Relevant bibliographies by topics / PCM switches

Academic literature on the topic 'PCM switches'

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Published: 26 August 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PCM switches"

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Ramer, Rodica, and King Yuk Chan. "Developing PCM-Based Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Switching Networks by Optimised Building Blocks." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 3683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223683.

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The implementation of microwave and millimetre-wave switching networks using phase change material (PCM) is presented in this paper. We propose integrating a combination of ultra-wide bandwidth-optimised building cells into a unique semi-T type switch. The construction of arrays with different dimensions is enabled. The present paper selected GeTe for the PCM-based switches, which are 150 nm GeTe thin-film offering on- and off-state 𝜎𝑜𝑛 = 37,203,703 S/m and 𝜎𝑜ff = 94.97 S/m conductivities by a customised eight-step fabrication process. The integrated semi-T switch cell with two, thru, and turn operational states allows easy expansion into the form of a staircase switch matrix. The simulated results for the semi-T type switch show excellent insertion loss of better than 0.8 dB, return loss of better than 20 dB, and isolation of 40 dB for both the thru and turn paths from DC to 120 GHz. The proposed 4 × 4 staircase switch matrix with a dimension of only 510 × 510 μm2 is also the smallest in its class. The switch matrix exhibits better than 17 dB return loss and 40 dB isolations across all possible combinations and paths.
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Bettoumi, Ines, Nicolas Le Gall, and Pierre Blondy. "Phase Change Material (PCM) RF Switches With Integrated Decoupling Bias Circuit." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 32, no. 1 (January 2022): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2021.3114325.

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Yin, Kun, Yang Gao, Hao Shi, and Shiqiang Zhu. "Inverse Design and Numerical Investigations of an Ultra-Compact Integrated Optical Switch Based on Phase Change Material." Nanomaterials 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2023): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13101643.

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The miniaturization of optical switches is a promising prospect with the use of phase-change materials (PCMs), and exploring various strategies to effectively integrate PCMs with integrated optical waveguides represents an intriguing research question. In this study, an ultra-compact integrated optical switch based on PCM is proposed. This device consists of a Ge2Sb2Te5 nano-disk and an inverse-designed pixelated sub-wavelength structure. The pixelated sub-wavelength structure offers customized refractive indices that conventional materials or structures cannot achieve, leading to an improved insertion loss (IL) and extinction ratio (ER) performance of the device. Furthermore, this structure enhances the interaction between the optical field and GST, resulting in a reduction of the device size and the inserted GST footprint. With an ultra-compact device footprint of 0.9 µm × 1.5 µm, the simulation results exhibit a low IL of 0.45 dB, and a high ER of 18.0 dB at 1550 nm. Additionally, relevant studies show that this device is able to perform reliably despite minor variations in the manufacturing process.
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Zhang, Ming, Peng Dong, Yu Wang, Baozhu Wang, Lin Yang, Ruihong Wu, Weimin Hou, and Junyao Zhang. "Tunable Terahertz Wavefront Modulation Based on Phase Change Materials Embedded in Metasurface." Nanomaterials 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12203592.

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In the past decades, metasurfaces have shown their extraordinary abilities on manipulating the wavefront of electromagnetic wave. Based on the ability, various kinds of metasurfaces are designed to realize new functional metadevices based on wavefront manipulations, such as anomalous beam steering, focus metalens, vortex beams generator, and holographic imaging. However, most of the previously proposed designs based on metasurfaces are fixed once design, which is limited for applications where light modulation needs to be tunable. In this paper, we proposed a design for THz tunable wavefront manipulation achieved by the combination of plasmonic metasurface and phase change materials (PCMs) in THz region. Here, we designed a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) metasurface with the typical C-shape split ring resonator (CSRR), whose polarization conversion efficiency is nearly 90% for circular polarized light (CPL) in the range of 0.95~1.15 THz when PCM is in the amorphous state, but the conversion efficiency turns to less than 10% in the same frequency range when PCM switches into the crystalline state. Then, benefiting from the high polarization conversion contrast of unit cell, we can achieve tunable wavefront manipulation by utilizing the Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase between the amorphous and crystalline states. As a proof-of-concept, the reflective tunable anomalous beam deflector and focusing metalens are designed and characterized, and the results further verify their capability for tunable wavefront manipulation in THz range. It is believed that the design in our work may pave the way toward the tunable wavefront manipulation of THz waves and is potential for dynamic tunable THz devices.
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Waradzyn, Zbigniew, Robert Stala, Aleksander Skała, Andrzej Mondzik, and Adam Penczek. "A Cost-Effective Resonant Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Boost Converter – Experimental Results and Feasibility Model." Power Electronics and Drives 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pead-2018-0004.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of experimental research of a resonant switched capacitor voltage multiplier in a cost-effective topology (CESCVM) with a limited number of active switches. In the charging mode of the switched capacitors, the converter utilizes only one active switch and a required number of diodes. Therefore, the cost of the converter is decreased as compared with that of a classical SCVM converter, owing to a lower number of switches and gate driver circuits, as well as a smaller PCB area. Moreover, the CESCVM has simpler control circuits and higher reliability. This paper presents the original experimental results of the operation of the CESCVM converter. A concept of the bootstrap supply of gate drivers of the flying switches is also examined.
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Cheng, Siyuan, Lin Li, and Xiuping Yu. "Comprehension characterization of prostate cancer cell lines identified JAK-STAT3 signaling in lineage-switched non-neuroendocrine cells." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e17005-e17005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e17005.

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e17005 Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most diagnosed cancer type among American men. Androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapy as the gold standard of PCa has been challenged by treatment resistance. Lineage plasticity enables PCa cells to transit from prostate luminal epithelia to alternative lineages to bypass their dependency on AR signaling. Previously we established prostatic HOX code to study the prostatic lineage. We found that cells with neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype have a lineage switch. Besides, a subgroup of AR negative, NE negative samples also display lineage switch, among which is DU145, a human PCa cell line. Methods: RNA-seq data of PCa cell lines were obtained from GEO then aligned and quantified using human GRCh38 genome with STAR-Salmon pipeline. Downstream differential expression and enrichment analysis was performed with R. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assess protein levels on cell line derived xenografts. Results: 45 RNA-seq datasets of 6 prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines (VCaP, LNCaP, C4-2, 22RV1, PC3 and DU145) and 8 RNA-seq datasets of neuroendocrine prostate cancer cell line (H660) passed quality control. Principle component analysis indicates that samples from the same cell line had similar transcriptomes. Differential expression analysis followed by gene function enrichments analysis identified the marker genes and key signaling pathways of each cell line. HOX code analysis confirmed previous conclusion that all PCa cell lines but DU145 and H660 samples maintained prostatic HOX code. IHC staining on cell line-derived xenografts confirmed the protein expression of selected marker genes (TUBB2B for H660, HGF for VCaP and 22RV1, CXCL1 and KRT7 for DU145 and PC3). The three AR-negative PCa cell lines were further characterized in terms of AR/ NE activity scores, transcriptome identities, HOX codes. These analyses demonstrated that PC3 is a prostate progenitor like cell line, H660 is a lineage-switched NE cell line, and DU145 is a lineage-switched non-NE cell line. Further, signaling enrichment analysis revealed that DU145 cells had higher JAK-STAT3 signaling activity compared to other cell lines. IHC staining detected strong p-STAT3 signals on DU145-derived tumors but not on any other cell line-derived tumors. Conclusions: Human PCa cell lines were fully characterized based on their transcriptomes with high sample numbers. PC3 represents cells dedifferentiated into progenitor stage. DU145 and H660 represent cells that further trans-differentiate into alternative lineages. Neuron master regulators drive H660 cells into NE lineage and STAT3 drives DU145 cells into a non-NE lineage. DU145, representing a non-NE PCa class that have lost prostatic lineage, would be a suitable model system to study JAK-STAT targeting therapy.
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Teichmann, Ph, J. Fischer, E. Amirante, and D. Schmitt-Landsiedel. "Power-Clock-Gating in adiabatischen Logikschaltungen." Advances in Radio Science 4 (September 6, 2006): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-4-275-2006.

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Abstract. In statischen CMOS-Schaltungen wird Clock-Gating verwendet, um inaktive Schaltungsgruppen abzuschalten und damit dynamische Verluste zu reduzieren. Leckströme gewinnen in den neuen Technologien zunehmend an Bedeutung, und statische Verluste treten auf, die durch Power-Gating reduziert werden. Da adiabatische Logik eine getaktete Versorgungsspannung benutzt, kann hier mittels eines einzigen Switches sowohl ein Clock- als auch ein Power-Gating implementiert werden. Da der Switch auch die Verluste im eingeschalteten Zustand erhöht, muss ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Auswahl und die Dimensionierung des Switches gelegt werden. Dieser Artikel zeigt die Grundlagen des Power-Clock-Gatings (PCG) in adiabatischer Logik, Betrachtungen zur Auswahl der geeigneten Switchtopologie und Vorschriften für die Dimensionierung des Switches. Des weiteren wird auf die Auswirkungen des PCG auf den Oszillator eingegangen.
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Erokhin, Maksim, Pavel Elizar’ev, Aleksander Parshikov, Paul Schedl, Pavel Georgiev, and Darya Chetverina. "Transcriptional read-through is not sufficient to induce an epigenetic switch in the silencing activity of Polycomb response elements." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 48 (October 26, 2015): 14930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515276112.

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In Drosophila, Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins are assembled on Polycomb response elements (PREs) to maintain tissue and stage-specific patterns of gene expression. Critical to coordinating gene expression with the process of differentiation, the activity of PREs can be switched “on” and “off.” When on, the PRE imposes a silenced state on the genes in the same domain that is stably inherited through multiple rounds of cell division. When the PRE is switched off, the domain is in a state permissive for gene expression that can be stably inherited. Previous studies have suggested that a burst of transcription through a PRE sequence displaces PcG proteins and provides a universal mechanism for inducing a heritable switch in PRE activity from on to off; however, the evidence favoring this model is indirect. Here, we have directly tested the transcriptional read-through mechanism. Contrary to previous suggestions, we show that transcription through the PRE is not sufficient for inducing an epigenetic switch in PRE activity. In fact, even high levels of continuous transcription through a PRE fails to dislodge the PcG proteins, nor does it remove repressive histone marks. Our results indicate that other mechanisms involving adjacent DNA regulatory elements must be implicated in heritable switch of PRE activity.
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Chu, Min, Jie Chen, Abidur Rahman, and Rajen Murugan. "Methodology to Quantify Impact of Package Delamination on Performance of High-Side Smart Power Switch Design." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2020, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 000015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2020.1.000015.

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Abstract Generally, IC packages with exposed pads have excellent thermal and electrical performance – assuming high fidelity and integrity of die attach material. However, reliability challenges associated with die attach impacts electrical performance of vertical power FETs for high-side power switches. As such, it is critical to quantify the impact of these challenges on high-side power switches operation, so that their protection and diagnostic feature circuitries can be properly designed for mission critical applications. In this paper we present on a package and PCB co-modeling methodology that was developed to assess impact of die attach integrity on performance of high-side power switch designs. We explain how electrical co-optimization of the system (viz. FET-Package-PCB) interactions, was achieved through a coupled circuit-to-electromagnetic modeling, simulation, and analysis methodology. Silicon laboratory measurements data that validate the modeling methodology will be presented.
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Zhou, Hongqiang, Yongtian Wang, Xiaowei Li, Qing Wang, Qunshuo Wei, Guangzhou Geng, and Lingling Huang. "Switchable active phase modulation and holography encryption based on hybrid metasurfaces." Nanophotonics 9, no. 4 (March 11, 2020): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0519.

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AbstractMetasurfaces are planar devices containing delicately designed nanoantenna or resonator arrays that allow for beam shaping, super resolution imaging, and holography. Hybrid metasurface – by integrating with tunable materials such as two-dimensional materials and phase change materials (PCMs) – provides a potential platform for active modulation of wavefronts. Specifically, PCMs can flexibly switch between crystalline and amorphous states with nonvolatile property under external stimuli and provide a large refractive permittivity contrast. Using metasurfaces based on PCM to manipulate wavefronts may provide new opportunities for switchable functionalities. Here, we propose two types of metasurface devices based on whole PCM films to realize switchable holography and simultaneous phase and interference encryption. This feature can be used to encrypt information in a switched state and store camouflage information in the other state by simply applying external thermal stimuli to the entire metasurface. This method can be applied in areas such as beam shaping, optical encryption, and anti-counterfeiting.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PCM switches"

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Buckley, Dave. "Optimising Networked Data Acquisition for Smaller Configurations." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579528.

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ITC/USA 2013 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Ninth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 21-24, 2013 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV
Network switches are a critical component in any networked FTI data acquisition system in order to allow the forwarding of data from the DAU to the target destination devices such as the network recorder, PCM gateways, or ground station. Larger configurations require one or more switch boxes to handle aggregation, routing, filtering and synchronization via the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol. However, for smaller configurations where space and weight restrictions are more stringent, a separate switch box may not be practical This paper discusses how all the essential features of an FTI network, such as flexible forwarding and filtering and IEEE 1588 synchronization, can be maintained without the need for the separate switch box thus making significant savings on weight and size and reducing cost.
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Laouini, Mariem. "Conception, simulation et mesures de différents circuits reconfigurables utilisant des commutateurs MEMS RF et des commutateurs à matériaux à changement de phase (PCM)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2023. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/15037a69-5484-4258-a2c0-9a2beb9183c1/blobholder:0/2023LIMO0020.pdf.

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Ce manuscrit représente les travaux de thèse qui traitent principalement la conception des commutateurs MEMS RF pour des circuits reconfigurables. Une solution qui résout le problème du phénomène de piégeage dans le diélectrique des commutateurs a été proposée en utilisant le diélectrique Ta/Ta2O5. Ce commutateur MEMS RF, fonctionnant à une fréquence de 20 GHz, a bien démontré un fonctionnement fiable sans l’apparition du phénomène de chargement du diélectrique. Il a également donné une grande valeur de capacité de 350 fF et un contraste capacitif élevé de 7. Ces composants ont été ensuite intégré dans la conception d’un déphaseur en réflexion qui utilise le coupleur hybride de Lange. Le déphaseur a garanti un déphasage de 180°, des faibles pertes d’insertion ainsi qu’une bonne isolation inférieure à -23 dB. D’autres commutateurs MEMS RF en Au/SiN ont également été employés dans la conception d’un déphaseur à 2 bits et un autre à 3 bits. Le déphaseur à 2 bits a démontré la possibilité d’avoir un déphasage régulier de 0°,96° et 186° avec un pas approximatif de 90°. Les commutateurs à matériaux à changement de phase PCM, conçus au sein de notre laboratoire XLIM, ont également été testés pour la conception d’un déphaseur. Ce dernier a pu atteindre les 180° déphasage avec un problème de pertes d’insertions assez conséquents. Un dernier projet qui portait sur la conception d’un Tuner d’impédance reconfigurable LC a été détaillé. Cet adaptateur d’impédance a été testé sur le transistor WolfSpeed CGH40010F et a démontré une bonne adaptation en sortie du transistor à la fréquence de travail de 5 GHz. La conception du Tuner ainsi que son intégration dans une carte PCB avec un substrat FR4 restent, cependant, des perspectives
This manuscript represents the thesis work that mainly deals with the design of RF MEMS switches for reconfigurable circuits. A solution that solves the problem of trapping phenomenon in the dielectric of the switch has been proposed using Ta/Ta2O5 dielectric. This RF MEMS switch, operating at a frequency of 20 GHz, has showed reliable operation without the occurrence of the dielectric-trapping phenomenon. It also gave a high capacitance value of 350 fF and a high capacitive contrast of seven. These components are then integrated into the design of a reflective type phase shifter using the Lange hybrid coupler. The phase shifter guaranteed a 180° phase shift, low insertion losses as well as good isolation below -23 dB.Other RF MEMS switches, using Au/SiN actuation electrode, are used in the design of a 2-bit and a 3-bit phase shifter. The 2-bit phase shifter demonstrated the ability to have a smooth phase shift of 0°, 96° and 186° with an approximate step size of 90°. The PCM phase change materials switches, designed in our XLIM laboratory, were also tested for the design of a phase shifter. The conceived circuit was able to reach the 180° phase shift with, however, high insertion losses. In the last project, we detailed a design of an LC reconfigurable impedance tuner. This impedance adapter is tested on the WolfSpeed CGH40010F transistor and demonstrated a good matching at the output of the transistor at 5 GH. The design of the tuner and its integration into a PCB card on a FR4 substrate are still, however, a matter of concern
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Mennai, Amine. "Conception et réalisation de commutateurs RF à base de matériaux à transition de phase (PTM) et à changement de phase (PCM)." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0035/document.

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Ces travaux de recherche portent sur la conception et la réalisation de commutateurs RF basées sur l’intégration de matériaux innovants fonctionnels tels que le dioxyde de vanadium (VO2) et les alliages de chalcogénures de types Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) et GeTe. Le principe de fonctionnement de ces composants repose sur le changement de résistivité que présentent ces matériaux. Le VO2 possède une transition Isolant-Métal (MIT) autour de 68°C à travers laquelle le matériau passe d’un état isolant (forte résistivité) à un état métallique (faible résistivité). La transition MIT présente l’intérêt de pouvoir être initiée sous l’effet de plusieurs types de stimuli externes (thermique, électrique et optique) avec de faibles temps de commutation. Les alliages de types GST et GeTe ont la particularité de commuter réversiblement entre un état amorphe à forte résistivité à un état cristallin à faible résistivité suite à un traitement thermique spécifique. Les commutateurs à base de GST ou de GeTe présentent l'avantage de pouvoir opérer en mode bistable car le changement de résistivité présenté par ces matériaux est de type non volatile. Les composants réalisés ont de bonnes performances électriques (isolation et pertes d’insertion) sur une large bande. Nos travaux de recherche visent à proposer une solution alternative aux solutions classiques (semi-conducteurs et MEMS-RF) pour réaliser des commutateurs RF qui peuvent être par la suite utilisés dans la conception des dispositifs reconfigurables (filtres, Antennes)
This research work focuses on the design and realization of RF switches based on the integration of new materials such as vanadium dioxide (VO2), Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) and GeTe chalcogenides alloys. The operating principle of these devices is based on the resistivity change presented by these materials. VO2 exhibits a Metal-Insulator transition (MIT) around 68°C for which the material changes from an insulating state (high resistivity) to a metallic one (low resistivity). The MIT transition can be triggered in different ways (thermally, electrically and optically) with low switching time. GST and GeTe alloys have the particularity to be reversibly switched between a high resistive-amorphous state to low resistive-crystalline state, under a specific heat treatment. Thanks to the non-volatile resistivity change presented by these materials, GST/GeTe-based switches are able to operate in bistable mode. The fabricated devices exhibit good electrical performances (insertion loss and isolation) over a broadband. The aim of our work is to propose an alternative solution to conventional technologies (semiconductors and RF-MEMS), to design RF switches that can be used afterward in the design of reconfigurable devices (filters, antennas)
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Wong, Heymian. "PCI Express multi-root switch reconfiguration during system operation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66819.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-67).
As the use of data continues to expand, reliance on enterprise datacenters have become more and more critical. Evaluation of modern day datacenter performance has showed that datacenter servers are severely underutilized, resulting in inefficient use of physical and software resources. In order to alleviate these concerns, datacenters must improve their resiliency, flexibility and scalability. CPU and memory virtualization are approaches that are becoming increasingly prevalent, but a major bottleneck still exists in I/O connectivity due to the physical constraints of I/O devices in a clustered system. One solution lies with the recently developed PCI Express multi-root partitionable switch. The partitionable switch is highly configurable and provides a means of altering the allocation of I/O devices amongst multiple hosts. This offers a range of unexplored possibilities to improve system flexibility. In the thesis, we investigate the feasibility of integrating and reconfiguring a PCI Express multi-root switch in a multi-host environment on a FreeBSD platform in a live system. We study modifications required of the PCI bus and system resources. We also detail the development of a device driver to handle dynamic reconfiguration of the switch and the system's PCI bus data structures.
by Heymian Wong.
M.Eng.
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Kotte, Hari Babu. "High Speed (MHz) Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) using Coreless PCB Transformer Technology." Licentiate thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi och medier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-13964.

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The most essential unit required for all the electronic devices is the Power Supply Unit (PSU). The main objective of power supply designers is to reduce the size, cost and weight, and to increase the power density of the converter. There is also a requirement to have a lower loss in the circuit and hence in the improvement of energy efficiency of the converter circuit. Operating the converter circuits at higher switching frequencies reduces the size of the passive components such as transformers, inductors, and capacitors, which results in a compact size, weight, and increased power density of the converter. At present the switching frequency of the converter circuit is limited due to the increased switching losses in the existing semiconductor devices and in the magnetic area, because of increased hysteresis and eddy current loss in the core based transformer. Based on continuous efforts to improve the new semi conductor materials such as GaN/SiC and with recently developed high frequency multi-layered coreless PCB step down power transformers, it is now feasible to design ultra-low profile, high power density isolated DC/DC and AC/DC power converters. This thesis is focussed on the design, analysis and evaluation of the converters operating in the MHz frequency region with the latest semi conductor devices and multi-layered coreless PCB step-down power and signal transformers. An isolated flyback DC-DC converter operated in the MHz frequency with multi-layered coreless PCB step down 2:1 power transformer has been designed and evaluated. Soft switching techniques have been incorporated in order to reduce the switching loss of the circuit. The flyback converter has been successfully tested up to a power level of 10W, in the switching frequency range of 2.7-4 MHz. The energy efficiency of the quasi resonant flyback converter was found to be in the range of 72-84% under zero voltage switching conditions (ZVS). The output voltage of the converter was regulated by implementing the constant off-time frequency modulation technique. Because of the theoretical limitations of the Si material MOSFETs, new materials such as GaN and SiC are being introduced into the market and these are showing promising results in the converter circuits as described in this thesis. Comparative parameters of the semi conductor materials such as the vi energy band gap, field strengths and figure of merit have been discussed. In this case, the comparison of an existing Si MOSFET with that of a GaN MOSFET has been evaluated using a multi-layered coreless PCB step-down power transformer for the given input/output specifications of the flyback converter circuit. It has been determined that the energy efficiency of the 45 to 15V regulated converter using GaN was improved by 8-10% compared to the converter using the Si MOSFET due to the gate drive power consumption, lower conduction losses and improved rise/fall times of the switch. For some of the AC/DC and DC/DC applications such as laptop adapters, set-top-box, and telecom applications, high voltage power MOSFETs used in converter circuits possess higher gate charges as compared to that of the low voltage rating MOSFETs. In addition, by operating them at higher switching frequencies, the gate drive power consumption, which is a function of frequency, increases. The switching speeds are also reduced due to the increased capacitance. In order to minimize this gate drive power consumption and to increase the frequency of the converter, a cascode flyback converter was built up using a multi-layered coreless PCB transformer and this was then evaluated. Both simulation and experimental results have shown that with the assistance of the cascode flyback converter the switching speeds of the converter were increased including the significant improvement in the energy efficiency compared to that of the single switch flyback converter. In order to further maximize the utilization of the transformer, to reduce the voltage stress on MOSFETs and to obtain the maximum power density from the power converter, double ended topologies were chosen. For this purpose, a gate drive circuitry utilising the multi-layered coreless PCB gate drive transformer was designed and evaluated in both a Half-bridge and a Series resonant converter. It was found that the gate drive power consumption using this transformer was less than 0.8W for the frequency range of 1.5-3.5MHz. In addition, by using this gate drive circuitry, the maximum energy efficiency of the series resonant converter was found to be 86.5% with an output power of 36.5W.
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Kadwani, Pankaj. "Pulsed Tm-Fiber Laser for Mid-IR Generation." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5955.

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Thulium fiber lasers have attracted interest based on their long emission wavelength and large bandwidth (~1.8 – 2.1 &"181;m) relative to more established ytterbium and erbium fiber lasers. In addition, Tm:fiber lasers offer the potential for high efficiencies (~60 %) and high output power levels both in cw as well as pulsed regimes. These attributes are useful particularly in applications such as remote sensing, materials processing and mid-infrared generation. This dissertation describes the development of novel nanosecond pulsed thulium fiber laser systems with record high peak power levels in order to pump nonlinear mid-infrared generation. The peak power scaling in thulium fiber lasers requires new fiber designs with ultra large mode field area (MFA). Two different classes of prototype thulium doped photonic crystal fibers (PCF) were investigated for high peak power generation. The first prototype is a flexible-PCF with 50 ?m core diameter, and the second is a rod-type PCF with 80 ?m diameter core. A robust single stage master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) source based on flexible-PCF was developed. This source provided narrow linewidth, tunable wavelength, variable pulse duration, high peak power, and high energy nanosecond pulses. The PCF-rod was implemented as a second stage power amplifier. This system generated a record level of ~1 MW peak power output with 6.4 ns pulse-duration at 1 kHz repetition rate. This thulium doped PCF based MOPA system is a state of the art laser source providing high quality nanosecond pulses. The single stage MOPA system was successfully implemented to pump a zinc germanium phosphide (ZGP) crystal in an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) cavity to generate 3 - 5 &"181;m wavelengths. The MOPA source was also used to demonstrate backside machining in silicon wafer. The PCF based laser system demonstrated an order of magnitude increase in the peak power achievable in nanosecond thulium doped fiber laser systems, and further scaling appears possible. Further increases in the peak power will enable additional capabilities for mid-IR generation and associated applications.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics
Optics
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Hariri, Ahmad. "Etude de commutateurs hyperfréquences bistables à base des matériaux à changement de phase (PCM)." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0013/document.

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Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit portent sur la conception, simulation et réalisation des nouvelles structures des commutateurs hyperfréquences basées sur l’intégration des couches minces des matériaux innovants fonctionnels tels que les matériaux à changement de phase (PCM) et les matériaux à transition de phase (PTM). Le principe de fonctionnement de ces composants repose sur le changement de résistivité présenter par ces matériaux. Nous avons exploité le changement de résistivité réversible du GeTe de la famille des matériaux à changement de phase (PCM) entre les deux états : amorphe à forte résistivité et cristallin à faible résistivité, pour réaliser une nouvelle structure d’un simple commutateur SPST. Ensuite, nous avons intégré ce commutateur dans une nouvelle structure de la matrice de commutation DPDT (Double Port Double Throw) à base de PCM pour l’application dans la charge utile du satellite. Nous avons utilisé la transition isolant-métal présenté par le dioxyde de vanadium (VO2) de la famille des matériaux à transition de phase, pour réaliser une nouvelle structure de commutateur simple à deux terminaux sur une très large bande de fréquence (100 MHz–220 GHz)
The work presented in this manuscript focuses on the design, simulation and realization of new microwave switches structures based on the integration of thin layers of innovative functional materials such as phase change materials (PCM) and phase transition materials. (PTM). The operating principle of these components is based on the change of resistivity present by these materials. We exploited the reversible resistivity change of GeTe of phase change materials family between the two states: amorphous with high resistivity and crystalline with low resistivity to realize a new structure of SPST switch. Then, we have integrated this switch structure on a new structure of DPDT (Double Port Double Throw) switch matrix based on phase change materials for application in satellite payload. We have used the insulatingmetal transition presented by the vanadium dioxide (VO2) of phase transition materials family to realize a new two terminals simple switch structure on a very wide frequency band (100 MHz–220 GHz)
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Ambatipudi, Radhika. "Multilayered Coreless Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Step-down Transformers for High Frequency Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)." Licentiate thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi och medier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-13967.

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The Power Supply Unit (PSU) plays a vital role in almost all electronic equipment. The continuous efforts applied to the improvement of semiconductor devices such as MOSFETS, diodes, controllers and MOSFET drivers have led to the increased switching speeds of power supplies. By increasing the switching frequency of the converter, the size of passive elements such as inductors, transformers and capacitors can be reduced. Hence, the high frequency transformer has become the backbone in isolated AC/DC and DC/DC converters. The main features of transformers are to provide isolation for safety purpose, multiple outputs such as in telecom applications, to build step down/step up converters and so on. The core based transformers, when operated at higher frequencies, do have limitations such as core losses which are proportional to the operating frequency. Even though the core materials are available in a few MHz frequency regions, because of the copper losses in the windings of the transformers those which are commercially available were limited from a few hundred kHz to 1MHz. The skin and proximity effects because of induced eddy currents act as major drawbacks while operating these transformers at higher frequencies. Therefore, it is necessary to mitigate these core losses, skin and proximity effects while operating the transformers at very high frequencies. This can be achieved by eliminating the magnetic cores of transformers and by introducing a proper winding structure. A new multi-layered coreless printed circuit board (PCB) step down transformer for power transfer applications has been designed and this maintains the advantages offered by existing core based transformers such as, high voltage gain, high coupling coefficient, sufficient input impedance and high energy efficiency with the assistance of a resonant technique. In addition, different winding structures have been studied and analysed for higher step down ratios in order to reduce copper losses in the windings and to achieve a higher coupling coefficient. The advantage of increasing the layer for the given power transfer application in terms of the coupling coefficient, resistance and energy efficiency has been reported. The maximum energy efficiency of the designed three layered transformers was found to be within the range of 90%-97% for power transfer applications operated in a few MHz frequency regions. The designed multi-layered coreless PCB transformers for given power applications of 8, 15 and 30W show that the volume reduction of approximately 40-90% is possible when compared to its existing core based counterparts. The estimation of EMI emissions from the designed transformers proves that the amount of radiated EMI from a three layered transformer is less than that of the two layered transformer because of the decreased radius for the same amount of inductance. Multi-layered coreless PCB gate drive transformers were designed for signal transfer applications and have successfully driven the double ended topologies such as the half bridge, the two switch flyback converter and resonant converters with low gate drive power consumption of about half a watt. The performance characteristics of these transformers have also been evaluated using the high frequency magnetic material made up of NiZn and operated in the 2-4MHz frequency region. These multi-layered coreless PCB power and signal transformers together with the latest semiconductor switching devices such as SiC and GaN MOSFETs and the SiC schottky diode are an excellent choice for the next generation compact SMPS.
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Mocevic, Slavko. "PCB-Embedded Phase Current Sensor and Short-Circuit Detector for High Power SiC-Based Converters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84348.

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Nowadays, major public concern is concentrated on reducing the usage of fossil fuels and reducing emissions of CO2 by different energy advancement. Electric vehicle technology presents extremely effective way of reducing carbon emissions and paves the way of having sustainable and renewable energy future. In order to wear the cost of electric vehicles down, batteries have to be improved as well as higher power density and high reliability has to be achieved. This research work mainly focuses on achieving higher power density and higher reliability of the inverter stage by utilizing wide-bandgap SiC MOSFET semiconductor devices in electric vehicle application. In order to achieve higher reliability of the inverter stage, high bandwidth, high performance Rogowski coil switch current sensors are employed. These sensor were embedded on the PCB and integrated on the gate driver. High bandwidth switch current sensor measurement is used for fast short-circuit detection and protection of the SiC MOSFET semiconductor switches. Furthermore, comparison with conventional detection and protection method used in automotive IGBT applications is shown where novel protection showed superior performance. This thesis also shows principle of how to obtain phase currents of the system using Rogowski coil switch current sensor measurements. Digital reconstruction principle is employed to obtain the phase currents. Accurate and linear current sensor is achieved. By successfully realizing this integrated phase current measurement on the gate driver, elimination of the commercial current sensors from the system is possible. By eliminating existing phase current sensors, higher power density could be achieved. Sensor is evaluated in both continuous and discontinuous PWM schemes.
Master of Science
Together with renewable sources, electric vehicle will play an important role as a part of sustainable and renewable energy future by significantly reducing emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. In order to make electric cars more acceptable and accessible and make a significant impact on the environment, cost must be lowered down. To wear the cost of the electric vehicles down, powertrain of the car must be significantly improved and made smaller as well as lighter. This thesis mainly focuses on improving the reliability of the motor driving stage by implementing novel protection during fault periods such as short-circuit event. Furthermore, this novel protection allows current sensing that is crucial for motor control during normal operation periods. This will enable more compact motor driving stage since existing current sensing elements can be eliminated.
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Giordani, Marco. "Integrazione tra Sistemi di Autenticazione Dipartimentale e d'Ateneo." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8974/.

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Il documento illustra il lavoro di analisi dei requisiti, progettazione, implementazione e valutazione di un sistema per l’autenticazione degli utenti delle workstation della sede di Scienze del Dipartimento di Informatica — Scienza ed Ingegneria (DISI) che si integri al sistema di autenticazione d’Ateneo. Il sistema descritto è entrato in produzione il 24 settembre 2014 ed è tuttora operante. Il lavoro percorre le modalità di gestione degli account utente in uso presso il DISI e le nuove modalità di organizzazione del DSA d’Ateneo discutendo le motivazioni per cui le soluzioni standard non possono essere adottate nel caso esposto. Analizzato il processo di login dei sistemi Unix e le librerie coinvolte verrà esposto il nuovo progetto, le particolarità dello sviluppo delle nuove librerie PAM e di Name Service Switch e la loro modalità di funzionamento e configurazione all’interno del cluster Unix. In conclusione vengono presentate una serie di valutazioni che mostrano i vantaggi e il rispetto dei requisiti della nuova implementazione.
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Books on the topic "PCM switches"

1

Natarajan, Shantha. KSZ8842-PMQL/PMBLTwo-Port Ethernet Switch with PCI Interface. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2020.

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Muders, Thomas, and Christian Putensen. Pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0096.

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Beside reduction in tidal volume limiting peak airway pressure minimizes the risk for ventilator-associated-lung-injury in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pressure-controlled, time-cycled ventilation (PCV) enables the physician to keep airway pressures under strict limits by presetting inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and cycle times. PCV results in a square-waved airway pressure and a decelerating inspiratory gas flow holding the alveoli inflated for the preset time. Preset pressures and cycle times, and respiratory system mechanics affect alveolar and intrinsic positive end-expiratory (PEEPi) pressures, tidal volume, total minute, and alveolar ventilation. When compared with flow-controlled, time-cycled (‘volume-controlled’) ventilation, PCV results in reduced peak airway pressures, but higher mean airway. Homogeneity of regional peak alveolar pressure distribution within the lung is improved. However, no consistent data exist, showing PCV to improve patient outcome. During inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) elongation of inspiratory time increases mean airway pressure and enables full lung inflation, whereas shortening expiratory time causes incomplete lung emptying and increased PEEPi. Both mechanisms increase mean alveolar and transpulmonary pressures, and may thereby improve lung recruitment and gas exchange. However, when compared with conventional mechanical ventilation using an increased external PEEP to reach the same magnitude of total PEEP as that produced intrinsically by IRV, IRV has no advantage. Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) provides a PCV-like squared pressure pattern by time-cycled switches between two continuous positive airway pressure levels, while allowing unrestricted spontaneous breathing in any ventilatory phase. Maintaining spontaneous breathing with APRV is associated with recruitment and improved ventilation of dependent lung areas, improved ventilation-perfusion matching, cardiac output, oxygenation, and oxygen delivery, whereas need for sedation, vasopressors, and inotropic agents and duration of ventilator support decreases.
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Nelson, Taylor. KSZ8842-16M/-32M - Two-Port Ethernet Switch with Non-PCI Interface. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2020.

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Chadwick, Andrew. Hybrid Norms in News and Journalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.003.0009.

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Chapters 8 and 9 employ an ethnographic approach to explore in more detail the hybrid media system's evolving norms. Here the context switches back to Britain and the analysis draws upon evidence the author gathered from insider interviews in 2010, 2011, and 2012 with those working in a range of organizations at the heart of Britain's media-politics nexus in London. Chapter 8 draws upon fieldwork among journalists; program-makers and editors working in radio, television, newspaper, magazine, and news agency organizations; independent bloggers; and senior regulatory staff at the Office of Communications (OFCOM) and the Press Complaints Commission (PCC). This ethnography reveals much boundary-drawing, boundary-blurring, and boundary-crossing, as the logics of older and newer media interact, compete, and coevolve.
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Miller, T. J. E. Switched Reluctance Motor Drives: A Reference Book of Collected Papers (Pcim Reference Series in Power Electronics & Intelligent Motion). Intertec Intl, 1988.

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Nelson, Taylor. KSZ8862-16M/-32M - Two-Port Ethernet Switch with Non-PCI Interface and Fiber Support. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2020.

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Dondiego, Karen. LAN9352 - 2-Port 10/100 Managed Ethernet Switch with 8/16-Bit Non-PCI CPU Interface. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2015.

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Otruba, Kathy. LAN9352 2-Port 10/100 Managed Ethernet Switch with 8/16-Bit Non-PCI CPU Interface Data Sheet. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2014.

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Otruba, Kathy. LAN9311/LAN9311i Two Port 10/100 Managed Ethernet Switch with 16-Bit Non-PCI CPU Interface - Data Sheet. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2016.

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Otruba, Kathy. LAN9312 High Performance Two Port 10/100 Managed Ethernet Switch with 32-Bit Non-PCI CPU Interface - Data Sheet. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "PCM switches"

1

Zhang, Lei, Qiang Peng, and Xiao Wu. "SSIM-Based Error Resilient Video Coding over Packet-Switched Networks." In Advances in Multimedia Information Processing – PCM 2012, 263–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34778-8_24.

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Kang, Min-Chang, Eun-Gu Jung, and Dong-Soo Har. "Design of an Asynchronous Switch Based on Butterfly Fat-Tree for Network-on-Chip Applications." In Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - PCM 2005, 538–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11582267_47.

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Moshnyaga, Vasily G. "Display Energy Management based on Eye Tracking." In Sustainable ICTs and Management Systems for Green Computing, 350–65. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1839-8.ch015.

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With the explosive use of personal computers or PCs, reducing computer energy consumption is paramount for sustainability. The display is the largest energy consumer in a personal computer. Current display energy management technologies ignore the attention of the PC user and therefore may either switch the display off when the user looks at the screen or lose energy by keeping the display on when nobody looks at it. This chapter discusses a new display energy management technology and outlines its implementation in a personal computer system. Unlike existing technologies, which “sense” a PC user through keyboard and/or mouse or the other sensors, this technology “watches” the user through a single camera or CMOS vision sensor. The technology tracks the user’s eyes, keeping display active only if the user looks at its screen. Otherwise, it dims the display down or even switches it off to save energy. The authors implemented the technology in software and hardware and present the results of their experimental evaluation.
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Han, Huanwen, Kazuyuki Nobusawa, Fumie Takei, Ting-Chieh Chu, Noriyasu Hashida, and Ichiro Yamashita. "Ru Complex Ion Induces Anomalous Enhancement of Electrochemical Charge Transfer." In Ruthenium - Materials Properties, Device Characterizations, and Advanced Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110360.

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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a highly sensitive observation technique to detect the state of electrode surfaces in solution. A small amount of [Ru(bpy)2DPPZ]2+, a well-known DNA intercalator and fluorescent light switch, has been found to abnormally increase the charge transfer of the mediator [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- at the surface of carbon electrodes. When a very small amount of the Ru complex is added to the EIS solution, a large impedance decrease occurs. This phenomenon is caused by the carbon electrode, the mediator [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- and [Ru(bpy)2DPPZ]2+. No other agents are necessary. By adding [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− and a very small amount of [Ru(bpy)2DPPZ]2+ to the PCR solution, EIS measurements using a PVA-coated carbon electrode could monitor PCR progress in real-time as an increase in impedance.
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Fairfax, Daniel. "Cahiers du cinéma’s Turn to Maoism: 1971-1973." In The Red Years of Cahiers du Cinéma (1968-1973). Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728508_ch09.

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Over the course of 1971, the limitations of Cahiers du cinéma’s alignment with the PCF were keenly felt, and with the encouragement of Cahiers alumnus Jean-Luc Godard and the literary journal Tel Quel, the editors peremptorily switched allegiances to the Maoist movement. Although a curious phenomenon in retrospect, French Maoism was a thriving political force in the years following 1968, with thousands of students and intellectuals taking inspiration from events in China. The change in line had a convulsive impact on Cahiers: while initially the hyper-politicization it produced coexisted with a continued cultivation of film theory and criticism, by late 1972 the journal’s energies were focused on its project for a “Front culturel révolutionnaire.” In the end, the lukewarm results of this venture in 1973, combined with the general political climate in France at the time, plunged Cahiers into a near-fatal crisis.
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Chen, Ying, Frank Dehne, Todd Eavis, and A. Rau-Chaplin. "Improved Data Partitioning for Building Large ROLAP Data Cubes in Parallel." In Data Warehousing and Mining, 3176–93. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-951-9.ch201.

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This paper presents an improved parallel method for generating ROLAP data cubes on a shared-nothing multiprocessor based on a novel optimized data partitioning technique. Since no shared disk is required, our method can be used for highly scalable processor clusters consisting of standard PCs with local disks only, connected via a data switch. Experiments show that our improved parallel method provides optimal, linear, speedup for at least 32 processors. The approach taken, which uses a ROLAP representation of the data cube, is well suited for large data warehouses and high dimensional data, and supports the generation of both fully materialized and partially materialized data cubes.
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Santonocito, Cristina, Filippo Sanfilippo, and Marc O. Maybauer. "Bivalirudin for Alternative Anticoagulation in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia During ECMO." In Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, edited by Marc O. Maybauer, 153–60. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197521304.003.0014.

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Systemic anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin (UFH) is most commonly used for systemic anticoagulation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). However, some cases need alternative strategies of anticoagulation because the occurrence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or heparin resistance (HR). The most commonly used alternative is represented by the direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) bivalirudin, which has been increasingly used not only for ECMO anticoagulation but also during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Another option is the combined use of UFH with an antiplatelet medication that reduces platelet aggregation and risk of thrombosis in patients with HIT. This chapter describes a clinical scenario in which after 1 week of ECMO support and treatment with UFH a gradually developing thrombocytopenia was regarded causative for HIT since other causes of thrombocytopenia were not identifiable. Laboratory assays were inconclusive, and UFH was switched to bivalirudin. After prolonged ECMO support with partial recovery, a left ventricular assist device was implanted and anticoagulation with bivalirudin continued. The case discussion is followed by a critical review of the literature and multiple-choice questions, summarizing this chapter as a concise learning and study tool for the management of patients with HIT or HR during ECMO.
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Khasnabish, Bhumip. "Voiceover Internet Protocal (VoIP)." In Enterprise Networking, 144–74. IGI Global, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-930708-17-4.ch009.

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Traditionally, real-time voice communications–both within and outside of corporations (enterprises)—are achieved using public domain circuit-switched telephone networks (PSTNs). These networks use technologies that have been maturing over the last 150 years. However, the recent advances in and proliferation of packet-based switching technologies, World Wide Web (WWW) and PC-based user interfaces, and innovative digital signal processing (DSP) techniques are making real-time voice transmission using packet switching–particularly IP-based techniques—more feasible, at least within the logical boundaries of enterprise networks. Although the IP-based Internet is only about 25 years old, its compatibility with Ethernet2 , and its flexibility, openness and low-cost availability have enabled it to gain more than 260 million users worldwide3. In addition, proliferation of the WWW, multimedia PCs, and innovations in DSP during the last five years has made voice transmission over packet networks, particularly over IP, very attractive economically. In this chapter, we briefly review the technologies and standards—as recommended by IETF and ITU-T—that are making voice over IP (VoIP) a reality in both public and enterprise networks. Our focus is on low bit rate speech compression and silence suppression, voice packetization and encapsulation, sources of packet-voice impairments and methods to mitigate them, and packet-voice transmission engineering.
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Kumar Gupta, Anand, Asadi Srinivasulu, Kamal Kant Hiran, Tarkeswar Barua, Goddindla Sreenivasulu, Sivaram Rajeyyagari, and Madhusudhana Subramanyam. "COVID-19 Data Analytics Using Extended Convolutional Technique." In Blockchain [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106999.

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Health care system, lifestyle, Industrial growth, economy and livelihood of human-beings worldwide effected due to triggered global pandemic by COVID-19 virus originated and first reported from Wuhan city, Republic Country of China. COVID cases are difficult to predict and detect on its early stages due to that its spread and mortality is uncontrollable. RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) is still first and foremost diagnostic methodology accepted worldwide, hence it creates a scope of new diagnostic tools and techniques of detection approach which can produce effective and faster results compared to its predecessor. Innovational through current studies that complements to the existence of COVID-19 to findings in Chest X-ray snap shots, the proposed research’s method makes use of present deep getting to know models (U-Net and ResNet) to method those snap shots and classify them as the positive patient or the negative patient of COVID-19. The proposed technique entails the pre-treatment phase through dissection of lung, getting rid of the environment which does now no longer provide applicable facts and can provide influenced consequences; then after this, preliminary degree comes up with the category version educated below the switch mastering system; and in conclusion, consequences are evaluated and interpreted through warmth maps visualization. The proposed research method completed a detection accuracy of COVID-19 round 99%.
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10

Wells, Benjamin. "The PC-User’s Guide to Colossus." In Colossus. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192840554.003.0018.

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Personal computers (PCs) dominate today’s digital landscape. The two-letter name started with the 1981 IBM PC. Desktop machines based on single-chip microprocessors—and thus called microcomputers—were widely used before the IBM PC, but that is the name that has stuck. Many would consider a Packard-Bell tabletop computer of the early 1960s to be the first personal computer. But as far as single-user/operator commercial machines go, there is also the Bendix G15 from the mid-1950s, described in Chapter 9. PC users are likely to have forgotten or never known the atmosphere of early-generation computers. The ‘operating system’ was a schedule for the human staff who mounted large reels of tape, toggled inputs at the long control panel, pushed the load-and-run switch, and stacked punch cards and fanfold sheets of printed output. The numerous operators wore white lab jackets, worked in large air-conditioned spaces, and appeared to be high priests and acolytes in a vocational order. The users were supplicants. Apart from experimental machines at universities—such as MIT’s famed TX-0 (1955–6), which was controlled by the first computer hackers once it moved to the MIT campus in 1958—the users entreated the operators through written requests heading a card deck. Back then, the users as well as the general public stood behind a velvet rope, even a window wall. The operators continued to rule the machine long after users had electronic connection through time-sharing remote terminals. But those who had hacked the small machines like the TX-0 knew that the goal was the direct, immediate access of personal computers. Colossus already had that personal touch. Designed to be used by a single cryptanalyst assisted by one Wren, and later often run by the Wren solo, Colossus was in that sense a personal computer. But just how close was Colossus to being a PC? This chapter compares and contrasts the architecture of Colossus with that of today’s personal computers. An architect designs a building by balancing needs and functions with resources and aesthetics. The availability and cost of components constrain her work. Physical limitations and dynamics of use further impact on it. The building reflects the architect’s imagination and skill.
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Conference papers on the topic "PCM switches"

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Le Gall, N., I. Bettoumi, M. Lajaate, C. Hallepee, D. Passerieux, and P. Blondy. "Optimization of Coplanar Waveguide Integrated PCM Switches." In 2023 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2023. IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ims37964.2023.10188123.

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El-Hinnawy, Nabil, Greg Slovin, Chris Masse, Paul Hurwitz, Jefferson Rose, and David Howard. "Switch Stacking for OFF-State Power Handling Improvements in PCM RF Switches." In 2021 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2021. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ims19712.2021.9574954.

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Bettoumi, Ines, Cyril Guines, and Pierre Blondy. "A Dynamic CAD Model for Phase Change Material (PCM) Switches." In 2020 50th European Microwave Conference (EuMC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eumc48046.2021.9338051.

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Kostylev, S. "White spots on a characterization map for the phase-change memory (PCM) and threshold switches." In 2009 10th Annual Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium (NVMTS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nvmt.2009.5429781.

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5

Nussbaum, E. "Overview of Switching Needs for 1990-2000+." In Photonic Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/phs.1987.wa1.

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Research and development underway 30 years ago brought about today’s world of stored program controlled digital switching. The confluence of three key elements was the trigger for this new era in switching--the transistor, the basic concepts of stored program controlled computing, and the techniques of digital communication in the form of PCM. Today, roughly one quarter of the world’s 400 million telephone lines are served by central offices deploying most of these technologies. Though stored program gave these switches considerable new flexibility for customer features and allowed great strides in automation and simplification of maintenance and operations, the new technology was primarily deployed as a one-for-one cost reduction element for its electromechanical predecessors in the existing network--effectively a replacement vehicle between existing mainframes.
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Wang, Chunjun, Ramesh Ramadoss, Simone Lee, K. C. Gupta, Victor M. Bright, and Y. C. Lee. "Flexible Circuit-Based RF MEMS Switches." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/mems-23907.

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Abstract This paper describes a new microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switch fabricated using flexible circuit technologies. Hundreds of such switches can be laminated onto a large-area printed circuit board (PCB) with other RF devices and circuits. The switches are fabricated using low-cost, low-loss flexible circuit material Kapton-E polyimide film. Switches with actuation voltages as low as 73 V are reported.
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Klein, M. B., G. J. Dunning, S. W. McCahon, and D. M. Pepper. "Bistable phase-conjugate resonator using an intracavity saturable absorber." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.thee1.

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Phase-conjugate resonators have several attractive properties for image processing and storage. In the work described here, we demonstrate improved thresholding and storage properties of a phase-conjugate resonator (PCR) by the addition of an intracavity saturable absorber. It can be shown that the resonator will be bistable if (1) the small-signal absorption of the saturable absorber exceeds the small-signal gain of the phase-conjugate mirror, and (2) the absorption saturates more readily than the gain (i.e., reflectivity) of the PCM. Recently, a saturable absorber was used inside a PCR to control the transverse modes,1 but no evidence of bistability was obtained. In our experiment, we used a PCR bounded at one end by a conventional mirror and at the other end by an externally pumped BaTiO3 PCM. The saturable absorber was a solid film of fluorescein- doped boric acid glass.2 By adjustment of the total intensity and beam ratio at the PCM, we were able to demonstrate bistability. The input in our experiment was an incoherent control beam incident noncollinearly onto the intracavity saturable absorber. In the absence of a control beam, no oscillation was observed. When the control beam was turned on, the resonator switched to the on state in ~5 sec. The control beam could then be removed, and the cavity oscillation continued. To return to the off state, the resonator path was blocked.
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Khanduri, P., A. Wood, D. Cohen, I. Birkeli, and F. Sem-Jacobsen. "Flat Tree Networks." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89336.

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Hierarchical switching networks connecting hundreds to thousands of servers are common in most large corporations. The state-of-the-art switches used in those networks are usually implemented by interconnecting a set of line cards that connect to hosts with a set of fabric cards that connect to other switches. This paper presents a new approach to implementing those switches using innovative packaging techniques that permit the 3-dimensional line/fabric card structure to be flattened into a 2-dimensional array of switch chips packaged on a PCB. The result of this flattening is a non-hierarchical network topology that we call a “flat tree”. This new approach reduces cost and complexity while improving performance and signal integrity.
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Mazumder, Sudip K., and Rajni K. Burra. "Fuel Cell Power Conditioner for Stationary Power System: Towards Optimal Design From Reliability, Efficiency, and Cost Standpoint." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74178.

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We describe an energy-efficient, fuel cell (FC) powerconditioning system (PCS) for stationary application, which draws practically zero switching-ripple current from the FC and can potentially meet the $40/kW cost target. The PCS consists of a zero-ripple boost converter (ZRBC) followed by a soft-switched and multi-level high-frequency (HF) inverter and a single-phase cycloconverter. The zero-ripple input inductor significantly reduces the input current ripple which may be necessary to enhance the long-term durability of the fuel cell. A new phase-shifted sine-wave modulation of the multi-level high frequency inverter is proposed which results in the zero voltage turn-on (ZVS) of all four switches (without the use of any auxiliary circuit components). For such a sine-wave modulation technique a > 90 % ZVS range is obtained from 25% of the full load to full load. Further, the line-frequency switching of the cycloconverter (at close to unity power factor) results in extremely low switching losses. The intermediate high voltage DC (HVDC) bus facilitates the inclusion of power systems based on other forms of alternative-energy techniques. A cost effective 1 kW prototype of the proposed PCS is built, which achieved a high overall efficiency. We present a detailed description of the operation of the PCS along with its key features and advantages. Finally, experimental results showing the performance and operation of the PCS are demonstrated.
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Bakar, M. Abu, K. Bertilsson, and R. Ambatipudi. "High frequency (MHz) soft switched flyback dc-dc converter using GaN switches and six-layered PCB transformer." In 8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2016). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2016.0154.

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Reports on the topic "PCM switches"

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Wu, Q., and D. Ceccarelli. PCE Communication Protocol (PCEP) Extensions for Label Switched Path (LSP) Scheduling with Stateful PCE. Edited by H. Chen and Y. Zhuang. RFC Editor, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8934.

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Xiong, Q. Label Switched Path (LSP) Object Flag Extension for Stateful PCE. RFC Editor, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc9357.

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Crabbe, E., I. Minei, J. Medved, R. Varga, X. Zhang, and D. Dhody. Optimizations of Label Switched Path State Synchronization Procedures for a Stateful PCE. RFC Editor, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8232.

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Imajuku, W. Framework for GMPLS and Path Computation Element (PCE) Control of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSONs). Edited by Y. Lee and G. Bernstein. RFC Editor, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6163.

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Palle, U., D. Dhody, Y. Tanaka, and V. Beeram. Stateful Path Computation Element (PCE) Protocol Extensions for Usage with Point-to-Multipoint TE Label Switched Paths (LSPs). RFC Editor, June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8623.

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Zhang, R., and N. Bitar. A Backward-Recursive PCE-Based Computation (BRPC) Procedure to Compute Shortest Constrained Inter-Domain Traffic Engineering Label Switched Paths. RFC Editor, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5441.

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Zhao, Q., D. Dhody, D. King, Z. Ali, and R. Casellas. PCE-Based Computation Procedure to Compute Shortest Constrained Point-to-Multipoint (P2MP) Inter-Domain Traffic Engineering Label Switched Paths. RFC Editor, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7334.

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Raghuram, A., A. Goddard, J. Karthik, S. Sivabalan, and M. Negi. Ability for a Stateful Path Computation Element (PCE) to Request and Obtain Control of a Label Switched Path (LSP). RFC Editor, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8741.

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Ananthakrishnan, H., S. Sivabalan, C. Barth, I. Minei, and M. Negi. Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) Extensions for Associating Working and Protection Label Switched Paths (LSPs) with Stateful PCE. RFC Editor, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8745.

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Palle, U., R. Singh, and L. Fang. Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) Extensions for MPLS-TE Label Switched Path (LSP) Auto-Bandwidth Adjustment with Stateful PCE. Edited by D. Dhody and R. Gandhi. RFC Editor, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8733.

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