bromodomain inhibitors. The implementation of a xenotransplanted mouse model should also facilitate biological studies and the implementation of preclinical evaluations
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Salgado, Vanessa Riesz. "Desenvolvimento de Reações em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCRs) para o diagnóstico diferencial das principais espécies de Brucella." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-11102012-115215/.
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A brucelose é uma doença altamente contagiosa, responsável por grandes prejuízos econômicos e de saúde pública. É causada por bactérias do gênero Brucella, cujas espécies e seus biovares costumam ser caracterizados pelo isolamento e identificação de características fenotípicas da colônia. Dificuldades como, o perigo na manipulação dos microrganismos, processos laboriosos de tipificação, demora na obtenção de resultados e a instabilidade de características fenotípicas ou isolamento de linhagens atípicas dificultam a tipificação e encorajaram a busca de técnicas mais sensíveis e específicas, como a PCR, que resolveria as dificuldades e facilitaria a investigação epidemiológica dos casos humanos e animais. Diversas análises e o sequenciamento de determinados genes e do genoma completo de algumas espécies, demonstraram a existência de polimorfismos únicos no DNA das brucelas, que podem ser utilizados na sua identificação. Baseado nas dificuldades de identificação e na descoberta de polimorfismos únicos no DNA bacteriano das espécies, nosso objetivo foi desenvolver primers específicos para identificação de seis espécies do gênero B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, B. canis, B. ovis e B. neotomae, e padronizar PCRs que permitissem identificá-las com maior sensibilidade e rapidez. Tentamos caracterizar marcadores moleculares para o desenho de primers espécie-específicos, através da amplificação randômica e clonagem dos fragmentos específicos, sem resultados satisfatórios. Apenas um primer para B. abortus foi conseguido quando foram analisados os polimorfismos já descritos na literatura. Assim, realizou-se o alinhamento múltiplo das sequências dos cromossomos I e II das espécies de Brucella, que permitiu a identificação de vários eventos polimórficos específicos para cada espécie, dos quais foram escolhidas regiões potenciais para o desenho de sete primers (dois para B. canis, B. melitensis e B. ovis, e outro para B. canis/B. suis) que tiveram sua especificidade analítica verificada com o programa Primer BLAST e testada nas 18 cepas de referência de Brucella, compreendendo a B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis e seus biovares, além da <iB. canis, B. ovis e B. neotomae, e em 231 isolados de campo, incluindo B. abortus, B. canis e B. suis. Os testes de especificidade dos primers resultaram na amplificação do fragmento esperado de quase todas as cepas de referência e de campo, exceto para o primer de B. canis e o de B. canis/B. suis. Estes resultados sugerem que os marcadores desenhados são promissores na diferenciação das espécies.<br>Brucellosis is responsible for great economic losses and serious impact on public health. This infectious disease is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, whose species and their respective biovars are often characterized by isolation and identification of differences in phenotypic tests. The complex and laborious process of Brucella typing, comprising the danger in handling of microorganisms, delay in obtaining results and instability of phenotypic characteristics or isolation of atypical strains, stimulated the search for more sensitive and specific techniques such as PCR. This technique would facilitate the epidemiological investigation of human and animal cases. Several analyses even as sequencing of certain genes and the complete genome of some species, demonstrated the existence of polymorphisms in the DNA of Brucella, which can be used to identify them. Due to typing difficulties and discovery of single polymorphisms in DNA bacterial species, our goals were to develop specific primers for identification of six species of the genus B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, B. canis, B. ovis and B. neotomae and standardize PCRs to identify them with greater sensitivity and speed. We tried to characterize species-specific molecular markers using random amplification and cloning of specific fragments to design primers, without satisfactory results. Only one primer based on polymorphisms already described in the literature was successful for B. abortus specie differentiation. Thus, we performed the multiple alignment of the complete sequences of chromosomes I and II of Brucella species. This approach allowed the identification of several specie-specific polymorphic events, from which potential regions were chosen for the design of seven primers (two for B. canis, B. melitensis and B. ovis, and one for B. canis / B. suis). The analytical specificity of all primers was verified with the Primer BLAST software. Tests with specific primers were performed on 18 reference strains of Brucella, including all the six species of the genus Brucella and 231 field strains of B. abortus, B. canis and B. suis. The PCRs showed the expected fragment amplification in almost all reference and field strains, except for the B. canis and the B. canis / B. suis primers. Ours results suggest that these PCRs are able for Brucella species differentiation.
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Voigt, Kristina. "Einfluss der patientenkontrollierten epiduralen Analgesie versus der patientenkontrollierten intravenösen Analgesie auf immunologische Parameter nach großen Wirbelsäulenoperationen." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15589.
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Operationen mit großem Gewebetrauma können mit starken postoperativen Schmerzen und ausgeprägten perioperativen Homöostasestörungen einhergehen. Dabei werden sowohl hyperinflammatorische als auch immunparalytische Reaktionen beobachtet, die sich negativ auf den postoperativen Verlauf auswirken können. Um eine effektive und sichere Analgesie zu gewähren, werden alternativ zu der intravenösen Therapie mit Opioiden zunehmend epidurale Verfahren eingesetzt. In dieser prospektiven, randomisierten und doppelblinden Studie wurde die patientenkontrollierte epidurale Analgesie mit der patientenkontrollierten intra-venösen Schmerztherapie hinsichtlich der analgetischen Effektivität und der Beeinflussung der postoperativen Immunkompetenz verglichen. 54 Patienten erhielten bis zum Morgen des 4. postoperativen Tages entweder über einen intraoperativ gelegten epiduralen Katheter (PDK) Ropivacain und Sufentanil (PCEA-Gruppe) oder intravenös Morphin (PCIA-Gruppe). Cortisol, Leukozytenpopulationen, lymphozytäre Subpopulationen, monozytäre Oberflächenmarker und die löslichen Mediatoren TNF alpha, MCP-1, MIF, IL-8, IL-6 und IL-10 wurden perioperativ gemessen. Zudem wurde die Schmerzempfindung der Patienten in Ruhe und bei Mobilisation erhoben. Im Vergleich zur PCIA-Gruppe profitierten die Patienten der PCEA-Gruppe von einer deutlich besseren Analgesie. Cortisol wies postoperativ in beiden Studiengruppen einen ähnlich leichten Anstieg auf. Die monozytären Oberflächenmarker (HLA-DR, CD86) fielen im Verlauf deutlich ab mit einem Minimum am 1. postoperativen Tag, erholten sich bis zum 7. postoperativen Tag nahezu vollständig und zeigten keine signifikanten Gruppenunterschiede. Dagegen wurde der postoperative Abfall der CD4+ T-Lymphozyten, CD4/CD8 T-Zellratio, CD3+ Lymphozyten und CD19+ Lymphozyten bei den Patienten, die eine Epiduralanalgesie erhielten, signifikant vermindert. Hinsichtlich der löslichen Mediatoren gab es keine signifikanten Gruppenunterschiede. Somit scheint die epidurale Schmerztherapie die T-Zellkompetenz während der postoperativen Phase besser zu erhalten, während sich bei den monozytären Oberflächenmarkern und dem Stresshormon Cortisol kein Unterschied zwischen den beiden Analgesie-verfahren zeigte.<br>Surgeries accompanied by an extensive tissue trauma are associated with intense postsurgical pain and major perioperative homeostatic disorders. Both hyper-inflammatory and immuneparalytic reactions can be observed, what can negatively effect the postoperative course. To realise an effective and safe analgesia, epidural procedures are used to an increasing degree as an alternative method to the therapy with intravenous opioids. In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial we compared the patient-controlled epidural analgesia and the patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with respect to the analgesic efficiency and the influence on the postoperative immune competence. 54 patients received until the morning of the fourth postoperative day either ropivacaine plus sufentanil through an intraoperatively placed epidural catheter (PCEA-group) or intravenous morphine (PCIA-group). Cortisol, populations of leukocytes and lymphocytes, cell-surface molecules of monocytes and the soluble mediators TNF-alpha, MCP-1, MIF, IL-8, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured perioperatively. Additionally we determined the subjective pain scores of the patients in rest and with mobilisation. Patients of the PCEA-group had a better pain control compared to the patients of the PCIA-group. Cortisol showed a similar slight increase in both study-groups. The monocyte cell-surface molecules (HLA-DR, CD86) decreased in the observed period with a minimum on the first postoperative day and recovered until the seventh postoperative day without a significant difference between both groups. In contrast, the postoperative decrease in CD4+ T-lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio, CD3+ lymphocytes and CD19+ lymphocytes was significantly reduced in patients receiving epidural analgesia. No group differences were found in soluble mediators. This implicates a better postoperative competence of T-cells induced by epidural analgesia, whereas no differences between both analgetic methods were found in cell-surface markers of monocytes and the stress hormone cortisol.
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Minnella, Walter Settimo Leonardo. "Development of microfluidic tools for biological applications." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0664.
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Cette thèse traite le développement de dispositifs, basés sur la technologie "laboratoire sur puce"(LOC) qui visent à contrôler l'environnement des systèmes biologiques pour des applications macro et microbiologiques. En effet, les caractéristiques de la microfluidique permettent de manipuler l'environnement cellulaire à un niveau supérieur à celui du degré de contrôle atteignable avec les techniques ordinaires. Dans ce travail de thèse sera explorée la possibilité de profiter de ces fonctions afin de développer des outils de diagnostic peu coûteux et pourtant efficaces. En particulier, on rapporte le développement de systèmes microfluidiques permettant une perfusion des médias fluide et rapide, ainsi qu'une plateforme LOC capable de réaliser des PCRq hautement multiplexes. Au sujet des systèmes de perfusion, le but était d'obtenir une substitution du médium entourant les particules afin d'augmenter les capacités de séparation des modules de tri microfluidiques couplés. L'efficacité de notre approche a été validée par les hauts taux de séparation obtenus (>90%) avec l'utilisation de notre système de perfusion microfluidique couplé à une puce d'acoustophorèse. De plus, nous avons conçu et développé un système de thermalisation microfluidique capable d'opérer des changements de température en moins de 1s. Plus spécifiquement, cette plateforme exploite l'échange de chaleur entre un liquide de thermalisation qui circule dans une puce microfluidique et l'échantillon. Ces performances de thermalisation, et le rapport surface/volume élevé typique des appareils microfluidiques, ont permis d'effectuer 50 cycles de PCRq et l'analyse de courbe de fusion en moins de dix minutes<br>The topic of this manuscript is the development of microdevices, based on "lab on chip" (LOC) technology, aimed to the environmental control and regulation of biological systems for macro and microbiological applications. Indeed, microfluidics possesses some inherent features which allow the manipulation of the environment at the cell and sub-cell level which are superior than the degree of control achievable with standard techniques. In this thesis work the possibility to leverage these features to develop inexpensive yet effective diagnostic tools is explored. In particular, we report the development of microfluidic systems which allow seamless and fast media perfusion and a novel LOC platform capable of performing highly multiplexed real-time PCR assays. Concerning the microfluidic perfusion systems, the aim was to achieve in-flow substitution of the particles' surrounding media in order to enhance the separation capabilities of the coupled microfluidic sorting modules. The effectiveness of our approach was validated by obtaining high separation purities (>90%) using our microfluidic perfusion system coupled with an acoustophoresis chip to discern two population of micro-sized beads. Moreover, we conceived and developed a microfluidic thermalisation system capable of sub-second temperature switches. Specifically, this platform relies on conductive heat exchange between a thermalisation liquid flowing inside a microfluidic chip and the biological sample. These thermalisation performances, and the high surface to volume ratio typical of microfluidic devices, allowed to perform 50 qPCR cycles and subsequent melting curve analysis in less than ten minutes
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Ohlsson, Staffan. "Modellering och styrning av flis till en sulfatkokare." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2941.
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<p>At the Skoghall pappermill, sulphatepaper pulp is produced in a continuous digester originally from 1969. To be able to maintain a high level of production there is a need for a process with few disturbances. Variations in how well the wooden chips are packed in the digester is one form of disturbance. Today there are no available measurements on how well the chips are packed. Instead this is regarded as being constant. </p><p>The variation in the so called bulk density of the chips is mainly due to variations in the percentage with small dimensions. Chips are classified in relation to their size and one of the smallest classes is referred to as pin chips. These are believed to have a big impact on the bulk density. The amount of pin chips fluctuate more then the other classes, there by causing disturbances. </p><p>The Skoghall pappermill has invested in a ScanChip. This is an instrument that measures the dimensions of the chips optically. ScanChip presents figures on chip quality, including a measurement of the bulk density. However, it has been shown that this measurement is not valid for the Skoghall pappermill. By using data from ScanChip a model that predicts how well the chips are packed has been devised. This value is the bulk density divided by the basic density. The model has proved to yield good results, despite a relatively small amount of data. </p><p>A theoretical value of the amount of produced pulp has been computed based on the revolutions of the production screw that feeds chips into the digester. This value takes in consideration how well the chips are packed. The value has shown great similarities with the empirical measurements that are used today. A simulation during one month has shown that differences in the mixture of chips have effected the measurement of produced pulp with up to 7 ton/h. </p><p>Chips are stored in open pile storages before they are being used in the process of transforming them into pulp. Four screws are used to move chips from the piles to conveyer belts. It has been shown in work done previously, that the movement of the screws contributes to variations in the amount of pin chips measured by ScanChip. </p><p>During the work with this master’s thesis I have found that there are variations in the piles that make it difficult to predict the amount of pin chips accordingly. However by filtering the measurements of pin chips to remove these variations, the results are improved. A new way of controlling the movements of the screws was operational on the 10 of March and this improved the results. </p><p>The direction in which the screws are moving influence the speed of the screws, mainly in the pile with the so called sawmill chips. By changing the amount of chips that each screw puts out, the differences in speed have been reduced. The mixtures found in the two piles are not completely homogenous. There are a greater amount of pin chips in the northern parts compared with the southern parts. This could be an effect of the wind direction, and will still cause variations.</p>
Books on the topic "PcrA"
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Vinluan, Randy John N. Integration of PCRA and satellite image maps for the production of better coastal resource maps. Fisheries Resource Management Project, 2004.
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Newton, C. R. PCR. BIOS Scientific in association with the Biochemical Society, 1994.
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Domingues, Lucília, ed. PCR. Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7060-5.
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White, Bruce A. PCR Protocols. Humana Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0896032442.
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Bartlett, John M. S., and David Stirling. PCR Protocols. Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592593844.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "PcrA"
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Muro, Yoshinao, and Eng M. Tan. "PCNA." In Manual of Biological Markers of Disease. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1670-1_23.
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Raoux, Simone, and Mikko Ritala. "PCRAM." In Atomic Layer Deposition for Semiconductors. Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8054-9_5.
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Nishiyama, Soichiro, and Keizo Yonemori. "Japanese PCNA." In Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05584-3_11.
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Chen, Wenxing, and Zhengrong Luo. "Chinese PCNA." In Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05584-3_10.
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Sivala, Kumar. "Protected Cultivation: Advantages, Present Status and Future Prospects." In Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture. New Delhi Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30954/ndp-pcsa.2020.1.
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Santosh, D. T. "Polyethylene Film Mulches for Protected Cropping." In Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture. New Delhi Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30954/ndp-pcsa.2020.10.
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Tripathy, Barsha. "Protected Cultivation of Capsicum." In Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture. New Delhi Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30954/ndp-pcsa.2020.11.
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Pavani, Kommana. "Cultivation Technology of Tomato in Greenhouse." In Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture. New Delhi Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30954/ndp-pcsa.2020.12.
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M., Roja. "Raising of Leafy Vegetables in Protected Cultivation." In Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture. New Delhi Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30954/ndp-pcsa.2020.13.
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Pal, Arunabha. "Cultivation of Cucumber in Greenhouse." In Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture. New Delhi Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30954/ndp-pcsa.2020.14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "PcrA"
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BROWN, Jason, and Jamil KHAN. "Proximity Coordinated Random Access (PCRA) for M2M Applications in LTE-A." In 2018 28th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/atnac.2018.8615419.
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Rangelov, Milena, Heather Dylla, and Nadarajah Sivaneswaran. "Using environmental product declarations for green public procurement and life cycle assessment of concrete pavements." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/8ziapl8i.
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Environmental impacts of concrete production have been evaluated for more than a decade. As a result, a national program for environmental product declarations (EPDs) of concrete has been initiated. The main objective of this paper is to analyze concrete EPDs produced to date and evaluate their applicability for green public procurement (GPP) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) of concrete pavements. EPDs provide transparent and verified quantification of environmental impacts, calculated per predetermined guidelines, known as Product Category Rules (PCRs). PCRs for concrete were developed through involvement of stakeholders from the building industry; therefore, these PCRs may not be fully applicable to paving concrete. The analysis included over 70 published EPDs and revealed that there are marked variations in underlying data sources and data quality, which hinders comparability of EPDs and use of EPDs for benchmarking. Concrete EPDs were created primarily using proprietary data sources suitable for the private sector. However, in the public sector, the use of proprietary data may be cost-prohibitive for agencies, disable transparency, and present the impediment to wider GPP and LCA adoption. To that end, reliable public datasets offer more promise for the development of paving concrete EPD. This study also compares concrete PCR to that of other paving materials (cement, aggregate, asphalt), all of which were created with no overarching entity. Accordingly, the potential options for harmonization and synergetic use of these EPDs in GPP and pavement LCA are also investigated.
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Swan, Ryan R., and Haig Hovaness. "Controlling the Menace of High-tech Weapons: A New Direction for Arms Control." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.003.
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Abstract This paper describes the risks posed by the advent of software-based weaponry (SBW) and the novel challenges it raises for existing arms control architectures. It highlights the fundamental mismatch between the dynamic, persistent character of SBW advancement and the static, intermittent nature of prevailing arms control practices, and argues that a new arms control model is needed in order to keep pace with the rapidly evolving SBW threat. It introduces a preliminary sketch of a modernized arms control approach that better accounts for the realities of contemporary arms development. Keywords: arms control, arms race, high-tech weapons, emerging technologies
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Chen, Zhenyi. "Study On The Situation Between France And The South China Sea From The Perspective Of Balance Of Power Theory." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.011.
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ABSTRACT With the rise of China and the escalation of tension between China and the United States, European countries led by Britain, France and Germany pay increasing attention to the regional situation in the Asia-Pacific (now known as "Indo-Pacific"). Among them, the South China Sea (SCS) is one of the main areas disputed by China, the United States, Southeast Asian countries and some European countries. Western countries are worried that the rise of China's military power will break the stability of the situation in SCS and alter the balance of power among major powers. Therefore, they tried to balance China's rise through alliance. In France's Indo-Pacific strategy, France aims to build a regional order with the alliance of France, India and Australia as the core, and regularly carry out military exercises targeting SCS with the United States, Japan and Southeast Asian countries. This paper aims to study the activities and motivation of France in the South China Sea, and put the situation in SCS under the perspective of Balance of Power Theory, focusing on China, America and France. It will be argued that great powers are carefully maintaining the balance of military power in SCS, and it is highly possible that this trend would still last in the middle and long term, particularly via military deployment and strategic alliances. KEYWORDS: South China Sea, France, China, Balance of Power theory, Indo-Pacific.
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El Massoudi, Nezha. "Global Citizenship Education (GCED) in The Digital Era: The Unexpected Tool for Peacebuilding. How 21st Century Fluencies Can Shape Sustainable Global Peace?" In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.006.
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Abstract If education is unanimously recognized as a powerful and impactful tool for social advancement, its use in global affairs as a major component has not yet been fully acknowledged. The current world state, with multiplying challenges amidst a global crisis - caused by the fallouts of an unmanageable pandemic - exposed the limits of multilateralism, undermining international cohesion already struggling over geopolitical rivalries and bursting territorial conflicts. Growing gaps between citizens and governing bodies are threatening the very essence of democracy, the quintessence of people representation, the act of being a citizen. If such struggles arise even within states’ borders, needless to say, building a global citizenship feeling of belonging may prove difficult, requiring exceptional efforts and a strong driver, such as education, leaning on an innovative approach. Peacebuilding through education to global citizenship is one of the pillars of the United Nations 2030 Agenda. In this regard this work is directly relevant to the Sustainable Development Goal 4.7 (Education for sustainable development and global citizenship, and the promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence), an indicator building a basis for decision-making and institutional frameworks, reflecting on citizen political involvement on a local/global level, leaning on the tryptic pattern of foundation/adaptation/integration. GCED could be one of the strongest peace advancement tools to think globally and act locally, by integrating emotional intelligence, creating a common shared value, tackling climate change and gender equity, as women are often in the frontline of rising challenges. This work will investigate and analyze the paradigms of GCED in peacebuilding using a cross-national analysis within the framework of digital humanities and peace studies research fields. KEYWORDS: peace, education, peacebuilding, digital citizenship, emotional intelligence, critical thinking, global security, 21st century skills, peacetech, innovation, empowerment
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Leick, Eva. "Encircling Transnational Peace through Khaita – Joyful Dances." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.004.
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Abstract This article investigates how Khaita- Joyful Dances promote an understanding of peace from a transrational and Buddhist perspective. Khaita dances have been created by the Buddhist Dzogchen master Namkhai Norbu as a practice of presence and collaboration, promoting an inner attitude of peace spreading from the individual to the group. Peace is hereby understood as a multi-faceted, intra- as well as interpersonal, dynamic state perceived and experienced not only by the intellectual mind but also through the body and subtle energies. This article is structured in three parts. First, I will explore peace theory in the context of Khaita. Second, I will illustrate the peace understanding promoted by the Tibetan artists through examples from the Khaita songs. The Tibetan song lyrics thereby express the wish for unification amongst Tibetans and the desire for (world) peace. Third, I will investigate the principles of accessible participation, equality as well as collaboration as parameters for peace experiences through examples from the Khaita practice sessions as well as Khaita Kordros, circle dances. The circle dances thereby offer an easy, non-hierarchical immersion in a diverse group of dancers and require presence and self-observation. KEYWORDS: transrational peace, peace theory, circle dance, Tibetan dance, Buddhism
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Daas, Israa. "The American Perception of the Palestine-Israel Conflict." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.013.
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Abstract The Palestine-Israel conflict is probably one of the most pressing problems in the Middle East. Moreover, the United States has been involved in this conflict since the 1970s. Therefore, the present research aims to learn more about the American perception of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. It was conducted using a survey that addressed Americans from different backgrounds, focusing on four variables: the American government’s position, solutions, the Israeli settlements, and Jerusalem. The research suggests a correlation between political party and the American perception of the conflict. It appears that Republicans seem to be against the withdrawal of the Israeli settlements, and they believe that the US government is not biased toward Israel. Nevertheless, Democrats tend to believe that the US government is biased in favor of Israel, and they support withdrawing the Israeli settlements. Moreover, there might be another correlation between the American perception and the source of information they use to learn about the conflict. Most of the surveyed Americans, whatever their resource of information that they use to learn about the conflict is, tend to believe that the US is biased in favor of Israel. It is crucial to know about the American perception when approaching to a solution to the conflict as the US is a mediator in this conflict, and a powerful country in the world. Especially because it has a permanent membership in the UN council. KEYWORDS: American Perception, Palestine-Israel Conflict, Jerusalem, Israeli settlements
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Dehkordi, Seyede Simin Mirhashemi, and Hojjat Mianabadi. "Game Theory and Dealing with Water Conflict." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.005.
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Abstract In the last century, water conflicts have increased in many parts of the world for reasons such as a strong desire for rapid development and poor governance. The impact of these conflicts on various sectors of society such as economic, political and legal subsystems has led researchers to focus on providing solutions and practical methods to deal with water conflicts. Game theory is one of the most common methods used by researchers to manage water conflicts and water allocation in shared and transboundary river basins. Despite the special place of game theory in reductionist sciences, the application of this theory to dealing with conflicts in complex water systems faces challenges. Whereas, the critique of the effectiveness of the game theory method in water conflict management has been neglected. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the capacity to apply the game theory to deal with water conflicts. In order to achieve this purpose, while using library resources, the basics of game theory and the capacity to apply it in the management of water conflicts are analyzed. The results reveal that following the theory of rational choice and rationalism in the game theory method has led to ignore many dimensions and factors affecting the water conflict formation and the way to deal with complex water conflicts. Keywords: Water Conflicts, Game Theory, Peacebuilding, Shared and Transboundary River Basins
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Saria, Anant. "Rethinking Security: An Analytical Study to Explore the Correlation Between Military Expenditure and Human Security in Arms Importing (Developing) States." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.010.
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ABSTRACT The following research seeks to identify a correlation between increasing military expenditure and the simultaneous changes observed in the levels of human security in arms importing states under the world military order. Identification of such trends is needed because leaders use the narrow understanding of security in terms of military strength to justify the higher global military expenditure. However, it is also understood that growing military expenditure increases insecurity amongst states. This paradox excludes consideration of other factors that impact human lives and need to be secured. The research uses case studies analyzed with quantitative data and analysis to determine any correlation between the two variables - military expenditure and human security. It is found that in arms importing states, there is generally an inverse proportionality, causing a negative correlation between military expenditure and human security. Therefore, higher military expenditure causes a drop in human security in importing states due to various structural factors of the global arms hierarchy. This illustrates a need to rethink the understanding of security to include other factors of human security: economic, political, personal, community, health, food, and environmental security for a holistic security approach to human lives in contemporary security studies. KEYWORDS: arms control, security studies, military expenditure, international order, global arms trade, human security, humanitarianism, neo-imperialism, militarism, world military order
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Dan Paich, Slobodan. "Conciliation: Culture Making Byproduct." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.002.
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Abstract Reclaiming public space at Oakland's Arroyo Public Park, a nexus of crime and illegal activities. A coalition of neighbors invited local performing artists to help animate city agencies, inspire repair of the amphitheater and create daytime performances in the summer, mostly by children. It gave voice to and represented many people. Reclaiming space for community was the impetus, structured curriculum activates were means. Safe public space and learning were two inseparable goals. Conciliation learning through specific responses, example: Crisis Of Perseverance acute among children and youth lacking role models or witnessing success through perseverance. Artists of all types are the embodiment of achievable mastery and completion. Taking place on redefined historic 1940 passenger-cargo/military ship for public peacetime use and as a cultural space. Mixt generations after and outside school programs: Children and Architecture project’s intention was to integrate children’s internal wisdom of playing with learning about the world of architecture (environment and co-habitability) as starting point was an intergenerational setting: 5-12 olds + parents and volunteers, twice weekly from 1989 to 1995 at the Museum of Children’s Art in Oakland, California. Concluding Examples Public celebration and engagements as inadvertent conciliations if prepared for before hand. Biographical sketch: Slobodan Dan Paich native of former Yugoslavia was born 1945. He lived in England from 1967 to 1985. Slobodan taught the History of Art and Ideas, Design and Art Studio from 1969 through 1985 at various institutions in London, including North-East London Polytechnic, Thames Polytechnic and Richmond College-American University in London. Between 1986 to1992, he taught at the University of California at Berkeley. With a number of scholars, artists, and community leaders, he founded the Artship Foundation in 1992, and has been its Executive Director ever since. He also served as a board member of the Society of Founders of the International Peace University in Berlin/Vienna from 1996 to 2002, where he lectured annually and chaired its Committee on Arts and Culture. community@artship.org
Reports on the topic "PcrA"
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Montiel Olea, César E., and Leonardo R. Corral. Text Analysis of Project Completion Reports. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003611.
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Project Completion Reports (PCRs) are the main instrument through which different multilateral organizations measure the success of a project once it closes. PCRs are important for development effectiveness as they serve to understand achievements, failures, and challenges within the project cycle they can feed back into the design and execution of new projects. The aim of this paper is to introduce text analysis tools for the exploration of PCR documents. We describe and apply different text analysis tools to explore the content of a sample of PCRs. We seek to illustrate a way in which PCRs can be summarized and analyzed using innovative tools applied to a unique dataset. We believe that the methods presented in this investigation have numerous potential applications to different types of text documents routinely prepared within the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
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Gardner, S., D. Clague, J. Vandersall, G. Hon, and P. Williams. Virtual PCR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/894750.
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Davisson, Vincent J., Anthony Pedley, Qingshou Chen, Matthew Bartolowits, and Raymond Fatig. Targeting PCNA Phosphorylation in Breast Cancer. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada586048.
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Davisson, Vincent J., Anthony Pedley, Qingshou Chen, Matthew Bartolowits, and Raymond Fatig. Targeting PCNA Phosphorylation in Breast Cancer. Defense Technical Information Center, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada586063.
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Davisson, Vincent J., Anthony Pedley, Qingshou Chen, and Matthew Bartolowits. Targeting PCNA Phosphorylation in Breast Cancer. Defense Technical Information Center, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada554228.
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Berge, N. UNINETT PCA Policy Statements. RFC Editor, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc1875.
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Rohrbaugh, David. Baseline Characterization Database Verification Report – PCEA Billet 02S8 7. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1601000.
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Rohrbaugh, David T. Baseline Characterization Database Verification Report – PCEA Billet XPC01D3-36. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1601351.
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Amduka, Mohammed, Jon Russo, Krishna Jha, et al. The Design of a Polymorphous Cognitive Agent Architecture (PCAA). Defense Technical Information Center, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada481982.
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Lebak, J., A. Reuther, and E. Wong. Polymorphous Computing Architecture (PCA) Kernel-Level Benchmarks. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada440246.
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