Journal articles on the topic 'PBDEs'
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1
Liu, Li Zao, Yue Li, and Jing Yang. "Characterization of Free and Bound PBDEs in Sewage Sludge from Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) of Shanghai." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1993.
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In this study, sewage sludge samples were collected from 25 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Shanghai, and free and bound PBDEs were extracted in different ways. The concentrations of free and bound PBDEs were in the range of 111.69 to 13119.59 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 4.30 to 60.17 ng/g dw, respectively. BDE209 were the dominate congener and the concentrations of free and bound BDE209 ranged from 89.64 to 12424.84 ng/g dw and 0.85 to 44.00 ng/g dw, respectively. The concentrations of bound PBDEs were quite stable, indicating bound PBDEs werent high related with the input of total PBDEs. The fractions of bound PBDE congeners increased with the numbers of Br atoms, which suggested that PBDE congeners with low molecular weights were more prone to desorb from micro-pores of organic matters in sewage sludge. The fractions of bound PBDEs in total PBDEs were in the range of 0.16 to 22.73%, suggesting bound PBDEs played an important role in farmland soils after sludge application.
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Wu, Tong, Yu Li, Hailin Xiao, and Mingli Fu. "Molecular Modifications and Control of Processes to Facilitate the Synergistic Degradation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soil by Plants and Microorganisms Based on Queuing Scoring Method." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 3911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133911.
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In this paper, a combination of modification of the source and regulation of the process was used to control the degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms. First, the key proteins that can degrade PBDEs in plants and microorganisms were searched in the PDB (Protein Data Bank), and a molecular docking method was used to characterize the binding ability of PBDEs to two key proteins. Next, the synergistic binding ability of PBDEs to the two key proteins was evaluated based on the queuing integral method. Based on this, three groups of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models of plant-microbial synergistic degradation were constructed. A total of 30 PBDE derivatives were designed using BDE-3 as the template molecule. Among them, the effect on the synergistic degradation of six PBDE derivatives, including BDE-3-4, was significantly improved (increased by more than 20%) and the environment-friendly and functional evaluation parameters were improved. Subsequently, studies on the synergistic degradation of PBDEs and their derivatives by plants and microorganisms, based on the molecular docking method, found that the addition of lipophilic groups by modification is beneficial to enhance the efficiency of synergistic degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms. Further, while docking PBDEs, the number of amino acids was increased and the binding bond length was decreased compared to the template molecules, i.e., PBDE derivatives could be naturally degraded more efficiently. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation by the Taguchi orthogonal experiment and a full factorial experimental design were used to simulate the effects of various regulatory schemes on the synergistic degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms. It was found that optimal regulation occurred when the appropriate amount of carbon dioxide was supplied to the plant and microbial systems. This paper aims to provide theoretical support for enhancing the synergistic degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms in e-waste dismantling sites and their surrounding polluted areas, as well as, realize the research and development of green alternatives to PBDE flame retardants.
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Ye, Lei, Chengzhong Zhang, Deming Han, and Zheng Ji. "Characterization and Source Identification of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Air in Xi’an: Based on a Five-Year Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030520.
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In order to assess polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) atmospheric pollution levels in Xi’an, air samples were collected using a large flow air sampler from July 2008 to April 2013. In total, 134 samples were collected and 12 PBDE congeners were detected. Total PBDE concentrations (both gaseous and particulate phase) were 36.38–1054 pg/m3, with an average of 253.2 ± 198.4 pg/m3. BDE-209 was identified as the main PBDE component, with a corresponding concentration of 0.00–1041 pg/m3, accounting for 89.4% of total PBDEs. Principal component analysis results showed that PBDEs in Xi’an’s atmosphere mainly originated from commercial products containing penta-BDE, octa-BDE, and deca-BDE. The relative natural logarithm for partial pressure (RP) of PBDEs (gaseous phase) was calculated using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The gas flow trajectories at high, middle, and low RP values were analyzed by applying the backward trajectory model. These data indicated that the difference between trajectory distribution and concentration load on trajectories was huge under different RP values. PBDE concentrations (gaseous phase) weighted trajectory showed that the central and southwestern parts of Henan Province and the northwestern area of Hubei Province exhibited the darkest colors, and the daily average concentration contribution of PBDEs to the receiving point was >9 pg/m3, which indicates that these areas might be the main potential source areas of PBDEs in Xi’an’s atmosphere.
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Li, Bei, Juanheng Wang, Guocheng Hu, Xiaolin Liu, Yunjiang Yu, Dan Cai, Ping Ding, Xin Li, Lijuan Zhang, and Chongdan Xiang. "Bioaccumulation Behavior and Human Health Risk of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in a Freshwater Food Web of Typical Shallow Lake, Yangtze River Delta." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032671.
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Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been commonly found in aquatic ecosystems. Many studies have elucidated the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of PBDEs in seas and lakes, yet few have comprehensively evaluated the bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and health risks of PBDEs in shallow lakes, and there is still limited knowledge of the overall effects of biomagnification and the health risks to aquatic organisms. Methods: In this study, a total of 154 samples of wild aquatic organism and environmental samples were collected from typical shallow lakes located in the Yangtze River Delta in January 2020. The concentrations of PBDEs were determined by an Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph coupled and an Agilent 5795 mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and the bioaccumulation behavior of PBDEs was evaluated in 23 aquatic organisms collected from typical shallow lakes of the Yangtze River Delta. Furthermore, their effects on human health were evaluated by the estimated daily intake (EDI), noncarcinogenic risk, and carcinogenic risk. Results: The concentrations of ΣPBDE (defined as the sum of BDE-28, -47, -100, -99, -153, -154, -183, and -209) in biota samples ranged from 2.36 to 85.81 ng/g lipid weight. BDE-209, BDE-153 and BDE-47 were the major PBDE congeners. The factors affecting the concentration of PBDEs in aquatic organisms included dietary habits, species, and the metabolic debromination ability of the PBDE congeners. BDE-209 and BDE-47 were the strongest bioaccumulative PBDE congeners in aquatic organisms. Additionally, except for BDE-99, BDE-153 and BDE-154, the trophic magnification factor (TMF) values of PBDE congeners were significantly higher than 1. Moreover, the log Kow played a significant role in the biomagnification ability of PBDE congeners. The noncarcinogenic risk of PBDE congeners and carcinogenic risk of BDE-209 from aquatic products were lower than the thresholds. Conclusions: PBDE congeners were bioaccumulated and biomagnified to varying degrees in aquatic organisms from typical shallow lakes. Both the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks assessment of edible aquatic products indicated that none of the PBDE congeners pose health risks to the localite. This study will provide a basis for a comprehensive assessment of PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems in shallow lakes and for environmental prevention measures for decision-makers.
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Chen, Wenming, Xinrui Yang, Junsong Bao, Ziyi Lin, Tianwei Li, Ying Wang, Aiqin Zhang, Jicheng Hu, and Jun Jin. "A Pilot Study on the Concentration, Distribution and Bioaccumulation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Tissues and Organs of Grassland Sheep." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 12170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912170.
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Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in various tissues and organs of grassland sheep from Inner Mongolia, China, were determined. The abilities of PBDEs binding to ovine serum albumin (OSA) and Cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP3A24) were assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking simulations. The PBDE concentrations in the sheep tissue and organ samples were 33.4–167 pg/g dw. The distribution of PBDEs in sheep organs and tissues is affected not only by the function of organs and tissues, but also by the characteristics of PBDEs. Adipose tissue tends to bioaccumulate more-brominated BDEs (BDE-154, -153, and -183), but muscle tissues and visceral organs mainly bioaccumulate less-brominated BDEs. The distribution of PBDEs in visceral organs is mainly affected by the transport of ovine serum albumin (OSA) and the metabolism of CYP3A24 enzyme. The distribution of PBDEs in adipose tissue and brain is mainly affected by their logKOW.
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Lee, Jia-De, Tsyr-Huei Chiou, Hong-Jie Zhang, How-Ran Chao, Kuang-Yu Chen, Yan-You Gou, Chien-Er Huang, Sheng-Lun Lin, and Lin-Chi Wang. "Persistent Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Deep-Water-Deposited Particulates from South China Sea." Toxics 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2023): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120968.
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POP data are limited in the marine environment; thus, this study aimed to investigate background persistent organic pollutant (POP) levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particulates in the South China Sea (SCS). Six POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), were investigated in eight pooled samples from the SCS from 20 September 2013 to 23 March 2014 and 15 April 2014 to 24 October 2014 at depths of 2000 m and 3500 m. PBDEs were the most predominant compounds, with the highest mean Σ14PBDE of 125 ± 114 ng/g dry weight (d.w.), followed by Σ17PCDD/F, Σ12PBDD/F, and Σ12DL-PCB (275 ± 1930, 253 ± 216, and 116 ± 166 pg/g d.w., respectively). Most PBDD/F, PBB, and PCDE congeners were below the detection limits. PCDDs had the highest toxic equivalency (TEQ), followed by PBDDs and DL-PCBs. Among the six POPs, PBDEs were the major components of the marine-deposited particles, regarding both concentrations and mass fluxes. Compared to 3500 m, PBDE levels were higher at a depth of 2000 m. PBDE mass fluxes were 20.9 and 14.2 ng/m2/day or 68.2 and 75.9 ng/m2/year at deep-water 2000 and 3500 m, respectively. This study first investigated POP levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particles from existing global data.
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Souza, Marília Cristina Oliveira, Paula Pícoli Devóz, João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez, Mariana Zuccherato Bocato, Bruno Alves Rocha, and Fernando Barbosa. "Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 11138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711138.
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous flame retardants and are environmentally persistent. PBDEs show endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and lower birth weight in infants, and their human body burden has become a public health concern. The infants’ exposure begins in the prenatal period and continues via breast milk ingestion, although, little is known about the factors that may influence this exposure. In this study, PBDE levels in Brazilian breast milk were assessed in 200 lactating women. The risk assessment of infants’ exposure to PBDE was performed through the estimated daily intake (EDI) calculation. The geometric mean (GM) of ∑PBDEs levels was 2.33 (0.14–6.05) ng/g wet weight. At least one PBDE congener was detected in the samples, and the 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) showed a 100% of detection rate (GM of 1.05 ng/g). Location of residence, maternal level education, monthly salary, and race were positively associated with PBDE levels (p < 0.05). The EDI of BDE-47 was higher in Belo Horizonte (8.29 ng/kg/day) than in Viçosa (6.36 ng/kg/day), as well as for the ∑PBDEs (19.77 versus 12.78 ng/kg/day) (p < 0.05). Taking the high detection rate of PBDEs in breast milk and their toxicity, continuous studies on infant exposure, fetal growth, and child neurodevelopment are requested.
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Mutic, Abby D., Dana Boyd Barr, Vicki S. Hertzberg, Patricia A. Brennan, Anne L. Dunlop, and Linda A. McCauley. "Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Serum Concentrations and Depressive Symptomatology in Pregnant African American Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 3614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073614.
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(1) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely produced in the United States until 2004 but remain highly persistent in the environment. The potential for PBDEs to disrupt normal neuroendocrine pathways resulting in depression and other neurological symptoms is largely understudied. This study examined whether PBDE exposure in pregnant women was associated with antenatal depressive symptomatology. (2) Data were collected from 193 African American pregnant women at 8–14 weeks gestation. Serum PBDEs and depressive symptoms were analyzed and a mixture effect was calculated. (3) Urban pregnant African American women in the Southeastern United States had a high risk of depression (27%) compared to the National average. Increased levels of PBDEs were found. BDE-47 and -99 exposures are significantly associated with depressive symptomatology in the pregnant cohort. The weighted body burden estimate of the PBDE mixture was associated with a higher risk of mild to moderate depression using an Edinburgh Depression Scale cutoff score of ≥10 (OR = 2.93; CI 1.18, 7.82). (4) Since antenatal depression may worsen in postpartum, reducing PBDE exposure may have significant clinical implications.
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Neupane, Bhanu B., Tao Jin, Zhen Gu, Frances S. Ligler, and Gufeng Wang. "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers perturb axonal growth and actin distribution." BIBECHANA 16 (November 22, 2018): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v16i0.21103.
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We investigated toxicological effects of two of the most common polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, BDE-47 and BDE-209, in model PC12 cell line under two environmentally relevant exposure conditions: long term exposure to microgram-per-liter levels of PBDEs and acute exposure to high concentrations of PBDEs. Cells treated under both long term and acute exposure conditions showed significantly perturbed cell growth and differentiation. Importantly, even when the cells were exposed to microgram-per-liter concentration of PBDEs over an extended period, both the fraction of differentiated cells and the axonal growth were affected. The calcium release assay showed that PBDEs perturbed intracellular calcium release in a concentration dependent manner, indicating that intracellular Ca++ homeostasis and signaling was involved in the neurotoxicity. More interestingly, depending on PBDE concentration and exposure conditions, cytoskeleton F-actin distribution was altered. BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 64-78
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Yang, Suwen, Qiang Fu, Man Teng, and Jing Yang. "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and fish tissues from Lake Chaohu, central eastern China." Archives of Environmental Protection 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2015-0004.
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Abstract Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in environmental media have increased over the last 20-25 years in the world. In aquatic environments PBDEs were found to be accumulated along food chain and Endocrine disruptors toxicity. In this study PBDEs were investigated in sediment and fish tissues from Lake Chaohu in central eastern China. There were 10 PBDEs congeners detected out of all 41 PBDEs. BDE-47 was of the highest with 5.17 ng/g in sediment and 58.47 ng/g in fish. PBDEs were evenly distributed across the surface sediment in the whole lake. It implied that the main source of PBDEs may not be an inflow river like Nanfei. Tissue distribution patterns of PBDEs in four fish species were in the order of BDE-47 > BDE-99 > BDE-100 > BDE-66 > BDE-138 > BDE-183 > BDE-154 > BDE-153. Octa- and deca-BDEs were below the detection limit. The concentrations of all PBDE congeners were higher in gills, livers, and kidneys than those in muscles and adipose tissue. Furthermore, PBDEs in different tissues had some different distribution patterns with fish size. Those discrepancies appeared to be correlated with the PBDEs pollution fluxes varying with the change of the year and their metabolism divergences in fish tissues.
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Genuis, Shelagh K., Detlef Birkholz, and Stephen J. Genuis. "Human Excretion of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants: Blood, Urine, and Sweat Study." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3676089.
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Commonly used as flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are routinely detected in the environment, animals, and humans. Although these persistent organic pollutants are increasingly recognized as having serious health implications, particularly for children, this is the first study, to our knowledge, to investigate an intervention for human elimination of bioaccumulated PBDEs. Objectives. To determine the efficacy of blood, urine, and perspiration as PBDE biomonitoring mediums; assess excretion of five common PBDE congeners (28, 47, 99, 100, and 153) in urine and perspiration; and explore the potential of induced sweating for decreasing bioaccumulated PBDEs. Results. PBDE congeners were not found in urine samples; findings focus on blood and perspiration. 80% of participants tested positive in one or more body fluids for PBDE 28, 100% for PBDE 47, 95% for PBDE 99, and 90% for PBDE 100 and PBDE 153. Induced perspiration facilitated excretion of the five congeners, with different rates of excretion for different congeners. Conclusion. Blood testing provides only a partial understanding of human PBDE bioaccumulation; testing of both blood and perspiration provides a better understanding. This study provides important baseline evidence for regular induced perspiration as a potential means for therapeutic PBDE elimination. Fetotoxic and reproductive effects of PBDE exposure highlight the importance of further detoxification research.
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Burd, Brenda, Chris Lowe, Carmen Morales-Caselles, Marie Noel, Peter Ross, and Tara Macdonald. "Uptake and trophic changes in polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the benthic marine food chain in southwestern British Columbia, Canada." FACETS 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 20–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2018-0021.
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We examined the physical and geochemical effects of sediment on the uptake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into marine sediment feeders and their transfer to higher trophic fauna. Sediment PBDEs increased with % total organic carbon (%TOC), organic carbon (OC) flux and grain size (%fines). Tissue PBDE variance was best explained ( R2 = 0.70) by sediment acid volatile sulfides (AVS), PBDEs, and organic lability and input, with the highest values near wastewater outfalls. Dry weight tissue/sediment PBDEs declined with increasing sediment PBDEs, resulting in tissue dilution (ratio <1) at >10 000 pg/g in harbours. Ratios also decreased with increasing %fines, resulting in regional differences. These patterns imply that high levels of fines and high sediment concentrations make PBDEs less bioavailable. Dry weight PBDEs increased >100× between background deposit feeders and predators (polychaetes, crabs, bottom fish, seal), but lipid normalized PBDEs barely increased (<1.3%), suggesting remarkably high uptake in low-lipid sediment feeders, and that PBDEs don’t accumulate at higher trophic levels, but lipid content does. Filter feeders had lower lipid-normalized PBDEs than deposit feeders, highlighting the importance of food resources in higher trophic fauna for bioaccumulation. The most profound congener change occurred with sediment uptake, with nona/deca-BDEs declining and tetra-hexa-BDEs increasing. Harbour sediment feeders had more deca-BDEs than other samples, suggesting PBDEs mostly pass unmodifed through them. Deca-BDEs persist patchily in all tissues, reflecting variable dependence on sediment/pelagic food.
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Lefevre, Pavine L. C., Mike Wade, Cindy Goodyer, Barbara F. Hales, and Bernard Robaire. "A Mixture Reflecting Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Profiles Detected in Human Follicular Fluid Significantly Affects Steroidogenesis and Induces Oxidative Stress in a Female Human Granulosa Cell Line." Endocrinology 157, no. 7 (May 24, 2016): 2698–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2016-1106.
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Brominated flame retardants are incorporated into consumer products to prevent flame propagation. These compounds leach into the domestic environment, resulting in chronic exposure. Pregnancy failure is associated with high levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a major class of brominated flame retardants, in human follicular fluid, raising serious questions regarding their impact on female fertility. Our goal was to elucidate the effects of a mixture of PBDEs, similar to the profile found in human follicular fluid, on an immortalized human granulosa cell line, the KGN cell line. We showed that cell viability was altered and oxidative stress was induced as reflected by increased reactive oxygen species formation at 100 μM of the PBDE mixture. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that PBDE treatments of 1, 5, and 20 μM altered the expression of several genes involved in the reactive oxygen species signaling pathway. Significant dose-dependent reductions in progesterone and estradiol levels in the culture medium were measured after PBDE treatment; in parallel, the expression of genes involved in estradiol metabolism, namely CYP1A1, was up-regulated by 5 and 20 μM of the PBDE mixture. Treatment with 20 μM PBDE also increased the expression and secretion of the proinflammatory factor, IL-6, into the KGN cell culture medium. Our results demonstrate that PBDEs can alter human granulosa cell functions by inducing oxidative stress and disrupting steroidogenesis. These results indicate that PBDEs may be detrimental to ovarian functions and thus may adversely affect female reproductive health after chronic exposure.
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Bansal, Ruby, Daniel Tighe, Amin Danai, Dorothea F. K. Rawn, Dean W. Gaertner, Doug L. Arnold, Mary E. Gilbert, and R. Thomas Zoeller. "Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (DE-71) Interferes With Thyroid Hormone Action Independent of Effects on Circulating Levels of Thyroid Hormone in Male Rats." Endocrinology 155, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 4104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1154.
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Abstract Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are routinely found in human tissues including cord blood and breast milk. PBDEs may interfere with thyroid hormone (TH) during development, which could produce neurobehavioral deficits. An assumption in experimental and epidemiological studies is that PBDE effects on serum TH levels will reflect PBDE effects on TH action in tissues. To test whether this assumption is correct, we performed the following experiments. First, five concentrations of diphenyl ether (0–30 mg/kg) were fed daily to pregnant rats to postnatal day 21. PBDEs were measured in dam liver and heart to estimate internal dose. The results were compared with a separate study in which four concentrations of propylthiouracil (PTU; 0, 1, 2, and 3 ppm) was provided to pregnant rats in drinking water for the same duration as for diphenyl ether. PBDE exposure reduced serum T4 similar in magnitude to PTU, but serum TSH was not elevated by PBDE. PBDE treatment did not affect the expression of TH response genes in the liver or heart as did PTU treatment. PTU treatment reduced T4 in liver and heart, but PBDE treatment reduced T4 only in the heart. Tissue PBDEs were in the micrograms per gram lipid range, only slightly higher than observed in human fetal tissues. Thus, PBDE exposure reduces serum T4 but does not produce effects on tissues typical of low TH produced by PTU, demonstrating that the effects of chemical exposure on serum T4 levels may not always be a faithful proxy measure of chemical effects on the ability of thyroid hormone to regulate development and adult physiology.
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Ohajinwa, Chimere, Peter Van Bodegom, Qing Xie, Jingwen Chen, Martina Vijver, Oladele Osibanjo, and Willie Peijnenburg. "Hydrophobic Organic Pollutants in Soils and Dusts at Electronic Waste Recycling Sites: Occurrence and Possible Impacts of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030360.
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Concerns about the adverse consequences of informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is increasing, because e-waste contains some hazardous substances such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) which is used as flame retardants in electronics. There is dearth of information on the concentrations of PBDEs and the pattern of distribution at the various e-waste recycling sites in Nigeria. This study therefore measured the concentrations of 13 PBDE congeners, in top soils (0–10 cm) and in various dust samples from different e-waste recycling sites (burning, dismantling, repair). PBDE concentrations at e-waste sites were compared with the concentrations in samples from corresponding control sites in three study locations in Nigeria (Lagos, Ibadan, and Aba). There were significant differences in the level of PBDEs congeners between each of the e-waste recycling sites and the corresponding control sites. The levels of PBDEs at the e-waste recycling sites exceeded the levels at the controls sites by a factor of 100 s to 1000 s. In general, PBDE concentrations at the e-waste sites decreased with the intensity of the e-waste recycling activities: burning sites > dismantling sites > repair sites > control sites. Our results suggest that the informal e-waste recycling has negative impacts on the enviroment and human health.
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Pérez-Fuentetaja, Alicia, Susan A. Mackintosh, Lisa R. Zimmerman, Mark D. Clapsadl, Mehran Alaee, and Diana S. Aga. "Trophic transfer of flame retardants (PBDEs) in the food web of Lake Erie." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 12 (December 2015): 1886–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0088.
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We studied the occurrence, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a mixed food web of native and non-native species in Lake Erie. Non-native species were found at the basal level of the web (dreissenid mussels), at the intermediate level (round gobies, rainbow smelt), and at the top predator rung (steelhead trout). Mean concentrations of total PBDEs in biota (wet mass) ranged from 1.03 ng·g–1 in dreissenid mussels to 31.5 ng·g–1 in walleye. Large piscivores (smallmouth bass, steelhead trout, walleye, and lake trout) had PBDE concentrations three to seven times higher than prey fish (emerald shiners, round gobies, rainbow smelt, and yellow perch). Walleye had the highest concentration of PBDEs among all of the fish species analyzed. BDE 47 was the dominant congener found in biota. Biomagnification factors (corrected for trophic level) indicated that total PBDEs were biomagnified in three fish species: rainbow smelt, smallmouth bass, and steelhead trout. Overall, BDEs 47 and 100 had the highest level of trophic magnification (TMF) from invertebrates to top predators. For fish species, the highest TMF was for BDEs 47 and 49+71. We found that dreissenid mussels and round gobies had the lowest PBDE contamination of the organisms analyzed; however, other non-native prey species such as rainbow smelt contributed significantly to the biomagnification of PBDEs.
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Ding, Chang, Wai Ling Chow, and Jianzhong He. "Isolation of Acetobacterium sp. Strain AG, Which Reductively Debrominates Octa- and Pentabrominated Diphenyl Ether Technical Mixtures." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 4 (November 30, 2012): 1110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02919-12.
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ABSTRACTPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of environmental pollutants that have been classified as persistent organic pollutants since 2009. In this study, a sediment-free enrichment culture (culture G) was found to reductively debrominate octa- and penta-BDE technical mixtures to less-brominated congeners (tetra-, tri-, and di-BDEs) via apara-dominant debromination pattern for the former and a strictparadebromination pattern for the latter. Culture G could debrominate 96% of 280 nM PBDEs in an octa-BDE mixture to primarily tetra-BDEs in 21 weeks. Continuous transferring of culture G with octa-/penta-BDEs dissolved inn-nonane or trichloroethene (TCE) yielded two strains (Acetobacteriumsp. strain AG andDehalococcoidessp. strain DG) that retained debromination capabilities. In the presence of lactate but without TCE, strain AG could cometabolically debrominate 75% of 275 nM PBDEs in a penta-BDE mixture in 33 days. Strain AG shows 99% identity to its closest relative,Acetobacterium malicum. In contrast to strain AG, strain DG debrominated PBDEs only in the presence of TCE. In addition, 18 out of 19 unknown PBDE debromination products were successfully identified from octa- and penta-BDE mixtures and revealed, for the first time, a comprehensive microbial PBDE debromination pathway. As an acetogenic autotroph that rapidly debrominates octa- and penta-BDE technical mixtures,Acetobacteriumsp. strain AG adds to the still-limited understanding of PBDE debromination by microorganisms.
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Chen, Hao, Rhianna Carty, Adrienne Bautista, Keri Hayakawa, and Pamela Lein. "Triiodothyronine or Antioxidants Block the Inhibitory Effects of BDE-47 and BDE-49 on Axonal Growth in Rat Hippocampal Neuron-Glia Co-Cultures." Toxics 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020092.
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We previously demonstrated that polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) inhibit the growth of axons in primary rat hippocampal neurons. Here, we test the hypothesis that PBDE effects on axonal morphogenesis are mediated by thyroid hormone and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent mechanisms. Axonal growth and ROS were quantified in primary neuronal-glial co-cultures dissociated from neonatal rat hippocampi exposed to nM concentrations of BDE-47 or BDE-49 in the absence or presence of triiodothyronine (T3; 3–30 nM), N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC; 100 µM), or α-tocopherol (100 µM). Co-exposure to T3 or either antioxidant prevented inhibition of axonal growth in hippocampal cultures exposed to BDE-47 or BDE-49. T3 supplementation in cultures not exposed to PBDEs did not alter axonal growth. T3 did, however, prevent PBDE-induced ROS generation and alterations in mitochondrial metabolism. Collectively, our data indicate that PBDEs inhibit axonal growth via ROS-dependent mechanisms, and that T3 protects axonal growth by inhibiting PBDE-induced ROS. These observations suggest that co-exposure to endocrine disruptors that decrease TH signaling in the brain may increase vulnerability to the adverse effects of developmental PBDE exposure on axonal morphogenesis.
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Ferrari, Raissa S., Alecsandra O. de Souza, Daniel L. R. Annunciação, Fernando F. Sodré, and Daniel J. Dorta. "Assessing Surface Sediment Contamination by PBDE in a Recharge Point of Guarani Aquifer in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil." Water 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081601.
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in several products, although they can act as neurotoxic, hepatotoxic and endocrine disruptors in organisms. In Brazil, their levels in aquatic sediments are poorly known; thus, concerns about the degree of exposure of the Brazilian population to PBDEs have grown. This study aimed to quantify the presence of PBDEs in sediment samples from an important groundwater water supply in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil, and to contribute to studies related to the presence of PBDEs in Brazilian environments. Gas chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detection (GC-ECD) was used for quantification after submitting the samples to ultrasound-assisted extraction and clean-up steps. Results showed the presence of six PBDE, BDE-47 being the most prevalent in the samples, indicating a major contamination of the penta-PBDE commercial mixture. The concentration of ΣPBDEs (including BDE-28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154 and -209) varied between nd (not detected) to 5.4 ± 0.2 ng g−1. Although preliminary, our data show the anthropic contamination of a direct recharge area of the Aquifer Guarani by persistent and banned substances.
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Colabuono, Fernanda I., Satie Taniguchi, Maria V. Petry, and Rosalinda C. Montone. "Organochlorine contaminants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs and embryos of Antarctic birds." Antarctic Science 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2014): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102014000807.
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AbstractOrganochlorine contaminants (OCs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the eggs of five bird species from the South Shetland Islands. Additionally, OCs and PBDEs were also analysed in embryos of two species. The concentration ranges in eggs were (ng g-1wet weight) 2.11 to 541 for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), <0.25 to 0.88 for PBDEs, 2.45 to 405 forp,p’-DDE and 1.50 to 603 for mirex. The PCBs were predominant in the eggs ofMacronectes giganteus,Catharacta antarcticaandLarus dominicanus, whereas hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was the major compound found in the eggs ofPygoscelis antarcticusandSterna vittata. The PBDE congeners were detected only in the eggs ofC. antarctica(PBDE 47 and 153) andS. vittata(PBDE 47). There were differences in OC concentrations of up to two orders of magnitude betweenM. giganteusembryos which were related to the development stage and OC concentrations in the respective eggs. Trophic ecology and post-breeding dispersal exerted an influence on contaminant patterns. Comparisons with data from the literature indicate an increase in the concentrations of some OCs over recent years.
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Niu, Dong, Yanling Qiu, Li Li, Yihui Zhou, Xinyu Du, Zhiliang Zhu, Ling Chen, and Zhifen Lin. "Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in floor and elevated surface house dust from Shanghai, China." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 18 (April 24, 2018): 18049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1968-4.
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Abstract House dust is the main source of human exposure to flame retardants by ingestion. This study investigated the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dust from 22 houses in Shanghai, China. House dust was separately collected from the floor and elevated furnishings surface (mostly between 0.5 and 2 m height) for comparison. The concentrations of ∑22 PBDEs ranged from 19.4 to 3280 ng/g (with a geometric mean of 203 ng/g) and from 55.1 to 792 ng/g (with a geometric mean of 166 ng/g) in floor dust (FD) and elevated surface dust (ESD), respectively. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, accounting for about 73.1% of total PBDE burdens. In terms of congener profiles, the comparison of FD and ESD revealed no significant differences except for the ratio of BDE-47/BDE-99. ESD samples displayed a ratio of BDE-47/BDE-99 very similar to commercial penta-BDE products DE-71 while the ratio in FD was exceptionally higher. Significant correlation was found between concentrations of commercial penta-BDE compositions in FD and ESD (p < 0.05). Except for some occasional values, PBDE levels in house dust exhibited temporal stability. Human exposure to PBDEs via dust ingestion was estimated. The highest daily intake of PBDEs was for toddlers by using 95th percentile concentrations of PBDEs via high dust ingestion in FD (23.07 ng/kg bw/day). About 20-fold difference in exposure estimates between toddlers and adults supports that toddlers are facing greater risk from indoor floor dust. Expectedly, this study highlighted the point that residents in Shanghai were exposed to low doses of PBDEs in house dust.
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Utkina, Natalia K., Galina N. Likhatskaya, Larisa A. Balabanova, and Irina Y. Bakunina. "Sponge-derived polybrominated diphenyl ethers and dibenzo-p-dioxins, irreversible inhibitors of the bacterial α-d-galactosidase." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 21, no. 10 (2019): 1754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9em00301k.
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Przybyla, Jennifer, Molly L. Kile, Ellen Smit, and E. Andres Houseman. "Cross-Sectional Study of Polybrominated Flame Retardants and Self-Reported Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in US Youth Aged 12–15 (NHANES 2003-2004)." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2392045.
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Background.Animal toxicity tests and epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to PBDEs can alter attention behavior, yet few studies have examined their association with diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents.Methods.Logistic regression was used to examine the cross-sectional association between ADHD and lipid and non-lipid adjusted blood serum concentrations of 2′,4-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenylether (BDE-47), 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), serum PBDEs, above/below the 75th percentile of serum PBDEs, and tertiles of serum PBDE in 12–15-year-olds (N=292) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004.Results.The ADHD weighted prevalence was 13.57%. The weighted adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) between ADHD diagnosis and lipid adjusted BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, serum total PBDE, serum PBDE concentrations above the 75th percentile, and serum PBDE concentrations in the second or third tertile were 1.16 (95% CI: 0.51, 2.67), 1.36 (95% CI: 0.72, 2.56), 1.51 (95% CI: 0.70, 3.25), 1.53 (95% CI: 0.73, 3.23), 1.43 (95% CI: 0.57, 3.56), 1.41 (0.71, 2.83), 0.59 (0.10, 3.56), 6.16 (1.19, 31.90), and 0.99 (0.23, 4.29).Conclusions.We observed no association between serum PBDE concentrations and ADHD in US youths.
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Roots, Ott, Vladimir Zitko, Hannu Kiviranta, and Panu Rantakokko. "Profiles of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Aquatic Biota." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-59-2008-1875.
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Profiles of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Aquatic BiotaThe profiles (concentrations scaled to a sum of 100) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aquatic fauna differ from those of the commercial PBDE formulations, particularly by a much higher proportion of the congener 47. At the same time, the profiles reported by different authors vary a great deal and no patterns related to species, localities, etc. are obvious. It seems that there are systematic differences among the reporting laboratories, and measurement errors within the same laboratory may also play a role. However, the profiles of PBDEs in fish from the Baltic are very similar and form a tight "cluster". PBDE profiles in crustaceans appear different from those in fish.
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Schmitt, Laura, Ilka Hinxlage, Pablo A. Cea, Holger Gohlke, and Sebastian Wesselborg. "40 Years of Research on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)—A Historical Overview and Newest Data of a Promising Anticancer Drug." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040995.
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of molecules with an ambiguous background in literature. PBDEs were first isolated from marine sponges of Dysidea species in 1981 and have been under continuous research to the present day. This article summarizes the two research aspects, (i) the marine compound chemistry research dealing with naturally produced PBDEs and (ii) the environmental toxicology research dealing with synthetically-produced brominated flame-retardant PBDEs. The different bioactivity patterns are set in relation to the structural similarities and dissimilarities between both groups. In addition, this article gives a first structure–activity relationship analysis comparing both groups of PBDEs. Moreover, we provide novel data of a promising anticancer therapeutic PBDE (i.e., 4,5,6-tribromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy)phenol; termed P01F08). It has been known since 1995 that P01F08 exhibits anticancer activity, but the detailed mechanism remains poorly understood. Only recently, Mayer and colleagues identified a therapeutic window for P01F08, specifically targeting primary malignant cells in a low µM range. To elucidate the mechanistic pathway of cell death induction, we verified and compared its cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction capacity in Ramos and Jurkat lymphoma cells. Moreover, using Jurkat cells overexpressing antiapoptotic Bcl-2, we were able to show that P01F08 induces apoptosis mainly through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.
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Tsai, Ming-Hsien, How-Ran Chao, Wen-Li Hsu, Ching-Chung Tsai, Chu-Wen Lin, and Chu-Huang Chen. "Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Lipid Composition in Human Breast Milk and Their Correlation with Infant Neurodevelopment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 11501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111501.
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Breastfeeding is recommended over formula feeding, but human breast milk (HBM) composition varies and can be affected by food additives. Whether flame-retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) found in HBM interact with lipid components of HBM to impede infant neurodevelopment is a critical public health issue. Using lipidomic analysis, we examined the association of PBDEs in HBM and HBM lipid components with infant neurodevelopment. HBM samples (n = 100) were collected at the beginning stage of breastfeeding and analyzed for 30 PBDE congeners as well as a group of lipid components by using high-resolution gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Infants were examined at 8 to 12 months of age by using the Bayley-III to assess neurodevelopment. A total of seven PBDEs, 35 lipids, and 27 fatty acids in HBM showed significant associations with Bayley-III scores. Multivariate analysis confirmed that these candidate PBDEs and lipid components were significant predictors of infant neurodevelopment. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid in HBM showed no association with infant neurodevelopment in the general Taiwanese population. While certain PBDEs may play a role, our findings indicate that the lipid components of HBM are directly important for infant neurodevelopment.
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Zandona, Antonio, Karla Jagić, Marija Dvoršćak, Josip Madunić, Darija Klinčić, and Maja Katalinić. "PBDEs Found in House Dust Impact Human Lung Epithelial Cell Homeostasis." Toxics 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020097.
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The toxicity of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners detected in environmental and biological samples (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) was evaluated on the epithelial lung cells. Exposure to these PBDEs increased membrane disruption and a release of lactate dehydrogenase, accompanied by oxidative stress in cells through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Interestingly, some of the tested PBDEs increased apoptotic markers as well. For several congeners, the observed toxicity was time dependent, meaning that even smaller concentrations of these compounds will have negative effects over time. Such time-dependent toxicity was also confirmed for cell treatment with a real house dust sample extract. This could be indicative with regard to the constant exposure to a mixture of PBDE congeners through different pathways in the organism and thereby presenting a risk for human health. As such, our findings point to the importance of further studies on the negative effects of PBDEs to understand their mechanism of action in detail.
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Klösener, J., D. C. Swenson, L. W. Robertson, and G. Luthe. "Effects of fluoro substitution on 4-bromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 3)." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 64, no. 1 (January 17, 2008): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768107067079.
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It is our hypothesis that fluoro substitution provides a powerful tool to modulate the desired characteristics and to increase the specificity of studies of structure–activity relationships. 4-Bromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 3) and its five corresponding monofluorinated analogues (F-PBDEs 3) have been synthesized and fully characterized (using 1H, 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry). The accurate structure from X-ray crystal analysis was compared with iterative calculations using semi-empirical self-consistent field molecular-orbital (SCF-MO) models. The compounds studied were 4-bromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 3), the 13C6-isotopically labeled PBDE 3 (13C6-PBDE 3) and 2-fluoro-4-bromodiphenyl ether (3-2F), 2′-fluoro-4-bromodiphenyl ether (3-2′F), 3-fluoro-4-bromodiphenyl ether (3-3F), 3′-fluoro-4-bromodiphenyl ether (3-3′F), and 4′-fluoro-4-bromodiphenyl ether (3-4′F). Solid-state intermolecular interactions for PBDE 3 and the F-PBDEs 3 isomers are dominated by weak C—H(F,Br)...π and C—H...F interactions. The C—F bond lengths varied between 1.347 (2) and 1.362 (2) Å, and the C4—Br bond length between 1.880 (3) and 1.904 (2) Å. These bond lengths are correlated with electron-density differences, as determined by 13C shifts, but not with the strength of the C—F couplings. The interior ring angles of ipso-fluoro substitution increased (121.9–124.0°) as a result of hyperconjugation, a phenomenon also predicted by the calculation models. An attraction between the vicinal fluoro and halo substituents (observed in fluoro substituted chlorobiphenyls) was not observed for the bromo substituted F-PBDEs. The influence of a fluoro substituent on the conformation was only observable in PBDEs with di-ortho substitution. Calculated and observed torsion angles showed a positive correlation with increasing van der Waals radii and/or the degree of substitution for mono- to tetra-fluoro, chloro, bromo and methyl substitutions in the ortho positions of diphenyl ether. These findings utilizing F-tagged analogues presented here may prove fundamental to the interpretation of the biological effects and toxicities of these persistent environmental pollutants.
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Chen, Hao, Helia Seifikar, Nicholas Larocque, Yvonne Kim, Ibrahim Khatib, Charles J. Fernandez, Nicomedes Abello, and Joshua F. Robinson. "Using a Multi-Stage hESC Model to Characterize BDE-47 Toxicity During Neurogenesis." Toxicological Sciences 171, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz136.
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Abstract Although the ramifications associated with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) exposures during human pregnancy have yet to be determined, increasing evidence in humans and animal models suggests that these compounds cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) models can be used to study the effects of environmental chemicals throughout the successive stages of neuronal development. Here, using a hESC differentiation model, we investigated the effects of common PBDE congeners (BDE-47 or -99) on the successive stages of early neuronal development. First, we determined the points of vulnerability to PBDEs across 4 stages of in vitro neural development by using assays to assess for cytotoxicity. Differentiated neural progenitors were identified to be more sensitive to PBDEs than their less differentiated counterparts. In follow-up investigations, we observed BDE-47 to inhibit functional processes critical for neurogenesis (eg, proliferation, expansion) in hESC-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) at sub-lethal concentrations. Finally, to determine the mechanism(s) underlying PBDE-toxicity, we conducted global transcriptomic and methylomic analyses of BDE-47. We identified 589 genes to be differentially expressed due to BDE-47 exposure, including molecules involved in oxidative stress mediation, cell cycle, hormone signaling, steroid metabolism, and neurodevelopmental pathways. In parallel analyses, we identified a broad significant increase in CpG methylation. In summary our results suggest, on a cellular level, PBDEs induce human neurodevelopmental toxicity in a concentration-dependent manner and sensitivity to these compounds is dependent on the developmental stage of exposure. Proposed mRNA and methylomic perturbations may underlie toxicity in early embryonic neuronal populations.
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Siddique, Shabana, Ivana Kosarac, Cariton Kubwabo, and Shelley Harris. "Challenges Associated with Sample Preparation for the Analysis of PBDEs in Human Serum." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.15-0132.
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Abstract Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in many applications; however, certain PBDE congeners are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic to both humans and the environment. PBDEs have been found in human specimens, and a variety of analytical techniques have been used for their determination in biological matrixes. Nevertheless, obtaining a relatively clean analytical blank sample during PBDE analysis is a big challenge because of the ubiquitous nature of these compounds. Thus, the present study was conducted to compare the PBDE background levels associated with the three most commonly used extraction techniques: liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), SPE, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Conventionally used blank matrixes (HPLC grade water, Milli-Q water, and air) were spiked with internal standards and extracted using LLE, SPE, or ASE. The extracts were analyzed by GC/electron ionization-tandem MS. The ASE method achieved the lowest background levels for nearly all the PBDE congeners analyzed, which may be attributed to the stainless steel and closed-vessel nature of the ASE cells.
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Saeki, Kohei, Gregory Chang, Hitomi Mori, Desiree Ha, Ryohei Yoshitake, Xiaoqiang Wang, Tony Tzeng, Hyunjeong Shim, Susan Neuhausen, and Shiuan Chen. "ODP263 A Nonbiased Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Mouse Mammary Gland after Low Dose/Long Term vs. High Dose/Short Term Exposure to PBDEs." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A430—A431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.895.
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Abstract Introduction Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent environmental contaminants and associated with breast carcinogenesis. In this study, we examined the effects of PBDEs during the menopausal transition in a 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)-induced mouse menopause model, which presents a follicle-depleted and ovary-intact animal that closely approximate the gradual menopause transition in humans. The aim of this study was to compare the impacts of PBDE exposures on the mammary gland at the macroscopic gland structures and the single-cell resolution under three treatment schedules. Materials and Methods We treated nine-week-old female C57BL/6 mice with VCD (160 mg/kg) for 15 days. Then, the animals had high dose PBDE exposure for 1 week during peri- (Perimenopause/High group) or post-menopausal periods (Menopause/High group). The third group was exposed to low dose PBDE (the 1/20th of the high dose) for 20 weeks during the postmenopausal period (Menopause/Low group). In each group, the mice received various combinations of 17B-estradiol and progesterone treatments simultaneously. Our experimental design allowed us to directly compare the effects of PBDE under three potential exposure conditions. Results The mammary glands significantly regressed by the VCD treatment, more evident at the postmenopausal period. All PBDE exposures did not augment or compromise the macroscopic ductal reorganization resulting from the VCD and/or hormonal treatments. Single-cell sequencing revealed that the PBDE exposure in the Menopause/High group caused specific transcriptomic changes in the non-epithelial compartment such as Errfi1 upregulation in fibroblasts and AY036118 downregulation in multiple cell types. The PBDE exposure in the Menopause/Low group resulted in similar transcriptomic changes to a lesser extent. Conclusion PBDEs may affect the postmenopausal gland through impacts on the non-epithelial compartments. Low dose PBDE exposure, which is presumably equivalent to the maximum environmental exposure in humans, can exert the influences. Presentation: No date and time listed
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Lau, Grace, Kyla Walter, Philip Kass, and Birgit Puschner. "Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the serum of hypothyroxinemic and euthyroid dogs." PeerJ 5 (September 12, 2017): e3780. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3780.
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ObjectiveTo determine the profile of 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 23 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in serum of domestic canines and whether this was predictive of thyroid hormone status.SamplesSerum samples were collected from 51 client-owned dogs visiting the University of California Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during 2012 to 2016 for routine appointments. Fifteen dogs were diagnosed with hypothyroxinemia while 36 were euthyroid.ProceduresConcentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in canine serum samples were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between the presence/absence of canine hypothyroxinemia and the serum concentration of individual PBDE or PCB congeners.ResultsThe median concentrations of total PBDE and PCB congeners in the hypothyroxinemic group were 660 and 1,371 ng/g lipid, respectively, which were higher than concentrations detected in the control group. However, logistic regression analysis determined that current concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in canines were not significantly associated with hypothyroxinemia. BDE 183 was the only congener showing near significance (p = 0.068).ConclusionsPBDE and PCB congeners were detected in all canine samples confirming ongoing exposure to these pollutants. Because household dogs share the human environment, they may serve as biosentinels of human exposure to these contaminants.
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Oregel-Zamudio, Ernesto, Dioselina Alvarez-Bernal, Marina Olivia Franco-Hernandez, Hector Rene Buelna-Osben, and Miguel Mora. "Bioaccumulation of PCBs and PBDEs in Fish from a Tropical Lake Chapala, Mexico." Toxics 9, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100241.
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Lake Chapala is the largest natural freshwater reservoir in Mexico and the third largest lake in Latin America. Lakes are often considered the final deposit of polluting materials; they can be concentrated in the organisms that inhabit them, the water, and the sediments. The PCBs and PBDEs are environmental pollutants highly studied for their known carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. PCB and PBDE bioaccumulation levels were determined in Chirostoma spp., Cyprinus carpio, and Oreochromis aureus. In addition, we monitored the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in sediment and water from Lake Chapala were monitored. Samples were collected during two periods, in October 2018 and May 2019. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Two bioaccumulation factors were determined in fish, one in relation to the concentration of PCBs and PBDEs in sediments and the other in relation to the concentration of PCBs and PBDEs in water. The PCB levels were 0.55–3.29 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments, 1.43–2.98 ng/mL in water, 0.30–5.31 ng/g dw in Chirostoma spp., 1.06–6.07 ng/g dw in Cyprinus carpio, and 0.55–7.20 ng/g dw in Oreochromis aureus. The levels of PBDEs were 0.17–0.35 ng/g dw in sediments, 0.13–0.32 ng/mL in water, 0.01–0.23 ng/g dw in Chirostoma spp., 0–0.31 ng/g dw in Cyprinus carpio, and 0.1–0.22 ng/g dw in Oreochromis aureus. This study provides information for a better understanding of the movement, global distribution, and bioaccumulation of PCBs and PBDEs. The results show that the fish, water, and sediments of Lake Chapala are potential risks to the biota and the local human population.
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Lee, In-Seok, Minkyu Choi, and Jeong-Eun Oh. "Improving the Adsorption Efficiencies of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Using a Passive Water Sampling Device in Marine Environment." Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36278/jeaht.24.4.153.
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This study focused on improving the adsorption efficiencies of organic micropollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using a passive water sampling device (PWSD) in a marine environment during summer. Two factors were considered when increasing the adsorption efficiency by improving the sampling rate (Rs) of PWSDs for target PCBs and PBDEs: 1. Controlling the invasion of the sticky organisms that cause biofouling by tearing the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) inside the PWSD canister; 2. Preventing various suspended solids from clogging the PWSD pores. To resolve these problems, two types of enhanced PWSD samplers were devised, namely a round prest-type PWSD canister with zooplankton netting (netted), and a copper-coated prest-type PWSD canister. Copper is generally toxic to marine organisms. The netted and copper-coated PWSD samplers were deployed in Masan Bay and Ulsan Bay and their adsorption efficiencies for PCBs and PBDEs were compared with that of the prest-type PWSD sampler. The copper-coated PWSD had an Rs 1.5~1.8 times higher than that of the netted and prest-type PWSDs. A comparison of the adsorption amount of PCBs and PBDEs showed similar results, and copper-coated PWSD adsorbed more target compounds than the netted and prest-type PWSDs. The adsorption patterns of PCB homologues were similar regardless of the sampling site and sampler type, but those of PBDE homologues in the netted and prest-type PWSDs deployed in Ulsan Bay were somewhat different from the others. By comparing the adsorption amounts of PCB and PBDE homologues according to the octanol-water partition coefficients, it was found that the coppercoated PWSD adsorbed more PCBs and PBDEs than the netted and prest-type PWSDs, especially high molecular homologues. Based on these results, the copper-coated PWSD could be used to effectively prevent the biofouling of the SPMD membrane and clogging of the PWSD canister during both summer and winter.
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Hsieh, Hung-Yen, Kuang-Ching Huang, Jing-O. Cheng, Fung-Chi Ko, and Pei-Jie Meng. "Concentrations and Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Marine Zooplankton from the Gaoping Waters of Southwestern Taiwan." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121943.
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Bioaccumulation by zooplankton is the outset for persistent organic pollutants that enter the marine food chain. Owing to a full spectrum of anthropogenic activities, the Gaoping waters of southwestern Taiwan are exposed to large quantities of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). However, information on these contaminants in zooplankton in this study area is lacking. In this study, we analyzed 19 PBDE congeners concentrations in 36 zooplankton samples from the Gaoping waters. A high variation in the total PBDE concentrations in zooplankton (from not detected to 1415 ng g−1 dry weight) was found, with the highest PBDE levels being recorded near the entrance of the Kaohsiung Harbor (KH). Significantly higher levels were noted for the KH transect than for the Gaoping River estuary (GR) and Fengshan Township (FS) transects, indicating that PBDE inputs originate from the ocean sewage outfalls. BDE-15 (43%) and BDE-209 (16%) were the predominant PBDE congeners in the zooplankton. Our results suggest that anthropogenic activities might predominantly contribute to significantly high PBDE concentrations. The traditional food web may easily transport these higher levels of PBDEs in zooplankton to higher trophic levels of marine organisms, since the Gaoping waters serve as essential nursery and spawning grounds for invertebrates and fishes.
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Zhang, Shujing, Youli Qiu, and Yu Li. "Detection Method of Environmentally Friendly Non-POP PBDEs by Derivatization-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using the Pharmacophore Model." Current Analytical Chemistry 15, no. 6 (October 3, 2019): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411014666180829103520.
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Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are dangerous for the environment and human health because of their persistent organic pollutant (POP) characteristics, which have attracted extensive research attention. Raman spectroscopy is a simple highly sensitive detection operation. This study was performed to obtain environmentally friendly non-POP PBDE derivatives with simple detection-based molecular design and provide theoretical support for establishing enhanced Raman spectroscopic detection techniques. Methods: A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3DQSAR) pharmacophore model of characteristic PBDE Raman spectral was established using 20 and 10 PBDEs as training and test sets, respectively. Full-factor experimental design was used to modify representative commercial PBDEs, and their flame retardancy and POP characteristics were evaluated. Results: The pharmacophore model (Hypo1) exhibited good predictive ability with the largest correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.88, the smallest root mean square (RMS) value of 0.231, and total cost of 81.488 with a configuration value of 12.56 (˂17).74 monosubstituted and disubstituted PBDE derivatives were obtained based on the Hypo 1 pharmacophore model and full-factor experimental design auxiliary. Twenty PBDE derivatives were screened, and their flame-retardant capabilities were enhanced and their migration and bio-concentration were reduced (log(KOW) <5), with unchanged toxicity and high biodegradability. The Raman spectral intensities increased up to 380%. In addition, interference analysis of the Raman peaks by group frequency indicated that the 20 PBDE derivatives were easily detected with no interference in gaseous environments. Conclusion: Nine pharmacophore models were constructed in this study; Hypo 1 was the most accurate. Twenty PBDE derivatives showed Raman spectral intensities increased up to 380%; these were classified as new non-POP environmentally friendly flame retardants with low toxicity, low migration, good biodegradability, and low bio-concentrations. 2D QSAR analysis showed that the most positive Milliken charge and lowest occupied orbital energy were the main contributors to the PBDE Raman spectral intensities. Raman peak analysis revealed no interference between the derivatives in gaseous environments.
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Sudaryanto, Agus. "Kajian Level dan Dampak Senyawa Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) pada Ikan Kerapu Budidaya dan Kerapu Liar dari Lampung." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 20, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v20i1.3120.
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ABSTRACT In regard to food security and safety, the need for evaluation of the risks and benefits of fishery products due to environmental contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has become a matter of concern. In this study, PBDEs were determined in farmed and wild groupers obtained from a mariculture area in Lampung to understand the contamination status and its differences between farmed and wild groupers, and to evaluate the proportion of their congeners as well as risks and benefits of consuming contaminated fish. Fourteens PBDE congeners from mono- to deca BDE were analyzed from samples stored in es-Bank using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). PBDEs were detected in all the samples of the present study, with the levels being significantly higher (p<0.01) in farmed (1.1–6.2 ng/g lipid wt) than in wild groupers (0.20–1.1 ng/g lipid wt). Analysis of fish feeds indicated that the higher level of contaminants in farmed groupers most likely came from the commercial fish feed which they consumed. The study confirms relatively high concentrations of these compounds in farmed than wild fish. However, the levels still bellow to those farmed fish reported worldwide but have similar composition pattern of congeners being BDE-47 as predominant congener. The evaluation of PBDEs concentration in groupers showed that the levels were still bellow than fish tissue guideline. Furthermore, the estimated daily intake of PBDEs was also far bellow the reference dose values (RfDs) and/or Minimum Risk Levels (MRL), indicating minimum risk caused by these pollutants to groupers as well as to Indonesian from consuming fish. Keywords: contamination, PBDEs, farmed grouper, wild grouper, health risk. ABSTRAK Berkaitan dengan isu ketahanan dan keamanan pangan, evaluasi terhadap resiko dan manfaat dari produk perikanan terhadap pencemaran lingkungan dari polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) telah menjadi perhatian. Pada penelitian ini, PBDEs dideterminasi pada ikan kerapu budidaya dan kerapu liar dari daerah Lampung untuk mengetahui status kontaminasi dan perbedaan diantara dua kelompok kerapu, mengevaluasi proporsi konjener penyusun serta risiko dan manfaat dari mengkonsumsi ikan yang terkontaminasi. Empat belas konjener PBDEs dari mono- sampai ke deka BDE dianalisis dari sampel yang tersimpan di es-BANK menggunakan kromatografi gas yang dilengkapi dengan detektor spektrometri massa (GC-MS). PBDEs terdeteksi di semua sampel kerapu, dengan konsentrasi secara signifikan lebih tinggi (p<0,01) pada kerapu budidaya (1,1–6,2 ng / g lipid wt) daripada di kerapu liar (0,20–1,1 ng / g lipid wt). Analisis pakan ikan menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kontaminan yang lebih tinggi di kelompok kerapu budidaya ini kemungkinan berasal dari pakan ikan komersial yang mereka konsumsi. Studi ini menegaskan bahwa ikan budidaya mempunyai konsentrasi PBDEs yang lebih tinggi daripada ikan liar. Namun demikian, kadar konsentrasi PBDEs pada kerapu budidaya ini masih lebih rendah daripada yang dilaporkan pada beberapa ikan budidaya di seluruh dunia, tetapi memiliki pola komposisi konjener yang sama dimana BDE-47 merupakan konjener yang dominan. Evaluasi konsentrasi PBDEs pada kerapu memperlihatkan bahwa kadarnya masih di bawah standar rujukan untuk konsentrasi pada jaringan ikan. Selanjutnya, perkiraan asupan harian PBDEs juga masih jauh di bawah nilai rujukan dosis referensi (RfDs) dan/atau Tingkat Risiko Minimum (MRL), menunjukkan potensi dampak yang rendah pada jaringan ikan itu sendiri maupun kesehatan orang Indonesia karena mengkonsumsi kerapu. Kata kunci: kontaminasi, PBDEs, kerapu budidaya, kerapu liar, resiko kesehatan
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Valentí-Quiroga, Meritxell, Rafael Gonzalez-Olmos, Maria Auset, and Jordi Díaz-Ferrero. "Study of the Photodegradation of PBDEs in Water by UV-LED Technology." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 4229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144229.
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants that can arrive to water bodies from their use as flame retardants in a wide range of applications, such as electric and electronic devices or textiles. In this study, the photodegradation of PBDEs in water samples when applying UV-LED radiation was studied. Irradiation was applied at three different wavelengths (255 nm, 265 nm and 285 nm) and different exposure times. The best degradation conditions for spiked purified water samples were at 285 nm and 240 min, resulting in degradations between 67% and 86%. The optimized methodology was applied to real water samples from different sources: river, marine, wastewater (effluent and influent of treatment plants) and greywater samples. Real water samples were spiked and exposed to 4 hours of irradiation at 285 nm. Successful photodegradation of PBDEs ranging from 51% to 97% was achieved for all PBDE congeners in the different water samples with the exception of the marine one, in which only a 31% of degradation was achieved.
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Wang, Hang, and Yunhui Zhang. "Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Phthalates in China: A Disease Burden and Cost Analysis." Toxics 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120766.
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Increasing evidence indicates that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) cause a variety of adverse health outcomes and contribute to substantial disease burden. This study summarized the exposure status of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and phthalates (PAEs) in China and evaluated the disease burden attributable to PBDEs and PAEs in 2015. The results showed that PBDE and PAE concentrations were higher in coastal areas. The disease burden attributable to PBDEs was 0.77 million cases, and the economic costs were CNY 18.92 billion. Meanwhile, 3.02 million individuals suffered from diseases attributable to PAEs, and the economic costs were CNY 49.20 billion. The economic burden caused by PBDEs and PAEs accounted for 0.28% and 0.72% of China’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2015, respectively. When comparing China’s results from 2010, it was determined that the GDP ratio of economic costs caused by PAEs in 2015 (0.72%) was lower than in 2010 (1.42%). Finally, compared with the results of the European Union and North America, the GDP ratios of economic costs caused by PAEs in 2015 were 0.19% in Canada (lower than China), 0.29% in the United States (lower than China), and 1.44% in the European Union (higher than China). This study provides important reference values for China’s health governance, and further research should be conducted in the future.
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Tian, Sheng Yan, Chun Zheng Song, and Yi Nan Gao. "Thyroid Hormone Levels Alteration in Sole (Cymoglossus robustus) Exposed to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.111.
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Juvenile sole (Cymoglossus robustus) were exposed to BDE-47 and BDE-99 through feeding in the laboratory for 60 days, followed by 60 days of clean food, to examine bioaccumulation and potential thyroid hormone disruption effect. The results show that both BDE-47 and BDE-99 accumulate in fish tissues. The free tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations in the plasma of sole varied significantly throughout the experiment but were not related to PBDEs exposure. In contrast, plasma levels of thyroxine levels (T4) were lower in both groups of PBDE-exposed fish compared with control fish after 60 days of exposure, suggesting that PBDEs may influence thyroid homeostasis.
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Arowolo, Olatunbosun, J. Richard Pilsner, Oleg Sergeyev, and Alexander Suvorov. "Mechanisms of Male Reproductive Toxicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 14229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214229.
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are a group of flame retardants used in a variety of artificial materials. Despite being phased out in most industrial countries, they remain in the environment and human tissues due to their persistence, lipophilicity, and bioaccumulation. Populational and experimental studies demonstrate the male reproductive toxicity of PBDEs including increased incidence of genital malformations (hypospadias and cryptorchidism), altered weight of testes and other reproductive tissues, altered testes histology and transcriptome, decreased sperm production and sperm quality, altered epigenetic regulation of developmental genes in spermatozoa, and altered secretion of reproductive hormones. A broad range of mechanistic hypotheses of PBDE reproductive toxicity has been suggested. Among these hypotheses, oxidative stress, the disruption of estrogenic signaling, and mitochondria disruption are affected by PBDE concentrations much higher than concentrations found in human tissues, making them unlikely links between exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in the general population. Robust evidence suggests that at environmentally relevant doses, PBDEs and their metabolites may affect male reproductive health via mechanisms including AR antagonism and the disruption of a complex network of metabolic signaling.
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Zhang, Ying, Yi Li, Sijia Li, He Huang, Yezi Chen, and Xutao Wang. "A Review of Hydroxylated and Methoxylated Brominated Diphenyl Ethers in Marine Environments." Toxics 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120751.
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Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) are present in the marine environment worldwide. Both OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs are known natural products, whereas OH-PBDEs may also be metabolites of PBDEs. There is growing concern regarding OH-PBDEs as these compounds seem to be biological active than PBDEs. In the present study, we reviewed the available data on the contamination of OH/MeO-PBDEs in the marine environment worldwide, including seawater, marine sediment, marine plants, invertebrates, fish, seabirds and mammals. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of OH/MeO-PBDEs in the marine food web were summarized as well. This study also proposes the future research of OH/MeO-PBDEs, including the production and the synthesis pathway of OH/MeO-PBDEs, the toxicokinetics of OH/MeO-PBDEs and the toxicology and human exposure risk assessment.
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Gibson, Elizabeth, Eva Siegel, Folake Eniola, Julie Herbstman, and Pam Factor-Litvak. "Effects of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Child Cognitive, Behavioral, and Motor Development." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 2, 2018): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081636.
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Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) flame retardants are environmental chemicals that cross the placenta during pregnancy and have shown evidence of neurotoxicity. As the in utero period is a sensitive developmental window, such exposure may result in adverse childhood outcomes. Associations between in utero PBDE exposure and neurodevelopment are found in animal models and increasingly in human population studies. Here, we review the epidemiological evidence of the association between prenatal exposure to PBDEs and motor, cognitive, and behavioral development in infants and children. Published work suggests a negative association between PBDE concentrations and neurodevelopment despite varying PBDE congeners measured, bio-specimen matrix used, timing of the biological sampling, geographic location of study population, specific developmental tests used, age of children at time of testing, and statistical methodologies. This review includes 16 published studies that measured PBDE exposure in maternal blood during pregnancy or in cord blood at delivery and performed validated motor, cognitive, and/or behavioral testing at one or more time during childhood. We evaluate possible mediation through PBDE-induced perturbations in thyroid function and effect measure modification by child sex. While the majority of studies support an adverse association between PBDEs and neurodevelopment, additional research is required to understand the mechanism of action, possibly through the perturbations in thyroid function either in the pregnant woman or in the child, and the role of biologically relevant effect modifiers such as sex.
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Liu, Jianchao, Guanghua Lu, Fuhai Zhang, Matthew Nkoom, Zhenhua Yan, and Donghai Wu. "Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in a Large, Highly Polluted Freshwater Lake, China: Occurrence, Fate, and Risk Assessment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071529.
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were extensively investigated in water, sediment, and biota samples collected from Chaohu Lake basin in China. The total concentrations of eight PBDEs (Σ8PBDEs) were in the ranges of 0.11–4.48 ng/L, 0.06–5.41 ng/g, and 0.02–1.50 ng/g dry weight (dw) in the water, sediment, and biota samples, respectively. The concentrations showed wide variations in the monitoring area, while the congener profiles in all the water, sediment, and biota samples were generally characterized by only a few compounds, such as BDE-47, BDE-99, and/or BDE-209. The spatial analysis depicted a decreasing trend of PBDEs from west to east Chaohu Lake, consistent with regional industrialization degree. The distributions of PBDE congeners in the biota samples were similar to the compositional profiles in the water, which were dominated by BDE-47 and/or BDE-99. Nevertheless, BDE-47 and BDE-153 in the brain tissue showed a higher accumulative potential than PBDEs in other tissues as well as the whole body, with 96% relative contribution of Σ8PBDEs. The noncarcinogenic risk values estimated for BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-153 indicated that the specific risk associated with the studied water and foodstuffs is limited. However, there is a potential mixture ecotoxicity at three trophic levels at some sampling points in the water, which should draw considerable attention.
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Zhang, Ying, Weiliang Wang, Jinming Song, Zongming Ren, Huamao Yuan, Huijun Yan, Jinpeng Zhang, Zhen Pei, and Zhipeng He. "Environmental Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Marine System, with Emphasis on Marine Organisms and Sediments." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1317232.
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to their widespread usage as flame retardants and their lipophilicity and persistence, have become ubiquitous in the environment. It is urgent to understand the environmental characteristics of PBDEs in marine system, but they have attracted little attention. We summarize the available data and analyze the regional distributions, controlling factors, and congener patterns of PBDEs in marine and associated environmental matrixes worldwide. Based on meta-analysis, after separating the estuarial sites from the marine sites, ignoring the extraordinary sample sites such as those located just near the point source, the PBDE concentration levels are still in the same order of magnitude from global scale. Despite Principal Component Analysis, the congener patterns of sediments are predominant with the heavy brominated congeners (BDE-209 contributing over 75% to the total load) while the biota abound with the light ones (BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100 taking about 80%). The ratio between BDE-99 and BDE-100 for the lower trophic-level species often turns to be greater than 1, while for those higher species the ratio may be below 1, and some species feed mainly on the crustaceans and zooplankton seems to have a higher ratio value. The data of the PBDEs in marine system are currently limited; thus, data gaps are identified as well.
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Yu, Yijun, Weihua Yang, Zishen Gao, Michael H. W. Lam, Xiaohua Liu, Liansheng Wang, and Hongxia Yu. "RP-HPLC measurement and quantitative structure - property relationship analysis of the n-octanol - water partitioning coefficients of selected metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers." Environmental Chemistry 5, no. 5 (2008): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en08036.
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Environmental context. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants and numerous studies have demonstrated a marked increase in the levels of PBDEs in human biological tissues and fluids, especially breast milk. How PBDEs are transported through the environment, taken up by biota, transported across membranes, and metabolised depends strongly on such fundamental properties as lipophilicity (log KOW). However, very little data on log KOW exist for PBDEs. In the present paper, the authors determine PBDE metabolites’ log KOW using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, as recommended by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and US Environmental Protection Agency, along with quantitative structure–property relationships. Abstract. n-Octanol–water partitioning coefficient (log KOW) values of selected hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites were measured for the first time by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a C18 stationary phase with a water/methanol mixture as a mobile phase. The retention parameters, log kw (extrapolated retention indices) and k′ (gradient retention indices) were calibrated to log KOW by a set of calibration standards. For the PBDE metabolites investigated, extrapolated retention indices from isocratic elution seem to be more reliable and their RP-HPLC-derived log KOW values were found to range from 4.63 to 7.67. Some commonly available software, including ClogP, KowWin, AclogP, MlogP, AlogP, MilogP, and XlogP, was used to estimate the log KOW values of the analytes. Significant correlations were obtained between the RP-HPLC-derived log KOW and the software-computed log KOW, with squared correlation coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.793 to 0.922, but the difference between them was also significant. Then a quantitative structure–property relationship model based on topological descriptors was established and showed good reliability and predictive power for the estimation of RP-HPLC-derived log KOW values of PBDE metabolites. It was applied to estimate the log KOW values of some PBDE metabolites that are commercially available or have appeared in the literature. Lastly, factor analysis was carried out using the theoretical linear salvation/free-energy relationships, which indicated the average polarisability (α) and the most negative atomic partial Mulliken charge in the molecule (q–) were the most important parameters affecting their partition between n-octanol and water, supporting the factorisation of log KOW in bulk and electronic terms.
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Li, Y. F., W. L. Ma, and M. Yang. "Prediction of gas/particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in global air: A theoretical study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 4 (February 18, 2015): 1669–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1669-2015.
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Abstract. Gas/particle (G/P) partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is an important process that primarily governs their atmospheric fate, long-range atmospheric transport, and their routes of entering the human body. All previous studies on this issue are hypothetically based on equilibrium conditions, the results of which do not predict results from monitoring studies well in most cases. In this study, a steady-state model instead of an equilibrium-state model for the investigation of the G/P partitioning behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was established, and an equation for calculating the partition coefficients under steady state (KPS) of PBDEs (log KPS = log KPE + logα) was developed in which an equilibrium term (log KPE = log KOA + logfOM −11.91 where fOM is organic matter content of the particles) and a non-equilibrium term (log α, caused by dry and wet depositions of particles), both being functions of log KOA (octanol–air partition coefficient), are included. It was found that the equilibrium is a special case of steady state when the non-equilibrium term equals zero. A criterion to classify the equilibrium and non-equilibrium status of PBDEs was also established using two threshold values of log KOA, log KOA1, and log KOA2, which divide the range of log KOA into three domains: equilibrium, non-equilibrium, and maximum partition domain. Accordingly, two threshold values of temperature t, tTH1 when log KOA = log KOA1 and tTH2 when log KOA = log KOA2, were identified, which divide the range of temperature also into the same three domains for each PBDE congener. We predicted the existence of the maximum partition domain (the values of log KPS reach a maximum constant of −1.53) that every PBDE congener can reach when log KOA ≥ log KOA2, or t ≤ tTH2. The novel equation developed in this study was applied to predict the G/P partition coefficients of PBDEs for our Chinese persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Soil and Air Monitoring Program, Phase 2 (China-SAMP-II) program and other monitoring programs worldwide, including in Asia, Europe, North America, and the Arctic, and the results matched well with all the monitoring data, except those obtained at e-waste sites due to the unpredictable PBDE emissions at these sites. This study provided evidence that the newly developed steady-state-based equation is superior to the equilibrium-state-based equation that has been used in describing the G/P partitioning behavior over decades. We suggest that the investigation on G/P partitioning behavior for PBDEs should be based onsteady-state, not equilibrium state, and equilibrium is just a special case of steady-state when non-equilibrium factors can be ignored. We also believe that our new equation provides a useful tool for environmental scientists in both monitoring and modeling research on G/P partitioning of PBDEs and can be extended to predict G/P partitioning behavior for other SVOCs as well.
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ONODERA, Jun, Yoshihisa UEDA, Jae-Won CHOI, Shunji HASHIMOTO, Noriyuki SUZUKI, Masatoshi MORITA, and Hisakuni SATO. "Influence of PBDEs in an analytical method for PBDDs/PBDFs by high-resolution GC/MS." BUNSEKI KAGAKU 52, no. 3 (2003): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.52.205.
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Navath, Suryakiran. "Isolation, charectirisation chemical and bilogical properties of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from the sponge Dysidea herbacea." Journal of Natural Products and Natural Products Synthesis 1, no. 1 (November 24, 2021): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55124/jnns.v1i1.146.
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Isolation, charectirisation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from the sponge Dysidea herbacea is described. The sponge Dysidea herbacea was collected from the Mandapam Coast, Tamilnadu, India. Isolated gram quantities of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (HO-PBDE) and semi-synthesized a series of new PBDEs derivatives and tested them for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.
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Ingle, Mary E., Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón, Courtney C. Carignan, Heather M. Stapleton, Paige L. Williams, Jennifer B. Ford, Molly B. Moravek, Russ Hauser, and John D. Meeker. "Exploring reproductive associations of serum polybrominated diphenyl ether and hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ether concentrations among women undergoing in vitro fertilization." Human Reproduction 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa063.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Are serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs) associated with IVF endpoints? SUMMARY ANSWER Positive associations were observed for BDE153 and several OH-BDEs with IVF endpoints. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY PBDEs have been voluntarily phased out of production in the USA and EU due to their persistence and toxicity to humans and ecosystems. PBDEs have been associated with implantation failure among women undergoing IVF, yet some animal studies suggest greater toxicity from their metabolites, OH-BDEs. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We evaluated a subset of 215 women (contributing 330 IVF cycles) enrolled between 2005 and 2016 in a longitudinal cohort based at Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The following PBDEs were quantified: 47, 99, 100, 153 and 154 and the following OH-BDEs: 3-OH-BDE47, 5-OH-BDE47, 6-OH-BDE47 and 4-OH-BDE49. Clinical endpoints of IVF treatments were abstracted from electronic medical records. Associations of log-transformed PBDEs and OH-BDEs with IVF outcomes were assessed using multivariable generalized mixed models and cluster weighted generalized estimating equation models adjusted for lipids, age, BMI, race, year of sample collection, IVF protocol and FSH levels. Outcomes were adjusted to represent a percent change in outcome with an increase equal to the magnitude of the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles for each specific compound (interquartile range (IQR) increase). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Detection frequencies were highest for congeners 47 and 153 (82% ≥ method detection limit (MDL)) and metabolites 3 and 5-OH-BDE47 and 4-OH-BDE49 (92% > MDL). PBDE and OH-BDE geometric mean concentrations declined by up to 80% between participants recruited in 2005 and those recruited in 2016. An IQR increase of BDE153 was associated with an increase in the probability of implantation (relative risk (RR) = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.36), clinical pregnancy (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.46) and live birth (RR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.54). An IQR increase in 3 and 5-OH-BDE47 was associated with increased probabilities of implantation (RR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.09), clinical pregnancy (RR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.36), and live birth (RR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.40). When models were stratified by race (White (86%)/Other race (14%)), associations remained positive for White women, yet inverse associations were observed for Other race women. An IQR increase in BDE47 was associated with a 46% decreased probability of clinical pregnancy (95% CI: 0.31, 0.95) for Other race women. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Despite the long half-lives of PBDEs and OH-BDEs, exposure misclassification is possible for women who underwent multiple treatment cycles over several months or years. It is also possible another medium, such as follicular fluid would be optimal to characterize exposure. We also tested associations for multiple congeners and metabolites with multiple outcomes. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Detections of serum concentrations of PBDEs and OH-BDEs were highest in the early years of the study and suggests that the phase-out of these compounds has contributed to a decrease in exposure. The negative associations found for PBDEs and IVF outcomes among other race women suggests the potential for racial disparity. Potential racial disparities in PBDE exposure and exploration of alternative flame retardants with reproductive health outcomes should be the focus of future investigations. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Funding for this research was supported by the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) [R01 ES009718, ES022955, ES000002 and 009718T32ES007069]. The authors have no conflicts of interest.