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Academic literature on the topic 'PCOM'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PCOM"

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Murphy, M. K., J. E. Hall, J. M. Adams, H. Lee, and C. K. Welt. "Polycystic Ovarian Morphology in Normal Women Does Not Predict the Development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 3878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1085.

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Abstract Context: Polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) is present in 25% of normal women in the absence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); however, the natural history of PCOM is unknown. Objective: We hypothesized that the presence of PCOM predisposes the development of PCOS. Design: The study was a longitudinal follow-up study over 8.2 ± 5.2 yr (mean ± sd; range 1.7–17.5 yr). Setting: The study took place in an outpatient setting. Subjects: Women who took part in a previous study as a normal control and had an ultrasound examination (n = 40) participated. Intervention: Subjects underwent an interval menstrual history, physical exam, blood sampling, and repeat ultrasound in the follicular phase. Main Outcome Measure: Development of PCOS was diagnosed by irregular menses and hyperandrogenism, in the absence of other disorders. Changes in ovarian morphology over time were evaluated. Results: At the baseline visit, 23 women (57.5%) had PCOM and 17 (42.5%) had normal ovarian morphology. One subject with PCOM developed irregular menses and presumptive PCOS. Eleven subjects with PCOM no longer met the criteria for PCOM at follow-up. There was no factor that predicted the change to normal ovarian morphology at the follow-up visit. Conclusions: These data suggest that PCOM in women with regular ovulatory cycles does not commonly predispose the development of PCOS. Although it is unusual to develop PCOM if the ovaries are normal on first assessment, ovaries in women with PCOM no longer meet the criteria for PCOM in approximately half of cases over time.
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Lazareva, Lyudmila, and Larisa Suturina. "Polycystic Ovarian Morphology: Diagnostic Criteria and Prevalence." International Journal of Biomedicine 12, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/article12(1)_ra6.

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The purpose of this brief review was to systematize the current information on the diagnosis, prevalence, and ethnic aspects of polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). The information search was conducted using Internet resources (Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) and literature sources for the period from January 1999 to August 2021. The review includes only full-text articles. Based on the analysis of the literature, we demonstrated that the diagnostic value of PCOM has changed since the moment of the first description of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Currently, ovarian size, ovarian volume and antral follicle count are key criteria for most PCOS phenotypes and complications. The diagnostic value of PCOM depends on age and racial characteristics, which requires large-scale epidemiological studies to determine PCOM characteristics in different populations. Standardizing PCOM diagnostic criteria is the key to PCOS effective diagnosis and, consequently, to preventing complications and comorbidities associated with PCOS.
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Merino, Paulina M., Claudio Villarroel, Cristián Jesam, Patricia López, and Ethel Codner. "New Diagnostic Criteria of Polycystic Ovarian Morphology for Adolescents: Impact on Prevalence and Hormonal Profile." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 88, no. 6 (2017): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000481532.

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Background: The ultrasonographic criteria used to identify polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) during adolescence have changed over time. Recently, a Worldwide Pediatric Consensus (PedC) defined PCOM using stricter criteria than the previous recommendations of the Rotterdam Consensus (RC) and Androgen Excess-Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Society (AES/PCOS) criteria. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PCOM in healthy adolescents according to the 3 reported diagnostic criteria and compare the hormonal profile in females with and without PCOM based on the PedC criteria. Methods: Nonobese adolescents (n = 102) with regular menstrual cycles were studied. Transabdominal ultrasound and hormonal profiles were assessed during the follicular phase. PCOM was defined on the basis of the 3 published criteria. Results: On the basis of the PedC, RC, and AES/PCOS criteria, PCOM was diagnosed in 13, 34, and 24% of adolescents, respectively. Adolescents with and without PCOM according to the PedC criteria had similar androgen levels. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were elevated in adolescents with PCOM, irrespective of the criteria used. Conclusions: Use of the new PedC diagnostic criteria for PCOM results in a lower prevalence of this ultrasonographic pattern in adolescents, but this condition is not associated with hyperandrogenism. Elevated AMH is associated with PCOM in adolescents regardless of the criteria used to determine the ultrasonographic pattern.
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Wongwananuruk, Thanyarat, Panicha Chantrapanichkul, Vichuta Unalome, Suchada Indhavivadhana, Manee Rattanachaiyanont, Kitirat Techatraisak, Surasak Angsuwathana, and Kittayaporn Silprasit. "Polycystic ovarian morphology in Thai women of reproductive age with polycystic ovary syndrome." Asian Biomedicine 14, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abm-2020-0036.

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Abstract Background Advancements in ultrasound technology have facilitated identifying polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but it still has limitations due to follicle counting methods and variation of phenotypes according to ethnicity. Ethnicity-specific ovarian morphology may help to establish ethnicity-specific follicle count cut points for defining PCOM in women with PCOS. Objectives To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with PCOM in Thai women of a reproductive age with PCOS. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in our gynecology department at a tertiary teaching hospital from February 2016 to May 2017. We included women with PCOS, who were measured for weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure. Blood samples were taken to measure fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, testosterone level, and 2 h post-load 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Transvaginal or transrectal sonography was performed to evaluate their ovaries. Results All 143 patient participants we included had oligomenorrhea, 77.6% of them had acne, and 64.3% hirsutism. Their average total testosterone level was 0.47 ± 0.10 ng/mL. The prevalence of PCOM was 55.2%. The proportions of PCOM diagnosed by ovarian follicle and ovarian volume criteria were 36.4% and 42.0%, respectively. There were 20.0 ± 9.5 follicles per ovary, 8.3 ± 3.1 follicles per cross section, and the mean ovarian volume was 7.9 ± 3.0 mL. Conclusion The overall prevalence of PCOM in Thai women of reproductive age with PCOS was 55.2%. Our univariate analysis found no factors significantly associated with PCOM.
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Bell, Robin J., Rakibul M. Islam, Marina A. Skiba, Dilinie Herbert, Alejandra Martinez Garcia, and Susan R. Davis. "Substituting serum anti-Müllerian hormone for polycystic ovary morphology increases the number of women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome: a community-based cross-sectional study." Human Reproduction 37, no. 1 (November 6, 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab232.

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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Can serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) replace polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) determined by ultrasound as a diagnostic component of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Despite good correlations between serum AMH and PCOM, the use of a high serum AMH as a proxy for PCOM resulted in the reclassification of PCOS in 5% of study participants, with the main effect being more women identified, although some women previously classified as having PCOS were no longer classified as such. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY AMH has been proposed as an alternative to PCOM as a diagnostic component of PCOS. Previous studies are limited by poorly defining PCOS, use of infertile women as comparators, measurement of hormones by immunoassay that lack precision in the female range, low-resolution ovarian ultrasound and inconsistent handling and storage of serum samples. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is an Australian cross-sectional study of 163 non-healthcare-seeking women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Serum AMH was measured by both the Ansh picoAMH assay and the Beckman Coulter Access 2 (BA2) assay, in parallel with androgens measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, in blood samples of women, not pregnant, breast feeding or using systemic steroids, who also underwent high-resolution ovarian ultrasound. PCOS was determined by the Rotterdam criteria with PCOM defined by the Androgen Excess-PCOS Taskforce recommendation of ≥25 follicles in at least one ovary. Cut-off serum concentrations that best identified women as having PCOM were identified by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 163 women, mean (SD) age 32.5 (5.5) years, who provided a blood sample and had both ovaries visualized on ultrasound were included in the analysis. Women with isolated PCOM had higher median (range) Ansh AMH and BA2 AMH concentrations than those with no PCOS characteristics [56.9 pmol/l (34.6, 104.2) versus 18.7 (3.2, 50.9), P = 0.002 and 38.5 pmol/l (22.2, 100.2) versus 16.7 (3.5, 38.9), P = 0.002, respectively]. An AMH ≥ 44.0 pmol/l, suggested by the ROC curve, identified 80.6% of women with PCOM, falsely identified 15.2% of women without PCOM as having PCOS and had a positive predictive value of 55.6%. The negative predictive value was 94.9%. An AMH BA2 assay cut-off of ≥33.2 pmol/l provided a sensitivity of 80.6%, a specificity of 79.5% and a positive predictive value for PCOM of 48.1%. The negative predictive value was 94.6% for PCOM. When serum AMH was used in the place of PCOM as a diagnostic criterion for PCOS, the Ansh assay resulted in an additional seven women classified as having PCOS and no longer classified one woman as having PCOS. For the BA2 assay, eight additional and two fewer women were classified as having PCOS. Overall, both assays resulted in six more women being classified as having PCOS. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Women with functional hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism were not excluded and may have been misclassified as having an oligo-amenorrhoea-PCOM phenotype. As study participants were predominantly Caucasian/White, our findings cannot be generalized to women of other ethnicities. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Although serum AMH reflects the number of developing ovarian follicles, the absolute values vary between assays and specific reference ranges for individual assays are required. Irrespective of the assay used, replacing PCOM with serum AMH to diagnose PCOS in a community-based sample altered the number of women classified as having or not having PCOS. Consequently, although overall the risk of women being identified as having PCOS would be increased, some women would no longer be classified as having this condition. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was supported by the Norman Beischer Research Foundation and the Grollo-Ruzzene Foundation. S.R.D. is an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow (Grant No. 1135843). S.R.D. reports unrelated support that includes grants from the NHMRC Australia, personal fees for educational activities from Besins Healthcare, Abbott Chile, BioFemme and Pfizer Australia, personal Advisory Board/consultancy fees from Theramex, Abbott Laboratories, Astellas, Mayne Pharmaceuticals, Roche Diagnostics, Lawley Pharmaceuticals and Que Oncology and has received institutional grant funding from Que Oncology and Ovoca research. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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RIEPSAMEN, Angelique H., Mark W. DONOGHOE, Inthrani R. INDRAN, Shelly LIEN, Leah HECHTMAN, David M. ROBERTSON, Robert B. GILCHRIST, Eu-Leong YONG, and William L. LEDGER. "Serum GDF9 and BMP15 as Markers of Ovarian Function in Healthy Women and Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Fertility & Reproduction 04, no. 03n04 (September 2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s266131822274053x.

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Background: The oocyte-secreted factors growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP15) are key regulators of female fertility and are predominantly expressed by oocytes. Recently, methods to quantitate these proteins in serum have demonstrated diagnostic potential. It is unknown if concentrations reflect ovarian and endocrine function, particularly in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), where GDF9/BMP15 function is suggested to be aberrant. Aim: To determine if serum GDF9/BMP15 are associated with ovarian and endocrine parameters, and the ovarian pathologies, PCOM and PCOS. Method: Women aged 21-45 years (n=381) were from a cross-sectional study at the National University Hospital, Singapore, including healthy volunteers and referrals from gynecological clinics. Transvaginal ultrasound scans, blood tests and questionnaire were performed. Serum GDF9 and BMP15 were assessed relative to ovarian (cycle regularity, ovarian volume, AFC, AMH) and androgenic (testosterone, DHT, androstenedione, DHEAS, SHBG, mFG score) characteristics. PCOM and PCOS were determined using the Rotterdam criteria. Statistical analyses used parametric survival models and Kendall’s tau correlation appropriate for data containing values below the limit of detection. Results: Serum GDF9 and BMP15 were detectable in 40% and 41% of women, respectively. Serum GDF9 positively correlated with ovarian volume (p=0.02), AFC (p=0.004), and weakly with AMH (p=0.05). Furthermore, irregular menstrual cycles were associated with high GDF9 (p=0.005), and similar, although non-significant associations were seen for BMP15. When stratified into PCOS (n=130), PCOM (n=59), and control (n=192), GDF9 and BMP15 concentrations were not significantly different, and were not associated with the majority of androgenic features of PCOS. However, the relationship between GDF9 and AFC was significantly different between PCOM, PCOS and control women (p=0.02). Conclusion: These results suggest that serum GDF9 and BMP15 reflect ovarian characteristics but not androgenic characteristics of PCOS, and that the relationships between GDF9 and AFC may be aberrant in women with PCOM/PCOS.
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Merino, Paulina M., Ethel Codner, and Fernando Cassorla. "A rational approach to the diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome during adolescence." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 55, no. 8 (November 2011): 590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302011000800013.

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Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a lifelong disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction, with a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms and signs. Three different sets of diagnostic criteria have been established in order to define this disease in adult women, but there is controversy regarding the use of these criteria in adolescence. During puberty, the adult criteria for ovulatory dysfunction does not seem applicable, because an irregular menstrual pattern and a decreased ovulatory rate is a physiologic event during this period of life. Also, a higher prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) may be observed during this period, so PCOM is not a useful criterion to define PCOS in young women. These findings suggest that a key factor to diagnose to PCOS during adolescence is hyperandrogenism. In addition, since PCOM is not clearly associated with hyperandrogenism during this period of life, the term "polycystic ovarian syndrome" during adolescence creates confusion and may be misleading.
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Goyal, Nitin, Georgios Tsivgoulis, Chris Nickele, Vinodh T. Doss, Dan Hoit, Andrei V. Alexandrov, Adam Arthur, and Lucas Elijovich. "Posterior circulation CT angiography collaterals predict outcome of endovascular acute ischemic stroke therapy for basilar artery occlusion." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2015): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-011883.

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IntroductionThe natural history of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to basilar artery occlusion (BAO) is poor. Endovascular reperfusion therapy (EVT) improves recanalization rates in patients with emergent large vessel intracranial occlusion.ObjectiveTo examine the hypothesis that good collateral patterns identified by pretreatment CT angiography (CTA) might be associated with favorable outcomes after EVT.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of patients presenting with AIS due to BAO in a tertiary care stroke center during a 4-year period. BAO was diagnosed by CTA in all cases. Admission stroke severity was documented using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. Pretreatment collateral score for posterior circulation was defined as follows: 0, no posterior communicating artery (PCOM); 1, unilateral PCOM; 2, bilateral PCOM. Favorable outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2 at 3 months.ResultsA total of 21 patients with AIS due to BAO (age range 31–84 years, median admission NIHSS score: 18 points, range 2–38) underwent EVT. Eleven of 21 patients (52.4%) had bilateral PCOMs, while unilateral PCOM was seen in 3 patients (14.3%). Patients with bilateral PCOMs tended (p=0.261) to have less severe stroke at admission than those with absent/unilateral PCOM (median NIHSS score 18 vs 27 points). Neurological improvement during hospitalization (quantified by the median decrease in NIHSS score) and the rate of 3-month functional independence were greater in patients with good collaterals (16 vs 0 points (p=0.016) and 72.7% vs 0% (p=0.001)).ConclusionsThe presence of bilateral PCOMs on pretreatment CTA appears to be associated with more favorable outcomes in BAO treated with EVT.
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Nikbakht, Roshan, Mahvash Zargar, Farideh Moramezi, Mahnaz Ziafat, Hamed Tabesh, Ali Reza Sattari, and Shahab Aldin Sattari. "Insulin Resistance and Free Androgen as Predictors for Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome in Non-PCOS Women." Hormone and Metabolic Research 52, no. 02 (January 23, 2020): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1079-5342.

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AbstractWe evaluated the effect of insulin resistance and free androgen index (FAI) in non-PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) infertile women following controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. A prospective study was done on 144 infertile non-PCOS women with regular menstrual cycle. At first, insulin resistance (IR), free androgen index (FAI), PCOM (polycystic ovary morphology), AFC (antral follicle count), and AMH (anti-Müllerian hormone) were assessed. The patients underwent assisted reproductive technology (ART), and then preovulatory follicles and oocytes retrieved were recorded. The variables of the study were compared between two groups of patients with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (n=66) and non-OHSS patients (n=78). Of the 9 variables: BMI, HOMA-IR, FAI, AFC, AMH, PCOM, and preovulatory follicles were risk factors, while the age and retrieved oocytes were not. The 7 variables that showed significance in the univariate analyses were determined as independent variables included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis, as a result, a total of 5 risk factors, BMI, HOMA-IR, FAI, PCOM, and preovulatory follicles entered the equation. The maximum contribution was HOMA-IR followed by PCOM, FAI, preovulatory follicles and BMI. Patients with OHSS had higher chance to have ovaries with polycystic morphology (74%), about three times more than patients who did not develop OHSS (29%) (p<0.001). The best cut-points for IR, FAI, AFC, AMH, and preovulatry follicles were 2.36, 3.9, 8, 3.3 ng/ml, and 10, respectively. Patients with a higher value of BMI, FAI, HOMA-IR, and preovulatory follicles and the presence of PCOM are more likely to develop OHSS, which are not confined to PCOS patients.
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Balogun, Mobolanle, Olayinka Coker, Titilola Samuel, Patrick Sluss, Christiana Udenze, Ricardo Azziz, Christian Chigozie Makwe, Joseph Ayo Olamijulo, and Ayesha Akinkugbe. "PMON245 Clinical Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Nigerian Women: Preliminary Results of the Nigeria PCOS Epidemiology & Phenotype (Nigeria-Pep) Study." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.1436.

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Abstract Background Although the phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is heterogeneous, there is paucity of data on the prevalence and phenotype of PCOS in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We studied 75 consecutive consenting women, aged 18-45 years, who presented with features suggestive of PCOS. A standardized proforma was used to obtain relevant information. Anthropometric measurements were determined, and terminal hair growth was assessed using the modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mF-G) method. All subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and pelvic ultrasonography on day 2-7 of the menstrual cycle. An mF-G score of ≥ 6 was regarded as evidence of clinical hyperandrogenism (HA). Menstrual dysfunction (MD) was defined as menstrual cycle lengths &gt;35 or &lt;25 days. Polycystic Ovarian Morphology (PCOM) was defined as an antral follicle count (AFC) of ≥12 2-9 mm follicles and/or an ovarian volume ≥10 cm3, in at least one ovary. Results The mean (SD) age of the study population was 28.6 (5.8) years, and the mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) was 26.3 (5.6) kg/m2. Three (4.0%) participants were underweighted, 27 (36.0%) had normal BMI, 30 (40%) were overweight, and 15 (20.0%) were obese. The mean (SD) systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 107.4 (12.6) mmHg and 72.6 (8.2) mmHg, respectively. OGTT results indicated that the mean (SD) fasting blood glucose was 86.6 (10.6) mg/dl and the mean (SD) 2-hr. postprandial glucose was 109.8 (22.2) mg/dl. Two women had impaired glucose tolerance and one had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of the 75 subjects recruited, 26 (34.7%) had HA, 54 (72.0%) had MD, and 63 (84.0%) had PCOM. Of all subjects, 20 (26.7%) had HA+MD+PCOM, consistent with PCOS Phenotype A; one (1.3%) had HA+MD only, consistent with Phenotype B; four (5.3%) had HA+PCOM only, consistent with Phenotype C; and 28 (37.3%) had MD+PCOM only, consistent with Phenotype D. In 22 (29.4%) no evidence of PCOS was found. Overall, our results indicate that of subjects evaluated clinically, 53 (70.6%) had PCOS. Conclusions Our preliminary results indicate that in a referral (clinical) population in Lagos, Nigeria, using only the clinical presentation without circulating androgen measures, PCOS was detected in two-thirds, with Phenotype D (aka, 'non-hyperandrogenic PCOS’) being the most common presentation (53%), followed by Phenotype A (aka 'classic or full PCOS’) observed in 38% of all women with PCOS seen. However, as 72% of all subjects had MD and 63% had PCOM, many more of these women could have been diagnosed with PCOS if the presence of hyperandrogenemia could have been demonstrated. Overall, these observations suggest that accurate measurement of circulating androgen, lacking in many parts of Sub-Sahara Africa, may be critical to accurately detecting PCOS in that region. Studies are ongoing. Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PCOM"

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Schwegmann, Christian. "Entwicklung eines Rahmenwerks zur Modellierung von Qualitätsmerkmalen für Konfigurationen in PCOM." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB12103667.

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Störzbach, Andreas. "Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Algorithmus zur Anpassung von Anwendungen in PCOM." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB12103671.

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Reinsch, Michael. "Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Algorithmus zur initialen Konfiguration von Anwendungen in PCOM." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11482147.

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BAIETTO, OLIVIERO. "Naturally Occurring Asbestos: the problem of quantification." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2737675.

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Koivunen, R. (Riitta). "Endocrine and metabolic changes in women with polycystic ovaries and polycystic ovary syndrome." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2001. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514264266.

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Abstract The prevalence of the isolated ultrasonographic finding of polycystic ovaries (PCO) in the Finnish population and among women with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM) and changes in the present carbohydrate metabolism were investigated in the present study. One aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the recently discovered variant type LH (v-LH) in PCOS and to compare patient cohorts from Finland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. In addition, this study attempted to evaluate the nature of the ovarian streoidogenic response of women with PCOS to exogenously administered human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human menotrophin (hMG) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The effect of metformin on ovarian steroidogenesis was also studied. The prevalence of PCO was significantly higher in younger (≤ 35 years, 21.6%) than among older women (in ≥ 36 years, 7.8%). The overall prevalence of PCO in Finnish women was 14.2%. Women with previous GDM revealed a high prevalence of PCO (39.4%). The carrier frequency of the v-LHb allele in the entire study population was 18.5%. The frequency of the v-LH carrier was significantly lower in obese PCOS subjects in the Netherlands (2.0%) and Finland (4.5%). Women with previous GDM had impaired insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. They also had higher adrenal androgen secretion than the control women. Women with PCO and previous GDM had marked hyperinsulinemia which was not explained by obesity. Obese PCOS women achieved peak peripheral serum T concentrations at 48 hours after a hCG injection, preceded by peak levels of 17-OHP and E2 at 24 hours. In contrast, all steroids measured in the control women reached their maximum serum concentrations at 96 hours. HMG stimulated the production of ovarian androgens more efficiently than a urinary FSH after pituitary suppression with a gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). In conclusion, the prevalence of PCO is common in healthy Finnish women and even more common in women with a history of GDM. The ultrasonographic appearance of PCO may be a predictive factor with regards abnormal glucose tolerance during and after pregnancy and, these women should therefore be advised as to possible consequences. The high overall frequency of the v-LH allele in women in general and its low frequency in obese PCOS patients suggests that v-LH plays a role in reproductive functions and may counteract the pathogenesis of PCOS in obese individuals. The differences observed in steroid responses to hCG between normal and PCOS women might be explained by higher theca cell activity or mass in polycystic ovaries. Women with PCOS did not show a distinctly exaggerated steroidogenic response to hMG or FSH administration compared with control women. FSH administration also resulted in increased A and T production.
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Yassir, Tartil Jasmine. "Metformin som alternativ förstahandsbehandling vid infertilitet vid Polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45201.

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Polycystisktovarialsyndrom (PCOS) förekommer hos 5-10% av alla kvinnor och är den vanligaste orsaken till anovulatorisk infertilitet. Andra delar av syndromet är hyperandrogena och metabola symtom. Infertilitet behandlas med klomifencitrat. Akne och hirsutism behandlas i första hand med kombinerade p-piller med östrogenprofil. Förhöjda blodsockernivåer, hypertoni, dyslipidemi och övriga komplikationer till syndromet behandlas farmakologiskt vid behov. Hyperandrogenism och insulinresistens tycks spela en huvudroll i uppkomsten av sjukdomen. Då metformin förbättrar insulinkänsligheten, och tros kunna påverka patofysiologin, har det föreslagits som en alternativ förstahandsbehandling. Denna litteraturstudie syftade till att undersöka vilket vetenskapligt underlag som finns för att ändra behandlingsrekommendationerna vid PCOS. De studier som jämfört resultatet av metformin och klomifencitrat vid anovulatorisk infertilitet visar att klomifencitrat mer effektivt framkallar ovulation och graviditet hos kvinnor med PCOS och övervikt, men att metformin är lika effektivt hos normalviktiga kvinnor. Medan metforminbehandling är en välbeprövad och säker behandling med få biverkningar har klomifencitrat allvarliga biverkningar i form av risk för flerbörd och ovarialthyperstimuleringssyndrom. De få studier som undersökt metformins påverkan på fostret finner inga belägg för teratogena effekter. Metformin har positiva effekter på hyperandrogena symtom vid PCOS, och man har inte kunnat se någon signifikant skillnad i effekt mellan metformin och p-piller då det gäller att minska akne och hirsutism. Dessutom finns det belägg för att metformin kan ha en positiv påverkan på BMI och blodtryck, förbättra lipidprofilen genom att sänka nivåerna av LDL kolesterol, samt minskar risken hos denna patientgrupp att utveckla typ 2 diabetes. Sammantaget kan dock sägas att det vetenskapliga underlaget ännu är för svagt för att man ska ändra den rådande behandlingsrekommendationen. Det finns behov av större, blindade studier där man jämför metforminbehandling med klomifencitrat och tittar på en kombination av faktorer och utfall kopplade till symtombilden vid PCOS.
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Karlson, Johan, and Pernilla Vedenbrant. "Att leva med PCOS." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap, HV, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12004.

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Aim: To describe the lived experience of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Method: Eight scientific articles of appropriate quality were found, analyzed, condensed and synthesized. Different experiences by women with PCOS were found and ordered into themes. The findings were then anchored in associated literature and discussed. Results: Four different themes were found: Feeling different; Disturbing symptoms; Searching for answers; Care treatment. Each of these themes offered areas of improvement in regard to nursing care. Conclusions: Extra attention to the psychosocial aspects of health for women with PCOS should be taken to improve nursing care. The exchange of information between nursing staff and patients needs to be better adapted to the individual informational needs of women with PCOS.
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Morgan, Jon, and Charles H. Jones. "PCM Backfill: Providing PCM to the Control Room Without Dropouts." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/577490.

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ITC/USA 2014 Conference Proceedings / The Fiftieth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 20-23, 2014 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA
One of the initial control room capabilities to be demonstrated by iNET program is the ability to provide data displays in the control room that do not contain data dropouts. This concept is called PCM Backfill where PCM data is both transmitted via traditional SST and recorded onboard via an iNET compatible recorder. When data dropouts occur, data requests are made over the telemetry network to the recorder for the missing portions of the PCM data stream. The retrieved data is sent over the telemetry network to the backfill application and ultimately delivered to a pristine data display. The integration of traditional SST and the PCM Backfill capability provides both real-time safety of flight data side-by-side with pristine data suitable for advanced analysis.
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Bondurant, Philip D., and Andrew Driesman. "Smart PCM Encoder." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/611601.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada
In this paper, a new concept in PCM telemetry encoding equipment is described. Existing "programmable" PCM encoders allow only simple changes in the functionality of the hardware, such as input gain, offset, and word formatting. More importantly, these encoders do not provide capability for "in-flight" processing of signals and in general have not taken advantage of existing hardware and software digital signal processing technology. In-flight processing of signals can provide a significant reduction in the required transmission bandwidth, allowing additional data that may not have otherwise been transmitted to be sent on the telemetry channel. A modular digital signal processor (DSP) based PCM encoder architecture is described that has a set of on-board processing algorithms configurable via a simple-to-use graphical user interface. Algorithms included are compression (lossy and lossless), Fourier transforms of various resolutions (typically followed by peak detection to provide a data rate reduction), extreme values (max, min, rms), time filtering, regression, trajectory prediction, and serial data stream processing. Custom algorithms can be developed and included as part of the suite of processing algorithms. The preprocessing algorithms exist as firmware on the DSPs and can accommodate as many different signals as the processing bandwidth of the DSP can handle. Typically one DSP can handle many input signals and different algorithms. The encoder is programmable via a standard RS-232 serial interface allowing the signal input configuration, telemetry frame layout, and on-board processing algorithms to be changed quickly.
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Badji, Aisha. "A PCOS-like Drosophila Melanogaster model." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17845.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a female endocrine disorder defined by high androgen levels and presence of polycystic ovaries. PCOS is characterized by menstrual irregularities, anovulation, infertility, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, chronic inflammation and increased hair growth. The diagnosis is based on 2003/2004 Rotterdam criteria, which is based on the presence of the following phenotypes: anovulation, clinical and biochemical marks of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology. Theoretical causes could be genetical, environmental or maternal imprinting. Drosophila Melanogaster, a model used broadly in disease research, could bear promising insights to this syndrome. Besides having a lifecycle characterized by a 12 days metamorphism, these species of flies have the ecdysone (steroid) hormone, similar to the human testosterone and the body systems similar to those of the human body. This laboratory work involved the development of a PCOS-like drosophila fly model through exposure to 10mg/ml of testosterone after 24 hours of starvation. Data collection comprised measurements of weight and length, anovulation, triglyceride quantification and RT-qPCR for quantification of inflammatory and PCOS-related genes. Results showed significant differences in response to physical stress among the four groups of flies. Variation in weight and length values, as well as in fecundity, triglyceride assay and relative expression levels were also observed. Although the expression levels of inflammatory and PCOS- related genes were not significantly affected, homeostasis was clearly affected by metabolic disturbances. These observations lead to the conclusion that further experiments should be done in order to establish a more comprehensive definition of the syndrome.
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Books on the topic "PCOM"

1

Sharon, Perkins, ed. PCOS for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub., Inc., 2011.

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Roush, Karen. What nurses know-- PCOS. New York: DemosHealth, 2010.

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Stracquadanio, Mariagrazia, and Lilliana Ciotta. Metabolic Aspects of PCOS. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16760-2.

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Bussell, Gaynor. Managing PCOS For Dummies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007.

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Roush, Karen. What nurses know-- PCOS. New York: DemosHealth, 2010.

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Grassi, Angela. PCOS: The dietitians guide. Haverford, PA: Luca Publishing, 2013.

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PCOS: The silent epidemic. Indianapolis, Ind: Perspectives Press, 2000.

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Kuś, Jan. Z dziejów kościoła i parafii św. Mikołaja w Pcimiu. Kraków: Polskie Towarzystwo Teologiczne, 1986.

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Pierre, Jean-Louis. Chimie organique: PCEM - pharmacie - DEUG - IUT. 3rd ed. Toulouse: CEPADUES-Éditions, 1989.

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Descamps, Marie-Claude. Visa pour le PCEM 1: Biologie. Paris: EdiScience, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "PCOM"

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King, Pete, and Gordon Sturrock. "The Play Cycle Observation Method (PCOM)." In The Play Cycle, 88–103. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Advances in playwork research: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429451485-6.

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Wang, An-Guor. "Pcom Aneurysm with Oculomotor Nerve Palsy (ONP)." In Emergency Neuro-ophthalmology, 183–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7668-8_31.

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Kovacs, Gab, and Paula Briggs. "Polycystic Ovaries (PCO) and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)." In Lectures in Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Women’s Health, 87–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14863-2_17.

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Monzo, Ana M., Nikolaos Prapas, and Artemis Karkanaki. "PCOS." In Ultrasound Imaging in Reproductive Medicine, 91–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16699-1_6.

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Baker, Julien S., Fergal Grace, Lon Kilgore, David J. Smith, Stephen R. Norris, Andrew W. Gardner, Robert Ringseis, et al. "PCO2." In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 690. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_2842.

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Stracquadanio, Mariagrazia, and Lilliana Ciotta. "PCOS Therapy." In Metabolic Aspects of PCOS, 89–137. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16760-2_6.

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Böning, Dieter, Michael I. Lindinger, Damian M. Bailey, Istvan Berczi, Kameljit Kalsi, José González-Alonso, David J. Dyck, et al. "Arterial PCO2." In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_4064.

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Ospina-Tascón, Gustavo A. "The PCO2 Gaps." In Hemodynamic Monitoring, 173–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69269-2_16.

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Ibáñez, Lourdes, Abel López-Bermejo, and Francis de Zegher. "PCOS in Adolescents." In 2014 Meet-The-Professor: Endocrine Case Management, 203–9. 2055 L Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036: The Endocrine Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/mtp3.9781936704835.ch45.

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Neumann, Kay, and Georg Griesinger. "Polyzystisches Ovarsyndrom (PCOS)." In Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, 1–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55601-6_7-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "PCOM"

1

Handte, Marcus, Klaus Herrmann, Gregor Schiele, and Christian Becker. "Supporting Pluggable Configuration Algorithms in PCOM." In Fifth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerComW'07). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/percomw.2007.111.

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Becker, C., M. Handte, G. Schiele, and K. Rothermel. "PCOM - a component system for pervasive computing." In Second IEEE Annual Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2004. Proceedings of the. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/percom.2004.1276846.

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Gorbatykh, A., D. Kislitsin, R. Kiselev, A. Alshevskaya, and K. Orlov. "O-019 Flow diversion versus coiling in posterior communicating aneurysms: efficacy, safety and the fate of PCOM." In SNIS 15TH ANNUAL MEETING, July 23–26, 2018, Hilton San Francisco Union Square San Francisco, CA. BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-snis.19.

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Hsu, C. B., and J. B. Kuo. "Power consumption optimization methodology (PCOM) for low-power/ low-voltage 32-bit microprocessor circuit design via MTCMOS." In 2014 IEEE 57th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwscas.2014.6908566.

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Bryant-Waugh, R., L. Cooke, M. Harris, M. Mora, and F. Withers. "109 What mattersto me?: development and use of a person centred outcome measure (pcom) for parents of children with feeding disorders." In Great Ormond Street Hospital Conference. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-084620.81.

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Hager, M., D. Dewailly, J. Marschalek, M. L. Marschalek, C. Kinsky, R. Marculsecu, and J. Ott. "Basale und dynamische Zusammenhänge zwischen serologischen Anti-Müller-Hormon-Levels und Gonadotropinen bei Patientinnen mit funktioneller hypothalamischer Amenorrhoe, mit und ohne PCOM." In Kongressabstracts zur Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (OEGGG) 2022. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1750213.

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Skeldon, Mark D., and Robert W. Boyd. "Measurements of the mode structure of a phase conjugate resonator." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.mf5.

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The mode structure of an oscillator consisting of a phase conjugate mirror (PCM) and a conventional mirror (CM) has been discussed by several authors.1 These oscillators exhibit different behaviour than their conventional counterparts. In particular, a phase conjugate oscillator (PCO) is always geometrically stable regardless of the cavity length or the CM radius of curvature, positive or negative. We have constructed a PCO which incorporates a PCM based on a Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing process that has been discussed previously.2 This PCM has a reflectivity greater than unity and no frequency shift on reflection; hence this PCM facilitates PCO designs which lend themselves to simple theoretical analysis.
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Lee, Wun-Shung, Sien Chi, Pochi Yeh, and Ragini Saxena. "Phase conjugate oscillators." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.tux2.

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Optical resonators containing a phase conjugate mirror (PCM) have been a subject of great interest, where the PCM is employed as an end mirror of the resonator cavity for intracavity aberration correction.1 Recent theoretical analysis indicates that the insertion of a PCM inside a ring laser cavity results in a reduction of the lock-in threshold and reduces the imbalance between the amplitudes of the oppositely directed traveling waves.2 In the extreme case of phase conjugate oscillation without conventional gain, lock-in can be completely eliminated.3 We have developed a general theory for nondegenerate oscillations in a phase conjugate oscillator (PCO) i.e., an optical resonator with a PCM as an intracavity element. The PCM consists of a nonlinear transparent medium pumped by a pair of counterpropagating laser beams so that phase conjugation of an input beam with possible gain is achieved by nondegenerate four-wave mixing (NFWM). The linear absorption/gain in the medium is also taken into account. In the absence of any conventional mirrors so that the PCO behaves like an ordinary PCM, we recover the results of phase conjugation by NFWM.4 Our study shows that the nonlinear gain required for oscillation is considerably increased/decreased due to the linear absorption/gain in the medium, while the bandwidth and the sidelobe structure of the bandpass filter are also affected. In the case when there is only one conventional mirror, the PCO reduces to a phase conjugate resonator (a resonator bounded by a conventional mirror and a PCM). Our theory shows that nondegenerate oscillation is possible in such a resonator. The theory can also be used to study the effects of linear absorption/gain on the filter operation.
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Lee, Wun-Shung, Sien Chi, Ragini Saxena, and Pochi Yeh. "Theory of phase-conjugate oscillator applied to a phase-conjugate resonator." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.thy19.

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Optical resonators containing a phaseconjugate mirror (PCM) have been a subject of great interest, especially for cases in which the PCM is employed as an end mirror of a resonator cavity for intracavity aberration correction.1 Recent theoretical analysis indicates that the insertion of a PCM inside a ring-laser cavity results in a reduction of the lock-in threshold and reduces the imbalance between the amplitudes of the oppositely directed travelling waves.2 We have developed a general theory for nondegenerate oscillations in a phase-conjugate oscillator (PCO) that consists of a Fabry-Perot cavity with a PCM as an intracavity element. The PCM is a nonlinear transparent medium pumped by a pair of counterpropagating laser beams of the same frequency and intensity. Phase conjugation with gain is possible for an injected signal of a slightly different frequency by nearly degenerate four-wave mixing (NDFWM). The linear absorption/gain in the medium is also taken into account. In this presentation, we apply the results of the general theory to a phase-conjugate resonator by equating the reflectivity of one of the conventional mirrors to zero. Analytic expressions are obtained for the two reflection coefficients and the two transmission coefficients of the injected signal, and the condition for oscillation is derived. A novel approach yields the mode spacing of such a phase-conjugate resonator.
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Kim, Nam Sung, Choungki Song, Woo Young Cho, Jian Huang, and Myoungsoo Jung. "LL-PCM." In DAC '19: The 56th Annual Design Automation Conference 2019. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3316781.3317853.

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Reports on the topic "PCOM"

1

Glintborg, Dorte, Naja Due Kolster, Pernille Ravn, and Marianne Skovsager Andersen. Prospective risk of type 2 diabetes in normal weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0070.

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Review question / Objective: To investigate the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in normal weight women with PCOS. The following PECOs (Population, Exposure, Comparator and Outcome) were included: Population: Pre- and postmenopausal women. Exposure: PCOS Comparator: Healthy control or background population. Outcome: T2D. Condition being studied: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder of reproductive-aged women with a prevalence of 15–20%. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is most often defined according to the Rotterdam criteria, which include irregular ovulation, biochemical/clinical hyperandrogenism, and/or polycystic ovaries when other causes are excluded.
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Edward N. Steadman, Daniel J. Daly, Lynette L. de Silva, John A. Harju, Melanie D. Jensen, Erin M. O'Leary, Wesley D. Peck, Steven A. Smith, and James A. Sorensen. PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION (PCOR) PARTNERSHIP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887132.

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Moore, B., ed. Policy Core Information Model (PCIM) Extensions. RFC Editor, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3460.

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Regnier, Cindy M., and Baptiste Ravache. Stasis PCM Test Results. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1481766.

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Rathgeber, Christoph. Experimental devices to investigate degradation of PCM. IEA SHC Task 58, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task58-2021-0001.

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Deliverable 2 of Subtask 3P is a collection of questionnaires regarding experimental devices that are used by the experts of Task 58 / Annex 33 to investigate the degradation of Phase Change Materials (PCM). Three types of experiments are considered: Tests on degradation of PCM over thermal cycling (type I), tests on degradation of PCM with stable supercooling (type II), and tests on degradation of phase change slurries (type III).
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Gupta, Shweta. Why Has the Incidence of PCOS Increased Lately. Spring Library, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47496/nl.blog.22.

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PCOS is turning into a more predominant issue among women of reproductive age with long-lasting complications. Quite possibly the most challenging aspect of this condition is its vast complexity of characteristics and ambiguous diagnostic criteria.
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Shi, Yue, Liqun Wu, and Yunqing Zhang. GnRHa increases the morbidity of PCOS in children with CPP. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0010.

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Review question / Objective: We conducted this systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the morbidity of PCOS of GnRHa treatment in children with CPP in order to provide the reference of the long‐term safety of GnRHa therapy. Patient, Participant, or population: In the spectrum of CCP, patients presented thelarche, pubarche (TANNER score of at least 2 prior to the age of 8 years), or bone age advancement, and a serum LH concentration of 5 U/L after GnRH (or leuprolide) administration or a basal LH level of 0.3 U/L using ultra-sensitive assays.In the spectrum of PCOS, patients met the 2003 Rotterdam criteria.
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Howe, K. L. Testing of the Eberline PCM-2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/231425.

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Li, Yuzhan, Vera Bocharova, Seung Pyo Jeong, Navin Kumar, Som Shrestha, Kyle Gluesenkamp, and Diana Hun. Fabrication of New PCM Hydrogel Composites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1779119.

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McKay, S., Bruce Pruitt, Brian Zettle, Niklas Hallberg, Cheryl Hughes, Allan Annaert, Meredith Ladart, and Justin McDonald. Proctor Creek Ecological Model (PCEM) : Phase 1 - site screening. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/29514.

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