Relevant bibliographies by topics / PCCI combustion

Academic literature on the topic 'PCCI combustion'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PCCI combustion"

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Getachew Alemayehu, Ramesh Babu Nallamothu, Adem Siraj, and Rajendiran Gopal. "Experimental investigation on the effect of EGR rate variation on emissions in optimized PCCI-DI diesel engine." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 12, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2022.12.2.0132.

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Combustion in diesel engines is focusing towards unexplored combustion concepts where innovative combustion ideas are being developed following several engine control factors. Advanced low temperature combustion engines for automotive applications are one of the improvements in this regard. The test was conducted on a single cylinder, four stroke and air cooled diesel engine. The scope of this study is to investigate the impact of EGR rate variation (25%, 35% and 45 % EGR rates) on emission reductions in PCCI-DI diesel combustion approach showing a reduction of NOx–soot trade-offs than the conventional diesel combustion approach. The PCCI-DI diesel combustion in this setup is optimized applying the algorithm of grey relational analysis together with Taguchi method. This investigational setup used a methanol port injection and advanced injection timing for PCCI formation. Emission results from different EGR settings in the optimized PCCI-DI combustion scheme were analyzed and compared using surface and contour plots. From the experiment higher EGR rate resulted a decrease in NOx productions but an increase in HC, CO and smoke due to the combustion mode of the experimental setup. The study indicated that excess EGR application should be avoided to have an optimum PCCI-DI combustion having lower emission results.
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Yan, Yan, and Yu Sheng Zhang. "The Study on PCCI Mode of Diesel Engine Fueled with Methanol/Dimethyl Ether." Applied Mechanics and Materials 607 (July 2014): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.607.629.

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Taking into account China's abundant coal resources, methanol and DME(Dimethyl Ether) obtained from coal are good alternative fuels. The research project is to utilize the fuel of DME and methanol in diesel engines for new combustion models PCCI (Premixed Charge Compression Ignition).The tests of the PCCI mode with different boundary conditions were studied on PCCI test bench. PCCI combustion is consisted of three stages: low temperature reaction of DME, high-temperature reaction of DME and diffusion combustion reaction of methanol. DME as combustion improver should be kept relatively low concentration, and with the decrease of methanol, its concentration need to be reduced. Methanol and formaldehyde are important parts of HC emission, their volume fraction was about 70%.
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Kong, S.-C., Y. Ra, and R. D. Reitz. "Performance of multi-dimensional models for simulating diesel premixed charge compression ignition engine combustion using low- and high-pressure injectors." International Journal of Engine Research 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x30567.

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An engine CFD model has been developed to simulate premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion using detailed chemistry. The numerical model is based on the KIVA code that is modified to use CHEMKIN as the chemistry solver. The model was applied to simulate ignition, combustion, and emissions processes in diesel engines operated to achieve PCCI conditions. Diesel PCCI experiments using both low- and high-pressure injectors were simulated. For the low-pressure injector with early injection (close to intake valve closure), the model shows that wall wetting can be minimized by using a pressure-swirl atomizer with a variable spray angle. In the case of using a high-pressure injector, it is found that late injection (SOI = 5 ° ATDC) benefits soot emissions as a result of low-temperature combustion at highly premixed conditions. The model was also used to validate the emission reduction potential of an HSDI diesel engine using a double injection strategy that favours PCCI conditions. It is concluded that the present model is useful to assess future engine combustion concepts, such as PCCI and low-temperature combustion (LTC).
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Halbe, Mayura H., David J. Fain, Gregory M. Shaver, Lyle Kocher, and David Koeberlein. "Control-oriented premixed charge compression ignition CA50 model for a diesel engine utilizing variable valve actuation." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 8 (December 1, 2016): 847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416678510.

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Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) is a promising combustion strategy for reducing in-cylinder NOx and particulate matter formation in diesel engines without incurring fuel penalty. However, one of the challenges in PCCI implementation is that the process does not allow direct control of the combustion timing. The crank angle of 50% heat release, known as the CA50, is generally a reasonable proxy for the quality of combustion in terms of maximum pressure rise rate, combustion noise, and fuel conversion efficiency. This paper outlines the development, and validation, of a real-time capable estimation strategy for diesel-fueled PCCI CA50 using production-viable measurements that do not include in-cylinder pressure. The CA50 estimation strategy considers both stages of diesel-fueled PCCI combustion—low-temperature heat release and high-temperature heat release, which contributes most to the cumulative heat released during combustion. The strategy is validated using a PCCI CA50 dataset generated with a wide range of positions of a variable geometry turbocharge, exhaust gas recirculation fractions, and intake valve closing timings. The model estimates CA50 within ±2 CAD for 65 out of 80 data points and exhibits an error standard deviation of 2.55 CAD.
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Xiao, Sen Lin, Wan Chen Sun, Jia Kun Du, Guo Liang Li, and Man Zhi Tan. "Influence of Compression Ratio, EGR Rate and Main Injection Fuel Quantity on Combustion and Emissions in a PCCI Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1386.

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In this study, simulation model on combustion process of a diesel engine was developed and the results were validated by experiments. Then the compression ignition was switched into PCCI (Premixed Charge Compression Ignition) in order to understand the effects of individual parameters on PCCI combustion and provide the reference for the further studies of testing and simulation. The results illustrate that the lower compression ratio extends the ignition delay and enhances fuel-air mixing and improves PCCI combustion. In addition, the oxygen concentration in cylinder is highly diluted as the EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) rate increases and the NOx (Oxides of nitrogen) emissions are effectively depressed as EGR rate over 30%. Moreover, the reduction of main injection fuel quantity results in a decrease reactivity and peak heat release rate in combustion.
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Liang, Xingyu, Zhiwei Zheng, Hongsheng Zhang, Yuesen Wang, and Hanzhengnan Yu. "A Review of Early Injection Strategy in Premixed Combustion Engines." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 7, 2019): 3737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183737.

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Due to the increasing awareness of environmental protection, limitations on exhaust emissions of diesel engines have become increasingly stringent. This challenges diesel engine manufacturers to find a new balance between engine performance and emissions. Advanced combustion modes for diesel engines, such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), which can simultaneously reduce exhaust emissions and substantially improve thermal efficiency, have drawn increasing attention. In order to allow enough time to prepare the homogeneous mixture, the early injection strategy has been utilized widely in HCCI and PCCI diesel engines. This paper is aimed at providing a comprehensive review of the effects of early injection parameters on the performance and emissions of HCCI and PCCI engines fueled by both diesel and alternative fuels. Various early injection parameters, including injection pressure, injection timing, and injection angle, are discussed. In addition, the effect of the blending ratio of alternative fuels is also summarized. Every change in parameters has its own advantages and disadvantages, which are explained in detail in order to help researchers choose the best early injection parameters for HCCI and PCCI engines.
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Jeftić, Marko, Shui Yu, Xiaoye Han, Graham T. Reader, Meiping Wang, and Ming Zheng. "Effects of Postinjection Application with Late Partially Premixed Combustion on Power Production and Diesel Exhaust Gas Conditioning." Journal of Combustion 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/891096.

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The effects of postinjection with late partially premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) were investigated with respect to diesel exhaust gas conditioning and potential power production. Initial tests comparing postinjection application with PCCI to that with conventional diesel high temperature combustion (HTC) indicated the existence of similar trends in terms of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburned hydrocarbon (THC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and smoke emissions. However, postinjection in PCCI cycles exhibited lower NOxand smoke but higher CO and THC emissions. With PCCI operation, the use of postinjection showed much weaker ability for raising the exhaust gas temperature compared to HTC. Additional PCCI investigations generally showed increasing CO and THC, relatively constant NOx, and decreasing smoke emissions, as the postinjection was shifted further from top dead center (TDC). Decreasing the overall air-to-fuel ratio resulted in increased hydrogen content levels but at the cost of increased smoke, THC and CO emissions. The power production capabilities of early postinjection, combined with PCCI, were investigated and the results showed potential for early postinjection power production.
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Li, Wei, Wen Wang, and Wei Peng Wu. "Experimental Investigation on Compound Combustion of Partial Premixed Charge Compression Ignition – Direct Injection Engine Fueled with Dimethyl Ether." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.165.

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In order to enlarge the operating range at HCCI mode and explore the scientific methods to realize the ultra-low emission with DME as alternative fuel. Experimental investigation on the realization of PCCI-DI combustion is carried out on a single cylinder and naturally aspirated direct injection diesel engine. The method to achieve the PCCI-DI mode is that feeding part of DME into intake pipe to produce Pre-mixed homogeneous mixture and injecting the other part of the DME fuel into the combustion chamber by the original fuel injection device in the late stage of compression stroke. Results indicate that the engine can be operated at a wider range of speeds and loads at PCCI-DI mode. The brake thermal efficiency increases and NOx emission reduces. However, HC and CO emission increase. It is also indicated from experiments that NOx, HC and CO emission increase with an increase of DME premixed quantity. Furthermore, the optimum fuel supply advance angle for PCCI-DI mode could be delayed 6~8 °CA on the base of DME DI mode.
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Ji, Qian, Jie Li, Jingshan Wang, Ping Sun, and Pengcheng Wu. "Simulation analysis of the effects of methanol-polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blends on combustion and emissions of a PCCI engine." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125203022.

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The effects of methanol/polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) mixture with different blending ratios on premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion and emission performance have been researched through the anlysis of CFD software CONVERGE. Premixed combustion is achieved by a single early injection of fuel into the cylinder. The results show that the combustion start point delays and the peak pressure decreases with the increase of methanol blend ratio. The effects of injection timing on the combustion and emission characteristics of PCCI were studied by using a mixture of the same proportion of methanol. The results show that the advance of injection time leads to more homogeneous mixture and higher peak heat release. But too early injection reduces the temperature in the cylinder and makes the combustion worse, resulting in the increase of HC, soot and CO emissions. NOx emissions decrease with the advance of the injection time.
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Eguz, U., L. M. T. Somers, C. A. J. Leermakers, and L. P. H. De Goey. "Multi-zone modelling of PCCI combustion." International Journal of Vehicle Design 55, no. 1 (2011): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2011.038047.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PCCI combustion"

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Kang, Jeongho. "Study on Combustion Improvement in Natural Gas fueled PCCI and Dual Fuel Engines." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180451.

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MANELLI, ANDREA. "Engine Technologies for Reduction of Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions in Light-Duty Diesel Engines." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2971996.

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MANCARELLA, ALESSANDRO. "Experimental analysis of an early diesel PCCI concept and strategies to limit its application constraints." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2846611.

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Milovanović, Nebojša. "A study of controlled auto ignition (CAI) combustion in internal combustion engines." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19906.

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Controlled Auto Ignition (CAI) combustion is a new combustion principle in internal combustion engines which has in recent years attracted increased attention. In CAI combustion, which combines features of spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) principles, air/fuel mixture is premixed, as in SI combustion and auto-ignited by piston compression as in CI combustion. Ignition is provided in multiple points, and thus the charge gives a simultaneous energy release. This results in uniform and simultaneous auto-ignition and chemical reaction throughout the whole charge without flame propagation. CAI combustion is controlled by the chemical kinetics of air/fuel mixture with no influence of turbulence. The CAI engine offers benefits in comparison to spark ignited and compression ignited engines in higher efficiency due to elimination of throttling losses at part and idle loads. There is a possibility to use high compression ratios since it is not knock limited, and in significant lower NOx emission (≈90%) and particle matter emission (≈50%), due to much lower combustion temperature and elimination of fuel rich zones. However, there are several disadvantages of the CAI engine that limits its practical application, such as high level of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions, high peak pressures, high rates of heat release, reduced power per displacement and difficulties in starting and controlling the engine. Controlling the operation over a wide range of loads and speeds is probably the major difficulty facing CAI engines. Controlling is actually two-components as it consists of auto-ignition phasing and controlling the rates of heat release. As CAI combustion is controlled by chemical kinetics of air/fuel mixture, the auto-ignition timing and heat release rate are determined by the charge properties such as temperature, composition and pressure. Therefore, changes in engine operational parameters or in types of fuel, results in changing of the charge properties. Hence, the auto-ignition timing and the rate of heat release. The Thesis investigates a controlled auto-ignition (CAI) combustion in internal combustion engines suitable for transport applications. The CAI engine environment is simulated by using a single-zone, homogeneous reactor model with a time variable volume according to the slider-crank relationship. The model uses detailed chemical kinetics and distributed heat transfer losses according to Woschini's correlation [1]. The fundamentals of chemical kinetics, and their relationship with combustion related problems are presented. The phenomenology and principles of auto-ignition process itself and its characteristics in CAI combustion are explained. The simulation model for representing CAI engine environment is established and calibrated with respect to the experimental data. The influences of fuel composition on the auto-ignition timing and the rate of heat release in a CAI engine are investigated. The effects of engine parameters on CAI combustion in different engine concepts fuelled with various fuels are analysed. The effects of internal gas recirculation (IEGR) in controlling the auto-ignition timing and the heat release rate in a CAI engine fuelled with different fuels are investigated. The effects of variable valve timings strategy on gas exchange process in CAI engine fuelled with commercial gasoline (95RON) are analysed.
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VITOLO, ROBERTO. "Reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions from vehicles: implementation of low-temperature diesel combustion and development of an advanced central tire inflation system." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2755753.

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Boccadamo, Danilo. "Analisi preliminare di combustioni innovative su un motore diesel di piccola cilindrata." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7288/.

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Analisi delle emissioni di inquinanti per combustioni innovative Dual-Fuel e Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) operate su un motore Diesel, nel laboratorio di propulsione e macchine della Scuola d'Ingegneria e Architettura con sede a Forlì. Tale studio è stato realizzato in quanto la riduzione delle emissioni e dei consumi sono caratteristiche di primo impatto per la competitività sul mercato di un motore e poiché le emissioni di inquinanti sono regolate da standard europei che ne esigono la continua riduzione. L'obiettivo della ricerca è quello di definire un pattern di combustioni, variando il valore e la sincronizzazione dei parametri delle attuazioni, che consenta la riduzione di inquinanti senza compromettere le prestazioni. Capire come ottenere minori emissioni di inquinanti significa poter far rientrare anche i motori diesel nelle future normative EURO 6 (già definite ed in vigore da Settembre 2014), e di seguire studi paralleli sulla riduzione dei consumi sui quali sono già stati riscontrati risultati positivi.
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Barbieri, Cláudia Caroline Teixeira. "Avaliação da combustibilidade de carvão brasileiro para injeção em altos-fornos em simulador de PCI E em termobalança." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/181826.

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A injeção de carvão pulverizado na região das ventaneiras dos altos-fornos (Pulverized Coal Injection – PCI) é uma tecnologia amplamente praticada em altos-fornos com o objetivo de substituir parte do coque empregado por carvões não-coqueificáveis. O carvão injetado fornece energia e gases redutores para o processo de fabricação do gusa, além de contribuir para a redução da emissão de gases poluentes devido à menor produção de coque. Atualmente todo o carvão injetado em altos-fornos brasileiros é importado. O país possui grandes reservas de carvão, porém este carvão necessita passar por processos de beneficiamento para redução dos teores de matéria mineral e enxofre. A flexibilidade do processo PCI permite a utilização de ampla gama de carvões não-coqueificáveis, o que abre a possibilidade para utilização de carvão brasileiro. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar propriedades de carvão brasileiro beneficiado com teor de cinzas de 18,9% para injeção em altos-fornos. O estudo foi conduzido através de ensaios de combustão empregando um moderno simulador de PCI projetado e desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Siderurgia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (LaSid) e também uma termobalança de modo a ser possível traçar um comparativo entre ambos os equipamentos. Além do carvão brasileiro, de baixo rank, foram utilizados dois carvões importados já em uso para injeção, um de alto e um de baixo rank. A combustibilidade (ou eficiência de combustão) em simulador de PCI foi avaliada pela conversão (burnout), calculada pelo método ash tracer, um balanço de massa entre a quantidade de cinzas que entra e sai do reator. Em termobalança o parâmetro adotado foi a temperatura de pico, correspondente à taxa máxima de reação. Fez-se também a avaliação da reatividade ao CO2 dos chars gerados em simulador de PCI, visto que o char ao deixar a zona de combustão passa por uma zona rica neste gás. Análise estatística revelou que a técnica adotada de burnout mostrou-se bastante eficiente para diferenciar carvões de teores de matéria volátil distintos, porém não no caso de carvões com teores de matéria volátil similares. No simulador de PCI a influência da matéria volátil do carvão foi mais pronunciada do que o rank e em termobalança o rank teve mais efeito sobre a combustibilidade do que a matéria volátil. O carvão brasileiro apresentou propriedades comparáveis às do carvão importado de baixo rank utilizado para PCI. Isto representa uma grande vantagem, visto que possibilitaria a utilização do mesmo na siderurgia.
Pulverized coal injection through blast furnace tuyeres (PCI) is a widely practiced technology in blast furnaces to replace part of coke by non-coking coal. Injected coal provides energy and reducing gases for pig iron production process, as well as contributes to reducing pollutants gases emission due to coke saving. Currently all coal injected into Brazilian blast furnaces is imported. The country has large reserves of coal, but this coal needs to undergo beneficiation to reduce mineral matter and sulfur contents. PCI process flexibility allows the employment of a wide range of non-coking coals, which opens the possibility to use Brazilian coal. This work aimed to evaluate properties of Brazilian coal benefited with 18.9% ash content for injection into blast furnaces. The study was conducted through combustion tests employing a modern PCI test rig designed and developed by the Iron and Steelmaking Laboratory (LaSid) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and also a thermobalance in order to draw a comparison between both equipments. In addition to low rank Brazilian coal, two imported coals which are already used for injection were used, one high and one low rank. The combustibility (or combustion efficiency) in a PCI test rig was evaluated by burnout, calculated by the ash tracer method, a mass balance between the amount of ash that enters and leaves the reactor. Peak temperature was the parameter adopted to evaluate combustibility in thermobalance, corresponding to the maximum rate of reaction. It was also evaluated the CO2 reactivity of chars generated in the PCI test rig, since char leaving the combustion zone passes through a CO2 rich area. Statistical analysis revealed that burnout technique proved to be efficient enough to differentiate coals with different volatile matter contents, but not in the case of coals with similar volatile matter contents. In PCI test rig the influence of volatile matter was more pronunced than rank and in thermobalance rank had more effect on combustibility than volatile matter. Brazilian coal showed properties comparable to the ones of imported low rank coal already in use for PCI. This is a great advantage, since it would make it possible to use it in ironmaking.
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Gill, Trilochan Singh Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Effect of PCI blending on combustion characteristics for iron-making." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43425.

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The PCI technology is well established for reducing the consumption of economic and environmentally expensive coke in blast furnace iron-making. Often, coal blends show unexpected combustion performance which cannot be explained on the basis of individual coal properties particularly coal rank and volatile matter. Several coals were combusted in this study under controlled conditions in a drop tube furnace. Fixed bed reactor, XRD, SEM and BET analyses were used to understand the mechanism of combustion of coal blends. Burnout of the coal blends did not change linearly with volatile matter of blends. The study demonstrated that combustion behaviour of coal blends was influenced by several properties of individual coals and cannot be estimated by using any single coal parameter. Carbon structure of coal as well as the interaction of volatile matter of individual coals was found to have a strong influence on the burnout of coal blends. Pet-cokes were generally found to burn with a greater difficulty. Carbon structure of pet-cokes was found to have a significant effect on the burnout such that coal blends with highly ordered pet-coke indicated lower burnout. The study shows that up to 10% of pet coke did not change the burnout of PCI blends significantly. As far as combustion is concerned, the drop tube furnace test provides a reasonable distinction of the effect of coal properties for PCI application.
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Pillai, Rahul Radhakrishna. "Efficiency analysis of varying EGR under PCI mode of combustion in a light duty diesel engine." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86042.

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The recent pollution norms have brought a strong emphasis on the reduction of diesel engine emissions. Low temperature combustion technology such as premixed compression ignition (PCI) has the capability to significantly and simultaneously reduce nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), thus meeting these specific pollution norms. There has been, however, observed loss in fuel conversion efficiency in some cases. This study analyzes how energy transfer and brake fuel conversion efficiency alter with (or are affected by) injection timings and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate. The study is conducted for PCI combustion for four injection timings of 9°, 12°, 15° and 18° before top dead center (BTDC) and for four exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates of 39%, 40%, 41% and 42%. The data is collected from the experimental apparatus located in General Motors Collaborative Research Laboratory at the University of Michigan. The heat release is calculated to obtain various in-cylinder energy transfers. The brake fuel conversion efficiency decreases with an increase in EGR. The decrease in the brake fuel conversion efficiency is due to the decrease in work output. This decrease is due to an increase in the pumping work and an increase in friction and decrease in gross indicated work. The decrease in the combustion efficiency is because of the increased formation of unburnt products due to increased ignition delay caused by the application of EGR and decreasing air-fuel (A/F) ratio. A definite trend is not obtained for the contribution of heat transfer to the total energy distribution. However the total heat transfer decreases with retardation of injection timing because of decreasing combustion temperature. As the injection timing is retarded, the brake fuel conversion efficiency is found to decrease. This decrease is because of a decrease in net work output. This is because the time available for utilization of the energy released is less because of late combustion. The total heat transfer decreases with retardation of injection timing because of decreasing combustion temperature. The contribution of heat transfer to the total energy distribution decreases with increase in EGR.
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Pohlmann, Juliana Gonçalves. "Avaliação da combustibilidade e reatividade de biomassas termicamente tratadas e carvões com vistas à injeção em altos-fornos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115282.

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O processo de injeção pelas ventaneiras dos altos-fornos (Pulverized Coal Injection - PCI) é uma das tecnologias mais promissoras para a incorporação de biomassas termicamente tratadas na siderurgia e um dos meios de alcançar uma redução consistente nas emissões de CO2 no setor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a combustibilidade e reatividade ao CO2 de biomassas de madeira e caroço de azeitona tratadas em laboratório desde temperaturas de torrefação (250°C) até de carbonização (450°C) e comparar com carvões típicos utilizados em PCI, correlacionando com as características ocorridas devido aos tratamentos térmicos. Além da caracterização química, as transformações devido aos tratamentos térmicos das biomassas foram avaliadas via testes de combustão em termobalança, técnicas de microscopia ótica e eletrônica, espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e técnicas de adsorção para análise da porosidade. Testes de combustibilidade foram conduzidos em um forno de queda livre (Drop Tube Furnace - DTF) em atmosferas convencional (O2/N2) e de oxi-combustão (O2/CO2) e os chars resultantes destes testes foram caracterizados quanto à estrutura e à reatividade ao CO2 em termobalança. Além disso, foram feitos testes de reatividade ao CO2 de misturas de eucalipto termicamente tratado e carvões em termobalança. A torrefação manteve o alto teor de voláteis das biomassas, enquanto que as biomassas carbonizadas apresentaram teores de carbono e poder calorífico semelhantes aos dos carvões de mais alto rank, com as vantagens típicas de biomassas de manterem um baixo teor de cinzas e enxofre. No entanto, o elevado teor de álcalis e fósforo nas cinzas pode ser um fator limitante na composição de misturas para PCI. O tratamento térmico das biomassas levou a gradual decomposição dos componentes da madeira com uma progressiva homogeneização da estrutura celular, associada a um aumento de aromaticidade e porosidade. De uma maneira geral, quanto menor foi a temperatura de tratamento térmico das biomassas, maior foi o burnout obtido no DTF. Comparada à atmosfera convencional (O2/N2), a atmosfera de oxicombustão (O2/CO2) levou a maiores burnouts para os chars de todas as biomassas e carvões. As biomassas carbonizadas apresentaram burnouts mais elevados que o carvão de mais baixo rank e o caroço de azeitona carbonizado apresentou baixa conversão, equivalente a um carvão de alto rank. Os chars das biomassas torrefeitas apresentaram estruturas cenosféricas isotrópicas de elevada porosidade nas paredes enquanto que os chars das carbonizadas preservaram a morfologia apresentada nas amostras originais. Os chars das biomassas foram altamente porosos, com áreas superficiais de meso e microporos em média 15 e 5 vezes maior que os chars dos carvões, respectivamente. Com relação aos testes de reatividade ao CO2 em termobalança, em geral, a reatividade dos chars das biomassas torrefeitas foi maior do que a reatividade dos chars das biomassas carbonizadas e estes foram pelo menos 10 vezes mais reativos ao CO2 do que o chars do carvão de mais baixo rank. Além das maiores áreas superficiais, principalmente o ordenamento da estrutura carbonosa e a morfologia foram fundamentais nas diferenças de reatividade ao CO2 entre os chars das biomassas e dos carvões. As misturas do carvão de mais baixo rank com a biomassa carbonizada apresentaram os melhores resultados em termos de aditividade na reatividade ao CO2.
Pulverized Coal Injection (PCI) in the blast furnace tuyeres is a promising technology for incorporation of thermally-treated biomasses and it is a way to reduce CO2 emissions in ironmaking processes. The aim of this work was to evaluate combustibility and CO2 reactivity of laboratory torrefied (250°C) and carbonized (450°) olive stone and woody biomasses, comparing with typical PCI coals. The transformations produced in biomasses due to torrefaction and carbonization were evaluated by chemical analyses, combustion tests in thermobalance, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical and electron microscopy and adsorption techniques. Combustion experiments were carried out in a Drop Tube Furnace (DTF) under conventional (O2/N2) and oxy-fuel (O2/CO2) atmospheres and the chars collected were characterized by its structure and CO2 reactivity in thermobalance. Reactivity tests were also conducted in thermobalance with blends of thermally-treated eucalyptus and coals. Torrefied samples maintained high contents of volatile matter, typical of raw biomasses, while carbonized biomasses showed carbon contents and high heating values similar to that of high rank coals, retaining low ash and sulfur contents. However, its high alkali and phosphorus contents could be a limiting factor to the use in blends for PCI. The thermal treatments of biomasses lead to a gradual decomposition of wood components and to a progressive homogenization of cell structure, associated to an increase in aromaticity and porosity. In general, the lower the thermal treatment temperature, the higher was the burnout in the DTF. Compared to conventional atmosphere, oxy-fuel combustion led to the highest burnouts for all biomass chars. The carbonized biomasses showed higher burnouts than the high-volatile coal and olive stone showed burnouts similar to a low-volatile coal. The chars from the torrefied biomasses showed isotropic cenospheric structures with high porosity within the walls and the chars from the carbonized biomasses preserved the morphology seen in original carbonized samples. The biomass chars presented highly porosity, with micro and mesoporosity in average, 5 and 15 times greater than the coal chars, respectively. In relation to the CO2 reactivity tests, in general, the torrefied biomass chars were more reactive than the carbonized biomass chars. However, due to its higher surface areas, structure arrangement and morphology, the carbonized biomass chars were at least 10 times more reactive than the high-volatile coal chars. The blends of high-volatile coal and carbonized eucalyptus showed good additivity in the CO2 reactivity tests in thermobalance.
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Book chapters on the topic "PCCI combustion"

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Alemayehu, Getachew, Deresse Firew, Ramesh Babu Nallamothu, and Sung Kyu Kang. "PCCI Combustion for Better Emissions in Diesel Engines." In Recent Advances in Sustainable Technologies, 183–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0976-3_17.

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Chauhan, Balendra V. S., Imran Sayyed, Ajitanshu Vedrantam, Akshay Garg, Sawan Bharti, and Mritunjay Shukla. "State of the Art in Low-Temperature Combustion Technologies: HCCI, PCCI, and RCCI." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 95–139. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8418-0_4.

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Zhao, Zhengqing, Lingling Zhang, Daqiang Cang, Yu Li, and Dejian Pei. "Study on the blending coal replacement and combustion rate for the BF PCI process." In Advances in Energy Science and Equipment Engineering II, 1145–51. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315116174-58.

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V., Karthickeyan, Thiyagarajan S., and Ashok B. "Investigation of Alternative Fuels as Low Reactivity Fuel in Port-Charged Compression Ignition (PCCI) Engine." In Recent Technologies for Enhancing Performance and Reducing Emissions in Diesel Engines, 211–33. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2539-5.ch011.

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In this chapter, four alternative fuels were obtained from non-edible oils, namely Moringa oleifera seed oil, pumpkin seed oil, waste cooking palm oil, and lemon oil. The existing diesel engine intake manifold was converted into port charged compression ignition engine by adopting necessary supporting components and control mechanics. In this study, two modes of injection were carried out, namely main injection with conventional fuel and pilot injection with the prepared alternative fuel samples. Due to characteristic fuel properties, lemon oil biofuel in pilot fuel injection experienced high thermal efficiency and low fuel consumption. At all loads, lemon oil biofuel in pilot fuel injection exhibited lower emission than other alternative fuel samples. Lemon oil biofuel in pilot fuel injection and conventional fuel in main injection showed superior combustion characteristics. On the whole, this work recommends the application of the alternative fuel admission in pilot injection mode by adopting PCCI technique to achieve improved engine characteristics.
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Albarracin-Zaidiza, D., B. Belaissaoui, and S. Rode. "Hybrid amine-based PCC processes, membrane contactors for PCC." In Absorption-Based Post-combustion Capture of Carbon Dioxide, 365–95. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100514-9.00015-9.

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Abu-Zahra, M. R. M., A. Sodiq, and P. H. M. Feron. "Commercial liquid absorbent-based PCC processes." In Absorption-Based Post-combustion Capture of Carbon Dioxide, 757–78. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100514-9.00029-9.

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Gruenewald, M., and A. Radnjanski. "Gas–liquid contactors in liquid absorbent-based PCC." In Absorption-Based Post-combustion Capture of Carbon Dioxide, 341–63. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100514-9.00014-7.

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Mosier, Arvin R., and William J. Parton. "Soil–Atmosphere Exchange of Trace Gases in the Colorado Shortgrass Steppe." In Ecology of the Shortgrass Steppe. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135824.003.0018.

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During the past half century, atmospheric concentrations of important greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have been increasing at unprecedented rates ( I PCC, 1996, 2007). Trace gases such as methane (CH4), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are exchanged regularly between the soil and atmosphere, playing important roles in the greenhouse effect, in atmospheric chemistry, and in the redistribution of ecosystem nitrogen (N). Soils can be important sources of greenhouse gases, commonly contributing up to two thirds of atmospheric N2O and more than one third of atmospheric CH4 (Monson and Holland, 2001; Smith et al., 2003). Recent extensive changes in land management and in cultivation, which can stimulate N2O production and/or decrease CH4 uptake, could be contributing to the observed increases of both CH4 and N2O in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2007). Although the absolute amount of trace gases (such as CH4, NO, and N2O) released into the atmosphere from soils may be small, these gases are extremely effective at absorbing infrared radiation (Smith et al., 2003). Methane, for example, is 20 to 30 times more effcient than CO2 as a greenhouse gas (LeMer and Roger, 2001). As a result, even small changes in the production or consumption of these gases by soils could dramatically influence climate change. Of the gases exchanged between the soil and atmosphere, the major reactive ones are oxides of N (NO and NO2, collectively referred to as NOx). Combustion is a major source of NOx, but native and N-fertilized soils also contribute signi3 - cant amounts of NOx to the atmosphere (Williams et al., 1992). Nitric and nitrous oxide play a complex role in atmospheric chemistry. At low concentrations, it catalyzes the breakdown of ozone. At higher concentrations it can interact with carbon monoxide (CO), hydroxyl radicals (OH.), and hydrocarbons to produce ozone. Atmospheric NOx is converted within days to nitric acid, which is an important component (30% to 50%) of acidity in precipitation (Williams et al., 1992).
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Conference papers on the topic "PCCI combustion"

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Juttu, S., S. S. Thipse, Praveen Mishra, N. B. Dhande, N. V. Marathe, and M. K. Gajendra Babu. "Experimental Investigations of Cycle-to-Cycle and Cylinder-to-Cylinder Variation of PCCI Combustion With High Injection Pressures." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35021.

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Recently HCCI combustion concept has gained the attention of industry and academia due to its potential to reduce NOx and PM emissions simultaneously from diesel engines. The HCCI concept also called as Partially-Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) when heavy fuel like diesel is used as fuel. To achieve homogeneous mixture of diesel+air+residual gases, high injection pressures are required with fine atomization. The cycle-to-cycle and cylinder-to-cylinder variations in rail pressure and EGR ratio caused to variations in engine performance. In this study combustion stabilities and cycle-to-cycle variations of diesel engine operated in PCCI combustion mode were investigated at different fuel injection pressures on a 4-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine. The experiments were conducted with 500bar, 1000bar, 1500bar and 1800bar injection pressures at low load (IMEP = 2bar) and 50% load (IMEP = 8.5bar) at 2500 and 3000 rpm. No EGR was used at low load condition and 50% EGR was used at 50% load at all injection pressures. In-cylinder pressures of 100 cycles were recorded for each test conditions running with PCCI mode. Consequently, cycle-to-cycle variations of the maximum Rate of Heat Release (ROHRmax), maximum Total Heat Release (THRmax), IMEP and Pmax were analyzed and evaluated using Coefficient of Variation (COV) of each parameter. The significant difference in COV from cylinder-to-cylinder was observed at higher injection pressures. With high injection pressures, wide range of cycle-to-cycle variations were observed in engines operated in PCCI combustion mode limiting the injection pressure and operating range of engine. The results show that the injection pressure need to be optimized with respect to load to control the PCCI combustion at constant EGR ratio to minimize the cycle-to-cycle variations and also extend the operating range of PCCI mode.
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Ponti, Fabrizio, Vittorio Ravaglioli, Matteo De Cesare, Federico Stola, and Davide Moro. "Remote Combustion Sensing Methodology for PCCI and Dual-Fuel Combustion Control." In 12th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-24-2420.

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Kim, Yungjin, Sangki Park, and Kihyung Lee. "Investigation of the Optimal Injection Conditions for a PCCI Diesel Engine." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2012-92178.

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Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engines have the potential with their attractive advanced combustion process to achieve a more homogeneous mixture and a lower peak combustion temperature resulting in both lower nitrogen oxides (NOx) and diesel particulate matter (PM) emissions. In this study, the spray characteristics for a PCCI engine according to various injection conditions were introduced and then the effects of injection strategies such as injection angles, injection timings and times on combustion and emissions were studied for a single cylinder PCCI engine using early multiple injections first. Add more, a method of early-main type split injection was used for a 4-cylinder PCCI engine and the effects of injection conditions on the combustion and emission characteristics were investigated. Finally flame visualization tests were performed to validate the result obtained from the engine test. The experimental results showed that the mixture formation, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and emission characteristics were dominantly affected by the injection conditions and the multiple injection method resulted in higher IMEP and still low smoke level characteristics. It appeared that more homogeneous mixture could be formed with decreasing of spray penetration and increasing of fuel evaporation rate for the early multiple injections. In case of the split injection, both injection timing and injected fuel ratio of the early and main injection largely affected engine combustion and emission characteristics. From the results, as the early injection rate increased premixed combustion was activated, on the other hand, as the main injection rate increased conventional diesel combustion was activated, therefore suitable split injection conditions could be selected for the 4-cylinder PCCI engine.
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André, M., B. Walter, G. Bruneaux, F. Foucher, and C. Mounaim-Rousselle. "Optimizing Early Injection Strategy for Diesel PCCI Combustion." In SAE 2009 Powertrains Fuels and Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2731.

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Peng, Zhijun, Bin Liu, Liang Tian, and Lipeng Lu. "Analysis of Homogeneity Factor for Diesel PCCI Combustion Control." In SAE International Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1832.

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Mohammadi, Ali, Sung-Sub Kee, Takuji Ishiyama, Takaaki Kakuta, and Teppei Matsumoto. "Implementation of Ethanol Diesel Blend Fuels in PCCI Combustion." In Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3712.

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Ishiyama, Takuji, Sung-Sub Kee, Yasutaka Kitamura, Naoto Horibe, and Masahiro Shioji. "Modeling and Experiments of NOx Formation in DI-PCCI Combustion." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0194.

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Bao, Zhichao, Weikang Pan, Takuji Yokoyama, Kazuki Hirayama, Naoto Horibe, Hiroshi Kawanabe, and Takuji Ishiyama. "Study on Characteristics of Combined PCCI and Conventional Diesel Combustion." In 2019 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-2169.

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Singh, Akhilendra Pratap, and Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "CI/PCCI Combustion Mode Switching of Diesohol Fuelled Production Engine." In WCX™ 17: SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0738.

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Yoshida, Kenji, Kenichi Yamada, Naoshige Matsuo, Toshinobu Tanimura, Takemori Takayama, and Isao Kataoka. "Unsteady Numerical Analysis on PCCI Combustion Affected by Intentional Initial Fuel Concentration Distribution." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37656.

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Unsteady numerical analyses were carried out for the PCCI combustion realization on the next generation diesel engine. The effects of intentional initial fuel concentration distribution on the ignition timing and the expansion of the operable range were focused. The numerical code was originally developed to analyze the unsteady combustion behavior of premixed gas with intentional initial fuel concentration distribution in the combustion chamber of PCCI engine. The fundamental equations for the numerical analysis are the Euler’s equations for compressible fluid, that consist of the conservation equation of mass, momentum, energy and chemical species. The equations are expressed in axisymmetric cylindrical (r-z) coordinate system. The time variation of the internal cylinder volume of the reciprocating crank-piston movement is expressed by the volume change rate, which is substituting the convection term in axial direction of the Euler’s equations. By using this technique, we can reduce the spatial dimension of the equations with keeping the consideration of volume change of the combustion chamber of reciprocating engine. The radial direction corresponds to the bore of the engine cylinder. By solving this equation system, we can consider the radial distribution in combustion chamber during the PCCI combustion such as temperature, mass fraction of chemical species, pressure, and so on. Detailed chemical kinetics with elementary reactions and multi-component diffusion for n-heptane system as fuel, ERC-mechanism, were considered. The NOx emission can be also considered by using the part of GRI-Mech3.0 for generation of thermal NOx. Totally, the 34 chemical species and 61 elementary reactions were considered. This code has a high resolution for time and space to capture the dynamic behavior in PCCI combustion such as a generation and propagation of shockwave causing detonation. A series of unsteady events on PCCI combustion can be simulated by considering the time variation of volume of combustion chamber varied with crank angle; such as the charged compression and auto-ignition of premixed gas, the flame propagation and the detonation with shockwave.
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Reports on the topic "PCCI combustion"

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Kitamura, Yasutaka, Ali Mohammadi, Takuji Ishiyama, and Tsuneki Matsuo. Fundamental Study on NOx Control in Direct Injection PCCI Combustion. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0227.

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Kitamura, Yasutaka, Ali Mohammadi, Sung-Sub Kee, Yoshimitsu Harada, Ken Takahashi, and Takuji Ishiyama. Effects of Injection Parameters on NOx Formation Under PCCI Combustion. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0434.

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Inagaki, Kazuhisa, Takayuki Fuyuto, Kazuaki Nishikawa, Kiyomi Nakakita, and Ichiro Sakata. Dual-Fuel PCCI Combustion Controlled by In-Cylinder Stratification of Ignitability (First Report)~Experimental Research on EGR-Less PCCI Control. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0438.

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Juttu, Simhachalam, S. Thipse, N. Marathe, and M. Gajendra Babu. Experimental and Visualization Study of Fuel Injection Pressure and Injection Timing on PCCI Combustion Characteristics and Emissions. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-32-0099.

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Shimizu, Yusuke, Satoshi Kato, and Takashi Fujita. Study on PCCI Engine With Direct Fuel Injection Impingement and Distribution (OSKA) Systems~Investigation on Combustion Chamber Shapes and DMC-Added Fuel. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0439.

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Minato, Akihiko, and Terukazu Nishimura. Study on PCI Combustion Control by Engine Valve Motion Control. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0121.

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Veena Sahajwalla and Sushil Gupta. TRP0033 - PCI Coal Combustion Behavior and Residual Coal Char Carryover in the Blast Furnace of 3 American Steel Companies during Pulverized Coal Injection (PCI) at High Rates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/841670.

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Dillon, Des, Robert Chu, Haoren Lu, Brice Freeman, William Elliot, and Raymond McKaskle. Initial Engineering Design of a Post-Combustion CO2 Capture (PCC) System for Duke Energy’s East Bend Station Using Membrane-Based Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1686164.

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