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Journal articles on the topic 'PCDF'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Campin, D. N., S. J. Buckland, D. J. Hannah, and J. A. Taucher. "The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0463.

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A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins. The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented. The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.

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2

Nguyễn Khắc, Mạnh, Ái Quốc Trần, Tất Thành Nguyễn, and Tuấn Việt Trần. "Các phương pháp phân tích polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins và polychlorinated dibenzofurans." Journal of Military Science and Technology, VITTEP (December 20, 2022): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.vittep.2022.141-149.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo para-dioxins (PCDD) và polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) tại Việt Nam có hai nguồn chủ yếu từ hậu quả chiến tranh và các nguồn thải công nghiệp. Đặc biệt với bối cảnh nền công nghiệp lạc hậu sử dụng những kỹ thuật đã cũ như ở Việt Nam thì việc phải quan trắc và kiểm soát chặt chẽ các nguồn thải có khả năng sinh PCDD/PCDF là rất cần thiết. Trong bài viết này, độc tính của PCDD/PCDF, cách đánh giá độc tính thông qua hệ số độ độc tương đương (Toxic equivalent factors – TEF) và tổng độ độc tương đương (Toxic equivalent quantity – TEQ) được trình bày. Tiếp theo là quá trình hình thành và phát triển của các kỹ thuật phân tích PCDD/PCDF trên thế giới qua các thời kỳ được thảo luận chi tiết. Thông qua đó, thực trạng về ô nhiễm PCDD/PCDF tại Việt Nam được đề cập và các giải pháp xử lý được đề xuất.

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3

Banout, Jan, Ondrej Urban, Vojtech Musil, Jirina Szakova, and Jiri Balik. "Agent Orange Footprint Still Visible in Rural Areas of Central Vietnam." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/528965.

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Levels of polychlorinated dioxins/furans (PCDD/PCDF) in selected environmental samples (soils, sediments, fish, and farm animals) were analyzed from the area of Phong My commune (Thua Thien-Hue province, Vietnam). This area was affected by Agent Orange spraying during the Vietnam war (1968–1971). Whereas PCDD/PCDF content in soil and sediment samples is relatively low and ranges between 0.05 and 5.1 pg WHO-TEQ/g for soils and between 0.7 and 6.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g for sediments, the PCDD/PCDF content in poultry muscle and liver in most cases exceeded the maximum permissible limit of dioxin content per unit fat mass. In some cases of soil and sediments samples, 2,3,7,8-TCDD represented more than 90% of the total PCDD/PCDF, which indicates Agent Orange as the main source.

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4

Augustowska, Katarzyna, Zofia Magnowska, Maria Kapiszewska, and Ewa L. Gregoraszczuk. "Is the natural PCDD/PCDF mixture toxic for human placental JEG-3 cell line? The action of the toxicants on hormonal profile, CYP1A1 activity, DNA damage and cell apoptosis." Human & Experimental Toxicology 26, no. 5 (May 2007): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107073119.

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The present study was conducted to define the action of a mixture obtained by the extraction and purification of real fly ash, on specific toxicity endpoints, such as hormonal secretion, CYP1A1 expression, DNA damage and cell apoptosis. JEG-3 cell line was exposed in vitro to different doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/Polychlorinated dibenzo-P-furan (PCDD/PCDF) mixture. Both TCDD and the mixture decreased hCG secretion, while inhibition of progesterone levels was noted only under the influence of TCDD. The changes in hormone production were not due to the action on cell viability. There were time-dependent differences in CYP1A1 expression in cells exposed to TCDD and PCDD/PCDF mixture. Both TCDD and PCDD/PCDF mixture did not induce the DNA damage, as evaluated by the comet assay. Significantly lower DNA migration from the head of comet into the comet tail was noted after the removal of reagents. The highest efficiency of this process was noted 4 h after the TCDD and 24 h after the PCDD/PCDF mixture removal. These results suggest that the DNA adducts and/or DNA—DNA cross-links were formed. Neither TCDD nor PCDD/PCDF mixture had any effect on cell apoptosis assessed by caspase-3 activity and Hoechst 33258. Taken together, these findings clearly indicate a weaker action of the mixture when compared with TCDD. However, in both cases, their action was not due to the induction of the DNA damage and subsequent cell apoptosis but due to a direct influence of these toxicants on placental hormone production. Human & Experimental Toxicology ( 2007) 26, 407—417

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5

Eljarrat, Ethel. "Effects of Sewage Sludges Contaminated with Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Sludge-Treated Areas (Soils and Sediments)." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.880.

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The fate of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in sewage sludges after different management techniques — such as agricultural application, land restoration, and marine disposal — was studied. Changes observed in the concentrations, in the ratio between PCDD and PCDF levels, and in the isomeric distribution suggest the influence of the sewage sludge on the sludge-treated areas (soils and sediments). Whereas land application techniques seem to produce no serious environmental consequences, marine disposal practices produce considerable increases in the levels of contamination in marine sediments.

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6

Manninen, Helena, Annikki Perkiö, Terttu Vartiainen, and Juhani Ruuskanen. "Formation of PCDD/PCDF." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 3, no. 3 (September 1996): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02985518.

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7

Nakagawa, Reiko, Hironori Hirakawa, Takao Iida, Takahiko Matsueda, and Junya Nagayama. "Maternal Body Burden of Organochlorine Pesticides and Dioxins." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 716–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.3.716.

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Abstract To investigate the body burden of organochlorine pesticides and dioxins in Japanese women,125 milk samples were collected from 41 mothers in 1994, 42 in 1995, and 42 in 1996. Ofthe 125 samples, 82 were from primipara mothers (first delivery) and 43 were from multipara mothers (second or later delivery). By using capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection, β-HCH and p,p′-DDE were detected as the major chlorine pesticides in human milk. Average levels of β-HCH and p,p′-DDE were 475 and 368 ng/g lipid, respectively, in primipara breast milk, 314 and 259 ng/g lipid in multipara breast milk, and 420 and 330 ng/g lipid in total breast milk. Dieldrin, heptachor epoxide, oxychlordane, trans-chlordane, and cis-chlordane were detected at lower average levels of 3, 4, 34, 41, and 5 ng/g lipid, respectively. By using high-resolution gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detec tion, dioxins were detected in all samples. Average levels of total polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), total polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), total PCDD + PCDF, total coplanar polychlorinatedbiphenyl (CoPCB), and total dioxin were 10.0, 7.8, 17.7, 9.9, and 27.5 TEQ (toxic equivalent) pg/g lipid, respectively, in primipara breast milk; 7.0, 5.8, 12.8, 7.3, and 20.1 TEQ pg/g lipid in multipara breast milk; and 8.9, 7.1, 16.1, 8.9, and 25.0 TEQ pg/g lipid in total breast milk. In primipara breast milk, significant correlations were found among levels of β-HCH, p,p’-DDE, total PCDD-TEQ, total PCDF-TEQ, total CoPCB-TEQ, and total TEQ except for less correlation between p,p’-DDE and total PCDF-TEQ. Levels of these analytes also significantly increased depending on mother’s age, except for total Co-PCB-TEQ. For the correlation with food habit, the only positive correlation was between total PCDF-TEQs and fish intake.

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8

Quanz, Meaghan E., Tony R. Walker, Ken Oakes, and Rob Willis. "Contaminant characterization in wetland media surrounding a pulp mill industrial effluent treatment facility." Wetlands Ecology and Management 29, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-020-09779-0.

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AbstractThree media (sediment, surface water, and dragonfly larvae tissue) were collected from wetlands surrounding an industrial effluent treatment facility prior to closure. Samples were analyzed for metals, total mercury, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) concentrations. Sediment and surface water concentrations were compared to provincial and federal guidelines, as well as reference wetland concentrations. Exceedances of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, zinc, and PCDD/PCDF guidelines were found in deeper areas of wetlands historically contaminated from effluent, as well as wetlands exposed to current effluent inputs. Composite Libellulidae samples were collected from wetlands, and comparisons were made to reference tissue concentrations + 20%. Elevated As, Cu and Pb tissue concentrations were measured at two site wetlands, but total mercury (THg) and PCDD/PCDF reference tissue concentrations were higher than wetlands near the effluent treatment facility. Spearman rho tests identified a significant correlation between sediment and tissue Pb concentrations and between surface water and sediment THg concentrations. Results suggest relatively low ecological risk to macroinvertebrates within wetlands near the effluent treatment facility from current effluent inputs, and highlight strengths and weaknesses of federal and provincial guidelines.

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9

Su, Shan Shan, and Yang Hui. "The Study of Environment Levels of Dioxins and Furans in a Typical Regional." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.769.

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Ambient air, tree bark, soil and river sediments were sampled by the investigation of the background levels from a typical regional without industrial pollution in southern China. The WHO-TEQ of PCDD/F (WHO-2005) were 0.0366±0.0126 pg/Nm3 in ambient air, 0.8863±0.6088 pg/g in tree bark, 3.2435±0.0651 pg/g in soil and 1.4795±0.1917 pg/g in river sediments, respectively. The levels of PCDF in ambient air and tree bark were generally a little lower than the PCDD levels, but the values of PCDD were tens, even thousands times high than the PCDF in the soil and river sediments. The scope plot of PCA indicated that the congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in the tree barks, soil and river sediments of Hezhou were similar, but different from the samples of ambient air.

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10

Szymańska, Jadwiga, Barbara Frydrych, Paweł Struciński, Wiesław Szymczak, Agnieszka Hernik, and Elżbieta Bruchajzer. "Polychlorinated dibezno-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)." Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 36, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 27–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7815.

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Polychlorinated dibezno-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) are compounds with similar structure, physicochemical and toxicological properties. They are not used commercially, they are formed as by-products during certain industrial processes, combustion, failures, etc. LD50 values (0.002-300 mg / kg) depend on the species of animal tested and the chemical structure of the compound. On chronic toxicity, the information available mainly relates to 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. Potential routes of human exposure are: the digestive system, lungs and skin. These compounds are accumulated mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. Their polar metabolites may undergo conjugation with glucuronic acid and glutathione. The main routes of excretion are bile and feces. In mammals, PCDD / F are also eliminated in breast milk. The results of mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests of PCDD (mainly 2,3,7,8-TCDD) and PCDF and their effects on fertility and reproduction are inconsistent. Among PCDD and PCDF, the compound that most strongly affects fertility, reproduction and fetal development is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Epidemiological studies are the basis for assessing the carcinogenic potential of dioxins (including 2,3,7,8-TCDD) and furans in humans. Cohorts include those professionally exposed to chlorophenols, phenoxyacetic herbicides and a mixture of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans. PCDD / F have a common mechanism of toxic action associated with the Ah receptor. PCDD / F are considered to be inducers of several enzymes (e.g. CYP1A) and modulators of hormones and growth factors. CYP1A1 activity is one of the most sensitive indicators of exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Adenocarcinomas and hepatocellular carcinomas as well as bile ducts have been found in rats and mice after 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Tumor changes have also been observed in other organs. NTP studies also showed carcinogenic effects 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. According to IARC, sufficient evidence of a carcinogenic effect on humans exists only for 2,3,7,8-TCDD (CAS: 1746-01-6) and 2,3,4,7,8 PeCDF (CAS: 57117-31-4). Other PCDD / F cannot be classified as carcinogenic to humans. The basis for determining the MAC value for the mixture of PCDD and PCDF was the results of the assessment of the risk of developing additional liver cancer in people exposed in the work environment for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in 2017. This risk was estimated at 1 · 10-4 for 40 years of exposure to the compound at a concentration of 18 pg / m3. In the case of combined exposure, the content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in the tested samples, as well as their maximum acceptable levels are expressed in the form of the so-called toxicity equivalent (TEQ). For the PCDD and PCDF mixture, we propose the value of 18 pg WHO2006-TEQ / m3. The result expressed as pg WHO-TEQ / m3 is not a de facto concentration, but a determination of the toxicity of the mixture of dioxin and furan congeners contained in the sample in relation to TCDD. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

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11

Öberg, Tomas, and Jan Bergström. "Indicator parameters for PCDD/PCDF." Chemosphere 19, no. 1-6 (January 1989): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90333-0.

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12

Delschen, T., Diana Hein, G. H. M. Krause, and P. Fürst. "PCDD/PCDF-Gehalt von Grünlandaufwuchs." Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 4, no. 2 (April 1992): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02937075.

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13

Reischl, A., H. Thoma, M. Reissinger, and O. Hutzinger. "PCDD und PCDF in Koniferennadeln." Science of Nature 74, no. 2 (February 1987): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00366083.

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14

Lindert, Mark, and Heidelore Fiedler. "Auftreten von PCDD/PCDF in Brandfällen." Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 11, no. 1 (January 1999): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03037761.

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15

Krauß, Th, P. Krauß, and H. Hagenmaier. "Formation of PCDD/PCDF during composting?" Chemosphere 28, no. 1 (January 1994): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90209-7.

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16

Ende, M., Maria Edens, Gerda Post, Hanna Niedringhaus, and Sabine Schwietert. "PCDD/PCDF in Papierprodukten und Kartontüten." Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 4, no. 4 (September 1992): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02939065.

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17

Hutzinger, O., and H. Fiedler. "Sources and emissions of PCDD/PCDF." Chemosphere 18, no. 1-6 (January 1989): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90102-1.

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18

Christmann, W., K. D. Klöppel, H. Partscht, and W. Rotard. "Tetrachlorobenzoquinones, a source of PCDD/PCDF." Chemosphere 18, no. 1-6 (January 1989): 789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90197-5.

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19

von Manikowsky, Sabine, Helmut Sagunski, Olaf Papke, Karl-Rainer Fabig, Hermann Neus, Michael Schumann, Karen Spannhake, Wilfried Karmaus, Nadia Osius, and Bernd Zier. "PCDD/PCDF Indoor Exposure in Day-Care Centers and PCDD/PCDF Blood Concentrations of Female Employees." Environmental Health Perspectives 106 (April 1998): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3433824.

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20

von Manikowsky, S., H. Sagunski, O. Päpke, K. R. Fabig, H. Neus, M. Schümann, K. Spannhake, W. Karmaus, N. Osius, and B. Zier. "PCDD/PCDF indoor exposure in day-care centers and PCDD/PCDF blood concentrations of female employees." Environmental Health Perspectives 106, suppl 2 (April 1998): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106707.

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21

Cao, Zhiguo, Heidelore Fiedler, Bin Wang, Tingting Zhang, Gang Yu, Jun Huang, and Shubo Deng. "Economic status as a determinant of national PCDD/PCDF releases and implications for PCDD/PCDF reduction." Chemosphere 91, no. 3 (April 2013): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.054.

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22

Quinn, Tyler, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yongsuk Seo, and Aitor Coca. "Comparison of Thermal Manikin Modeling and Human Subjects’ Response During Use of Cooling Devices Under Personal Protective Ensembles in the Heat." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 33, no. 3 (April 19, 2018): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x18000328.

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AbstractIntroductionPersonal protective equipment (PPE) recommended for use in West Africa during the Ebola outbreak increased risk for heat illness, and countermeasures addressing this issue would be valuable.Hypothesis/ProblemThe purpose of this study was to examine the physiological impact and heat perception of four different personal cooling devices (PCDs) under impermeable PPE during low-intensity exercise in a hot and humid environment using thermal manikin modeling and human testing.MethodsSix healthy male subjects walked on a treadmill in a hot/humid environment (32°C/92% relative humidity [RH]) at three metabolic equivalents (METs) for 60 minutes wearing PPE recommended for use in West Africa and one of four different personal cooling devices (PCDs; PCD1, PCD2, PCD3, and PCD4) or no PCD for control (CON). The same ensembles were tested with thermal manikin modeling software in the same conditions to compare the results.ResultsAll PCDs seemed to reduce physiological heat stress characteristics when worn under PPE compared to CON. Both the manikin and human testing provided similar results in core temperature (Tc) and heat sensation (HS) in both magnitude and relationship. While the manikin and human data provided similar skin temperature (Tsk) characterization, Tskestimation by the manikin seemed to be slightly over-estimated. Weight loss, as estimated by the manikin, was under-estimated compared to the human measurement.ConclusionPersonal cooling device use in conjunction with impermeable PPE may be advantageous in mitigating physiological and perceptual burdens of heat stress. Evaluation of PCDs worn under PPE can be done effectively via human or manikin testing; however, Tskmay be over-estimated and weight loss may be under-estimated. Thermal manikin testing of PCDs may provide fast and accurate information to persons recommending or using PCDs with PPE.QuinnT,KimJH,SeoY,CocaA.Comparison of thermal manikin modeling and human subjects’ response during use of cooling devices under personal protective ensembles in the heat.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(3):279–287.

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23

Ewers, U. "Levels of PCDD/PCDF in blood fat as indices of the PCDD/PCDF body burden in humans." Toxicology Letters 88, no. 1-3 (November 1996): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(96)03757-5.

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24

Firestone, David. "Determination of Dioxins and Furans in Foods and Biological Tissues: Review and Update." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 2 (March 1, 1991): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.2.375.

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Abstract Determination of trace residues of polychlorlnated dlbenzo- p-dloxlns and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs) In various matrixes Is carried out by a limited number of laboratories In the United States, Canada, and other countries. Current methods for analysis of foods and biological tissues Include a combination of preparation, extraction, cleanup, isolation, determination, and Identity confirmation procedures. Soxhlet, liquid/liquid, solid-phase, and column extraction procedures are used as well as treatment with acid or base before solvent extraction. Cleanup and isolation steps Include sulfuric acid partitioning; adsorption chromatography on Florlsil, silica gel, or alumina; gel permeation chromatography; multistage column chromatography on sulfuric acid silica and alkali silica; carbon column chromatography; and liquid chromatography fractionation with size exclusion, normalphase, and reverse-phase columns. Activated carbon and multistage chromatographic columns are widely used in cleanup schemes. Isomer-speclflc Identification and quantitation of PCDD and PCDF congeners at parts-per-trllllon levels or lower are carried out by high resolution (capillary) gas chromatography (HRGC) and multiple Ion detection mass spectrometry. In addition to chemical methods, bloassay procedures have been recommended (e.g., use of monoclonal antibodies, for immunoassay determination of PCDDs and PCDFs).

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Saral, Arslan, Gulten Gunes, and Selami Demir. "Atmospheric PCDD/PCDF emission inventory for Turkey." Atmospheric Pollution Research 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5094/apr.2014.004.

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26

FIEDLER, HEIDELORE. "Thermal Formation of PCDD/PCDF: A Survey." Environmental Engineering Science 15, no. 1 (January 1998): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.1998.15.49.

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27

Christmann, W., K. D. Klöppel, H. Partscht, and W. Rotard. "Determination of PCDD/PCDF in ambient air." Chemosphere 19, no. 1-6 (January 1989): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90363-9.

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28

Müller, J. F., A. Hülster, O. Päpke, M. Ball, and H. Marschner. "Transfer pathways of PCDD/PCDF to fruits." Chemosphere 27, no. 1-3 (July 1993): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90293-e.

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29

Weber, Roland, and Hanspaul Hagenmaier. "PCDD/PCDF formation in fluidized bed incineration." Chemosphere 38, no. 11 (May 1999): 2643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00472-x.

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30

Rotard, Wolfgang, Wilfried Christmann, Wilhelm Knoth, and Wolfgang Mailahn. "Bestimmung der resorptionsverfügbaren PCDD/PCDF aus Kieselrot." Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 7, no. 1 (March 1995): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02938733.

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31

Joneck, M., R. Prinz, and Th Suttner. "PCDD/PCDF-Gehalte in Oberböden bayerischer Ackerstandorte." Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 4, no. 4 (September 1992): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02939064.

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32

Joneck, M., Th Suttner, K. Stadelmayr, and S. Trampler. "PCDD/PCDF-Bodengehalte im Umfeld von Verbrennungsanlagen." Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 5, no. 4 (September 1993): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02940480.

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33

Czuczwa, Jean M., and Ronald A. Hites. "Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF." Chemosphere 15, no. 9-12 (January 1986): 1417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90419-4.

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34

Wilson, J. Y., R. F. Addison, D. Martens, R. Gordon, and B. Glickman. "Cytochrome P450 1A and related measurements in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Fraser River." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-251.

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Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were captured at six sites on the upper Fraser, Nechako, and Thompson rivers, British Columbia, Canada. Biological responses were measured in the liver to assess the effects of contaminants on the fish before they began migration downstream. Both ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and CYP 1A concentrations were significantly enhanced, being two- to three-fold higher in Fraser River samples compared with those fish from reference sites on the Nechako River. DNA adduct concentrations were two- to four-fold higher in Fraser River fish, although liver histopathology appeared unaffected. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the carcasses contributed to total contaminant burdens of less than 1 pg·g-1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were undetectable in nearly all samples of bile. There were strong correlations between EROD activity, CYP 1A induction, and DNA adduct concentrations but no clear correlation between these responses and PCDD, PCDF, or PCB concentrations.

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35

Pitea, Demetrio, Laura Bonati, Marina Lasagni, Giorgio Moro, Roberto Todeschini, and Giancarlo Chiesa. "The combustion of municipal solid wastes and PCDD and PCDF emissions. Part 1. PCDD and PCDF in MSW." Chemosphere 18, no. 7-8 (January 1989): 1457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90037-4.

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Włodarczyk-Makuła, Maria. "Influence of Selected Organic Micropollutants on Organisms." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 24, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0006.

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Abstract This article describes the toxicity of organic micropollutants on tested microorganisms. Itis a current issue because organic micropollutants are identified in all elements of environmental (surface water, ground water, soils) and in food products. The organic micropollutants include: polychlorinated dibenzodioxyns PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzofurans PCDF, polychlorinated biphenyls PCB, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAH, halogenated compounds and by-products of water treatment. Some organic compounds cause hazard for health and human life due to their estrogenic biological activity, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic activity. The influence on organisms indicators of these compounds based on literature data were presented. The level of TEQ (toxic equivalency) in response to organic chlorine derivatives (PCDDs, PCDF, PCBs) is usually determined by toxic equivalency factor (TEF). The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies organic micropollutants as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), possibly carcinogenic (Group 2A) or probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

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Pitea, Demetrio, Marina Lasagni, Laura Bonati, Giorgio Moro, Roberto Todeschini, and Giancarlo Chiesa. "The combustion of municipal solid wastes and PCDD and PCDF emissions. Part 2. PCDD and PCDF in stack gases." Chemosphere 18, no. 7-8 (January 1989): 1465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90038-6.

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38

Pitea, Demetrio, Ugo Cosentino, Marina Lasagni, Giorgio Moro, Roberto Todeschini, and Giancarlo Chiesa. "The combustion of municipal solid wastes and PCDD and PCDF emissions. Part 3. PCDD and PCDF in fly ash." Chemosphere 18, no. 7-8 (January 1989): 1475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90039-8.

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39

Guerra, Marcos Antônio de Souza Lima, Claudio Mudado Silva, Ana Augusta Passos Rezende, Hygor Aristides Rossoni, Sebastião Tomas Carvalho, and Ismarley Horta Lage Morais. "Avaliação da utilização de composto orgânico produzido a partir dos resíduos de fábrica de celulose quanto aos níveis de organoclorados e metais." Revista Árvore 36, no. 2 (April 2012): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622012000200020.

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Lodos gerados em Estações de Tratamento de Efluentes de fábricas de celulose kraft branqueada podem conter metais pesados e compostos organoclorados mesmo para fábricas que possuam sequências de branqueamento ECF (livres de cloro elementar), devido à presença de dióxido de cloro. Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o potencial de absorção de metais pesados e compostos organoclorados (PCDD e PCDF) por Brassica juncea, utilizando como substrato o composto orgânico constituído por lodo biológico de uma Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes por lodos ativados misturado com cascas de eucalipto de uma fábrica de celulose brasileira. As plantas de Brassica juncea foram cultivadas em vasos de 0,63 dm³ em casa de vegetação, durante 73 dias. Os seguintes parâmetros foram monitorados no substrato e nas plantas: Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cl-, carbono orgânico total e AOX (compostos organo-halogenados adsorvíveis). Os níveis de metais pesados presentes no solo após a aplicação do composto ficaram dentro de faixas permissíveis da legislação brasileira para aplicação de composto orgânico para uso agrícola. Traços de PCDD e PCDF foram encontrados no substrato em concentrações menores do que 0,5 ng I-TEQ/kg (ppt). Tais valores ficaram abaixo de 17 ng I-TEQ/kg, considerado o limite mais exigente de qualidade de compostos adotados na Alemanha e no Canadá.

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Morrison, Heather A., D. Michael Whittle, Chris D. Metcalfe, and Arthur J. Niimi. "Application of a food web bioaccumulation model for the prediction of polychlorinated biphenyl, dioxin, and furan congener concentrations in Lake Ontario aquatic biota." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 1389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-066.

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A previously developed benthic/pelagic food web bioaccumulation model was parameterized to predict concentrations of nine nonmetabolized polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in invertebrates and fish from Lake Ontario. Predicted concentrations were compared with field-measured concentrations to verify the predictability of the model. Overall, 86% of model predictions were within a factor of 2 and 100% of predictions were within a factor of 10 of field-measured concentrations. The parameterized model was used to estimate chemical metabolic rates for 15 PCB, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furan (PCDF) congeners that are potentially metabolized. Estimated chemical metabolic rates ranged from 7.5 × 10-3 to 1.0 × 10-7·day-1 and were in general agreement with qualitative studies describing rates of metabolism of these chemicals by aquatic biota. The calibrated model was used to predict concentrations of all 24 PCB, PCDD, and PCDF congeners in invertebrates and fish commonly found in Lake Ontario but for which no field-measured data exist. These concentrations were expressed as the logarithm of the bioaccumulation factor (log BAF). The log BAF's in benthic invertebrates and salmonids ranged from 4.2 to 10.2 and from 5.1 to 11.6, respectively, and were consistent with field-measured BAF's.

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Shao, Ke, Xiao Dong Li, Ying Lei Wei, and Jing Song Liu. "Correlation between PCDD/F, PCB and PCBz Formed by De Novo Synthesis." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 998–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.998.

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Large amounts of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furans (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated benzenes (PCBz) were formed by de novo synthesis using model ashes. The de novo synthesis was affected by SO2and H2O. Knowledge of congener pattern and homologue profiles of PCDD/F, PCB and PCBz is help for elaborating the mechanism of formation and influence of the toxic compounds formed by de novo synthesis. By the help of the component analysis (CA) the best correlated congeners are effectively detected. Various good correlated pairs between PCDD/F, PCB and PCBz have been elaborated by using linear regression between the 15 samples. It was found that a good correlation between PCBz and PCDF.

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Clemons, J. H., M. R. van den Heuvel, J. J. Stegeman, D. G. Dixon, and N. C. Bols. "Comparison of Toxic Equivalent Factors for Selected Dioxin and Furan Congeners Derived Using Fish and Mammalian Liver Cell Lines." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-156.

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Toxic equivalent factors (TEFs) for eight polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners were derived with a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line, RTL-W1, and compared with TEFs obtained with a rat hepatoma cell line, H4IIE. Cells were exposed to a range of concentrations of the congeners which included 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD, 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD, 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetraCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF, 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF, and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDF. Ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (EROD) activity was measured and EC50 values calculated from a dose–effect curve newly proposed for this purpose. TEFs were computed using 2,3,7,8-tetraCDD standard curves run concurrently with each assay. With the exception of 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDD and 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF, all of the RTL-W1-derived TEFs were significantly higher (two- to eightfold higher) than the respective H4IIE TEFs. Immunoblotting analysis with the monoclonal anti-scup P4501A1 antibody was used to identify basal and induced levels of P4501A1 protein in both the RTL-W1 and H4IIE cells. It was concluded that mammalian-derived TEFs may not accurately predict the potency of PCDDs or PCDFs to fish.

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43

Pallesen, Lars. "Statistical Assessment of PCDD and PCDF Emission Data." Waste Management & Research 5, no. 1 (January 1987): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x8700500147.

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Pitea, Demetrio, Laura Bonati, Ugo Cosentino, Marina Lasagni, and Giorgio Moro. "A selected bibliography on PCDD and PCDF formation." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 22, no. 1-4 (May 15, 1989): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248909357442.

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45

Götz, R., E. Schumacher, L. O. Kjeller, P. A. Bergqvist, and C. Rappe. "Polychlorierte Dibenzo-p-dioxine (PCDD) und-furane (PCDF)." Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 2, no. 3 (September 1990): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03039349.

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46

Lee, Vinci K. C., Wai-Hung Cheung, and Gordon McKay. "PCDD/PCDF reduction by the co-combustion process." Chemosphere 70, no. 4 (January 2008): 682–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.072.

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47

PALLESEN, L. "Statistical assessment of PCDD and PCDF emission data." Waste Management & Research 5, no. 3 (September 1987): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-242x(87)90087-5.

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Rouse, T. O., R. E. Koch, and F. L. DeRoos. "Formation of PCDF and PCDD in electrical discharges." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 23, no. 6 (December 1988): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/14.16527.

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49

Chen, Chien-Min. "The emission inventory of PCDD/PCDF in Taiwan." Chemosphere 54, no. 10 (March 2004): 1413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.039.

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50

Ballschmiter, K., H. Buchert, Th Class, W. Krämer, H. Magg, A. Munder, U. Reuter, et al. "Isomerenspezifische Bestimmung der Polychlordibenzodioxine (PCDD) und Polychlordibenzofurane (PCDF)." Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 320, no. 7 (January 1985): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00497177.

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