Relevant bibliographies by topics / PCR methodologies

Academic literature on the topic 'PCR methodologies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PCR methodologies"

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Martínez, Ana Laura, Freda Anderson, Facundo Quiroz, Antonio Garayalde, Ignacio Erreguerena, Lorena Armando, Norma Huguet, and Alicia Carrera. "Methodologies for Plasmopara halstedii Research." Helia 42, no. 71 (November 18, 2019): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helia-2019-0013.

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Abstract The objective of this work was to find practical procedures to overcome methodological drawbacks encountered during studies on sunflower downy mildew. Techniques for recovering living isolates of Plasmopara halstedii from the field and for the preservation of infected leaf samples for further molecular analysis were developed. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based test for the detection of P. halstedii in sunflower leaves and a method to remove azoxystrobin from fungicide-treated seeds are proposed. In situ-inoculations of pre-germinated seeds allowed the recovery of living isolates from the field. Three sample-preservation methods were evaluated (silica, heating and lyophilization) resulting in high yield and quality of the DNA extract. It was detected the presence of the pathogen in symptomless leaves through PCR using molecular markers based on expressed sequence tags. A treatment using sodium hypochlorite is recommended for the removal of azoxystrobin from fungicide treated seeds.
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Twin, J., N. Taylor, S. M. Garland, J. S. Hocking, J. Walker, C. S. Bradshaw, C. K. Fairley, and S. N. Tabrizi. "Comparison of Two Mycoplasma genitalium Real-Time PCR Detection Methodologies." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49, no. 3 (January 5, 2011): 1140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02328-10.

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Múrtula, Raquel, Elena Soria, M. Adela Yáñez, and Vicente Catalán. "Proficiency testing schemes for the assessment of Legionella PCR methodologies." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 17, no. 4 (June 9, 2012): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-012-0903-5.

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Migliaro, Daniele, Giacomo Morreale, Massimo Gardiman, Sara Landolfo, and Manna Crespan. "Direct multiplex PCR for grapevine genotyping and varietal identification." Plant Genetic Resources 11, no. 2 (December 5, 2012): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262112000433.

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Grapevine cultivar identification is based mainly on two complementary methodologies: microsatellite (simple sequence repeat (SSR)) DNA analysis and traditional ampelography. Here, we report a direct multiplex PCR approach that allows the simultaneous amplification of 11 SSR loci from crude samples, i.e. bypassing DNA extraction, by using an engineered DNA polymerase improved to tolerate plant PCR inhibitors. Many different plant tissues were successfully amplified: leaf, root, wood, berry flesh and skin, stalk and must, from wine and table grape varieties, and rootstocks. The direct multiplex PCR that we propose is quicker and cheaper than the methodologies used until now, and provides accurate results. Thus, SSR DNA analysis becomes economically more accessible to a larger number of potential users in addition to research institutes.
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Herrero, Beatriz, Fátima C. Lago, Juan M. Vieites, and Montserrat Espiñeira. "Authentication of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) by RT–PCR and FINS methodologies." European Food Research and Technology 233, no. 2 (June 5, 2011): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-011-1502-0.

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Linars, Artis, Ivars Silamikelis, Dita Gudra, Ance Roga, and Davids Fridmanis. "OverFlap PCR: A reliable approach for generating plasmid DNA libraries containing random sequences without a template bias." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): e0262968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262968.

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Over the decades, practical biotechnology researchers have aimed to improve naturally occurring proteins and create novel ones. It is widely recognized that coupling protein sequence randomization with various effect screening methodologies is one of the most powerful techniques for quickly, efficiently, and purposefully acquiring these desired improvements. Over the years, considerable advancements have been made in this field. However, developing PCR-based or template-guided methodologies has been hampered by resultant template sequence biases. Here, we present a novel whole plasmid amplification-based approach, which we named OverFlap PCR, for randomizing virtually any region of plasmid DNA without introducing a template sequence bias.
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Goh, Su Kah, Ashan Musafer, Tom Witkowski, Vijayaragavan Muralidharan, Christopher Christophi, Hongdo Do, and Alexander Dobrovic. "Comparison of 3 Methodologies for Genotyping of Small Deletion and Insertion Polymorphisms." Clinical Chemistry 62, no. 7 (July 1, 2016): 1012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.256388.

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Abstract BACKGROUND The quantification of genomic chimerism is increasingly recognized for its clinical significance after transplantation. Before the measurement of chimerism, accurate genotyping of genetic polymorphisms for informative alleles that can distinguish donor DNA from recipient DNA is essential. The ease of allelic discrimination of small deletion and insertion polymorphisms (DIPs) makes DIPs attractive markers to track chimerism. Current methodologies for the genotyping of DIPs are largely based on “open-tube” approaches. “Closed-tube” approaches involving no or minimal post-PCR handling are preferred. We compared 3 distinct methodologies to determine an optimal platform for DIP genotyping. METHODS Genomic DNA from 19 normal individuals was genotyped for 6 small biallelic DIPs using high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA), probe-free droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), and microfluidic electrophoresis of PCR products. For HRMA, 3 different platforms were compared. RESULTS Our newly developed probe-free ddPCR approach allowed the genotype of each DIP to be determined by fluorescence intensity based on amplicon size. Microfluidic electrophoresis also allowed genotypes to be determined by amplicon size. HRMA assays allowed the genotype of each DIP to be determined by melting profile. Genotyping results were concordant between the 3 methodologies. HRMA was the most readily performed methodology and was robust across 3 separate HRMA-capable platforms. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the effectiveness of probe-free ddPCR to accurately genotype small biallelic DIPs. Nevertheless, HRMA proved to be the optimal approach for genotyping small DIPs because closed-tube approaches are preferred owing to rapid and less laborious workflows and least risk of PCR contamination.
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Reynolds, Kelly A., Kimberly Roll, Roger S. Fujioka, Charles P. Gerba, and Ian L. Pepper. "Incidence of enteroviruses in Mamala Bay, Hawaii using cell culture and direct polymerase chain reaction methodologies." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-040.

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The consequence of point and nonpoint pollution sources, discharged into marine waters, on public recreational beaches in Mamala Bay, Hawaii was evaluated using virus cell culture and direct reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Twelve sites, nine marine, two freshwater (one stream and one canal), and one sewage, were assessed either quarterly or monthly for 1 year to detect the presence of human enteric viruses. Water samples were concentrated from initial volumes of 400 L to final volumes of 30 mL using Filterite electronegative cartridge filters and a modified beef extract elution procedure. Cell culture was applied using the Buffalo Green Monkey kidney cell line to analyze samples for enteroviruses. Positive samples were also evaluated by RT-PCR, using enterovirus-specific primers. Levels of RT-PCR inhibition varied with each concentrated sample. Resin column purification increased PCR detection sensitivity by at least one order of magnitude in a variety of sewage outfall and recreational marine water samples but not in the freshwater canal samples. Using cell culture, viable enteroviruses were found in 50 and 17% of all outfall and canal samples, respectively. Samples were positive at beaches 8% of the time. These data illustrate the potential public health hazard associated with recreational waters. Using direct PCR, viruses were detected at the outfall but were not found in any beach or canal samples, in part, owing to substances that inhibit PCR. Therefore, conventional cell culture is the most effective means of detecting low levels of infectious enteroviruses in environmental waters, whereas direct RT-PCR is rendered less effective by inhibitory compounds and low equivalent reaction volumes.Key words: enteroviruses, RT-PCR, cell culture, marine waters.
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Patterson, Thomas F., and J. Peter Donnelly. "New Concepts in Diagnostics for Invasive Mycoses: Non-Culture-Based Methodologies." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5010009.

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Non-culture-based diagnostics have been developed to help establish an early diagnosis of invasive fungal infection. Studies have shown that these tests can significantly impact the diagnosis of infection in high risk patients. Aspergillus galactomannan EIA testing is well-recognized as an important adjunct to the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis and can be detected in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage and other fluids. Galactomannan testing used along with PCR testing has been shown to be effective when integrated into care paths for high risk patients for both diagnoses and as a surrogate marker for outcome when used in serial testing. Beta-d-glucan assays are non-specific for several fungal genera including Aspergillus and Candida and in high risk patients have been an important tool to augment the diagnosis. Lateral flow technology using monoclonal antibodies to Aspergillus are available that allow rapid testing of clinical samples. While standard PCR for Candida remains investigational, T2 magnetic resonance allows for the rapid diagnosis of Candida species from blood cultures. Aspergillus PCR has been extensively validated with standardized approaches established for these methods and will be included in the diagnostic criteria in the revised European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC-MSG) definitions. Finally, these non-culture-based tests can be used in combination to significantly increase the detection of invasive mycoses with the ultimate aim of establishing an early diagnosis of infection.
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Romero, Atocha, Miguel Angel Molina-Vila, Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre, Amelia Insa, Patricia Cruz, Ana Collazo, Javier Perez Altozano, et al. "Comprehensive cross-platform comparison of methodologies for noninvasive EGFR mutation testing: Results of the RING observational trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e21518-e21518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e21518.

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e21518 Background: Several platforms for non-invasive EGFR testing are currently used in the clinical setting, with sensitivities ranging from 30 to 100%. Comparison studies in prospective cohorts remain limited and reports evaluating mutant allelic fractions (MAFs) are particularly scarce. The RING observational trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03363139) was designed to comprehensively analyze the concordance between methodologies for EGFR mutation detection in blood. Methods: Seventy-two EGFR mutant NSCLC patients were enrolled in the trial. Plasma samples were prospectively collected at progression to first line Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor and tested for EGFR mutations by 7 methodologies; cobas EGFR Mutation Test v2, Therascreen EGFR Plasma RGQ PCR Kit, QuantStudio 3D Digital PCR System, a 5-nuclease real-time PCR assay in presence of PNA, OncoBEAM EGFR and NGS with two different gene panels, Ion Torrent Oncomine and GeneRead QIAact Lung DNA UMI Cancer Panel. Results: The agreement between all methodologies for was almost perfect for the detection of deletions in exon 19 (K = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.76-0.96) and substantial for exon 21 point mutations (K = 0.76; 95%CI: 0.63-0.89). Regarding the p.T790M resistance mutation, concordance was lower but still substantial (K = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.57-0.79). If only NGS-based technologies were considered, the agreement was almost perfect for sensitizing mutations and substantial for the resistance mutation (K = 0.84; 95%CI: 0.68-1.00, K = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.69-1.00 and K = 0.77; 95%CI: 0.60-0.95 for exon 19, exon 21 and p.T790M, respectively). Most discordant samples between methodologies had mutant allele fractions (MAFs) ≤0.5%. Sensitizing mutations were always present at higher MAFs than concomitant p.T790M, explaining the lower concordance observed for this variant. MAFs obtained by different methodologies showed an excellent reproducibility (intraclass correlation coeficients 0.85-0.97). Similarly, Passing–Bablok regression analysis showed a high correlation between methodologies when assessing MAFs. Conclusions: Our results support the use of liquid biopsies for non-invasive EGFR testing in the clinical setting and highlight the need to systematically report MAFs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PCR methodologies"

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Krallis, Myrsini. "Isolation and identification of Beta-Lactam Producing Microorganisms using PCR based methodologies." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018237.

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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was investigated as a potential tool in microbial screening for 13-lactam. producing organisms. Optimization of PCR conditions and the addition of acetamide to the PCR reaction allowed for the successful amplification of the isopenicillin N synthetase (lPNS) gene in S. clavuligerus, S. tanashiensis, S. griseus, S. olivaceus, S. lipmanii, and S. chartreusis. PCR was used to produce a radiolabelled probe from S. clavuligerus that was used to detect analogous genes in bacteria and fungi. Southern blot and dot blot analysis using the lPNS probe revealed the presence of IPNS-like sequences in seventeen organisms. Fourteen of these sequences belonged to known 13-lactam. producing organisms; one unidentified soil isolate; and two non-/3-lactam. producing organisms viz. S. venezuelae ATCC 10712 and S. hygroscopicus ATCC 21703. The lPNS gene was also detected in a 13-lactam producer (S. chartreusis) that had lost its ability to produce antibiotic. It would therefore have been overlooked in a conventional antibiotic screening program. The use of PCR, coupled with Southern hybridization and dot blot analysis, increased the sensitivity and specificity of the antibiotic screening procedures and allowed for the investigation of evolutionary relationships between the eukaryotes and the prokaryotes. A preliminary investigation into the potential use of RAPD PCR and protein fmgerprinting as tools for solving discrepancies in streptomycete identification was conducted. A variety of streptomycete species that were chosen as being representative of a number of numerical taxonomic classes were amplified using various RAPD primers. Streptomycetes appear to be genetically diverse organisms as was reflected by their RAPD and protein profiles. The application of PCR in an antibiotic screening program showed great potential as a specific and sensitive tool in the detection of /3-lactam producers and in the elimination of duplicate strains.
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Anderson, Phelue Nigel. "The use of PCR-based methodologies to characterize salmonella serotypes of poultry origin." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3045.

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McClean, Jennifer Natalie. "Novel isothermal PCR methodologies for the selective detection and analysis of microorganisms in environmental samples." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557957.

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SUMMARY (To be printed on this form) Phosphoramidite derivatives of a nucleoside analogue bearing photoswitchable ortho, meta and para-azobenzene moieties were synthesized and used to incorporate the photoswitchable azobenzene group proximal to the 5' and 3' ends of deoxyoligonucIeotide primers (12mers) of the glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene. The photochemical E~Z isomerisation of azobenzene appended primers was investigated by UV/vis spectroscopy and RP-HPLC. Melting studies were also performed to determine the Tm of the primers. Isothermal primer extension reactions were performed with Klenow fragment at the dark- adapted and irradiated photo stationary states. This revealed that only the para-azobenzene perturbed the extension by the enzyme. Further investigation with time course experiments to determine a yield using fluorescent fluorescein label and explore the possibility of photoswitchable DNA amplification using the para-azobenzene primers. OligonucIeotides bearing a novel photoswitchable moiety, phenylazopyridine, have been prepared. Directed Michaelis-Arbuzov reactions of support-bound internucleotide phosphite triesters with alkane-diamines were effected in the presence of iodine. The primary amine functionalised oligonucleotides were subsequently purified trityl on. This enabled resolution offast- and slow-isomers of oligomers.
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Gyarmati, Péter. "Implementation of molecular detection techniques in the field of veterinary virology : with special reference to the ligation-based methodologies /." Uppsala : Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200883.pdf.

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Carrasco, Miguel. "Non-calibrated multiple views : applications and methodologies." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066015.

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La recherche de modèles d’intérêt contenus dans des séquences de vues multiples d’une scène reste l’un des principaux problèmes de la vision par ordinateur actuellement. En dépit des grands progrès observés au cours des 40 dernières années, la vision par ordinateur ne parvient pas encore à répondre adéquatement quant à la manière d’inférer et de détecter des modèles d’intérêt dans des scènes pour lesquelles un ou plusieurs objet(s) sont vus depuis différents points de vue. Afin de surmonter ce probléme, cette thèse propose de nouveaux algorithmes et prototypes capables de caractériser, d’inférer et de détecter des modèles d’intérêt en séquences avec des vues multiples de manière non calibrée, c’est-à-dire sans connaissance à priori de la position du/des objet(s) par rapport à la (aux) caméra(s). Le travail réalisé s’articule autour de trois axes, divisés en six articles qui constituent le corps de la thèse. (1) L’analyse de correspondances point-par-point à travers de marqueurs explicites et implicites sur les objets. (2) L’estimation de correspondances point-par-point à travers de multiples relations géométriques indépendantes du/des objet(s) qui composent la scène. (3) La prédiction du flux dynamique du déplacement généré par le mouvement de la caméra autour de l’objet. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’appuyer la prise de décision à travers d’une analyse dynamique et/ou géométrique du mouvement du/des objet(s) ou de la (des) caméra(s) pendant que ceux-ci se déplacent. Grâce à cette analyse, il est possible d’accroître l’information sur la scène et l’(les) ob jet(s) à travers d’un processus inférenciel spécifique pour chaque cas. Il ressort des thématiques exposées qu’il est possible, par exemple, d’assister le processus d’inspection réalisé par un opérateur humain, de déterminer la qualité d’un produit de manière autonome, ou d’exécuter une action spécifique dans un acteur robotique. Bien que ces thématiques présentent des approches différentes, celles-ci ont le même ensemble de pas en ce qui concerne: (1) la détermination de la relation de correspondance de points ou de régions sur plusieurs images, (2) la détermination de la relation géométrique et/ou dynamique existante entre les correspondances estimées précédemment, (3) l’inférence de nouvelles relations sur les points dont la correspondance est inconnue en vue de caractériser le mouvement. Les variations les plus fortes correspondent à la manière dont la correspondance est estimée; au calcul de la dynamique et la géométrie entre les points correspondants; et enfin à la manière dont nous inférons une action particulière suite à un mouvement spécifique. Parmi les principaux résultats, on trouve le développement d’une méthodologie d’inspection non calibrée à vues multiples appliquée à l’analyse de la qualité des jantes de véhicules, le développement d’un prototype fonctionnel appliqué à l’inspection des cols de bouteilles de vin, une méthodologie de correspondance point par point géométrique capable de résoudre le problème de correspondance en deux et trois vues pour tout point d’intérêt, et enfin la reconnaissance de l’intention humaine pour les tâches de “grasping” à travers de l’analyse du mouvement des yeux et de la main. À l’avenir, il restera encore à analyser les correspondances dynamiques à travers de caractéristiques invariantes, employer des méthodes d’analyse géométriques en séquences d’images radiologiques, et utiliser des modèles de détection d’intentions pour évaluer la qualité des objets.
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Decock, Jérémie. "Hybridization of dynamic optimization methodologies." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112359/document.

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Dans ce manuscrit de thèse, mes travaux portent sur la combinaison de méthodes pour la prise de décision séquentielle (plusieurs étapes de décision corrélées) dans des environnements complexes et incertains. Les méthodes mises au point sont essentiellement appliquées à des problèmes de gestion et de production d'électricité tels que l'optimisation de la gestion des stocks d'énergie dans un parc de production pour anticiper au mieux la fluctuation de la consommation des clients.Le manuscrit comporte 7 chapitres regroupés en 4 parties : Partie I, « Introduction générale », Partie II, « État de l'art », Partie III, « Contributions » et Partie IV, « Conclusion générale ».Le premier chapitre (Partie I) introduit le contexte et les motivations de mes travaux, à savoir la résolution de problèmes d' « Unit commitment », c'est à dire l'optimisation des stratégies de gestion de stocks d'énergie dans les parcs de production d'énergie. Les particularités et les difficultés sous-jacentes à ces problèmes sont décrites ainsi que le cadre de travail et les notations utilisées dans la suite du manuscrit.Le second chapitre (Partie II) dresse un état de l'art des méthodes les plus classiques utilisées pour la résolution de problèmes de prise de décision séquentielle dans des environnements incertains. Ce chapitre introduit des concepts nécessaires à la bonne compréhension des chapitres suivants (notamment le chapitre 4). Les méthodes de programmation dynamique classiques et les méthodes de recherche de politique directe y sont présentées.Le 3e chapitre (Partie II) prolonge le précédent en dressant un état de l'art des principales méthodes d’optimisation spécifiquement adaptées à la gestion des parcs de production d'énergie et à leurs subtilités. Ce chapitre présente entre autre les méthodes MPC (Model Predictive Control), SDP (Stochastic Dynamic Programming) et SDDP (Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming) avec pour chacune leurs particularités, leurs avantages et leurs limites. Ce chapitre complète le précédent en introduisant d'autres concepts nécessaires à la bonne compréhension de la suite du manuscrit.Le 4e chapitre (Partie III) contient la principale contribution de ma thèse : un nouvel algorithme appelé « Direct Value Search » (DVS) créé pour résoudre des problèmes de prise de décision séquentielle de grande échelle en milieu incertain avec une application directe aux problèmes d' « Unit commitment ». Ce chapitre décrit en quoi ce nouvel algorithme dépasse les méthodes classiques présentées dans le 3e chapitre. Cet algorithme innove notamment par sa capacité à traiter des grands espaces d'actions contraints dans un cadre non-linéaire, avec un grand nombre de variables d'état et sans hypothèse particulière quant aux aléas du système optimisé (c'est à dire applicable sur des problèmes où les aléas ne sont pas nécessairement Markovien).Le 5e chapitre (Partie III) est consacré à un concept clé de DVS : l'optimisation bruitée. Ce chapitre expose une nouvelle borne théorique sur la vitesse de convergence des algorithmes d'optimisation appliqués à des problèmes bruités vérifiant certaines hypothèses données. Des méthodes de réduction de variance sont également étudiées et appliquées à DVS pour accélérer sensiblement sa vitesse de convergence.Le 6e chapitre (Partie III) décrit un résultat mathématique sur la vitesse de convergence linéaire d’un algorithme évolutionnaire appliqué à une famille de fonctions non quasi-convexes. Dans ce chapitres, il est prouvé que sous certaines hypothèses peu restrictives sur la famille de fonctions considérée, l'algorithme présenté atteint une vitesse de convergence linéaire.Le 7e chapitre (Partie IV) conclut ce manuscrit en résumant mes contributions et en dressant quelques pistes de recherche intéressantes à explorer
This thesis is dedicated to sequential decision making (also known as multistage optimization) in uncertain complex environments. Studied algorithms are essentially applied to electricity production ("Unit Commitment" problems) and energy stock management (hydropower), in front of stochastic demand and water inflows. The manuscript is divided in 7 chapters and 4 parts: Part I, "General Introduction", Part II, "Background Review", Part III, "Contributions" and Part IV, "General Conclusion". This first chapter (Part I) introduces the context and motivation of our work, namely energy stock management. "Unit Commitment" (UC) problems are a classical example of "Sequential Decision Making" problem (SDM) applied to energy stock management. They are the central application of our work and in this chapter we explain main challenges arising with them (e.g. stochasticity, constraints, curse of dimensionality, ...). Classical frameworks for SDM problems are also introduced and common mistakes arising with them are be discussed. We also emphasize the consequences of these - too often neglected - mistakes and the importance of not underestimating their effects. Along this chapter, fundamental definitions commonly used with SDM problems are described. An overview of our main contributions concludes this first chapter. The second chapter (Part II) is a background review of the most classical algorithms used to solve SDM problems. Since the applications we try to solve are stochastic, we there focus on resolution methods for stochastic problems. We begin our study with classical Dynamic Programming methods to solve "Markov Decision Processes" (a special kind of SDM problems with Markovian random processes). We then introduce "Direct Policy Search", a widely used method in the Reinforcement Learning community. A distinction is be made between "Value Based" and "Policy Based" exploration methods. The third chapter (Part II) extends the previous one by covering the most classical algorithms used to solve UC's subtleties. It contains a state of the art of algorithms commonly used for energy stock management, mainly "Model Predictive Control", "Stochastic Dynamic Programming" and "Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming". We briefly overview distinctive features and limitations of these methods. The fourth chapter (Part III) presents our main contribution: a new algorithm named "Direct Value Search" (DVS), designed to solve large scale unit commitment problems. We describe how it outperforms classical methods presented in the third chapter. We show that DVS is an "anytime" algorithm (users immediately get approximate results) which can handle large state spaces and large action spaces with non convexity constraints, and without assumption on the random process. Moreover, we explain how DVS can reduce modelling errors and can tackle challenges described in the first chapter, working on the "real" detailed problem without "cast" into a simplified model. Noisy optimisation is a key component of DVS algorithm; the fifth chapter (Part III) is dedicated to it. In this chapter, some theoretical convergence rate are studied and new convergence bounds are proved - under some assumptions and for given families of objective functions. Some variance reduction techniques aimed at improving the convergence rate of graybox noisy optimization problems are studied too in the last part of this chapter. Chapter sixth (Part III) is devoted to non-quasi-convex optimization. We prove that a variant of evolution strategy can reach a log-linear convergence rate with non-quasi-convex objective functions. Finally, the seventh chapter (Part IV) concludes and suggests some directions for future work
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FAUCHER, NICOLAS. "Nouvelles methodologies de marquage par voie organometallique nouvelle synthese de methyle chiral." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112242.

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Chapitre i : nouvelle methodologie de marquage par voie organometallique au cours de cette premiere partie, nous avons developpe une nouvelle methodologie de marquage isotopique par le tritium et le deuterium basee sur l'hydrogenolyse de composes organolithies en presence de tritium gaz ou de deuterium gaz. Cette reaction est catalysee par le palladium sur charbon et presente l'interet de permettre le remplacement direct de l'hydrogene par ses isotopes ( 2h ou 3h) sans modification chimique de la molecule a marquer. Totalement regioselective, cette methode a ete transposee en serie chirale par l'utilisation de la (-)-sparteine lors de l'etape de lithiation et offre l'acces a un marquage enantioselectif (ee>90%). Chapitre ii : nouvelle synthese de methyle chiral enantioenrichi dans cette deuxieme partie, nous avons developpe une nouvelle voie d'acces a la ditosylmethylamine chirale a partir de derives d'oxazolidines 4,5-disubstituees. Le deuterium est introduit par substitution diatereoselective du groupement alkoxy d'une 2-alkoxy-oxazolidine en presence d'un deuterure en milieu acide de lewis (ed = 100%). Toujours en conditions acides, l'ouverture stereocontrolee de l'oxazolidine deuteree en position 2 par un hydrure tritie permet l'acces au motif methyle chiral porte par l'azote. Des etapes de deprotection/reprotection conduisent a la ditosylmethylamine avec un ee de l'ordre de 65% (r/s = 83/17). C'est a ce jour la meilleure voie de synthese totalement chimique de ce compose en termes d'enantioselectivite obtenue, de rendement chimique et du nombre d'etapes radioactives. Le caractere de groupe partant du motif nts 2 de la ditosylmethylamine ainsi preparee permet d'envisager l'acces a de nombreuses molecules porteuse du groupement methyle chiral conferant a notre synthese de nombreuses applications possibles en biochimie et en etudes mecanistiques.
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Dekkiche, Djamila. "Programming methodologies for ADAS applications in parallel heterogeneous architectures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS388/document.

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La vision par ordinateur est primordiale pour la compréhension et l’analyse d’une scène routière afin de construire des systèmes d’aide à la conduite (ADAS) plus intelligents. Cependant, l’implémentation de ces systèmes dans un réel environnement automobile et loin d’être simple. En effet, ces applications nécessitent une haute performance de calcul en plus d’une précision algorithmique. Pour répondre à ces exigences, de nouvelles architectures hétérogènes sont apparues. Elles sont composées de plusieurs unités de traitement avec différentes technologies de calcul parallèle: GPU, accélérateurs dédiés, etc. Pour mieux exploiter les performances de ces architectures, différents langages sont nécessaires en fonction du modèle d’exécution parallèle. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions diverses méthodologies de programmation parallèle. Nous utilisons une étude de cas complexe basée sur la stéréo-vision. Nous présentons les caractéristiques et les limites de chaque approche. Nous évaluons ensuite les outils employés principalement en terme de performances de calcul et de difficulté de programmation. Le retour de ce travail de recherche est crucial pour le développement de futurs algorithmes de traitement d’images en adéquation avec les architectures parallèles avec un meilleur compromis entre les performances de calcul, la précision algorithmique et la difficulté de programmation
Computer Vision (CV) is crucial for understanding and analyzing the driving scene to build more intelligent Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). However, implementing CV-based ADAS in a real automotive environment is not straightforward. Indeed, CV algorithms combine the challenges of high computing performance and algorithm accuracy. To respond to these requirements, new heterogeneous circuits are developed. They consist of several processing units with different parallel computing technologies as GPU, dedicated accelerators, etc. To better exploit the performances of such architectures, different languages are required depending on the underlying parallel execution model. In this work, we investigate various parallel programming methodologies based on a complex case study of stereo vision. We introduce the relevant features and limitations of each approach. We evaluate the employed programming tools mainly in terms of computation performances and programming productivity. The feedback of this research is crucial for the development of future CV algorithms in adequacy with parallel architectures with a best compromise between computing performance, algorithm accuracy and programming efforts
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FRALO, NADINE. "Education sanitaire menee en entreprise par le medecin du travail : grands principes, methodologie." Nantes, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NANT065M.

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Parameswaran, Sreeja. "Solar Energy Conversion in Plants and Bacteria Studied Using FTIR Difference Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Computational Methodologies." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/phy_astr_diss/32.

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This dissertation presents a study of the molecular mechanism underlying the highly efficient solar energy conversion processes that occur in the Photosystem I (PS I) reaction centers in plants and bacteria. The primary electron donor P700 is at the heart of solar energy conversion process in PS I and the aim is to obtain a better understanding of the electronic and structural organization of P700 in the ground and excited states. Static Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) difference spectroscopy (DS) in combination with site directed mutagenesis and Density Functional Theory (DFT) based vibrational frequency simulations were used to investigate how protein interactions such as histidine ligation and hydrogen bonding modulate this organization. (P700+-P700) FTIR DS at 77K were obtained from a series of mutants from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. 6803 (S. 6803) where the amino acid residues near the C=O groups of the two chlorophylls of P700 where specifically changed. (P700+-P700) FTIR DS was also obtained for a set of mutants from C. reinhardtii where the axial ligand to A0-, the primary electron acceptor in PS I was modified. The FTIR DS obtained from these mutants provides information on the axial ligands, the hydrogen bonding status as well as the polarity of the environment of specific functional groups that are part of the chlorophyll molecules that constitute P700. Assignment of the FTIR bands to vibrational modes in specific types of environment is very difficult. In order to assist the assignment of the difference bands in experimental spectra DFT based vibrational mode frequency calculations were undertaken for Chl-a and Chl-a+ model molecular systems under different set of conditions; in the gas phase, in solvents using the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM), in the presence of explicit solvent molecules using QM/MM methods, and in the presence of axial ligands and hydrogen bonds. DFT methods were also used to calculate the charge, spin and redox properties of Chl-a/Chl-a’ dimer models that are representative of P700, the primary electron donor in PS I.
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Books on the topic "PCR methodologies"

1

Day, Philip John Royle. Development and evaluation of methodologies for sample preparation and performance of PCR using clinical specimens. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1990.

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Hai-Xiang, Lin, Epema Dick, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Euro-Par 2009 Parallel Processing: 15th International Euro-Par Conference, Delft, The Netherlands, August 25-28, 2009. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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Jean-Michel, Bertholot, ed. Les règles de la méthode sociologique: Précédées de Les règles de la méthode sociologique où l'instauration du raisonnemnt expérimental en sociologie ; par Jean-Michel Bertholot. Paris: Flammarion, 1988.

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Li, Xiaobing, and Qiang Fang. Sino-American Relations. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726368.

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Sino-American Relations brings together high-quality research articles in order to examine one aspect of the political mechanism of modern China, from empire to the PRC: political initiatives to root out corruption. Proceeding chronologically, the eleven chapters explore modern political history through a particular focus on the anti-corruption campaigns of early modern and modern China. Our interdisciplinary analysis draws on methodologies from several distinct fields, including political science, civil law, and mass media. Such an analysis reveals the unique characteristics of China’s urbanization, which have transformed not only the country, but also the CCP – from a rural-based totalitarian party to a city-centered authoritarian party, and from a party of the people to a party of powerful interest groups by 2002–2016.
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Agence universitaire de la Francophonie, ed. La rédaction scientifique: Mémoires et thèses : formes régulière et par articles. Issy-les-Moulineaux [France]: Estem, 2005.

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Daniel, Thalmann, ed. Scientific visualization and graphics simulation. Chichester [England]: Wiley, 1990.

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DESHAYES. Fiabilite des Led Infrarouges: Methodologie d'Evalutation Par la Physique des Defaillances. ISTE Editions Ltd., 2017.

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(Editor), Francesca Cesarini, and Silvio Salza (Editor), eds. Database Machine Performance: Modeling Methodologies and Evaluation Strategies (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 1987.

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Cesarini, F. Database Machine Performance: Modeling Methodologies and Evaluation Strategies (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 1987.

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Computerized Literature Searching: Research Strategies and Databases. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "PCR methodologies"

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Hren, Matjaž, Tanja Dreo, Jana Erjavec, Petra Nikolić, Jana Boben, Kristina Gruden, Marina Dermastia, Marjana Camloh, and Maja Ravnikar. "Real-Time PCRREAL-TIME PCR Detection Methods for Economically Important Grapevine Related Bacteria." In Methodologies and Results in Grapevine Research, 229–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9283-0_15.

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Bordiec, Sophie, Fanja Rabenoelina, Florence Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre, Christophe Clément, and Fabienne Baillieul. "RNA Extraction from Grapevine Woody Canes for Gene Expression Analysis by Real-Time RT-PCR." In Methodologies and Results in Grapevine Research, 295–300. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9283-0_19.

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Coquoz, R. "The Isolation of DNA for Forensic PCR Analysis. An Evaluation of Available Methodologies." In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 50–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77324-2_12.

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Dustman, Wendy, Feng Chen, Mary Ann Moran, and Robert E. Hodson. "Section 3 update: In situ PCR methodologies for visualization of microscale genetic and taxonomic diversities of prokaryotic communities." In Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual, 2591–612. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2177-0_310.

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Alaskar, Haya, Nada Alzhrani, Abir Hussain, and Fatma Almarshed. "The Implementation of Pretrained AlexNet on PCG Classification." In Intelligent Computing Methodologies, 784–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26766-7_71.

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Xu, Ying, Tiantian Zhang, and Renfa Li. "An Implementation of an Intelligent PCE-Agent-Based Multi-domain Optical Network Architecture." In Intelligent Computing Methodologies, 375–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09339-0_39.

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Lies, Jan. "PR-Wissenschaft: Methodologie in Sicht?" In Theorien des PR-Managements, 1–19. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06997-1_1.

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Wang, Xin, Zhijun Gao, Yanhui Fang, Shuai Yuan, Haoxuan Zhao, Wei Gong, Minghao Qiu, and Qiang Liu. "A Signal Modulation Type Recognition Method Based on Kernel PCA and Random Forest in Cognitive Network." In Intelligent Computing Methodologies, 522–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09339-0_53.

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Rolbiecki, Abigail J., and Jacquelyn J. Benson. "Application: Photovoice: An Application of PAR." In Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methodologies, 505–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92002-9_36.

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Wen, Shicheng, Shijin Yuan, Bin Mu, and Hongyu Li. "Robust PCA-Based Genetic Algorithm for Solving CNOP." In Intelligent Computing Theories and Methodologies, 597–606. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22180-9_59.

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Conference papers on the topic "PCR methodologies"

1

Chudinov, A. V., O. S. Volkova, V. E. Kuznetsova, V. E. Shershov, and S. A. Lapa. "Application of PCR for simultaneous modification of DNA by various pyrimidine nucleotide derivatives." In MODERN SYNTHETIC METHODOLOGIES FOR CREATING DRUGS AND FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (MOSM2020): PROCEEDINGS OF THE IV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0068928.

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Lapa, S. A., E. S. Klochikhina, R. A. Miftakhov, A. S. Zasedatelev, and A. V. Chudinov. "Development of multi-primer PCR system with an open architecture for rapid detection of infectious pneumonia causative agents." In MODERN SYNTHETIC METHODOLOGIES FOR CREATING DRUGS AND FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (MOSM2020): PROCEEDINGS OF THE IV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0069509.

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Roy, Shilpi, Takashi Kodama, Srilakshmi Lingamneni, Matthew A. Panzer, Mehdi Asheghi, and Kenneth E. Goodson. "Towards Thermal Characterization of Pico-Liter Volumes Using the 3Omega Method." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66428.

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The continued efforts in the biological community to optimize methodologies such as PCR and to characterize biological reactions and processes are motivating reductions in sample volume. There is a growing need for the detection of thermal phenomena in these small volumes, such as the heat released by recombination and the effective conductivities and capacities in extremely small fluidic regions. While past work has focused largely on heat transport in essentially bulk fluid volumes, there is a need to scale these techniques to the much smaller volumes of interest for biological and biomedical research.” This work applies the 3ω measurement technique to μL volumes by using heaters with dimensions of 200–700μm in lengths and 2–5μm in widths. We investigate fluid samples of DI water, silicone oil, and a salt buffer solution to experimentally determine their temperature-dependent thermal properties from 25°C to 80°C. Validation is achieved through comparison of these values of thermal conductivity κ and volumetric heat capacity Cν to literature. The work also demonstrates the device capability to conduct temperature-dependent measurements down to pL droplet volumes by conducting a volume analysis given the dimensions of heaters used, independent of droplet boundary conditions. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses based on these heater dimensions and surrounding material stack show the detection capabilities of these heaters, as they are optimally designed to maximize signal while accommodating the size restrictions of small volume droplets.
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Jones, B. "VFD control methodologies in High Pressure Grinding drive systems." In 2012 IEEE-IAS/PCA Cement Industry Technical Conference. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/citcon.2012.6215684.

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Song, Shihao, and Anup Das. "Design Methodologies for Reliable and Energy-efficient PCM Systems." In 2020 11th International Green and Sustainable Computing Workshops (IGSC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igsc51522.2020.9291024.

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Nagel, Michel, Salvatore Race, Ivana Kovacevic-Badstuebner, Thomas Ziemann, and Ulrike Grossner. "Virtual PCB Layout Prototyping: Importance of Modeling Gate Driver and Parasitic Capacitances." In 2022 IEEE Design Methodologies Conference (DMC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dmc55175.2022.9906542.

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Tummala, Navya Sushma, and Pnrl Chandra Sekhar. "Face recognition using PCA and geometric approach." In 2017 International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccmc.2017.8282529.

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Zannat, Fariha, Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan, and Saif Al Sohad. "Automated System for Features Extraction From PCG Signal." In 2021 5th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccmc51019.2021.9418229.

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Somayajula, V. Kiranmai A., Deepika Ghai, and Sandeep Kumar. "Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis using NDVI, PCA." In 2021 5th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccmc51019.2021.9418025.

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Rodriguez, Osvaldo, Claudio R. Fuerte-Esquivel, and Aurelio Medina. "A Comparative Analysis of Methodologies for the Representation of Nonlinear Oscillations in Dynamic Systems." In 2007 IEEE Power Tech. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pct.2007.4538312.

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Reports on the topic "PCR methodologies"

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Seroussi, Eyal, and George Liu. Genome-Wide Association Study of Copy Number Variation and QTL for Economic Traits in Holstein Cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7593397.bard.

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Copy number variation (CNV) has been recently identified in human and other mammalian genomes and increasing awareness that CNV might be a major source for heritable variation in complex traits has emerged. Despite this, little has been published on CNVs in Holsteins. In order to fill this knowledge-gap, we proposed a genome-wide association study between quantitative trait loci (QTL) for economic traits and CNV in the Holstein cattle. The approved feasibility study was aimed at the genome-wide characterization of CNVs in Holstein cattle and at the demonstrating of their possible association with economic traits by performing the activities of preparation of DNA samples, Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), initial association study between CNVs and production traits and characterization of CNVSNP associations. For both countries, 40 genomic DNA samples of bulls representing the extreme sub-populations for economically important traits were CGH analyzed using the same reference genome on a NimbleGen tiling array. We designed this array based on the latest build of the bovine genome (UMD3) with average probe spacing of 1150 bases (total number of probes was 2,166,672). Two CNV gene clusters, PLA2G2D on BTA2 and KIAA1683 on BTA7 revealed significant association with milk percentage and cow fertility, respectively, and were chosen for further characterization and verification in a larger sample using other methodologies including sequencing, tag SNPs and real time PCR (qPCR). Comparison between these four methods indicated that there is under estimation of the number of CNV loci in Holstein cattle and their complexity. The variation in sequence between different copies seemed to affect their functionality and thus the hybridization based methods were less informative than the methods that are based on sequencing. We thus conclude that large scale sequencing effort complemented by array CGH should be considered to better detect and characterize CNVs in order to effectively employ them in marker-assisted selection.
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Bharadwaj, Sowmyaa, Jo Howard, and Pradeep Narayanan. Using Participatory Action Research Methodologies for Engaging and Researching with Religious Minorities in Contexts of Intersecting Inequalities. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.009.

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While there is growing scholarship on the intersectional nature of people’s experience of marginalisation, analyses tend to ignore religion-based inequalities. A lack of Freedom of Religion and Belief (FoRB) undermines people’s possibilities of accessing services and rights and enjoying wellbeing (World Bank 2013; Narayan et al. 2000, Deneulin and Shahani 2009). In this paper, we discuss how religion and faith-based inequalities intersect with other horizontal and vertical inequalities, to create further exclusions within as well as between groups. We offer our experience of using participatory action research (PAR) methodologies to enable insights into lived experiences of intersecting inequalities. In particular, we reflect on intersecting inequalities in the context of India, and share some experiences of facilitating PAR processes with marginalised groups, such as Denotified Tribes (DNT). We introduce a FoRB lens to understand how DNT communities in India experience marginalisation and oppression. The examples discussed here focus on the intersection of religious belief with caste, tribal, gender and other socially constructed identities, as well as poverty. Through taking a PAR approach to working with these communities, we show how PAR can offer space for reflection, analysis, and sometimes action with relation to religion-based and other inequalities. We share some lessons that are useful for research, policy and practice, which we have learned about methods for working with vulnerable groups, about how religion-based inequalities intersect with others, and the assumptions and blind spots that can perpetuate these inequalities.
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Rodríguez Caballero, Carlos Vladimir, and Arnoldo López - Marmolejo. Assessing the Effect of Gender Equality before the Law on Female Labor Participation and GDP per capita in Central America Panama and the Dominican Republic. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003113.

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Women's participation in the labor market in Central America is low for the international standard. Increase such participation is on the agenda of many policymakers who want to improve women's access to quality employment. In this paper, we use data from Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic to assess whether gender equality in the law helps increasing women's participation in the labor force and, therefore, boosts GDP per capita. The study is based on two econometric methodologies to evaluate distinct aspects of the economic mechanism.
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Siqueira Castro Lopes, Valéria, Luiz Alberto Bezerra de Farias, and Rosiane Simone Moro. Mensuração de resultados em revistas customizadas: uma análise de métricas e metodologias usadas por editoras brasileiras/Measurement of results in custom publishing: an analysis of metrics and methodologies used by Brazilian publishers. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5783/rirp-17-2019-04-49-70.

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Fahr, Sven, Daniel Tschopp, Jan Erik Nielsen, Korbinian Kramer, and Philip Ohnewein. Review of In Situ Test Methods for Solar Collectors and Solar Collector Arrays. IEA SHC Task 55, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2020-0014.

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This fact sheet presents three in situ test methods for solar collectors and solar collector arrays, namely In situ Collector Certification (ICC), Performance Check for Collector Arrays (PC) and Dynamic Collector Array Test (D-CAT). A comparison is made regarding their scopes and use cases, methodologies and outcomes, which could serve as a decision-making aid for stakeholders in selecting the procedure that best suits their needs. The analysis shows that the methods do not contradict, but rather complement each other.
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Gerritsen, Erik, Lisa Korteweg, Foivos Petsinaris, Rachel Lamothe, Jeroen van der Laan, Daniela Chiriac, Costanza Strinati, Sean Stout, and Bella Tonkonogy. Options for Considering Nature-positive Finance Tracking and Taxonomy. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004572.

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Healthy and resilient ecosystems underpin our societies and economies. Collapse of just a few ecosystem services such pollination, timber from forests and food from marine fisheries, could result in a global GDP decline of USD 2.7 trillion annually by 2030. We are not investing sufficiently in nature, resulting in an estimated nature funding gap as high as US$800 billion per year. Redirecting financial flows towards nature-positive investments and activities is critical. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) play an instrumental role to support a nature-positive future, aligned with the forthcoming post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, the G7 Climate, Energy and Environment Ministers Communiqué of May 27th, 2022, and with the Joint Statement on Nature, People, and Planet endorsed by the 10 MDBs at COP27. This Statement included an intention to work towards a joint understanding of the term 'nature positive' in the context of operations and investments and a goal to develop tools and methodologies for tracking 'nature positive' investments across MDB portfolios. This technical note is a first step towards meeting this commitment. This work presents options for defining nature-positive finance, based on definitions and principles identified in a bibliographical review drawing on global expertise and developing frameworks and taxonomies. Acknowledging the variety of institutional and ecological contexts in which MDBs operate, the report offers a menu of options to screen nature-positive activities as well as a variety of approaches to determine the nature-positive contribution to investments. Finally, the report proposes principles for tracking and reporting on these investments.
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Ali, Rassul. Konzeptentwicklung für CDM-Projekte - Risikoanalyse der projektbezogenen Generierung von CO2-Zertifikaten (CER). Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783933795842.

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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a complex legal-institutional system that, on the one hand, offers industrialized countries options for cost-effective emission reductions and, on the other, provides developing countries with opportunities for sustainable development. Investors face the difficulty of identifying suitable CDM projects from approximately 130 possible host countries and nearly 60 possible project activities. In order to develop points of reference for strategic investments, this paper identifies and categorizes the risks arising in the value creation process of bilateral energy projects into four action-related levels. At the host level, the focus is on political-institutional and sector-specific risks, while at the investor state level, the legal design of the CDM's complementary function is relevant. The project level covers technology- and process-related risks, with the identification of the reference case and the proof of additionality posing particular problems. The future design of the CDM and the reform of the procedure at the UNFCCC level pose a fundamental risk. A two-stage assessment procedure is proposed for risk assessment: a rough analysis captures sociographic, climate policy, institutional and sector-specific criteria of the host. The differentiation of the project stage allows the localization of the project in the value chain and a differentiation regarding the use of methods. The assessment of project registration is based on the methods used and gives recognition rates per method and project category; project performance is measured in terms of the ratio of emission reductions actually realized to those planned in the project documentation. A detailed analysis following the coarse analysis provides qualitative guidance for project evaluation. These include the Executive Board's methodological principles, correct application of methodologies, identification of the reference case, proof of additionality, as well as the financial conditions of the relevant sector and publicity-related aspects. Despite individual hosts and project technologies, the developed two-step risk analysis allows, with relatively little effort and in line with business practice, an initial assessment of CDM project risks, so that overall it lays a fundamental building block for the elaboration of a strategic implementation and sustainable investment under the CDM.
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Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, Ryszard (Richard) Puchala, Terry A. Gipson, Zalman Henkin, Eugene D. Ungar, and Amit Dolev. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.

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Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.
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Newman-Toker, David E., Susan M. Peterson, Shervin Badihian, Ahmed Hassoon, Najlla Nassery, Donna Parizadeh, Lisa M. Wilson, et al. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer258.

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Objectives. Diagnostic errors are a known patient safety concern across all clinical settings, including the emergency department (ED). We conducted a systematic review to determine the most frequent diseases and clinical presentations associated with diagnostic errors (and resulting harms) in the ED, measure error and harm frequency, as well as assess causal factors. Methods. We searched PubMed®, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL®), and Embase® from January 2000 through September 2021. We included research studies and targeted grey literature reporting diagnostic errors or misdiagnosis-related harms in EDs in the United States or other developed countries with ED care deemed comparable by a technical expert panel. We applied standard definitions for diagnostic errors, misdiagnosis-related harms (adverse events), and serious harms (permanent disability or death). Preventability was determined by original study authors or differences in harms across groups. Two reviewers independently screened search results for eligibility; serially extracted data regarding common diseases, error/harm rates, and causes/risk factors; and independently assessed risk of bias of included studies. We synthesized results for each question and extrapolated U.S. estimates. We present 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) or plausible range (PR) bounds, as appropriate. Results. We identified 19,127 citations and included 279 studies. The top 15 clinical conditions associated with serious misdiagnosis-related harms (accounting for 68% [95% CI 66 to 71] of serious harms) were (1) stroke, (2) myocardial infarction, (3) aortic aneurysm and dissection, (4) spinal cord compression and injury, (5) venous thromboembolism, (6/7 – tie) meningitis and encephalitis, (6/7 – tie) sepsis, (8) lung cancer, (9) traumatic brain injury and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, (10) arterial thromboembolism, (11) spinal and intracranial abscess, (12) cardiac arrhythmia, (13) pneumonia, (14) gastrointestinal perforation and rupture, and (15) intestinal obstruction. Average disease-specific error rates ranged from 1.5 percent (myocardial infarction) to 56 percent (spinal abscess), with additional variation by clinical presentation (e.g., missed stroke average 17%, but 4% for weakness and 40% for dizziness/vertigo). There was also wide, superimposed variation by hospital (e.g., missed myocardial infarction 0% to 29% across hospitals within a single study). An estimated 5.7 percent (95% CI 4.4 to 7.1) of all ED visits had at least one diagnostic error. Estimated preventable adverse event rates were as follows: any harm severity (2.0%, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6), any serious harms (0.3%, PR 0.1 to 0.7), and deaths (0.2%, PR 0.1 to 0.4). While most disease-specific error rates derived from mainly U.S.-based studies, overall error and harm rates were derived from three prospective studies conducted outside the United States (in Canada, Spain, and Switzerland, with combined n=1,758). If overall rates are generalizable to all U.S. ED visits (130 million, 95% CI 116 to 144), this would translate to 7.4 million (PR 5.1 to 10.2) ED diagnostic errors annually; 2.6 million (PR 1.1 to 5.2) diagnostic adverse events with preventable harms; and 371,000 (PR 142,000 to 909,000) serious misdiagnosis-related harms, including more than 100,000 permanent, high-severity disabilities and 250,000 deaths. Although errors were often multifactorial, 89 percent (95% CI 88 to 90) of diagnostic error malpractice claims involved failures of clinical decision-making or judgment, regardless of the underlying disease present. Key process failures were errors in diagnostic assessment, test ordering, and test interpretation. Most often these were attributed to inadequate knowledge, skills, or reasoning, particularly in “atypical” or otherwise subtle case presentations. Limitations included use of malpractice claims and incident reports for distribution of diseases leading to serious harms, reliance on a small number of non-U.S. studies for overall (disease-agnostic) diagnostic error and harm rates, and methodologic variability across studies in measuring disease-specific rates, determining preventability, and assessing causal factors. Conclusions. Although estimated ED error rates are low (and comparable to those found in other clinical settings), the number of patients potentially impacted is large. Not all diagnostic errors or harms are preventable, but wide variability in diagnostic error rates across diseases, symptoms, and hospitals suggests improvement is possible. With 130 million U.S. ED visits, estimated rates for diagnostic error (5.7%), misdiagnosis-related harms (2.0%), and serious misdiagnosis-related harms (0.3%) could translate to more than 7 million errors, 2.5 million harms, and 350,000 patients suffering potentially preventable permanent disability or death. Over two-thirds of serious harms are attributable to just 15 diseases and linked to cognitive errors, particularly in cases with “atypical” manifestations. Scalable solutions to enhance bedside diagnostic processes are needed, and these should target the most commonly misdiagnosed clinical presentations of key diseases causing serious harms. New studies should confirm overall rates are representative of current U.S.-based ED practice and focus on identified evidence gaps (errors among common diseases with lower-severity harms, pediatric ED errors and harms, dynamic systems factors such as overcrowding, and false positives). Policy changes to consider based on this review include: (1) standardizing measurement and research results reporting to maximize comparability of measures of diagnostic error and misdiagnosis-related harms; (2) creating a National Diagnostic Performance Dashboard to track performance; and (3) using multiple policy levers (e.g., research funding, public accountability, payment reforms) to facilitate the rapid development and deployment of solutions to address this critically important patient safety concern.
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