Journal articles on the topic 'PCB magazine'

In April 1987, in a back-street bar in Cardiff, the rebel regime at Radio Wales were plotting a coup. Their secret weapon was a daily magazine programme of music and current affairs called Streetlife. The would-be front-men, Ray Gravell (British Lions centre) and Frank Hennessy (Cardiff-Irish folk singer) had just persuaded the Editor that it needed an ‘agony uncle'… when I walked in.

Trainspotting, the “best British film of the decade”, arrived on 23 February 1996. Such were the expectations of the film (1996) that the face of its narrator-hero Renton (Ewan McGregor) appeared that month on the front cover of two influential London-based film magazines, Premiere and Sight and Sound. One year after its release, the film stands as both a critical and commercial success. The total Box Office receipts for Ireland, at IR £800 000 in the first 3 months, were comparable to a major Hollywood blockbuster. The film was still being screened 10 months later in Dublin's north inner city, the heartland of Dublin's heroin epidemic. Given its subject-matter, it is important to examine both the film itself, and its points of contact with the realities of drug addiction. In this respect, three questions suggest themselves: is the film showing anything new (representation), is it doing anything new (technique), and what is the film saying (ideology)?

As usual, I bought my wife Vogue magazine for Christmas. It always serves well as, in North America parlance, a ‘stocking stuffer’. This year it had further value as it highlighted the brain. A well-known psychiatrist, Nancy Andreasen, set out to inform America about modern psychiatry (Andreasen, 1990). The article is entitled ‘Brave New Brain’ with the subtitle being ‘Modern Psychiatry has Left the Couch for the Laboratory’. She takes the reader through neuro-imaging, molecular genetics and psycho-pharmacology. It is an elegant synopsis and worthy of someone who had a doctorate in English before she took up medicine. Importantly, however, she prefaced her serious material with a mock-comic story about a conversation she had had with someone at a New York hospital recently. She was phoning about the retrieval of a brain for research and the ingenuous person at the hospital just could not put the idea of psychiatry and brains together. Another sad tale of psychiatric breast-beating? Those of us who trained in psychiatry in Britain a generation ago might give a wry smile. After all, biological psychiatry was all that we ever knew. When I entered the Maudsley in 1964, part of the orientation for registrars consisted of going to the laboratories. A mouse was popped into a jar containing liquid nitrogen, it went rock hard and the group was advised that freezing the neurotransmitters in that way was the royal road to solving problems.

This paper examines the use and meaning of the body-part terms or quasi-body part terms associated with Japanese emotions. The terms analyzed are kokoro, mune, hara, ki, and mushi. In Japanese kokoro is regarded as the seat of emotions. Mune (roughly, ‘chest’) is the place where Japanese believe kokoro is located. Hara (roughly, ‘belly’) can be used to refer to the seat of ‘thinking’, for example in expression of anger-like feelings which entail a prior cognitive appraisal. The term ki (roughly, ‘breath’) is also used for expressions dealing with emotions, temperament, and behaviour; among these, ki is mostly frequently used for referring to mental activity. Mushi — literally, a ‘worm’ which exists in the hara ‘belly’ — is also used for referring to specific emotion expressions. The tool for semantic analysis employed in this paper is the “Natural Semantic Metalanguage” method developed by Anna Wierzbicka and colleagues. This metalanguage enables us to explicate concepts by means of simple words and grammar (easily translated across languages), and clarifies the similarities and dissimilarities between the components involved in semantically similar terms. The data used for analysis are from various sources; published literature both in Japanese and English, newspaper/magazine articles, film scripts, comic books, advertisements, dictionaries, and popular songs.

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender quais são os sentidos produzidos nos ditos e nos não ditos pelas revistas Veja, Época, IstoÉ e CartaCapital sobre a posse da presidente Dilma Rousseff. Com base na perspectiva teórico-metodológica da análise do discurso, identificamos três formações discursivas predominantes nos ditos das quatro revistas: Posse controversa, Posse melancólica e Posse da dieta. Já nos sentidos produzidos pelos não ditos, observamos por parte de Época, IstoÉ e CartaCapital a reiteração da maioria dos sentidos presentes nos ditos de Veja, que saiu na frente na cobertura sobre a posse. Isso mostra, entre outras coisas, que a prática discursiva do jornalismo prevalece em relação ao posicionamento editorial das revistas.Palavras-chave: discurso jornalístico; contrato de comunicação; silenciamento; revistas; Dilma Rousseff. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to understand what are the senses produced in the said and in the unsaid by magazines Veja, Época, IstoÉ and CartaCapital about the inauguration of president Dilma Rousseff. Based on the theoretical and methodological perspective of discourse analysis, we identified three predominant discursive formations in the said of the four magazines: Controversial Possession, Melancholy Possession and Diet Possession. Already in the senses produced by unsaid, we observed by Época, IstoÉ and CartaCapital the reiteration of the majority of the senses present in the sayings of Veja, that which went ahead in the coverage of possession. That shows, among other things, that the practice of journalism discourse prevails about the editorial positioning the magazines.Keywords: journalistic discourse; communication contract; silencing; magazines; Dilma Rousseff. RESUMENEl objetivo de este trabajo es entender cuáles son los significados producidos en dicho y lo no dicho por Veja, Época, IstoÉ y CartaCapital en la posesión de la presidenta Dilma Rousseff. Con base en la perspectiva teórica y metodológica del análisis del discurso, se identificaron tres formaciones discursivas predominantes en los dichos de los cuatro revistas: Posesión Controvertido, Melancólicos Posesión y la Dieta Posse. Ya en los significados producidos por tácita, observados por Época, IstoÉ CartaCapital y la reiteración de la mayoría de los presentes se sintieron en los dichos de Veja, que pasó por delante de la cobertura de la posesión. Esto demuestra, entre otras cosas, que la práctica del discurso periodístico prevalece sobre el editorial posicionamiento de las revistas.Palabras clave: discurso periodístico; contrato de comunicaciones; silenciamiento; revistas; Dilma Rousseff. ReferênciasANER, Associação Nacional de Editores de Revista. Instituto Verificador de Circulação - IVC. Disponível: Acesso: 04/03/2015.BAKHTIN, Mikhail. Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem. 2 ed. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1981.BENETTI, Marcia. Análise do Discurso: estudo de vozes e sentidos. In: LAGO, C.; BENETTI, M. Metodologia de Pesquisa em Jornalismo. 3 ed. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2010.CHARADEAU, Patrick. Discurso das Mídias. São Paulo: Contexto, 2007.FRANCISCATO, Carlos Eduardo. A fabricação do presente. São Cristóvão: Editora UFS e Fundação Oviedo Teixeira, 2005.MAINGUENEAU, Dominique. Gênese dos discursos. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2008.MEDITSCH, Eduardo. O jornalismo é uma forma de conhecimento? Biblioteca Online de Ciências da Comunicação - BOCC, 1997.MARIANI, Bethania. O PCB e a imprensa. Rio de Janeiro, Revan, Campinas: Ed. UNICAMPI, 1997.MOLOTCH, Harvey; LESTER, Marilyn. As notícias como procedimento intencional: acerca do uso estratégico de acontecimentos de rotina, acidentes e escândalos. In: TRAQUINA, Nelson (org.). Jornalismo: questões, teorias e 'estórias'. Lisboa: Vega, 1993.ORLANDI, Eni P. As formas do silêncio: no movimento dos sentidos. 6 ed. Campinas, SP: Editora da Unicamp, 2007.PÊCHEUX, Michel. Análise automática do discurso. In: GADET, Françoise; HAK, Tony (org.). Por uma análise automática do discurso: uma introdução à obra de Michel Pêcheux. Campinas: Unicamp, 1990._______________. O Discurso: estrutura ou acontecimento. Trad. Eni Orlandi. 5 ed. Campinas, SP. Pontes Editores, 2008.TRAQUINA, Nelson. Jornalismo. Lisboa: Quimera, 2002.TUCHMAN, Gaye. A objectividade como ritual estratégico. In: TRAQUINA, Nelson (org.). Jornalismo: questões, teorias e 'estórias'. Lisboa: Vega, 1993. Disponível em:Url: http://opendepot.org/2724/ Abrir em (para melhor visualização em dispositivos móveis - Formato Flipbooks):Issuu / Calameo

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine consumer attitudes and behavior towards organic products and products produced under the system of integrated management (SIM) and to compare the socioeconomic characteristics and attitudes that affect consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for these two different certification systems.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on cross‐sectional data collected through a questionnaire survey. Respondents' attitudes towards the organic and SIM certification systems are examined. A principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was primarily applied to provide a more manageable set of variables relevant to attitudes. Those attitudes together with socioeconomic factors and variables relevant to respondents' motivations to food consumption were used for the estimation of the WTP for organic and SIM products.FindingsFindings suggest that consumers' level of awareness and information towards the studied certification systems is rather low especially for SIM products. This can be mainly attributed to the inadequate promotion and the low availability of certified products in the Greek market. The study also reveals that the WTP for organic products is higher among consumers who place much importance on health, consume organic fruits/vegetables and get information about food/nutrition issues from doctors/nutritionists/health institutes and magazines. WTP for SIM products is affected mainly by married consumers, regular buyers of organic products and those who consume frequently fruits/vegetables.Originality/valueThis paper provides an outline of the level of awareness and trust of food quality certification systems by Greek consumers, a topic that has not been widely discussed in Greece. The findings can help all the involved bodies to avoid the impediments and develop an adequate marketing strategy for the effective promotion of certified food products.

This paper examines the use and meaning of the body-part terms or quasi-body part terms associated with Japanese emotions. The terms analyzed are kokoro, mune, hara, ki, and mushi. In Japanese kokoro is regarded as the seat of emotions. Mune (roughly, ‘chest’) is the place where Japanese believe kokoro is located. Hara (roughly, ‘belly’) can be used to refer to the seat of ‘thinking’, for example in expression of anger-like feelings which entail a prior cognitive appraisal. The term ki (roughly, ‘breath’) is also used for expressions dealing with emotions, temperament, and behaviour; among these, ki is mostly frequently used for referring to mental activity. Mushi — literally, a ‘worm’ which exists in the hara ‘belly’ — is also used for referring to specific emotion expressions.The tool for semantic analysis employed in this paper is the “Natural Semantic Metalanguage” method developed by Anna Wierzbicka and colleagues. This metalanguage enables us to explicate concepts by means of simple words and grammar (easily translated across languages), and clarifies the similarities and dissimilarities between the components involved in semantically similar terms. The data used for analysis are from various sources; published literature both in Japanese and English, newspaper/magazine articles, film scripts, comic books, advertisements, dictionaries, and popular songs.

Thesis / Purpose of the article ‒ The aim of the article is to present the activities undertaken by the Polish Librarians’ Association in the first period of the pandemic, which supported librarians in two areas: maintaining communication with readers and self-improvement and improving competences in the field of remote reader service. Research methods ‒ The article uses the method of analyzing available sources, i.e., reports presenting activities undertaken by the SBP and libraries until the end of June 2020, including: reports, reports posted on websites, in social media, articles in industry magazines, surveys of training preferences of librarians and online training evaluation. Results / conclusions – Showed the effects of the pandemic with regard to the services offered by libraries, the impact of SBP on increasing the dissemination of digital resources and electronic services, as well as increasing the competence of librarians in the use of tools to work with the reader in the virtual space, through online training.

Thesis / Purpose of the article ‒ The aim of the article is to present the activities undertaken by the Polish Librarians’ Association in the first period of the pandemic, which supported librarians in two areas: maintaining communication with readers and self-improvement and improving competences in the field of remote reader service. Research methods ‒ The article uses the method of analyzing available sources, i.e., reports presenting activities undertaken by the SBP and libraries until the end of June 2020, including: reports, reports posted on websites, in social media, articles in industry magazines, surveys of training preferences of librarians and online training evaluation. Results / conclusions – Showed the effects of the pandemic with regard to the services offered by libraries, the impact of SBP on increasing the dissemination of digital resources and electronic services, as well as increasing the competence of librarians in the use of tools to work with the reader in the virtual space, through online training.

This study clarifies the impact of the fluctuation of the VND/USD and VND/JPY exchange rates on the trade balance between Vietnam and Japan through testing the J-curve effect by using a vector autoregressive (VAR) model, Impulse Response Function (IRF), stationary test, Granger test and variance decomposition analysis. There are 5 variables including oil price (POIL), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer price index (CPI), Trade balance/Capital account (CA), Nominal exchange rate (NER) based on 67 observations from 2001Q1 to 2017Q3. The highlight of this study compared with previous studies is that we not only evaluate the effect of the exchange rate movements towards the total trade balance between Vietnam and Japan but also investigate how the fluctuations of exchange rate affect the trade balance in each commodity group; therefore, we suggest more essence evaluation and policy implications for these sectors. The results show that the depreciation or the devaluation of VND will improve the trade balance of group 84 (Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear reactors, boilers) and group 94 (Furniture) in both the exchange rate VND/USD and VND/JPY, and group 27 (Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation) and group 85 (Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof) in the VND/USD exchange rate. Besides, in total products and group 27, the VND/JPY exchange rate impacts on the trade balance in J-curve effect. Keywords J-curve, VAR, exchange rate, trade balance, Vietnam, Japan References 1. Alemu, Aye Mengistu, Examining the Effects of Currency Depreciation on Trade Balance in Selected Asian Economics, International Journal of Global Business, 7 (1), 59-76, June 2014.2. Anil K Lai, Thomas C. Lowinger (2002), The J Curve: Evidence from at Asia, Journal of economics Integration 17 (2), June 2002, pp 397-415.3. Anju Gupta-Kapoor và Uma Ramakrishnan, 1999, Is there a j-curve? A new estimation for Japan, International Economic Journal, Volume 13, Number 4, Winter 1999.4. Backus, D. K., Kahoe, P.J., Kydland, F.E., 1994, Dynamics of the Trade Balance and the Terms of Trade: the J-Curve?, American Economic Review, March 1994, 84(1), Pp. 84-103.5. Bahmani-Oskooee, M.và Brooks, T. J., 1999, Bilateral J -Curve Between the U.S and her Trading Partners.6. Carter, C.A. và D.H. Pick, 1989, The J-Curve Effect and the U.S. Agricultural Trade Balance, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 712-720.7. Eric Ben Kamoto, 2006, The j-curve effect on the trade balance in Malawi and South Africa.8. Goldstein, M. và M.S. Khan, 1985, Income and price effects in foreign trade”, In R.W. Jones và P.B. Kenen (eds.), Handbook of International Economics, vol. 2, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.9. Ha Thi Thieu Dao & Pham Thi Tuyet Trinh (2013), Relationships between Exchange Rate and Balance of Payments, Journal of Banking Training Science, No. 103, pages 17-24.10. Khieu Van Hoang (2013), The effects of the real exchange rate on the trade balance: Is there a J-curve for Vietnam? A VAR approach, Munich Personal Repec Archive.11. Lê Thuận Đồng, Ishida Miki (2016), The effects of exchange rate on Trade balance in Vietnam, Evidence from Cointegration analysis12. Masanori Ono, SaangJoon Baak (2014), Revisiting the J-Curve for Japan, Modern Economy, 2014, p32-47.13. Ng Yuen Ling, 2008, Real Exchange Rate and Trade Balance.14. Olugbenga Onafowora (2003), Exchange rate and trade balance in East Asia: Is there a J-curve?, Economics Bulletin, Susquehanna University, Vol.5, No.18, pp.1-13.15. Persaran, M.H., và Y. Shin, 1998, Generalized Impulse Response Analysis in Linear Multivariate Models, Economics Letters.16. Pham Hong Phuc (2009), Real exchange rates and Trade balance in Vietnam, Master thesis in economics, University of Economics in Ho Chi Minh City.17. Rizaudin Sahlan, Hussein Abdlth, Muhd Ridhuan Boss Abdlluh (2008), Trade balance and J- curve phenomenon in Malaysia.18. Rose, A. K, (1990), Exchange Rates and the Trade Balance: Some Evidence from Developing Countries, Economics Letters, 34, pp. 271-275.19. Rose, A. K. and Yellen, J. L., (1989), Is There a J-curve? Journal of Monetary Economics, 24, pp. 53-58. Tihomir, S., (2004), The Impact of Exchange Rate Change on the Trade Balance in Croatia, IMF Working. 20. Sugema, I. (2005), The Determinants of trade balance and adjustment to the crisis in Indonesia, Centre For International Economic Studies Discussion Paper, No 0508 (ISSN 1445-3746 series), pp.1-28.21. Tihomir Stucka, 2004, The effects of exchange rate change on the trade balance in Croatia.22. Tu Cao Anh (2010), J curve effect and bilateral trade balance between Vietnam and its five major partners, Master thesis on Economics, HCMC University of Economics.23. Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee và các cộng sự, 2003, Is there a J-curve at the Industry Level?, Wisconsin-Milwaukee Universities.24. Nguyen Huu Tuan & Nguyen Huynh Minh Nguyet Mai Diem Phuong & Duong Thao Nguyen Do Thanh Ha & Lam Ngoc Phuong Thao (2014), Impact of exchange rates and national income on trade balance: VECM, Journal of Integrated Development, No. 15, March 201425. Nguyen Huu Tuan (2011), "Analyzing the impact of macroeconomic variables on Vietnam's trade balance", Banking Technology Magazine, No. 65, May 2011, pages 13-22.26. Nguyen Minh Hai, Phan Tat Hien, Dang Hien Linh (2013), Analyzing the Impact of Currency Devaluations on Vietnam's Economic Growth in 2000-2012, Journal of Economic Development, No. 269, March 201327. Nguyen Quang My, Mustafa Sayim & Hamid Rahman (2017), The Impact of Exchange Rate on Market Fundamentals: A Case Study of J-curve Effect in Vietnam, Research in Applied Economics.28. Phan Thanh Hoan, Nguyen Dang Hao (2007), Relationships between Exchange rate and Trade balance in Vietnam in 1995-2004, Journal of Science, Hue University, No. 43, 2007.29. Senhadji, Abdelhak S., 1998, Dynamics of the Trade Balance and the Terms of Trade In LDCs: the S-Curve, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 46, pp.105-131.30. Thanh Hoan Phan, Ji Young Jeong (2015), Vietnam Trade Balance and Exchange Rate: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis, Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research JAEBR, 5(4): 220-232 (2015).31. Tran Hong Ha (2011), Application of the model to measure the impact of real multilateral exchange rates on the trade balance in Vietnam, Journal of Financial Markets, No. 16, pages 23-25.32. Vu Ky (2012), The J curve effects - Exchange rate and Trade balance in Vietnam, Master thesis of University of EconomicsWebsite1. www.gso.gov.vn - General Statistics Office website2. www.imf.org - Website of the International Monetary Fund3. www.oanda.com/ - Currency Data Website4. www.trademap.org - The International Trade Center website5. www.boj.or.jp - The Bank of Japan6. http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm - International Monetary Fund

Each year, The Economist magazine’s “Economist Intelligence Unit” ranks cities based on “healthcare, education, stability, culture, environment and infrastructure”, giving the highest-ranking locale the title of most ‘liveable’ (Wright). For the past six years, The Economist has named Melbourne “the world’s most liveable city” (Carmody et al.). A curious portmanteau, the concept of liveability is problematic: what may feel stable and safe to some members of the community may marginalise others due to several factors such as gender, disability, ethnicity or class.The subjective nature of this term is referred to in the Australian Government’s 2013 State of Cities report, in the chapter titled ‘Liveability’:In the same way that the Cronulla riots are the poster story for cultural conflict, the attack on Jillian Meagher in Melbourne’s Brunswick has resonated strongly with Australians in many capital cities. It seemed to be emblematic of their concern about violent crime. Some women in our research reported responding to this fear by arming themselves. (274)Twenty-nine-year-old Jill Meagher’s abduction, rape, and murder in the inner northern suburb of Brunswick in 2012 disturbs the perception of Melbourne’s liveability. As news of the crime disseminated, it revived dormant cultural narratives that reinforce a gendered public/private binary, suggesting women are more vulnerable to attack than men in public spaces and consequently hindering their mobility. I investigate here how texts written by women writers based in Melbourne’s inner north can latently serve as counter narratives to this discourse, demonstrating how urban public space can be benign, even joyful, rather than foreboding for women. Cultural narratives that promote the vulnerability of women oppress urban freedoms; this paper will use these narratives solely as a catalyst to explore literary texts by women that enact contrary narratives that map a city not by vicarious trauma, but instead by the rich complexity of women’s lives in their twenties and thirties.I examine two memoirs set primarily in Melbourne’s inner north: Michele Lee’s Banana Girl (2013) and Lorelai Vashti’s Dress, Memory: A memoir of my twenties in dresses (2014). In these texts, the inner north serves as ‘true north’, a magnetic destination for this stage of life, an opening into an experiential, exciting adult world, rather than a place haunted. Indeed, while Lee and Vashti occupy the same geographical space that Meagher did, these texts do not speak to the crime.The connection is made by me, as I am interested in the affective shift that follows a signal crime such as the Meagher case, and how we can employ literary texts to gauge a psychic landscape, refuting the discourse of fear that is circulated by the media following the event. I wish to look at Melbourne’s inner north as a female literary milieu, a site of boldness despite the public breaking that was Meagher’s murder: a site of female self-determination rather than community trauma.I borrow the terms “boldness”, “bold walk” and “breaking” from Finnish geographer Hille Koskela (and note the thematic resonances in scholarship from a city as far north as Helsinki). Her paper “Bold Walks and Breakings: Women’s spatial confidence versus fear of violence” challenges the idea that “fearfulness is an essentially female quality”, rather advocating for “boldness”, seeking to “emphasise the emancipatory content of … [women’s] stories” (302). Koskela uses the term “breaking” in her research (primarily focussed on experiences of Helsinki women) to describe “situations … that had transformed … attitudes towards their environment”, referring to the “spatial consequences” that were the result of violent crimes, or threats thereof. While Melbourne women obviously did not experience the Meagher case personally, it nevertheless resulted in what Koskela has dubbed elsewhere as “increased feelings of vulnerability” (“Gendered Exclusions” 111).After the Meagher case, media reportage suggested that Melbourne had been irreversibly changed, made vulnerable, and a site of trauma. As a signal crime, the attack and murder was vicariously experienced and mediated. Like many crimes committed against women in public space, Meagher’s death was transformed into a cautionary tale, and this storying was more pronounced due to the way the case played out episodically in the media, particularly online, allowing the public to follow the case as it unfolded. The coverage was visually hyperintensive, and particular attention was paid to Sydney Road, where Meagher had last been seen and where she had met her assailant, Adrian Bayley, who was subsequently convicted of her murder.Articles from media outlets were frequently accompanied by cartographic images that superimposed details of the case onto images of the local area—the mind map and the physical locality both marred by the crime. Yet Koskela writes, “the map of everyday experiences is in sharp contrast to the maps of the media. If a picture of a place is made by one’s own experiences it is more likely to be perceived as a safe ordinary place” (“Bold Walks” 309). How might this picture—this map—be made through genre? I am interested in how memoir might facilitate space for narratives that contest those from the media. Here I prefer the word memoir rather than use the term life-writing due to the former’s etymological adherence to memory. In Vashti and Lee’s texts, memory is closely linked to place and space, and for each of them, Melbourne is a destination, a city that they have come to alone from elsewhere. Lee came to the city after growing up in Canberra, and Vashti from Brisbane. In Dress, Memory, Vashti writes that the move to Melbourne “… makes you feel like a pioneer, one of those dusty and determined characters out of an American history novel trudging west to seek a land of gold and dreams” (83).Deeply engaging with Melbourne, the text eschews the ‘taken for granted’ backdrop idea of the city that scholar Jane Darke observes in fiction. She writes thatmodern women novelists virtually take the city as backdrop for granted as a place where a central female figure can be or becomes self-determining, with like-minded female friends as indispensable support and undependable men in walk-on roles. (97)Instead, Vashti uses memoir to self-consciously examine her relationship with her city, elaborating on the notion of moving from elsewhere as an act of self-determination, building the self through geographical relocation:You’re told you can find treasure – the secret bars hidden down the alleyways, the tiny shops filled with precious curios, the art openings overflowing onto the street. But the true gold that paves Melbourne’s footpaths is the promise that you can be a writer, an artist, a musician, a performer there. People who move there want to be discovered, they want to make a mark. (84)The paths are important here, as Vashti embeds herself on the street, walking through the text, generating an affective cartography as her life is played out in what is depicted as a benign, yet vibrant, urban space. She writes of “walking, following the grid of the city, taking in its grey blocks” (100), engendering a sense of what geographer Yi-Fu Tuan calls ‘topophilia’: “the affective bond between people and place or setting” (4). There is a deep bond between Vashti and Melbourne that is evident in her work that is demonstrated in her discussion of public space. Like her, friends from Brisbane trickle down South, and she lives with them in a series of share houses in the inner North—first Fitzroy, then Carlton, then North Melbourne, where she lives with two female friends and together they “roamed the streets during the day in a pack” (129).Vashti’s boldness not only lies in her willingness to take bodily to the streets, without fear, but also in her fastidious attention to her physical appearance. Her memoir is framed sartorially: chronologically arranged, from age twenty to thirty, each chapter featuring equally detailed reports of the events of that year as well as the corresponding outfits worn. A dress, transformative, is spotlighted in each of these chapters, and the author is photographed in each of these ‘feature’ dresses in a glossy section in the middle of the book. Koskela writes that, “if women dress up to be part of the urban spectacle, like 19th-century flâneurs, and also to mediate their confidence, they oppose their erasure and reclaim urban space”. For Koskela, the appearance of the body in public is an act of boldness:dressing can be seen as a means of reproducing power relations; in Foucaultian terms, it is a way of being one’s own overseer, and regulating even the most intimate spheres … on the other hand, interpreted in another way, dressing up can be seen as a form of resistance against the male gaze, as an opposition to the visual mastery over women, achieved by not being invisible or absent, but by dressing up proudly. (“Bold Walks” 309)Koskela’s affirmation that clothing can enact urban boldness contradicts reportage on the Meagher case that suggested otherwise. Some news outlets focussed on the high heels Meagher was wearing the night she was raped and murdered, as if to imply that she may have been able to elude her fate had she donned flats. The Age quotes witnesses who saw her on Sydney Road the night she was killed; one says she was “a little unsteady on her feet but not too bad”, another that she “seemed to be struggling to walk up the hill in her high heels” (Russell). But Vashti is well aware of the spatial confidence that the right clothing provides. In the chapter “Twenty-three”, she writes of being housebound by heartbreak, that “just leaving the house seemed like an epic undertaking”, so she “picked a dress a dress that would make me feel good … the woman in me emerged when I slid it on. In it, I instantly had shape, form. A purpose” (99). She and her friends don vocational costumes to outplay the competitive inner Melbourne rental market, eventually netting their North Melbourne terrace house by dressing like “young professionals”: “dressed up in smart op-shop blouses and pencil skirts to walk to the real estate office” (129).Michele Lee’s text Banana Girl also delves into the relationship between personal aesthetics and urban space, describing Melbourne as “a town of costumes, after all” (117), but her own style as “indifferently hip to the outside world without being slavish about it” (6). Lee’s world is East Brunswick for much of the book, and she establishes this connection early, introducing herself in the first chapter, as one of the “subversive and ironic people living in the hipster boroughs of the inner North of Melbourne” (6). She describes the women in her local area – “Brunswick Girls”, she dubs them: “no one wears visible make up, or if they do it’s not lathered on in visible layers; the haircuts are feminine without being too stylish, the clothing too; there’s an overall practical appearance” (89).Lee displays more of a knowingness than Vashti regarding the inner North’s reputation as the more progressive and creative side of the Yarra, confirmed by the Sydney Morning Herald:The ‘northside’ comprises North Melbourne, Carlton, Fitzroy, Collingwood, Abbotsford, Thornbury, Brunswick and Coburg. Bell Street is the boundary for northsiders. It stands for artists, warehouse parties, bicycles, underground music, lightless terrace houses, postmodernity and ‘awareness’. (Craig)As evidenced in late scholar John Maclaren’s book Melbourne: City of Words, the area has long enjoyed this reputation: “After the war, these neighbourhoods were colonized by migrants from Europe, and in the 1960s by the artists, musicians, writers, actors, junkies and layabouts whose stories Helen Garner was to tell” (146). As a young playwright, Lee sees herself reflected in this milieu, writing that she’s “an imaginative person, I’m university educated, I vote the way you’d expect me to vote and I’m a member of the CPSU. On principle I remain a union member” (7), toeing that line of “awareness” pithily mentioned by the SMH.Like Vashti, there are constant references to Lee’s exact geographical location in Melbourne. She ‘drops pins’ throughout, cultivating a connection to place that blurs home and the street, fostering a sense of belonging beyond one’s birthplace, belonging to a place chosen rather than raised in. She plants herself in this local geography. Returning to the first chapter, she includes “jogger by the Merri Creek” in her introduction (7), and later jokingly likens a friendship with an ex as “no longer on stage at the Telstra Dome but still on tour” (15), employing Melbourne landmarks as explanatory shorthand. She refers to places by name: one could physically tour inner North and CBD hotspots based on Lee’s text, as it is littered with mentions of bars, restaurants, galleries and theatre venues. She frequents the Alderman in East Brunswick and Troika in the city, as well as a bar that Jill Meagher spent time in on the night she went missing – the Brunswick Green.While offering the text a topographical authenticity, this can sometimes prove distracting: rather than simply stating that she goes to the library, she writes that she visits “the City of Melbourne library” (128), and rather than just going to a pizza parlour, they visit “Bimbo’s” (129) or “Pizza Meine Liebe” (101). Yet when Lee visits family in Canberra, or Laos on an arts grant, business names are forsaken. One could argue that the cultural capital offered by namedropping trendy Melburnian bars, restaurants and nightclubs translates awkwardly on the page, and risks dating the text considerably, but elevates the spatiality of Lee’s work. And these landmarks are important within the text, as Lee’s world is divided spatially. She refers to “Theatre Land” when discussing her work in the arts, and her share house not as ‘home’ but consistently as “Albert Street”. She partitions her life into these zones: zones of emotion, zones of intellect/career, zones of family/heritage – the text offers close insight into Lee’s personal cartography, with her traversing the map “stubbornly on foot, still resisting becoming part of Melbourne’s bike culture” (88).While not always walking alone – often accompanied by an ex-boyfriend she nicknames “Husband” – Lee is independently-minded, stating, “I operate solo, I pay my own way” (34), meeting up with various romantic and sexual interests through the text for daytime trysts in empty office buildings or late nights out in the CBD. She is adventurous, yet reminds that she was not always so. She recalls a time when she was still residing in Canberra and visited a boyfriend who was living in Melbourne and felt intimidated by the “alien city”, standing in stark contrast to the familiarity she demonstrates otherwise.Lee and Vashti’s texts both chronicle women who freely occupy public space, comfortable in their surroundings, not engaging on the page with cultural narratives and media reportage that suggest they would be safer off the streets. Both demonstrate what Koskela calls the “pleasure to be able to take possession of space” (“Bold Walks” 308) – yet it could be argued that the writer’s possession of space is so routine, so unremarkable that it transcends pleasure: it is comfortable. They walk the streets alone and catch public transport alone without incident. They contravene advice such as that given by Victorian Police Homicide Squad chief Mick Hughes’s comments that women shouldn’t be “alone in parks” following the fatal stabbing of teenager Masa Vukotic in a Doncaster park in 2015.Like Meagher’s death, Vukotic’s murder was also mobilised by the media – and one could argue, by authorities – to contain women, to further a narrative that reinforces the public/private gender binary. However, as Koskela reminds, the fact that some women are bold and confident shows that women are not only passively experiencing space but actively take part in producing it. They reclaim space for themselves, not only through single occasions such as ‘take back the night’ marches, but through everyday practices and routinized uses of space. (“Bold Walks” 316)These memoirs act as resistance, actively producing space through representation: to assert the right to the city, one must be bold, and reclaim space that is so often overlaid with stories of violence against women. As Koskela emphasises, this is only done through use of the space, “a way of de-mystifying it. If one does not use the space, … ‘the mental map’ of the place is filled with indirect descriptions, the image of it is constructed through media and the stories heard” (“Bold Walks” 308). Memoir can take back this image through stories told, demonstrating the personal connection to public space. Koskela writes that, “walking on the street can be seen as a political act: women ‘write themselves onto the street’” (“Urban Space in Plural” 263). ReferencesAustralian Government. Department of Infrastructure and Transport. State of Australian Cities 2013. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2013. 17 Jan. 2017 <http://infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure/pab/soac/files/2013_00_infra1782_mcu_soac_full_web_fa.pdf>.Carmody, Broede, and Aisha Dow. “Top of the World: Melbourne Crowned World's Most Liveable City, Again.” The Age, 18 Aug. 2016. 17 Jan. 2017 <http://theage.com.au/victoria/top-of-the-world-melbourne-crowned-worlds-most-liveable-city-again-20160817-gqv893.html>.Craig, Natalie. “A City Divided.” Sydney Morning Herald, 5 Feb. 2012. 17 Jan. 2017 <http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/about-town/a-city-divided-20120202-1quub.html>.Darke, Jane. “The Man-Shaped City.” Changing Places: Women's Lives in the City. Eds. Chris Booth, Jane Darke, and Susan Yeadle. London: Paul Chapman Publishing, 1996. 88-99.Koskela, Hille. “'Bold Walk and Breakings’: Women's Spatial Confidence versus Fear of Violence.” Gender, Place and Culture 4.3 (1997): 301-20.———. “‘Gendered Exclusions’: Women's Fear of Violence and Changing Relations to Space.” Geografiska Annaler, Series B, Human Geography, 81.2 (1999). 111–124.———. “Urban Space in Plural: Elastic, Tamed, Suppressed.” A Companion to Feminist Geography. Eds. Lise Nelson and Joni Seager. Blackwell, 2005. 257-270.Lee, Michele. Banana Girl. Melbourne: Transit Lounge, 2013.MacLaren, John. Melbourne: City of Words. Arcadia, 2013.Russell, Mark. ‘Happy, Witty Jill Was the Glue That Held It All Together.’ The Age, 19 June 2013. 30 Jan. 2017 <http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/happy-witty-jill-was-the-glue-that-held-it-all-together-20130618-2ohox.html>Tuan, Yi-Fu. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1974.Wright, Patrick, “Melbourne Ranked World’s Most Liveable City for Sixth Consecutive Year by EIU.” ABC News, 18 Aug. 2016. 17 Jan. 2017 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-18/melbourne-ranked-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-sixth-year/7761642>.