Journal articles: 'PCM switches'

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Ramer, Rodica, and King Yuk Chan. "Developing PCM-Based Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Switching Networks by Optimised Building Blocks." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 3683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223683.

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The implementation of microwave and millimetre-wave switching networks using phase change material (PCM) is presented in this paper. We propose integrating a combination of ultra-wide bandwidth-optimised building cells into a unique semi-T type switch. The construction of arrays with different dimensions is enabled. The present paper selected GeTe for the PCM-based switches, which are 150 nm GeTe thin-film offering on- and off-state 𝜎𝑜𝑛 = 37,203,703 S/m and 𝜎𝑜ff = 94.97 S/m conductivities by a customised eight-step fabrication process. The integrated semi-T switch cell with two, thru, and turn operational states allows easy expansion into the form of a staircase switch matrix. The simulated results for the semi-T type switch show excellent insertion loss of better than 0.8 dB, return loss of better than 20 dB, and isolation of 40 dB for both the thru and turn paths from DC to 120 GHz. The proposed 4 × 4 staircase switch matrix with a dimension of only 510 × 510 μm2 is also the smallest in its class. The switch matrix exhibits better than 17 dB return loss and 40 dB isolations across all possible combinations and paths.

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Bettoumi, Ines, Nicolas Le Gall, and Pierre Blondy. "Phase Change Material (PCM) RF Switches With Integrated Decoupling Bias Circuit." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 32, no. 1 (January 2022): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2021.3114325.

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Yin, Kun, Yang Gao, Hao Shi, and Shiqiang Zhu. "Inverse Design and Numerical Investigations of an Ultra-Compact Integrated Optical Switch Based on Phase Change Material." Nanomaterials 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2023): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13101643.

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The miniaturization of optical switches is a promising prospect with the use of phase-change materials (PCMs), and exploring various strategies to effectively integrate PCMs with integrated optical waveguides represents an intriguing research question. In this study, an ultra-compact integrated optical switch based on PCM is proposed. This device consists of a Ge2Sb2Te5 nano-disk and an inverse-designed pixelated sub-wavelength structure. The pixelated sub-wavelength structure offers customized refractive indices that conventional materials or structures cannot achieve, leading to an improved insertion loss (IL) and extinction ratio (ER) performance of the device. Furthermore, this structure enhances the interaction between the optical field and GST, resulting in a reduction of the device size and the inserted GST footprint. With an ultra-compact device footprint of 0.9 µm × 1.5 µm, the simulation results exhibit a low IL of 0.45 dB, and a high ER of 18.0 dB at 1550 nm. Additionally, relevant studies show that this device is able to perform reliably despite minor variations in the manufacturing process.

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Zhang, Ming, Peng Dong, Yu Wang, Baozhu Wang, Lin Yang, Ruihong Wu, Weimin Hou, and Junyao Zhang. "Tunable Terahertz Wavefront Modulation Based on Phase Change Materials Embedded in Metasurface." Nanomaterials 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12203592.

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In the past decades, metasurfaces have shown their extraordinary abilities on manipulating the wavefront of electromagnetic wave. Based on the ability, various kinds of metasurfaces are designed to realize new functional metadevices based on wavefront manipulations, such as anomalous beam steering, focus metalens, vortex beams generator, and holographic imaging. However, most of the previously proposed designs based on metasurfaces are fixed once design, which is limited for applications where light modulation needs to be tunable. In this paper, we proposed a design for THz tunable wavefront manipulation achieved by the combination of plasmonic metasurface and phase change materials (PCMs) in THz region. Here, we designed a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) metasurface with the typical C-shape split ring resonator (CSRR), whose polarization conversion efficiency is nearly 90% for circular polarized light (CPL) in the range of 0.95~1.15 THz when PCM is in the amorphous state, but the conversion efficiency turns to less than 10% in the same frequency range when PCM switches into the crystalline state. Then, benefiting from the high polarization conversion contrast of unit cell, we can achieve tunable wavefront manipulation by utilizing the Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase between the amorphous and crystalline states. As a proof-of-concept, the reflective tunable anomalous beam deflector and focusing metalens are designed and characterized, and the results further verify their capability for tunable wavefront manipulation in THz range. It is believed that the design in our work may pave the way toward the tunable wavefront manipulation of THz waves and is potential for dynamic tunable THz devices.

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Waradzyn, Zbigniew, Robert Stala, Aleksander Skała, Andrzej Mondzik, and Adam Penczek. "A Cost-Effective Resonant Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Boost Converter – Experimental Results and Feasibility Model." Power Electronics and Drives 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pead-2018-0004.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of experimental research of a resonant switched capacitor voltage multiplier in a cost-effective topology (CESCVM) with a limited number of active switches. In the charging mode of the switched capacitors, the converter utilizes only one active switch and a required number of diodes. Therefore, the cost of the converter is decreased as compared with that of a classical SCVM converter, owing to a lower number of switches and gate driver circuits, as well as a smaller PCB area. Moreover, the CESCVM has simpler control circuits and higher reliability. This paper presents the original experimental results of the operation of the CESCVM converter. A concept of the bootstrap supply of gate drivers of the flying switches is also examined.

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Cheng, Siyuan, Lin Li, and Xiuping Yu. "Comprehension characterization of prostate cancer cell lines identified JAK-STAT3 signaling in lineage-switched non-neuroendocrine cells." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e17005-e17005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e17005.

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e17005 Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most diagnosed cancer type among American men. Androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapy as the gold standard of PCa has been challenged by treatment resistance. Lineage plasticity enables PCa cells to transit from prostate luminal epithelia to alternative lineages to bypass their dependency on AR signaling. Previously we established prostatic HOX code to study the prostatic lineage. We found that cells with neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype have a lineage switch. Besides, a subgroup of AR negative, NE negative samples also display lineage switch, among which is DU145, a human PCa cell line. Methods: RNA-seq data of PCa cell lines were obtained from GEO then aligned and quantified using human GRCh38 genome with STAR-Salmon pipeline. Downstream differential expression and enrichment analysis was performed with R. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assess protein levels on cell line derived xenografts. Results: 45 RNA-seq datasets of 6 prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines (VCaP, LNCaP, C4-2, 22RV1, PC3 and DU145) and 8 RNA-seq datasets of neuroendocrine prostate cancer cell line (H660) passed quality control. Principle component analysis indicates that samples from the same cell line had similar transcriptomes. Differential expression analysis followed by gene function enrichments analysis identified the marker genes and key signaling pathways of each cell line. HOX code analysis confirmed previous conclusion that all PCa cell lines but DU145 and H660 samples maintained prostatic HOX code. IHC staining on cell line-derived xenografts confirmed the protein expression of selected marker genes (TUBB2B for H660, HGF for VCaP and 22RV1, CXCL1 and KRT7 for DU145 and PC3). The three AR-negative PCa cell lines were further characterized in terms of AR/ NE activity scores, transcriptome identities, HOX codes. These analyses demonstrated that PC3 is a prostate progenitor like cell line, H660 is a lineage-switched NE cell line, and DU145 is a lineage-switched non-NE cell line. Further, signaling enrichment analysis revealed that DU145 cells had higher JAK-STAT3 signaling activity compared to other cell lines. IHC staining detected strong p-STAT3 signals on DU145-derived tumors but not on any other cell line-derived tumors. Conclusions: Human PCa cell lines were fully characterized based on their transcriptomes with high sample numbers. PC3 represents cells dedifferentiated into progenitor stage. DU145 and H660 represent cells that further trans-differentiate into alternative lineages. Neuron master regulators drive H660 cells into NE lineage and STAT3 drives DU145 cells into a non-NE lineage. DU145, representing a non-NE PCa class that have lost prostatic lineage, would be a suitable model system to study JAK-STAT targeting therapy.

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Teichmann, Ph, J. Fischer, E. Amirante, and D. Schmitt-Landsiedel. "Power-Clock-Gating in adiabatischen Logikschaltungen." Advances in Radio Science 4 (September 6, 2006): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-4-275-2006.

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Abstract. In statischen CMOS-Schaltungen wird Clock-Gating verwendet, um inaktive Schaltungsgruppen abzuschalten und damit dynamische Verluste zu reduzieren. Leckströme gewinnen in den neuen Technologien zunehmend an Bedeutung, und statische Verluste treten auf, die durch Power-Gating reduziert werden. Da adiabatische Logik eine getaktete Versorgungsspannung benutzt, kann hier mittels eines einzigen Switches sowohl ein Clock- als auch ein Power-Gating implementiert werden. Da der Switch auch die Verluste im eingeschalteten Zustand erhöht, muss ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Auswahl und die Dimensionierung des Switches gelegt werden. Dieser Artikel zeigt die Grundlagen des Power-Clock-Gatings (PCG) in adiabatischer Logik, Betrachtungen zur Auswahl der geeigneten Switchtopologie und Vorschriften für die Dimensionierung des Switches. Des weiteren wird auf die Auswirkungen des PCG auf den Oszillator eingegangen.

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Erokhin, Maksim, Pavel Elizar’ev, Aleksander Parshikov, Paul Schedl, Pavel Georgiev, and Darya Chetverina. "Transcriptional read-through is not sufficient to induce an epigenetic switch in the silencing activity of Polycomb response elements." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 48 (October 26, 2015): 14930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515276112.

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In Drosophila, Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins are assembled on Polycomb response elements (PREs) to maintain tissue and stage-specific patterns of gene expression. Critical to coordinating gene expression with the process of differentiation, the activity of PREs can be switched “on” and “off.” When on, the PRE imposes a silenced state on the genes in the same domain that is stably inherited through multiple rounds of cell division. When the PRE is switched off, the domain is in a state permissive for gene expression that can be stably inherited. Previous studies have suggested that a burst of transcription through a PRE sequence displaces PcG proteins and provides a universal mechanism for inducing a heritable switch in PRE activity from on to off; however, the evidence favoring this model is indirect. Here, we have directly tested the transcriptional read-through mechanism. Contrary to previous suggestions, we show that transcription through the PRE is not sufficient for inducing an epigenetic switch in PRE activity. In fact, even high levels of continuous transcription through a PRE fails to dislodge the PcG proteins, nor does it remove repressive histone marks. Our results indicate that other mechanisms involving adjacent DNA regulatory elements must be implicated in heritable switch of PRE activity.

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Chu, Min, Jie Chen, Abidur Rahman, and Rajen Murugan. "Methodology to Quantify Impact of Package Delamination on Performance of High-Side Smart Power Switch Design." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2020, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 000015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2020.1.000015.

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Abstract Generally, IC packages with exposed pads have excellent thermal and electrical performance – assuming high fidelity and integrity of die attach material. However, reliability challenges associated with die attach impacts electrical performance of vertical power FETs for high-side power switches. As such, it is critical to quantify the impact of these challenges on high-side power switches operation, so that their protection and diagnostic feature circuitries can be properly designed for mission critical applications. In this paper we present on a package and PCB co-modeling methodology that was developed to assess impact of die attach integrity on performance of high-side power switch designs. We explain how electrical co-optimization of the system (viz. FET-Package-PCB) interactions, was achieved through a coupled circuit-to-electromagnetic modeling, simulation, and analysis methodology. Silicon laboratory measurements data that validate the modeling methodology will be presented.

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Zhou, Hongqiang, Yongtian Wang, Xiaowei Li, Qing Wang, Qunshuo Wei, Guangzhou Geng, and Lingling Huang. "Switchable active phase modulation and holography encryption based on hybrid metasurfaces." Nanophotonics 9, no. 4 (March 11, 2020): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0519.

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AbstractMetasurfaces are planar devices containing delicately designed nanoantenna or resonator arrays that allow for beam shaping, super resolution imaging, and holography. Hybrid metasurface – by integrating with tunable materials such as two-dimensional materials and phase change materials (PCMs) – provides a potential platform for active modulation of wavefronts. Specifically, PCMs can flexibly switch between crystalline and amorphous states with nonvolatile property under external stimuli and provide a large refractive permittivity contrast. Using metasurfaces based on PCM to manipulate wavefronts may provide new opportunities for switchable functionalities. Here, we propose two types of metasurface devices based on whole PCM films to realize switchable holography and simultaneous phase and interference encryption. This feature can be used to encrypt information in a switched state and store camouflage information in the other state by simply applying external thermal stimuli to the entire metasurface. This method can be applied in areas such as beam shaping, optical encryption, and anti-counterfeiting.

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Elizar’ev, P. V., D. V. Lomaev, D. A. Chetverina, P. G. Georgiev, and M. M. Erokhin. "Role of Transcriptional Read-Through in PRE Activity in Drosophila melanogaster." Acta Naturae 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2016-8-2-79-86.

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Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesnt prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.

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Şahin, Belgin, Merve Zeyrek Ongun, Sevinc Zehra Topal, Ayşe Gül Gürek, and Devrim Atilla. "Novel axially-substituted silicon phthalocyanines with pH-modulated fluorescence ON/OFF switching properties." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 23, no. 04n05 (April 2019): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424619500329.

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Two novel axially-substituted asymmetric silicon (IV) phthalocyanines, the first one substituted with both polyethylene glycol and indomethacin groups (Pc1) and second one substituted with both polyethylene glycol and mefenamic acid groups (Pc2) have been designed and synthesized for the purpose of pH sensing examinations. Their absorption and fluorescence emission-based spectral properties were investigated in chloroform, tetrahydrofuran and toluene. The pH-sensing properties of Pc1 and Pc2 were examined in detail by using UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies in tetrahydrofuran. The effects of the substituents on the spectroscopic properties and pH-sensing behavior of these silicon phthalocyanines were revealed. Pc1 didn’t show a pH response; however, Pc2 exhibited a signal increase from pH 5.40 to 0.37 (turn on) and a drastic quenching when pH went from 0.37 to 5.40 (turn off). The protonation/deprotonation stage of the NH group of Pc2 presented fluorescence-based “on-off” type molecular switch properties.

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Zhang, Yun Dong, Cheng Bao Yao, Hai Tao Yin, Chang Qiu Yu, Jin Li, and Ping Yuan. "The Characteristics of All-Optical Switching and Modulation in Phenoxy-Phthalocyanines Liquid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2830–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2830.

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We present our experimental results on the measurements of excited state dynamics in 2, 9, 16, 23-phenoxy-phthalocyanine (Pc1) and 2, 9, 16, 23-phenoxy-phthalocyanine-zinc (Pc2) using the pump-probe experiment. The results show that the All-Optical Switching (A-OS) response time of Pc2 longer than that of Pc1, and switch-off and -on times of A-OS for Pc2 are 1.2 and 11.6 μs and for Pc1 are 2.3 and 7.8 μs at the same intensity. Moreover, analysis of modulation characteristics of A-OS shows that the stronger the light intensity of the pump light is, the smaller the normalized transmittance is and the shorter the response time of A-OS is. The consequences of such short lifetimes are also discussed in view of the strong A-OS properties of these molecules.

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Alemanno, Alessio, Riccardo Morici, Miguel Pretelli, and Corrado Florian. "Design of a 7.5 kW Dual Active Bridge Converter in 650 V GaN Technology for Charging Applications." Electronics 12, no. 6 (March 7, 2023): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061280.

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High-voltage GaN switches offer low conduction and commutation losses compared with their Si counterparts, enabling the development of high-efficiency switching-mode DC–DC converters with increased switching frequency, faster dynamics, and more compact dimensions. Nonetheless, the potential of GaN switches can be fully exploited only by means of accurate simulations, optimal switch driving, suitable converter topology, accurate component selection, PCB layout optimization, and fast digital converter control. This paper describes the detailed design, simulation, and implementation of an air-cooled, 7.5 kW, dual active bridge converter exploiting commercial 650 V GaN switches, a compact planar transformer, and low ESL/ESR metal film capacitors. The isolated bidirectional converter operates at a 200 kHz switching frequency, with an output voltage range of 200–500 V at nominal 400 V input voltage, and a maximum output current of 28 A, with a wide full-power ZVS region. The overall efficiency at full power is 98.2%. This converter was developed in particular for battery charging applications, when bidirectional power flow is required.

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Zuk, Samuel, Alena Pietrikova, and Igor Vehec. "Capacitive touch sensor." Microelectronics International 35, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-12-2017-0071.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the possibilities of mechanical switch replacement by capacitive film touch sensor in applications requiring high reliability and short response time. Advantage of replacing mechanical switch by capacitive touch sensor is no mechanical wear and possible implementation of sensor in application where the switch could not be used or where the flexibility of the sensor substrate is required. The aim of this work is to develop a capacitive touch sensor with the advantage of maximum mechanical resistance, short response time and high sensitivity. Design/methodology/approach Based on various possible sensors layouts, the authors realized 18 different (14 self-capacitance and four mutual capacitance) topologies of capacitive sensor for touch applications. Three different technologies – PCB, LTCC and polymer technology – were used to characterize sensor’s behaviour. For precise characterization of different layouts realized on various substrates, the authors used integrated circuit FDC2214 capacitance-to-digital converter. Findings Sensing range of the capacitive touch (proximity) sensor is affected by the per cent of area covered by the sensor, and it does not depend on topology of sensor. The highest sensing range offers PCB technology. Flexible substrates can be used as proper substituent to rigid PCB. Originality/value The novelty of this work lies in finding the touch capacitive sensors that allow shorter switching times compared to standard mechanical switches.

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Ahmed, Iftekhar Uddin, Abdul Kadar Muhammad Masum, and S. M. A. Motakabber. "The proposed model of pulse code modulation encoder for voice frequencies." International Journal of Scientific World 3, no. 1 (April 26, 2015): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v3i1.4495.

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<p>In this paper, we have developed a hardware-based model of pulse code modulation (PCM) system for voice frequencies. Firstly, we have constructed sample and hold circuit using triggered semiconductor switch (e.g., MOSFET), which is capable of sampling voice signals at 8 kHz according to Nyquist theory. Then an Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC) Integrated Circuit (IC) is introduced to quantize and to digitize of the output of the sample and hold as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). The converted outputs are 8-bit digital parallel value per sample at a frequency of 8 kHz. Finally, a parallel to serial converter logic is constructed which remains the voice frequency at the accurate time without any delay. The principle feature of this PCM system is that during a final interval of time, it makes a waveform into 8 bit serial code word. An 8-bit shift register with decade counter and flip-flop based logic are providing to this wave-from one after another without any interruptions of the sequences.</p>

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Liew, Li-Anne, D. Boteler, C. Y. Lin, N. Marsiglia, and Y. C. Lee. "Design and Fabrication of a PCB MEMS Module With Integrated Switches and Sensor Suite." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (January 1, 2015): 001070–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-tp63.

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We demonstrate the feasibility of integrating Kapton-based MEMS capacitive switches and a sensor suite onto a printed circuit board (PCB) with minimal impact to existing manufacturing processes. Copper-cladded kapton laminates were bonded onto rigid PCB substrates with a BCB film spacer. The kapton was patterned using reactive ion etching to produce MEMS structures such as suspended membranes and flexures. Atomic layer deposited alumina coatings were applied as dielectric layers for the capacitive switches and tilt sensors/accelerometers. The copper cladding was also patterned by etching to function as electrical leads, resistors, and capacitive electrodes. In this way, MEMS switches, tilt/acceleration sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and vacuum pressure sensors, were all fabricated monolithically onto a PCB in a single module. We describe the fabrication process, challenges and improvements to the process in particular in the bonding and etching of the kapton films. We also describe the design of the various sensors and switches and demonstrate their functionality.

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Claessens, Frank, Roy Eerlings, Purvi Gupta, Xiao Yin Lee, Sarah E. Kharraz, Maarten Jacquemyn, Bram Vandewinkel, et al. "RF03 | PMON286 Engineering Steroid Receptors to Respond to Chemicals of Choice." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A729—A730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.1505.

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Abstract In synthetic biology, small molecules are commonly used for altering gene expression through the (in)activation of gene switches. Current switches, however, have a narrow species range, are non-titratable, or use non-inert inducers which evoke important side effects. Universal gene switches (XRs) that have dynamic ranges without interference with the host cell physiology will overcome these limitations. Ideal starting points for developing such XRs are the steroid receptors (SRs). The SRs are frequently applied as regulator domain or gene switch in organisms in which they are not naturally expressed, like microbes and plants. Several SRs, such as the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), have been redesigned to respond to synthetic effectors but these variants require inducer amounts that are detrimental to the host or affect endogenous SRs. By combining in silico modelling with directed evolution in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we developed a platform and strategy for evolving SRs towards a chemical of choice. Validation of this method was achieved by first evolving the ERα to employ tamoxifen as an agonist, yielding the preTERRA variant. Subsequently, activation by estradiol was removed, rendering a tamoxifen receptor (TERRA). We show that TERRA gets activated by subtoxic tamoxifen amounts while remaining insensitive for physiological estradiol levels. Further evaluation demonstrated TERRA to be transferable to mammalian cells. Ongoing research aims at converting the TERRA receptor into a regulatory domain for controlling nuclear translocation of Cre recombinases and Cas9 proteins in both cell lines and mouse models. The same platform was employed for adapting ERα towards the plasticizer Bisphenol A. This yielded an ERα variant that is no longer inducible by estradiol but is responsive to lower concentrations of Bisphenol in yeast. The transferal to cell lines will provide us with an additional regulatory domain. The ability to engineer any SR towards a synthetic ligand of choice not only expands the synthetic biology toolbox but can find applications in landscaping SR-related drug resistance and ligand-inducibility. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:48 p.m. - 1:53 p.m., Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

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Yin, Jianli, Linfeng Yang, Lisha Mou, Kaili Dong, Jian Jiang, Shuai Xue, Ying Xu, Xinyi Wang, Ying Lu, and Haifeng Ye. "A green tea–triggered genetic control system for treating diabetes in mice and monkeys." Science Translational Medicine 11, no. 515 (October 23, 2019): eaav8826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aav8826.

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Cell-based therapies are recognized as the next frontier in medicine, but the translation of many promising technologies into the clinic is currently limited by a lack of remote-control inducers that are safe and can be tightly regulated. Here, we developed therapeutically active engineered cells regulated by a control system that is responsive to protocatechuic acid (PCA), a metabolite found in green tea. We constructed multiple genetic control technologies that could toggle a PCA-responsive ON/OFF switch based on a transcriptional repressor from Streptomyces coelicolor. We demonstrated that PCA-controlled switches can be used for guide RNA expression–mediated control of the CRISPR-Cas9 systems for gene editing and epigenetic remodeling. We showed how these technologies could be used as implantable biocomputers in live mice to perform complex logic computations that integrated signals from multiple food metabolites. Last, we used our system to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. This biocompatible and versatile food phenolic acid–controlled transgenic device opens opportunities for dynamic interventions in gene- and cell-based precision medicine.

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Wang, Xuanjie, Chi Yan Tso, Bhawat Traipattanakul, and Christopher Y. H. Chao. "Development of a phase change material (PCM)-based thermal switch." HKIE Transactions 24, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023697x.2017.1312560.

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Kim, Woochan, Jongwon Shin, and Khai D. T. Ngo. "DBC Switch Module for Management of Temperature and Noise in 220-W/in3 Power Assembly." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 000744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-wp52.

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Achieving high power density is a challenge in the presence of stringent specifications on temperature rise and switching noise. Integration of the DBC module with PCB mother board was found to be the right approach to achieve 220-W/in3 power density, 2-kW output power, and 48.9°C junction-temperature rise. The reduced layout inductance (2.89-nH) at the source and the negative coupling between source and drain layout inductances suppressed turn-off noise. The prototyped dc-dc boost converter switched between 400 kHz to 1 MHz without self-turn-on problems and efficiency was 98.4 % by employing DBC switch module.

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Köhler-Forsberg, Ole, Erik Roj Larsen, Henriette N. Buttenschøn, Marcella Rietschel, Joanna Hauser, Daniel Souery, Wolfgang Maier, et al. "Effect of antidepressant switching between nortriptyline and escitalopram after a failed first antidepressant treatment among patients with major depressive disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 215, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.302.

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BackgroundFor patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) experiencing side-effects or non-response to their first antidepressant, little is known regarding the effect of switching between a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).AimsTo compare the switch between the TCA nortriptyline and the SSRI escitalopram.MethodAmong 811 adults with MDD treated with nortriptyline or escitalopram for up to 12 weeks, 108 individuals switched from nortriptyline to escitalopram or vice versa because of side-effects or non-response (trial registration: EudraCT No.2004-001723-38 (https://eudract.ema.europa.eu/) and ISRCTN No.03693000 (http://www.controlled-trials.com)). Patients were followed for up to 26 weeks after switching and response was measured with the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating scale (MADRS). We performed adjusted mixed-effects linear regression models with full information maximum likelihood estimation reporting β-coefficients with 95% CIs.ResultsSwitching antidepressants resulted in a significant decrease in MADRS scores. This was present for switchers from escitalopram to nortriptyline (n = 36, β = −0.38, 95% CI −0.51 to −0.25, P<0.001) and from nortriptyline to escitalopram (n = 72, β = −0.34, 95% CI −0.41 to −0.26, P<0.001). Both switching options resulted in significant improvement among individuals who switched because of non-response or side-effects. The results were supported by analyses on other rating scales and symptom dimensions.ConclusionsThese results suggest that switching from a TCA to an SSRI or vice versa after non-response or side-effects to the first antidepressant may be a viable approach to achieve response among patients with MDD.Declarations of interestK.J.A. holds an Alberta Centennial Addiction and Mental Health Research Chair, funded by the Government of Alberta. K.J.A. has been a member of various advisory boards, received consultancy fees and honoraria, and has received research grants from various companies including Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceuticals Research and Development and Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals Limited. D.S. has served on advisory boards for, and received unrestricted grants from, Lundbeck and AstraZeneca. A.F. and P.M. have received honoraria for participating in expert panels for Lundbeck and GlaxoSmithKline.

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Ud Din, Amad, Muhammad Kamran, Waqar Mahmood, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Abdulaziz Saud Altamrah, and Jong-Wook Lee. "An Efficient CMOS Dual Switch Rectifier for Piezoelectric Energy-Harvesting Circuits." Electronics 8, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8010066.

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In this research work, we investigated a dual switch (DS) active rectifier for the piezoelectric (PE) energy scavenging system. In the proposed DS active rectifier configuration, two extra switches are shunted across the PE transducer which helps the PE transducer’s capacitor in charging and discharging which results in maximum power extraction from the PE transducer. Moreover, in the proposed rectifier configuration comparator controlled active diodes are used instead of conventional/passive diodes to minimize the threshold voltage V T H drop. The proposed DS active rectifier design is fabricated in a 1-poly 6-metal 180-nm standard CMOS process. The simulation and measured results of the proposed DS active rectifier design have the better power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 91.5 %, which definitely helps in extracting more power than the conventional full bridge rectifier (FBR).

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Priya, Bhukya Krishna, and N. Ramasubramanian. "Enhancing the Lifetime of a Phase Change Memory with Bit-Flip Reversal." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 14 (March 11, 2020): 2050219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620502199.

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Phase Change Memory (PCM) has evolved as a promising alternative over Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) in terms of cell density and leakage power. While non-volatility is a desirable feature, it gives rise to the possibility of the data being present even after the power is switched off. To secure the data, encryption is normally done by using the standard Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. Encrypting the data results in huge number of bit-flips, which reduces the lifetime of a PCM. The proposed method increases the lifetime of PCM by reducing the number of bit-flips occurred due to the encryption of modified words only and leaving the unmodified words as they are. The generated encrypted text, which is written by using the bit-flips reversal method, reduces the number of cells involved in writing by approximately 25%. This method is implemented by using Gem5 simulator and is evaluated with splash2 benchmark suite. It is observed that the proposed method improves the lifetime of a PCM memory by 15% without consuming extra power.

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Antonelli, Alessandro, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Poupak Fallahi, Giusy Elia, Francesca Ragusa, Sabrina Rosaria Paparo, Eugenia Balestri, Chiara Botrini, Armando Patrizio, and Valeria Mazzi. "PSAT366 Liquid L-thyroxine (L-T4) Formulation Normalizes TSH in Hypothyroid Patients Treated with Tablets L-T4." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.1740.

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Abstract The absorption of L-thyroxine (L-T4) can be affected by different factors, such as the manner of L-T4 assumption (during breakfast, or with food), the age of the patient, the interference with other drugs, absorption kinetics, adherence to therapy, and others. L-T4 tablets malabsorption can occur due to the increased gastric pH in patients in treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPI; omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole) for gastritis, gastric ulcer, etc. We enrolled 25 patients in treatment with L-T4 in the tablet formulation, and with elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels; they were switched to the same dose of an oral liquid L-T4 preparation. A normalization, or reduction, of circulating TSH levels occurred after the switch from L-T4 in tablet formulation to the liquid one (at the same dose). Eleven of these subjects who, for different reasons, were switched back again to assume L-T4 in tablets (with the same dosage), had a worsening of TSH levels, reaching the hypothyroid range. Our results show that the pH alteration issue due to PPI could be overcome by the assumption of the oral L-T4 liquid formulation. Other future studies are needed to investigate liquid L-T4 formulation also in other conditions of altered L-T4 absorption. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m.

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Sun, Ke, Yan Long Han, and Wei Ling Luan. "Semi-Open Thermal Protection Scheme of Electronics in Nuclear Rescue Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 853 (September 2016): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.853.405.

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Thermal management of electronics is quite important for safe operation of nuclear rescue robot. However, the ambient temperature of the nuclear robot in the site of nuclear accident will suffer an alternation between ordinary and elevated temperature. Traditional phase change material (PCM) based closed scheme for thermal protection is not suitable due to the capacity limitation of PCM. Open scheme with forced air cooling or water cooling is not acceptable either, because it cannot operate in high temperature. Therefore, a semi-open thermal control scheme is proposed by using silica aerogel for heat insulation, PCM for heat absorption, and Nickel-titanium alloy spring as temperature switch. An investigation on different ambient temperature, laying angle, melting point of PCM and heat power is conducted. The results showed that, compared with the PCM-based closed scheme, our design can provide 19.23% prolonged safe working hours, which can improve the reliability of electronic devices.

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Deylamani, Mahnaz Janipoor, Fatemeh Abdi, and Parviz Amiri. "A Full-Wave CMOS Rectifier with High-Speed Comparators for Implantable Medical Devices." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 11 (October 2019): 1950178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619501780.

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In this paper, we present a CMOS full-wave rectifier with comparator-controlled switches for transmission of wireless power in implantable medical devices. It uses MOS transistors as low loss switches to provide high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The proposed fast comparator circuit, by controlling the switches in the rectifier, reduces the reverse leakage current in the negative cycle and increases the conduction time in the positive cycle so that more current flows into the output load and optimizes the rectifier power efficiency. The designed comparator does not require constant voltage source for its function and it is self-biased. The proposed rectifier is implemented using 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS technology and provides 1.195[Formula: see text]V output DC voltage with a 190[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] load resistance and AC input signal with the frequency of 13.56[Formula: see text]MHz and peak-to-peak amplitude of 1.36[Formula: see text]V. Under these conditions, PCE and voltage conversion efficiency (VCE) values are 85.5% and 88%, respectively. The peak PCE and VCE increase with a decrease in operation frequency and dimensions of transistors are optimized using multiple simulations for intended frequency.

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Mannam, Rayudu, Srinivasa Rao Gorantla, and Nagesh Vangala. "A 500 Watts Single Stage Single Switch Soft Switched CCM PFC Flyback Converter with BCM Control." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.24 (November 27, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.24.21871.

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Single stage isolated AC to DC converters find prominence due to simplicity and efficiency in addition to economics. Boundary control Mode BCM Flyback converters are widely used for such applications up to power levels of 200 watts. For higher power levels, average current control mode PFCs are used and two stage conversion is incorporated. In this paper, a novel technique for building a single stage PFC with a Continuous Conduction Mode CCM Flyback AC DC converter is proposed for 500 watts power. A practicalsingle stage converter is built with power factor correction and input output isolation. The unique feature of the new configuration lies in having only one primary MOSFET switch and adapting BCM control in a CCM Flyback configuration and achieving ZVS and ZCS while in CCM operation. Proposed configuration is best suited for battery charger applications. Also, the absence of high voltage bulk capacitor at the mains input adds lot of advantages in terms of eliminating inrush current and saving PCB area. A working model of 130 V Dc output and 4.0A is built and the test data are presented depicting the complete soft switching of all power devices and exhibiting the efficiencies in excess of 95%.

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Franko, Andras, Lucia Berti, Jörg Hennenlotter, Steffen Rausch, Marcus O. Scharpf, Martin Hrabĕ de de Angelis, Arnulf Stenzl, et al. "Increased Expressions of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Prostate Cancer Tissues of Men with Type 2 Diabetes." Biomedicines 8, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8110507.

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with worse prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa). The molecular mechanisms behind this association are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to identify key factors, which contribute to the more aggressive PCa phenotype in patients with concurrent T2D. Therefore, we investigated benign and PCa tissue of PCa patients with and without diabetes using real time qPCR. Compared to patients without diabetes, patients with T2D showed a decreased E-cadherin/N-cadherin (CDH1/CDH2) ratio in prostate tissue, indicating a switch of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a pivotal process in carcinogenesis. In addition, the gene expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and CC chemokine ligands (CCLs) were higher in prostate samples of T2D patients. Next, prostate adenocarcinoma PC3 cells were treated with increasing glucose concentrations to replicate hyperglycemia in vitro. In these cells, high glucose induced expressions of MMPs and CCLs, which showed significant positive associations with the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). These results indicate that in prostate tissue of men with T2D, hyperglycemia may induce EMT, increase MMP and CCL gene expressions, which in turn activate invasion and inflammatory processes accelerating the progression of PCa.

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Dean, Robert, Aditi Rane, Colin Stevens, Michael Baginski, Zane Hartzog, and David Elton. "Implementing Fringing Field Sensors in PCB Technology." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, DPC (January 1, 2010): 000579–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2010dpc-ta22.

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Interdigitated electrode structures are well suited for realizing capacitors where a significant percentage of the total capacitance in due to the out of plane fringing fields. An object that interferes with the fringing fields will then change the measurable capacitance between the electrodes. Therefore this configuration can be used as a sensor for the object that interferes with the fringing fields and is called a capacitive fringing field sensor. These types of sensors have been used in many applications, such as water detection, moisture content measurement and as proximity switches. Printed circuit board (PCB) technology is particularly useful for realizing this type of sensor architecture. The interdigitated electrode structures can be patterned in the Cu cladding on one or both sides of the substrate. The solder mask coating can then be used to insulate the electrodes to prevent shorting in the presence of water or other conductive substances. The size and spacing of the electrode structures can be optimized to adjust the sensitivity of the sensor to the measurand of interest. The implementation of this type of sensor in PCB technology has several advantages when compared to traditional MEMS technologies. External electronics can readily be attached to the PCB substrate. Very large sensor panels can be manufactured easily and economically. Other types of MEMS sensors have been implemented in PCB technology in recent years. This sensor is compatible with those types of sensors and could be used to augment sensor suites implemented in PCB MEMS technology. Demonstration prototype fringing field sensors were implemented in PCB technology for measuring the mass of small quantities of water, for measuring soil moisture content and for use as capacitive touch switches.

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В. И., Соколов,, Ахманов, А. С., Горячук, И. О., and Панченко, В. Я. "High-Speed Signal Switching in a PCB Optical Data Bus." Успехи кибернетики / Russian Journal of Cybernetics, no. 4(12) (December 28, 2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51790/2712-9942-2022-3-4-01.

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рассмотрены вопросы высокоскоростной коммутации сигналов в оптической шине передачи данных на печатной плате. Для создания оптических коммутаторов предлагается использовать каскады волноводных интерферометров Маха–Цендера на основе электрооптических полимеров с фторсодержащими хромофорами в боковой цепи, способными изменять показатель преломления под действием приложенного электрического поля. Такие коммутаторы обладают высоким быстродействием и обеспечивают частоты переключения на уровне 100 ГГц. Предложен подход к формированию одномодовых волноводов и волноводных интерферометров Маха–Цендера в электрооптических полимерах, основанный на лазерном фотоосветлении хромофоров, которое сопровождается уменьшением показателя преломления полимера под действием излучения видимого диапазона. the study considers high-speed switching in an optical bus on a printed circuit board (PCB). We proposed to use cascades of Mach–Zehnder waveguide interferometers to build optical switches. The interferometers are made of electro-optical polymers with fluorine-containing chromophores in the side chain. The substance changes its refractive index when an electric field is applied. Such switches are fast: the switching frequency is up to 100 GHz. The authors also proposed an approach to the manufacturing of single-mode waveguides and Mach–Zehnder waveguide interferometers in electro-optical polymer using laser photo-clarification of chromophores. Visible light decreases the refractive index decrease of the polymer.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Low Loss in a Gas Filled Hollow Core Photonic crystal fiber." Baghdad Science Journal 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2010): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.7.1.129-138.

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The work in this paper focuses on the experimental confirming of the losses in photonic crystal fibers (PCF) on the transmission of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. First HC-PCF was evacuated to 0.1 mbar then the microstructure fiber (PCF) was filled with He gas & gas. Second the input power and output power of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was measured in hollow core photonic bandgap fiber (HCPCF). In this work loss was calculated in the hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) filled with air then N2, and He gases respectively. It has bean observed that the minimum loss obtained in case of filling (HC-PCF) with He gas and its equal to 15.070 dB/km at operating wavelength (1040-1090) nm.

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Abdul Ghani, Firas, Amir Mohsen Ahmadi Najafabadi, Heba Saleh, Murat Kaya Yapici, and Ibrahim Tekin. "A 28 GHz 2 × 2 Antenna Array with 10 Beams Using Passive SPDT Switch Beamforming Network." Sensors 21, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 7138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217138.

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In this paper, a dual-polarized four-port 2 × 2 series fed antenna array operating at 28 GHz with beam-switching capability is proposed. The antenna array uses a simple passive beamforming network to switch the main beam. The presented antenna design is suitable for 5G user equipment and high data rates applications by which it has a compact size with low cost and complexity. The size of the antenna is 37.2 × 37.2 mm2 including the ground plane, and it produces 10 different switched beams by using only two simple 3 dB/90∘ couplers which create the required amplitudes and phase excitations for the antenna elements. A one-port simple feeding mechanism including Peregrine PE42525 SPDT switch modules and a power divider is used to generate and measure the 10 switched beams. The antenna design is implemented on a two-layer 0.203 mm thick low-loss (tanδ = 0.0027) Rogers 4003C substrate, and it has a measured 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 4 GHz (14.3%, from 26 GHz to 30 GHz) for all ports. Measured peak isolation between any dual-polarized ports of the antenna is better than 30 dB. The antenna has an average measured realized gain of 8.9 dBi and around 10 dB side lobe level (SLL) for all beams. The antenna has 3-dB coverage of 80∘ to 90∘ in 2D space and it has a maximum of ±26∘ beam-steering angle. The antenna is designed and simulated using Ansys HFSS and fabricated using regular PCB processing.

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Real-Fernández, Navarro-Esbrí, Mota-Babiloni, Barragán-Cervera, Domenech, Sánchez, Maiorino, and Aprea. "Modeling of a PCM TES Tank Used as an Alternative Heat Sink for a Water Chiller. Analysis of Performance and Energy Savings." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193652.

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Phase change materials (PCMs) can be used in refrigeration systems to redistribute the thermal load. The main advantages of the overall system are a more stable energy performance, energy savings, and the use of the off-peak electric tariff. This paper proposes, models, tests, and analyzes an experimental water vapor compression chiller connected to a PCM thermal energy storage (TES) tank that acts as an alternative heat sink. First, the transient model of the chiller-PCM system is proposed and validated through experimental data directly measured from a test bench where the PCM TES tank is connected to a vapor compression-based chiller. A maximum deviation of 1.2 °C has been obtained between the numerical and experimental values of the PCM tank water outlet temperature. Then, the validated chiller-PCM system model is used to quantify (using the coefficient of performance, COP) and to analyze its energy performance and its dependence on the ambient temperature. Moreover, electrical energy saving curves are calculated for different ambient temperature profiles, reaching values between 5% and 15% taking the experimental system without PCM as a baseline. Finally, the COP of the chiller-PCM system is calculated for different temperatures and use scenarios, and it is compared with the COP of a conventional aerothermal chiller to determine the switch ambient temperature values for which the former provides energy savings over the latter.

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Hill, K., and S. Meredith. "Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pump Plate Switch." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 19 (January 1998): S261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199801001-00252.

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Whalley, N. M., L. E. Pritchard, D. M. Smith, and A. White. "Processing of proglucagon to GLP-1 in pancreatic α-cells: is this a paracrine mechanism enabling GLP-1 to act on β-cells?" Journal of Endocrinology 211, no. 1 (July 27, 2011): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-11-0094.

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Proglucagon is cleaved to glucagon by prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) in pancreatic α-cells, but is cleaved to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by PC1 in intestinal L-cells. The aim of this study was to identify mechanisms which switch processing of proglucagon to generate GLP-1 in the pancreas, given that GLP-1 can increase insulin secretion and β-cell mass. The α-cell line, αTC1-6, expressed PC1 at low levels and GLP-1 was detected in cells and in culture media. GLP-1 was also found in isolated human islets and in rat islets cultured for 7 days. High glucose concentrations increasedPc1gene expression and PC1 protein in rat islets. High glucose (25 mM) also increased GLP-1 but decreased glucagon secretion from αTC1-6 cells suggesting a switch in processing to favour GLP-1. Three G protein-coupled receptors, GPR120, TGR5 and GPR119, implicated in the release of GLP-1 from L-cells are expressed in αTC1-6 cells. Incubation of these cells with an agonist of TGR5 increased PC1 promoter activity and GLP-1 secretion suggesting that this is a mechanism for switching processing to GLP-1 in the pancreas. Treatment of isolated rat islets with streptozotocin caused β-cell toxicity as evidenced by decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. This increased GLP-1 but not glucagon in the islets. In summary, proglucagon can be processed to GLP-1 in pancreatic cells. This process is upregulated by elevated glucose, activation of TGR5 and β-cell destruction. Understanding this phenomenon may lead to advances in therapies to protect β-cell mass, and thereby slow progression from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes.

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Saudi, Aws, Viqar Banday, A. Ali Zirakzadeh, Martin Selinger, Jon Forsberg, Martin Holmbom, Johan Henriksson, et al. "Immune-Activated B Cells Are Dominant in Prostate Cancer." Cancers 15, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030920.

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B cells are multifaceted immune cells responding robustly during immune surveillance against tumor antigens by presentation to T cells and switched immunoglobulin production. However, B cells are unstudied in prostate cancer (PCa). We used flow cytometry to analyze B-cell subpopulations in peripheral blood and lymph nodes from intermediate–high risk PCa patients. B-cell subpopulations were related to clinicopathological factors. B-cell-receptor single-cell sequencing and VDJ analysis identified clonal B-cell expansion in blood and lymph nodes. Pathological staging was pT2 in 16%, pT3a in 48%, and pT3b in 36%. Lymph node metastases occurred in 5/25 patients (20%). Compared to healthy donors, the peripheral blood CD19+ B-cell compartment was significantly decreased in PCa patients and dominated by naïve B cells. The nodal B-cell compartment had significantly increased fractions of CD19+ B cells and switched memory B cells. Plasmablasts were observed in tumor-draining sentinel lymph nodes (SNs). VDJ analysis revealed clonal expansion in lymph nodes. Thus, activated B cells are increased in SNs from PCa patients. The increased fraction of switched memory cells and plasmablasts together with the presence of clonally expanded B cells indicate tumor-specific T-cell-dependent responses from B cells, supporting an important role for B cells in the protection against tumors.

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Ayanoglu, E., N. R. Dagdeviren, G. D. Golden, and J. E. Mazo. "An equalizer design technique for the PCM modem: a new modem for the digital public switched network." IEEE Transactions on Communications 46, no. 6 (June 1998): 763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.681412.

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Cetiner, B. A., J. Y. Qian, H. P. Chang, M. Bachman, G. P. Li, and F. De Flaviis. "Monolithic integration of RF MEMS switches with a diversity antenna on PCB substrate." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 51, no. 1 (January 2003): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2002.806521.

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Roesch, Alexander. "‘TWIST and switch’ metastasis." Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 27, no. 2 (December 16, 2013): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12198.

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Khan, Danial, Muhammad Basim, Khuram Shehzad, Qurat Ul Ain, Deeksha Verma, Muhammad Asif, Seong Jin Oh, et al. "A 2.45 GHz High Efficiency CMOS RF Energy Harvester with Adaptive Path Control." Electronics 9, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071107.

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In this research work, a reconfigurable 2.45-GHz RF-DC converter realized in a 180-nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology is proposed to efficiently harvest electromagnetic energy. The proposed circuit is composed of a low-power path rectifier, a high-power path rectifier, and an adaptive path control (APC) circuit. The APC circuit is made-up of a comparator, two switches, and an inverter. The APC circuit senses the output voltages of the low-power path and the high-power path rectifiers and generates a control signal to automatically switch the proposed circuit between the lower-power path and the high-power path operation depending upon RF input power level. The proposed circuit obtains more than 20% measured power conversion efficiency (PCE) from −6 dBm to 11 dBm input power range with maximum efficiencies of 41% and 45% at 1 and 6 dBm input powers, respectively, for 5 kΩ load resistance. In addition, the proposed circuit shows excellent performance at 900 MHz and 5.8 GHz frequencies.

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Balamurugan, R., and R. Nithya. "FC/PV Fed SAF with Fuzzy Logic Control for Power Quality Enhancement." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 5, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v5.i4.pp470-476.

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In this paper, a Fuel cell (FC) / Photovoltaic cell (PV)/ Battery operated three phase Shunt Active power Filter (SAF) is proposed for improving the power quality at the utility side. Fuzzy based instantaneous p-q theory control is proposed for SAF. This SAF consists of Voltage Source PWM Converter (VSC) and a DC link capacitor supplied by a FC/PV/Battery. The filter provides harmonic mitigation with reactive power compensation and neutral compensation for loads at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). A Single switch boost DC-DC converter connects the FC/PV/Battery with the VSC to maintain the load. The performance of the proposed SAF is tested in MATLAB / SIMULINK environment with Fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The controller maintains the DC link voltage based on the current reference generated by the p-q theory. The Hysteresis PWM current controller is employed to generate the gating pulses to the switches in VSC. The simulation results of the proposed SAF validate the effectiveness of FLC in power quality enhancement.

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WANG, Xin, Tithra CHAP, Sugang XU, and Yoshiaki TANAKA. "Toward Distributed Translucent Wavelength Switched Optical Networks under GMPLS/PCE Architecture." IEICE Transactions on Communications E95-B, no. 3 (2012): 740–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e95.b.740.

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Kim, Jeong-Geun, and Donghyun Baek. "A Wideband True Time Delay Circuit Using 0.25 µm GaN HEMT Technology." Sensors 23, no. 15 (July 31, 2023): 6827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156827.

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This paper presents a wideband 4-bit true time delay IC using a 0.25 μm GaN HEMT (High-Electron-Mobility Transistor) process for the beam-squint-free phased array antennas. The true time delay IC is implemented with a switched path circuit topology using DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw) with no shunt transistor in the inter-stages to improve the bandwidth and SPDT (Single Pole Single Throw) switches at the input and the output ports. The delay lines are implemented with CLC π-networks with the lumped element to ensure a compact chip size. A negative voltage generator and an SPI controller are implemented in the PCB (Printed Circuit Board) due to the lack of digital control logic in GaN technology. A maximum time delay of ~182 ps with a time delay resolution of 10.5 ps is achieved at DC–6 GHz. The RMS (Root Mean Square) time delay and amplitude error are <5 ps and <0.6 dB, respectively. The measured insertion loss is <6.8 dB and the input and output return losses are >10 dB at DC–6 GHz. The current consumption is nearly zero with a 3.3 V supply. The chip size including pads is 2.45 × 1.75 mm2. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a true time delay IC using GaN HEMT technology.

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Ramadoss, Ramesh, Simone Lee, Y. C. Lee, Victor M. Bright, and K. C. Gupta. "MEMS capacitive series switch fabricated using PCB technology." International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering 17, no. 4 (July 2007): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmce.20235.

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Schuster, Victoria, Dipen Patel, Martin Christopher Barnes, George Cyriac, and Harry Staszewski. "The adoption of relugolix for treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) in a large community medical oncology practice." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e13541-e13541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e13541.

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e13541 Background: Relugolix was approved by the FDA in late 2020 as an oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist for the treatment of adults with advanced PCa. The approval was based on a large randomized trial (Shore et al NEJM) of patients with evidence of biochemical or clinical relapse after local primary intervention with curative intent (50%), newly diagnosed mCSPCa (23%), and advanced localized disease not suitable for primary surgical intervention with curative intent (28%). Our study aims to observe the adoption of relugolix in a large community-based medical oncology practice with affiliated urologists. Methods: A retrospective study using our EMR identified 39 males with PCa for whom relugolix was initiated between January 2021 and December 2021. The charts were analyzed for demographics, indications for treatment, barriers encountered to initiation of treatment, duration of therapy, previous therapies, specialty, primary insurance, and cardiovascular history. Results: Thirty-nine (39) patients with either localized PCa (40%) or with metastases to lymph nodes or distant sites (51%) were recommended initiation of relugolix by either urology (26%) or oncology (74%). Of these, 77% actually started the medication. 9 patients did not start therapy, of which 3 were due to insurance denial, 1 due to death, 2 changed their mind, and 3 did not start for unclear reasons. Medicare covered 56% of the patients. Cardiovascular disease was notable in 87%. 28% switched from another ADT due to intolerance, 10% started relugolix due to progressive disease, and 33% started as initial ADT. 13% discontinued within 6 months. Of these, 1 completed planned therapy, 3 were intolerant, 1 was switched to alternate therapy due to progression, and 1 had complications due to COVID. In comparison, 689 patients initiated ADT with leuprolide over the same time. Conclusions: ADT using GnRH agonists or antagonists form the backbone of PCa treatment, typically given as injections. The HERO trial showed that relugolix, a newer oral therapy, is associated with lower rates of cardiovascular events compared to leuprolide. While having at least one cardiovascular risk factor is a consideration for patients to either start with or switch to relugolix, the large majority of our patients still received first-line therapy with leuprolide. This study demonstrates limitations to initiating relugolix including financial constraints (e.g., insurance coverage), patient preference, and medication intolerance.[Table: see text]

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Schuster, Victoria, Dipen Patel, Martin Christopher Barnes, George Cyriac, and Harry Staszewski. "The adoption of relugolix for treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) in a large community medical oncology practice." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e13541-e13541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e13541.

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e13541 Background: Relugolix was approved by the FDA in late 2020 as an oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist for the treatment of adults with advanced PCa. The approval was based on a large randomized trial (Shore et al NEJM) of patients with evidence of biochemical or clinical relapse after local primary intervention with curative intent (50%), newly diagnosed mCSPCa (23%), and advanced localized disease not suitable for primary surgical intervention with curative intent (28%). Our study aims to observe the adoption of relugolix in a large community-based medical oncology practice with affiliated urologists. Methods: A retrospective study using our EMR identified 39 males with PCa for whom relugolix was initiated between January 2021 and December 2021. The charts were analyzed for demographics, indications for treatment, barriers encountered to initiation of treatment, duration of therapy, previous therapies, specialty, primary insurance, and cardiovascular history. Results: Thirty-nine (39) patients with either localized PCa (40%) or with metastases to lymph nodes or distant sites (51%) were recommended initiation of relugolix by either urology (26%) or oncology (74%). Of these, 77% actually started the medication. 9 patients did not start therapy, of which 3 were due to insurance denial, 1 due to death, 2 changed their mind, and 3 did not start for unclear reasons. Medicare covered 56% of the patients. Cardiovascular disease was notable in 87%. 28% switched from another ADT due to intolerance, 10% started relugolix due to progressive disease, and 33% started as initial ADT. 13% discontinued within 6 months. Of these, 1 completed planned therapy, 3 were intolerant, 1 was switched to alternate therapy due to progression, and 1 had complications due to COVID. In comparison, 689 patients initiated ADT with leuprolide over the same time. Conclusions: ADT using GnRH agonists or antagonists form the backbone of PCa treatment, typically given as injections. The HERO trial showed that relugolix, a newer oral therapy, is associated with lower rates of cardiovascular events compared to leuprolide. While having at least one cardiovascular risk factor is a consideration for patients to either start with or switch to relugolix, the large majority of our patients still received first-line therapy with leuprolide. This study demonstrates limitations to initiating relugolix including financial constraints (e.g., insurance coverage), patient preference, and medication intolerance.[Table: see text]

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Roberts, J., A. Mizan, and L. Yushyna. "Optimized High Power GaN Transistors." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, HiTEN (January 1, 2015): 000195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-session6-paper6_1.

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GaN transistors intended for use at 600–900 V and that are capable of providing of 30–100 A are being introduced this year. These devices have a substantially better switching Figure-of-Merit (FOM) than silicon power switches. Rapid market acceptance is expected leading to compound annual growth rates of 85 %. However these devices present new packaging challenges. Their high speed combined with the very high current being switched demands that very low inductance packaging must be combined with highly controlled drive circuitry. While convention, and the usually vertical power device die structure, has largely determined power transistor package formats in the past, the lateral nature of the today GaN devices requires the use of new package types. The new packages have to operate at high temperatures while providing effective heat removal, low inductance, and low series resistance. Because GaN devices are lateral they require the package metal tracks to be integrated within the on-chip tracks to carry the current away from the thin on-chip metal tracks. The new GaN devices are available in two formats: one for use in embedded modular assemblies and the other for use mounted upon conventional circuit board systems. The package intended for discrete printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies has a top side cooling option that simplifies the thermal interface to the heat sink. The paper describes the die layout including the added copper tracks. The corresponding package elements that interface directly with the surface of the die play a vital role in terms of the current handling. They also provide the interface to the external busbars that allow the package to be mounted within, or on PCB. The assembly has been subject to extensive thermal analysis and the performance of a 30 A, 650 V transistor is described.

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Xu, Lingfan, Yu Yin, Yanjing Li, Xufeng Chen, Yan Chang, Hong Zhang, Juan Liu, et al. "A glutaminase isoform switch drives therapeutic resistance and disease progression of prostate cancer." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 13 (March 22, 2021): e2012748118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012748118.

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Cellular metabolism in cancer is significantly altered to support the uncontrolled tumor growth. How metabolic alterations contribute to hormonal therapy resistance and disease progression in prostate cancer (PCa) remains poorly understood. Here we report a glutaminase isoform switch mechanism that mediates the initial therapeutic effect but eventual failure of hormonal therapy of PCa. Androgen deprivation therapy inhibits the expression of kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), a splicing isoform of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) up-regulated by androgen receptor (AR), to achieve therapeutic effect by suppressing glutaminolysis. Eventually the tumor cells switch to the expression of glutaminase C (GAC), an androgen-independent GLS1 isoform with more potent enzymatic activity, under the androgen-deprived condition. This switch leads to increased glutamine utilization, hyperproliferation, and aggressive behavior of tumor cells. Pharmacological inhibition or RNA interference of GAC shows better treatment effect for castration-resistant PCa than for hormone-sensitive PCa in vitro and in vivo. In summary, we have identified a metabolic function of AR action in PCa and discovered that the GLS1 isoform switch is one of the key mechanisms in therapeutic resistance and disease progression.

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Larsen, C., D. Noordegraaf, P. M. W. Skovgaard, K. P. Hansen, K. E. Mattsson, and O. Bang. "Gain-switched CW fiber laser for improved supercontinuum generation in a PCF." Optics Express 19, no. 16 (July 18, 2011): 14883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.014883.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PCM switches'

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