Relevant bibliographies by topics / PCBs

Academic literature on the topic 'PCBs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PCBs"

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Zhang, Hang, Zuo Lun Wang, Jie Ding, and Wen Sheng Linghu. "A Study on Pyrolysis of Waste Printed Circuit Boards in a Batch Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.359.

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In this work the pyrolysis of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) were investigated through TG technology and a quartz tube batch reactor, respectively. The TG analysis results showed that the total mass loss from 30-800oC for PCB1 and PCB2 were 35.7% and 41.1%, respectively. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature in a batch reactor, gas yield of PCB2 increased, but increasing rate gradually decreased. The gas yield of PCB2 for pyrolysis time of 1min, 5min and 10min at 600 °C were 30.5%, 31.1% and 31.7%, respectively. It is suggested that the better pyrolysis temperature was at the range of 500-600 °C and the optimal pyrolysis time was 1min. The higher gas yield of PCB2 was obtained at air atmosphere than that at nitrogen atmosphere.
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Kraft, Martin, Knut Rauchfuss, Hermann Fromme, Lothar Grün, Silvia Sievering, Barbara Köllner, and Yvonni Chovolou. "Inhalation Exposure to PCB from Contaminated Indoor Air—How Much Is Absorbed into the Blood?" Pollutants 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1030015.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used in many construction products until their banning in the 1970s and 1980s. Nonetheless, exposure to PCBs from contaminated indoor air is still an important public health issue. The aim of our study was to estimate the contribution of PCB congeners in indoor air to the levels of PCBs in human blood. We analyzed all 209 PCB congeners in the blood of 35 individuals exposed to PCBs from contaminated indoor air. For each individual, we measured the six marker indicators PCB28, PCB52, PCB101, PCB138, PCB153 and PCB180 in indoor air at the workplace. Statistically significant correlations between PCB-contaminated indoor air and the existence of the sum of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentachlorinated biphenyls (∑PCB1–127) in the blood of the exposed individuals were found. We quantified the proportions of PCBs that are absorbed into the blood via inhalation of contaminated indoor air. Inhalation of PCBs from contaminated indoor air, especially in children, adolescents and younger adults, may lead to PCB blood burdens that are higher than general PCB background levels or in approximately the same range.
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Hortense, Hampoh Adé, Ehouman Ano Guy Serge, Dalogo Kakou Alain Paterne, Brou Kouakou, and Traore Karim Sory. "Reduction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) In Fresh Fish from the Grand Lahou Lagoon for Healthy Consumption." Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 11, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2023.v11i01.004.

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The Grand Lahou lagoon system receives numerous spills from inland waters. This results in various forms of chemical pollution. Two species of fish most consumed by the Grand Lahou population are contaminated with high levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). The objective of this study is to reduce the levels of PCBs in both fish species in order to provide consumers with healthy fish. The fish species most contaminated with PCBs, namely a type of catfish called ‘‘machoiron’’ (Chrysichthys sp.) and the mullet (Mugil sp.) were collected according to their weight (category 1:101-200g and category 2: 201-300g). Smoking has been proposed to reduce PCB levels. Thus two smoking techniques were used: smoking the fish traditionally using firewood as fuel and smoking on barbecue with charcoal. The level of PCB contamination in fish was determined by the gas chromatograph coupled with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The results obtained show that the smoking techniques used reduce the PCBi content. Wood smoking eliminates 98% of PCBs from fish compared to 88% for charcoal smoking.
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Burd, Brenda J., Christopher J. Lowe, and Carmen Morales-Caselles. "Uptake of PCBs into sediment dwellers and trophic transfer in relation to sediment conditions in the Salish Sea." FACETS 7 (January 1, 2022): 936–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2021-0032.

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We examined uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into various marine sediment feeders relative to physical and geochemical factors and transfer to higher trophic levels. PCBs exceeding Canadian Council Ministers of the Environment Guidelines by 6–55× were found in industrialized harbours and some near-outfall sediments, indicating ongoing land input. Sediment PCBs were correlated with organic flux and content. Tissue PCBs were >10× sediment PCBs in all samples and highest in Victoria Harbour infauna, suggesting considerable uptake from these extremely contaminated, organically enriched, chronically disturbed sediments. Sediment PCBs were the primary predictor of tissue lipid PCBs followed by %fines. This results in generally higher tissue PCBs in more depositional regions. The lipid/sediment PCBs (uptake rate) declined with increasing sediment PCBs, acid volatile sulfides and benthos biomass turnover. PCB homologue composition did not change with uptake from sediments or at higher trophic levels, suggesting minimal metabolization in tissues. Trophic bio-magnification occurs since lipid PCBs were 2–100× higher in seal blubber than sediment feeders. PCBs were compared with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for the same samples. PCBs were highest in industrialized harbours, whereas PBDEs were elevated in harbours but highest near wastewater discharges. This reflects differences in usage history, sediment dynamics, and affinities. PCBs appear to be more bio-accumulative and persistent at higher trophic levels than PBDEs.
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Chun, Man-Young. "Depositional Characteristics of Atmospheric PCBs in Several Media Used Passive Air Samplers." Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 39, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2013.39.2.151.

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Li, Zhi Yong, Yu Ling Zhang, and Shi Qing Ni. "PCBs in Air from an Industrial Zone in a Coastal City-Tianjin, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.546.

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The 23 air samples were collected from Tianjin Dongli industrial zone from July 2010 to May 2011 for the analysis of 84 PCB congeners to investigate the gas/particle partitioning. The total PCBs concentration ranged from 71.08 to 567.36 pg m-3 with the mean value as 307.78±137.45 pg m-3 and the seasonal trends were summer >winter >spring >autumn. Gas PCBs accounted for 77.47% of the total PCBs. The fraction of each gas PCB homolog increased with the decreasing chlorine atoms. The contribution of gas PCBs to total PCBs showed a strong seasonal variation with summer (92.44%)> autumn (85.16%) > spring (80.61%) > winter (42.70%). Tri-, tetra-, penta-PCBs and di-PCBs were the predominantly homologs in atmosphere from industrial zone in Tianjin. The natural logarithm of partial pressure of PCBs were well correlated with the inverse absolute environmental temperature (R=0.77). The steep slope of-3764 obtained from Clausius–Clapeyron plot indicated the influence of local PCBs sources.
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Sasaki, Nozomi, Laura Jones, Gayle Morse, and David Carpenter. "Mixture Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Three Organochlorine Pesticides on Cognitive Function in Mohawk Adults at Akwesasne." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021148.

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The Mohawks at Akwesasne have been highly exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), via releases from three aluminum foundries located near the reserve. They are also exposed to organochlorine pesticides, namely hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and mirex. Previous studies have demonstrated reduced cognition in relation to total PCBs, but the effects of the mixtures of different PCB congener groups, HCB, DDE, and mirex on cognitive function have not been studied. Therefore, cognitive performance for executive function, scored via the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), in Mohawk adults aged 17–79 years (n = 301), was assessed in relation to serum concentrations of low-chlorinated PCBs, high-chlorinated PCBs, total PCBs, HCB, DDE, and mirex. We used mixture models employing the quantile-based g-computation method. The mixture effects of low-chlorinated PCBs, high-chlorinated PCBs, HCB, DDE, and mirex were significantly associated with 4.01 DSST scores decrements in the oldest age group, 47–79 years old. There were important contributions to mixture effects from low-chlorinated PCBs, high-chlorinated PCBs, and total PCBs, with smaller contributions of HCB and DDE. Our findings indicate that exposures to both low- and high-chlorinated PCBs increase the risk of cognitive decline in older adults, while DDE and HCB have less effect.
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Raloff, Janet. "New PCBs?" Science News 164, no. 17 (October 25, 2003): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4018879.

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Raloff, Janet. "Detoxifying PCBs." Science News 132, no. 10 (September 5, 1987): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3971945.

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Alford-Stevens, Ann L. "Analyzing PCBs." Environmental Science & Technology 20, no. 12 (December 1986): 1194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00154a001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PCBs"

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Afsarmanesh, Tehrani Rouzbeh. "AEROBIC BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF HYDROXYLATED PCBs: POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR NATURAL ATTENUATION OF PCBs." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/216532.

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Civil Engineering
Ph.D.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic and persistent chemicals that have been largely dispersed into the environment. The biological and abiotic transformations of PCBs often generate hydroxylated derivatives, which have been detected in a variety of environmental samples, including animal tissues and feces, water, and sediments. Because of their toxicity and widespread dispersion in the environment, hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) are today increasingly considered as a new class of environmental contaminants. Although PCBs are known to be susceptible to microbial degradation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, bacterial degradation of OH-PCBs has received little attention. The overall objective of this study is therefore to evaluate the transformation of mono-hydroxylated PCBs by the well characterized aerobic PCB-degrading bacterium, Burkholderia xenovorans LB400. In order to achieve our overall objective, a series of model mono-hydroxylated PCBs have been selected and they are used to determine the toxicity of hydroxylated congeners toward the bacterium B. xenovorans LB400. The biodegradation kinetics and metabolic pathways of the selected OH-PCBs by B. xenovorans LB400 are then characterized using GC/MS. To understand further the molecular basis of the metabolism of OH-PCBs by B. xenovorans LB400, gene expression analyses are conducted using reverse-transcription real-time (quantitative) polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and microarray technology. More formally, the specific aims of the proposed research are stated as follows: (1) To evaluate the toxicity of selected mono-hydroxylated derivatives of lesser-chlorinated PCBs toward the bacterium B. xenovorans LB400. (2) To assess the degradation of the selected OH-PCBs by B. xenovorans LB400. (3) To gain further understanding of the molecular bases of the metabolism of the selected OH-PCBs by B. xenovorans LB400. Three hydroxylated derivatives of 4-chlorobiphenyl and 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl, including 2'-hydroxy-, 3'-hydroxy-, and 4'-hydroxy- congeners, were significantly transformed by Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 when the bacterium was growing on biphenyl (biphenyl pathway-inducing conditions). On the contrary, only 2'-OH-4-chlorobiphenyl and 2'-OH-2,5-dichlorobiphenyl were transformed by the bacterium growing on succinate (conditions non-inductive of the biphenyl pathway). Gene expression analyses showed that only exposure to 2'-OH-4-chlorobiphenyl and 2'-OH-2,5-dichlorobiphneyl resulted in induction of key genes of the biphenyl pathway, when cells grown on succinate. These observations suggest that 2'OH-PCBs were capable of inducing the genes of biphenyl pathway. These results provide the first evidence that bacteria are able to cometabolize PCB derivatives hydroxylated on the non-chlorinated ring. Genome-wide transcriptional analyses using microarrays showed that 134 genes were differentially expressed in cells exposed to biphenyl, 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl, and 2'-OH-2,5-dichlorobiphneyl as compared to non-exposed cells. A significant proportion of differentially expressed genes were simultaneously expressed or down regulated by exposure to the three target compounds i.e., biphenyl, 2,5-DCB, and 2'-OH-2,5-DCB, which suggests that these structurally similar compounds induce similar transcriptional response of B.xenovorans LB400. Results of this study may have important implications for the natural attenuation of PCBs and fate of OH-PCBs in the environment. The recalcitrance to biodegradation and the high toxicity of some OH-PCBs may provide a partial explanation for the persistence of PCBs in the environment.
Temple University--Theses
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Awad, Andrew Magdi. "Particulate and gas-phase PCBs and OH-PCBs in Chicago air." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2038.

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This study extends the work we have previously done by reporting on both gas-phase and particulate phase PCB concentrations in Chicago air as well as giving a first report on airborne OH-PCBs in Chicago. Gas phase PCB concentrations ranged from 43.1 pg/m³ to 2250 pg/m³, with an average concentration of 594 pg/m³ ± 445 pg/m³, and exhibited strong temporal trends. Particulate phase PCBs accounted on average for 4.3% of total PCBs in a sample. OH-PCBs were detected in both the gas and particulate phase and exhibit characteristics of either emission sources or atmospheric reactions depending on the congener.
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Salomon, Beltran Marisa Genevive. "Novel tools for targeting PCBs and PCB metabolites using ssDNA aptamers." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2269.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental chemicals. Mono-hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are PCB metabolites found commonly in human blood, environmental water and sediment samples. Detection of small amounts of PCBs and their OH-PCB metabolites in biological matrices from epidemiological and laboratory studies remains a challenge. The application of aptamers is studied as a means to identify and quantify PCBs and OH-PCBs. Aptamers are single stranded short oligonucleotides that arrange into unique shape of three-dimensional structures when binding to their target. Like antibodies they have high affinity and specificity for their specific target. The hypothesis is that aptamers can identify PCBs and PCB metabolites in environmental and biological samples. To test this hypothesis, three different OH-PCBs, 4’-OH-PCB3, 4-OH-PCB72 and 2-OH-PCB106 along with 4-OH-biphenyl as a control, were covalently attached to beads with carboxylic acid groups on their surface. Several methods were explored to characterize covalent binding of OH-PCBs to the beads: FTIR-spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta-Potential (ZP) measurements. The beads were then used in in vitro assays to test binding of two different aptamers specific to OH-PCBs. In this study, these aptamers were tested for the ability to distinguish structurally different OH-PCB congeners and other environmental pollutants. In future studies, aptamers can be selected for a PCB metabolite of interest, 4’-OH-PCB3, via a modified form of Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). Single stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers generated will be applied as a biosensor for the detection and quantification of traces of 4’-OH-PCB3.
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Vale, Luiz Américo da Silva do. "Hidrodescloração catalítica de bifenilas policloradas (PCBs)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46132/tde-26112008-121816/.

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Bifenilas policloradas (PCBs) foram produzidas comercialmente entre 1929 e meados da década de 1980 para propósitos industriais. As mesmas propriedades que despertaram o interesse industrial, tais como: inércia química, alta constante dielétrica, resistência à queima; foram responsáveis pelo espalhamento dos PCBs em todos os compartimentos ambientais, de tal forma que são encontrados em amostras de tecidos adiposos de animais e humanos, leite, sedimentos dentre outras matrizes. Enormes quantidades de PCBs continuam em uso ou estão estocadas a espera de uma destinação final. No presente estudo demonstramos o uso da reação de hidrodescloração catalítica como forma de destruição/destoxificação de bifenilas policloradas. Para tanto, a reação foi estudada em amostras reais de PCBs (óleo dielétrico - Ascarel®), amostras comerciais (Aroclor® 1242 e 1254) e amostra sintética (2,4-diclorobifenila). O estudo se baseia no uso de solventes orgânicos como meio reacional e paládio suportado em carvão ativado como catalisador, devido à sua seletividade para a reação desejada, bem como sua baixa capacidade de hidrogenar compostos aromáticos. xii A condição experimental ótima para a hidrodescloração foi determinada a partir da aplicação de planejamento experimental do tipo Doehlert. Esta condição ótima foi aplicada com sucesso a PCBs contidos em outras matrizes. A cinética da reação é apresentada para o 2,4-diclorobifenila como estudo de caso e uma proposta de mecanismo da reação de hidrodescloração de PCBs é apresentada baseada nos resultados experimentais.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were produced between 1929 and the 1980s for industrial applications. The same properties that make it a chemical of interest for industrial applications, such as: chemical inertness, high dielectric constant, fire resistance; were responsible for the widespreading of PCBs over all enviornmental compartments. They can be found in samples of fat tissues of humans and animals, milk, sediments, among other matrices. Enormous quantities of PCBs are still in use or stocked waiting for a final destination. In the present study, we have shown the use of catalytic hydrodechlorination as an alternative for the destruction/detoxification of polychlorinated biphenyls. For this, the reaction was studied in real samples of PCBs (dielectric oil - Ascarel®), commercial samples (Aroclor® 1242 e 1254) and pure chlorinated biphenyls (2,4-dichlorobiphenyl). The study is based in the use of organic solvents as reactional media and palladium supported in activated carbon as catalyst, due to its selectivity for the desired reaction and to its low capacity to hydrogenate aromatic compounds. xiv The optimal hydrodechlorination condition was determined through the application of a Doehlert experimental planning. This optimal condition was applied with success to PCBs contained in other matrices. The reaction kinetics for 2,4-dichlorobiphenyl was presented as a case study and a mechanistic proposal was presented for the hydrodechlorination of PCBs based on these experimental conditions.
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Xu, Weiguang. "Risk assessment of dietary exposure to PCDD/PCDFs, DL-PCBs and NDL-PCBs of Hong Kong residents." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1407.

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Aytekin, Banu. "Vibration Analysis Of Pcbs And Electronic Components." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609444/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, vibration analyses of electronic assemblies that consist of an electronic box, printed circuit board and electronic components are presented. A detailed vibration analysis of a real electronic assembly is performed by finite element methods and vibration tests. Effects of component addition and component modeling are investigated by finite element analysis in detail. Results are compared in order to identify the most efficient, reliable and suitable method depending on the type of problem. Experimental results for the vibration of an electronic box, PCB and components are presented and discussed. Furthermore, an analytical model that represents a printed circuit board and electronic component is suggested for fixed and simply supported boundary conditions of the PCB. Different types of electronic components are modeled analytically to observe different dynamic characteristics. The validity of the analytical model is computationally checked by comparing results with those of finite element solution.
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Stemm, Divinia Nolasco. "INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SELENIUM AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)." UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/472.

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This study investigated the interaction between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and selenium to explain the mechanism involved that could affect selenium metabolism and its anti-cancer property. PCBs congeners and mixtures were previously found to reduce hepatic Se and Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. I hypothesized that certain PCB congeners affect selenium metabolism in the rat liver resulting in diminished antioxidant capacity of selenoproteins, which could alter the ability of Se to protect against PCBs induced tumor promotion. In the first study, the influence of 3,3,4,4-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) on hepatic Se and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) activity as well as cytochrome P450 1A1 induction was examined by employing a time-course study, which showed that PCB 77 significantly reduced the hepatic selenium level and GPx1 activity and that this effect was influenced by gender. The next study explored how PCB 77 could deplete hepatic selenium by determining selenium concentrations in different tissues, feces and urine. This study demonstrated that PCB-77 decreased hepatic Se by increased excretion of Se in urine but not in feces. Unlike glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase activity was not affected by PCB 77. The third study investigated the effect of selenium supplementation on the tumor promoting activity of PCB 77 and 2,2,4,4,5,5-hexaclorobiphenyl (PCB 153) using a 2-stage carcinogenesis model. Se supplementation did not diminish the induction of altered hepatic foci by coplanar PCB 77 or ortho-substituted PCB 153. Instead of protection, the number of foci per cubic centimeter and per liver among the PCB-77 treated rats was increased as the selenium dietary level increased. PCB 153 did not show the same selenium dose-response effect; nevertheless, selenium supplementation did not confer protection against foci development. On the other hand, supranutritional selenium reduced the mean focal volume. Supranutritional selenium or PCBs did not affect cell proliferation or thioredoxin reductase activity. Lastly, the use of the Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) method and closed microwave digestion technique for selenium determination of biological samples was compared with the neutron activation analysis and fluorometry methods. I found that GFAAS was not as reliable as the other methods.
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Wilhelmsson, Diana. "Thermal analysis of PCBs for airborne applications." Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213129.

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Saab develops and manufactures Printed Circuit Board (PCB) for airborne applications. Since the cooling supply often is limited and power dissipation is high the thermal performance of the PCBs is an important parameter to evaluate. This thesis is a step in a larger evaluation of the Finite Element Methods (FEM) used for thermal analysis of the cards. The evaluation aims to create greater understanding of the uncertainties in current models and to provide new proposals on how the models can be improved.
SAAB tar fram och tillverkar kretskort för flygande ändamål. Då kylförsörjningen inte sällan är begränsad och effektförlusten hög är kretskortens termiska prestanda en viktig parameter att utvärdera. Detta examensarbete är ett steg i en större utvärdering av de Finita Element Modellerna (FEM) som används vid termisk analys av korten. Utvärderingen syftar till att skapa större förståelse för osäkerheter i nuvarande modeller samt att ge nya förslag på hur modellerna kan förbättras.
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Ebhogiaye, Ijeoma N. "An economics advisor on test strategy planning for complex electronic boards." Thesis, Brunel University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310056.

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Chewe, Derrick. "Analytical methods for the congener specific determination of polychlorinated biphenols in environmental and food samples." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363328.

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Books on the topic "PCBs"

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Chʻi-hyŏk, Chŏn, ed. PCB silloedo pʻyŏngka yŏnʼgu =: Reliability evaluation of PCBs. Sŏul-si: Pʻosŭkʻo Kyŏngyŏng Yŏnʼguso, 1994.

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Inc, Canadian Electricity Forum, ed. Industry and PCBs: Practical solutions to PCB problems. Pickering, Ont: Canadian Electricity Forum, 1987.

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S, Waid John, ed. PCBs and the environment. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1986.

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Analytical chemistry of PCBs. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1992.

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Analytical chemistry of PCBs. Boston: Butterworth Publishers, 1986.

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Schierow, Linda-Jo. PCBs: Background and analysis. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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Analytical chemistry of PCBs. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC/Lewis Publ., 1997.

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S, Waid John, ed. PCBs and the environment. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1987.

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Hansen, Larry G. The ortho Side of PCBs. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5057-0.

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J, Albaigés, ed. Environmental analytical chemistry of PCBs. Yverdon, Switzerland: Gordon and Breach Science, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "PCBs"

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Warren, John-David, Josh Adams, and Harald Molle. "Making PCBs." In Arduino Robotics, 203–56. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-3184-4_6.

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Stringer, Ruth, and Paul Johnston. "PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)." In Chlorine and the Environment, 277–304. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9813-2_11.

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Förtsch, Gabi, and Heinz Meinholz. "Polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCBs)." In Handbuch Betriebliche Kreislaufwirtschaft, 276–83. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06445-7_13.

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Safe, S. "PCBs and Human Health." In Environmental Toxin Series, 133–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70550-2_7.

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Friedman, Mike, and Walter Berry. "Producing Quality Multilayer PCBs." In The Electronics Assembly Handbook, 32–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13161-9_7.

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Limburg, Karin E. "PCBs in the Hudson." In The Hudson River Ecosystem, 83–130. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4874-3_4.

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Kaya, Muammer. "Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)." In Electronic Waste and Printed Circuit Board Recycling Technologies, 33–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26593-9_2.

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Hansen, Larry G. "PCBs: Production and Properties." In The ortho Side of PCBs, 1–6. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5057-0_1.

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Wobeser, Gary A. "Pesticides, PCBs, and Related Chemicals." In Diseases of Wild Waterfowl, 179–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5951-1_13.

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Spitz, S. Leonard. "Cleaning PCBs for Higher Quality." In The Electronics Assembly Handbook, 25–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13161-9_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "PCBs"

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Roberts, Alexandra, John True, Nathan T. Jessurun, and Dr Navid Asadizanjani. "An Overview of 3D X-Ray Reconstruction Algorithms for PCB Inspection." In ISTFA 2020. ASM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2020p0188.

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Abstract Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) play a critical role in everyday electronic systems, therefore the quality and assurance of the functionality for these systems is a topic of great interest to the government and industry. PCB manufacturing has been largely outsourced to cut manufacturing costs in comparison with the designing and testing of PCBs which still retains a large presence domestically. This offshoring of manufacturing has created a surge in the supply chain vulnerability for potential adversaries to garner access and attack a device via a malicious modification. Current hardware assurance and verification methods are based on electrical and optical tests. These tests are limited in the detection of malicious hardware modifications, otherwise known as Hardware Trojans. For PCB manufacturing there has been an increase in the use of automated X-ray inspection. These inspections can validate a PCB’s functionality during production. Such inspections mitigate process errors in real time but are unable to perform highresolution characterization on multi-layer fully assembled PCBs. In this paper, several X-ray reconstruction methods, ranging from proprietary to open-source, are compared. The high-fidelity, commercial NRecon software for SkyScan 2211 Multi-scale X-ray micro-Tomography system is compared to various methods from the ASTRA Toolbox. The latter is an open-source, transparent approach to reconstruction via analytical and iterative methods. The toolbox is based on C++ and MEX file functions with MATLAB and Python wrappers for analysis of PCB samples. In addition, the differences in required imaging parameters and the resultant artifacts generated by planar PCBs are compared to the imaging of cylindrical biological samples. Finally, recommendations are made for improving the ASTRA Toolbox reconstruction results and guidance is given on the appropriate scenarios for each algorithm in the context of hardware assurance for PCBs.
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Shen, Haoting, M. Tanjidur Rahman, Navid Asadizanjani, Mark Tehranipoor, and Swarup Bhunia. "Coating-Based PCB Protection against Tampering, Snooping, EM Attack, and X-ray Reverse Engineering." In ISTFA 2018. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2018p0290.

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Abstract In the last decades, the supply chain of printed circuit boards (PCBs) becomes distributed with growing complexity of PCB designs and the economic trend of outsourcing the PCB manufacturing. This makes the PCBs more vulnerable to security attacks, such as tampering, snooping, and electromagnetic (EM) attacks. Because of the large feature size of PCBs (compared to integrated circuits), it is challenging to protect the PCBs from those attacks or proof the suspected attacks. For the same reason, PCBs are vulnerable to non-invasive reverse engineering by X-ray tomography as well. In this paper, we propose a novel silicon carbide (SiC) coating technique to provide passive protection for PCBs from in-field tampering, snooping and EM attacks. In addition, capacitive sensors are designed based on the SiC coating, offering active defense against those attacks. The coating and sensors can be implemented on PCBs in cost-efficient ways and the area overheads are minimized. The insulating coating also allows an extra tungsten-based painting to be applied to prevent the X-ray reverse engineering.
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Perraud, Julien, Shaïma Enouz-Vedrenne, Jean-Claude Clement, and Arnaud Grivon. "Development of Advanced Non Destructive Techniques for Failure Analysis of PCBs and PCBAs." In ISTFA 2012. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2012p0332.

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Abstract The continuous miniaturization trends followed by a vast majority of electronic applications results in always denser PCBs (Printed Circuit Board) designs and PCBAs (Printed Circuit Board Assembly) with increasing solder joint densities. Current high-end designs feature high layer count sequential build-up PCBs with fine lines/spaces and numerous stacked filled microvias, as well as closely spaced BGA/QFN components with pitches down to 0.4mm. In recent years, several 3D packaging approaches have emerged to further increase system integration by enabling the stacking of several dies or packages. This has translated for example into the advent of highly integrated complex System in Package (SiP) modules, Package-on-Package (PoP) assemblies or chips embedded in PCBs [1]. From a failure analysis (FA) perspective, this deep technology evolution is setting extreme challenges for accurately locating a failure site, especially when destructive techniques are not desired. The few conventional non-destructive techniques like optical or x-ray inspection are now practically becoming useless for high density PCB designs. This paper reviews several advanced analysis techniques that could be used to overcome these limitations. It will be shown through several examples how three non-destructive methods usually dedicated to package analyses can be efficiently adapted to PCBs and PCBAs: • Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM) • 3D X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) • Infrared Thermography A case study of a flex-rigid board FA is presented to show the efficiency of these three techniques over classical techniques. In this example, not only the defect localization has been possible, but also the defect characterization without using destructive analysis.
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Iyengar, Anirudh, Nareen Vobilisetti, and Swaroop Ghosh. "Authentication of Printed Circuit Boards." In ISTFA 2016. ASM International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2016p0605.

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Abstract Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are easy target for reverse engineering and counterfeiting attacks due to the distributed supply chain. The integrated circuits (ICs) authentication techniques such as Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) are not easily extendible to PCBs. In this paper, we analyze various sources of variations in PCB and qualitatively study the quality metrics that can be used to quantify the PCB PUFs. We propose several flavors of PCB PUFs by exploiting the manufacture process variations. We also propose a multi-stage arbiter PUF with exponential challenge response pairs. Our preliminary simulations revealed an average 50.4% inter-PCB hamming distance.
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Maddox, John F., Roy W. Knight, and Sushil H. Bhavnani. "The Effects of Variations in Manufacturing on PCB Thermal Properties." In ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52113.

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The thermal performance of an electronic device is heavily dependent on the properties of the printed circuit board (PCB) to which it is attached. However, even small variations in the process used to fabricate a PCB can have drastic effects on its thermal properties. Therefore, it is necessary to experimentally verify that each stage in the manufacturing process is producing the desired result. Steady state thermal resistance measurements, taken with a comparative cut bar apparatus based on ASTM D 5470-06, were used to compare PCBs manufactured from the same design by different vendors and the effects of vias filled with epoxy versus unfilled vias on the thermal resistance of a PCB. It was found that the thermal resistance of the PCBs varied by as much as 30% between vendors and that the PCBs with epoxy filled vias had a higher thermal resistance than those with unfilled vias, possibly due to the order in which the manufacturing steps were taken.
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True, John, Chengjie Xi, Aslam Khan, Josh Hihath, and Navid Asadizanjani. "PCB Netlist Obfuscation with Micro Electro Mechanical Systems and Additive Manufacturing Techniques." In ISTFA 2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2021p0172.

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Abstract Semiconductor manufacturing, including the multistep fabrication of ICs and tedious assembly of PCBs, has been outsourced to untrusted regions due to globalization. This invites many problems particularly for PCBs, which are vulnerable to nondestructive methods of attack such as X-ray data collection and surface trace probing. In the case of ICs, high-z materials have proven to be an effective countermeasure to block or scatter X-rays, but PCBs, because of their larger dimensions, are more difficult to fully secure. In this paper, a framework for passively obfuscating the critical connections between components on PCBs is demonstrated. A proof of concept is presented whereby an EDA tool combining the small features of micro electromechanical systems with X-ray simulation and 3D manufacturing processes is used to iteratively optimize a PCB design to thwart reverse engineering and probing attacks.
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Spitz, David M. "Design for Manufacturability Best Practices for PCBs and PCBAs." In 2022 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rams51457.2022.9893944.

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Ramdas, Shrinath, Pavan Rajmane, Tushar Chauhan, Abel Misrak, and Dereje Agonafer. "Impact of Immersion Cooling on Thermo-Mechanical Properties of PCB’s and Reliability of Electronic Packages." In ASME 2019 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2019-6568.

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Abstract Immersion cooling is highly efficient thermal management technique and can potentially be used for thermal management of high-density data. However, to use this as a viable cooling technique, the effect of dielectric coolants on the reliability of server components needs to be evaluated. Previous work reported contradicting findings for Young’s modulus of PCBs, providing motivation for this work. This study focuses on effect of immersion cooling on the mechanical properties of printed circuit board (PCB) and its impact on reliability of electronic packages. Changes in thermo-mechanical properties like Young’s modulus (E), Glass transition temperature (Tg), of PCB and its layers due to aging in dielectric coolant are studied. Two types of PCBs using different material namely 370HR and 185HR are studied. To characterize Young’s modulus and Tg dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) is used. Major finding is Young’s modulus is decreasing for PCBs after immersion in dielectric coolant which is likely to increase reliability of electronics package.
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Bachoo, Richard, Shurland Balliram, and Jacqueline Bridge. "EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/umtw9840.

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Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are important modules which are incorporated in a wide range of industrial equipment and machinery for the purpose of control or signal manipulation applications. PCBs situated in dynamic environments may be prone to failure from excessive amounts of cyclical stresses arising from harmonic or random vibration sources. The ability to numerically model and predict the dynamic behaviour of PCBs and associated components is therefore a valuable tool for analysts concerned with PCB reliability. In this paper, experimental vibration analysis and the finite element method (FEM) are used to investigate the changes in resonant behaviour of a PCB as the mass, location and stiffness of electronic components vary. Circuit boards that are either sparsely or densely populated with ubiquitous soldered electronic components such as resistors, transistors, capacitors and integrated circuits are considered. The analysis indicates that for boards with a small number of components the natural frequency decreases compared to that of the bare PCB whilst a board with a larger number of soldered components has a corresponding increase. It is also shown that the overall effect of the solder is to reduce the natural frequency of the PCB and to a lesser extent the damping ratio. The study identifies the potential of tailoring the vibration response of a PCB by the appropriate selection and location of its connected components.
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Kim, Hyunsoo, Jaehyeong Woo, Dongju Lim, Youngje Kim, and Munmo Jeong. "Case Study of Physical Failure Analysis Method for Microcrack Detection in Laser Via of Printed Circuit Boards." In ISTFA 2017. ASM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2017p0059.

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Abstract This paper describes the failure analysis methods used to characterize micro cracks that resulted in laser vias of printed circuit boards (PCBs) through case studies of destructive failure analysis. Defects such as cracks in laser vias of PCBs can cause open or low leakage failure mode of module due to improper cleaning during the PCB process, natural oxide films such as brown oxide, or physical forces by use. Therefore, it’s difficult to identify the causes of these phenomena unless proper analytical techniques are used. In this study, multiple analytical techniques are employed to characterize micro cracks in laser vias. The destructive analysis with cross section and ion milling process is used to detect and inspect an accurate micro crack phenomenon of laser via. The characterization analysis using TEM, EDX and SIMS equipment after separating laser vias from a PCB is used to analyze failure cause of micro crack in laser via. This paper will be concluded with a discussion about what physical analysis methods should be used to analyze the causes of micro cracks for laser vias of PCBs.
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Reports on the topic "PCBs"

1

Rodriguez, Giselle. PCBs in Caulk and Paint. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada566851.

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Elbers, I. J. W., Guillaume ten Dam, D. P. K. H. Pereboom, and W. C. M. de Nijs. Proficiency test for dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCbs in feed oil. Wageningen: RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/462577.

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Klasson, K. T., and D. A. Abramowicz. Bioremediation of PCBs. CRADA final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/671963.

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Waisner, Scott A., Agnes B. Morrow, Catherine C. Nestler, Charles Coyle, and Victor F. Medina. Chemical Degradation of PCBs in Alaskan Soils. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541875.

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West, O. R., L. Liang, and W. L. Holden. Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using palladized iron. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/366502.

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Seegal, Richard F. PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function in Aging Workers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada501075.

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Seegal, Richard F. PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function in Aging Workers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada452372.

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Seegal, Richard F. PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function in Aging Workers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada433063.

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Seegal, Richard F., Edward F. Fitzgerald, Eric S. Molho, Kenneth L. Marek, and John P. Seibyl. PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function in Aging Workers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416007.

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Seegal, Richard F. PCBs Alter Dopamine Mediated Function in Aging Workers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada517349.

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