Relevant bibliographies by topics / PBDEs

Academic literature on the topic 'PBDEs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "PBDEs"

Liu, Li Zao, Yue Li, and Jing Yang. "Characterization of Free and Bound PBDEs in Sewage Sludge from Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) of Shanghai." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1993.

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In this study, sewage sludge samples were collected from 25 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Shanghai, and free and bound PBDEs were extracted in different ways. The concentrations of free and bound PBDEs were in the range of 111.69 to 13119.59 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 4.30 to 60.17 ng/g dw, respectively. BDE209 were the dominate congener and the concentrations of free and bound BDE209 ranged from 89.64 to 12424.84 ng/g dw and 0.85 to 44.00 ng/g dw, respectively. The concentrations of bound PBDEs were quite stable, indicating bound PBDEs werent high related with the input of total PBDEs. The fractions of bound PBDE congeners increased with the numbers of Br atoms, which suggested that PBDE congeners with low molecular weights were more prone to desorb from micro-pores of organic matters in sewage sludge. The fractions of bound PBDEs in total PBDEs were in the range of 0.16 to 22.73%, suggesting bound PBDEs played an important role in farmland soils after sludge application.

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Wu, Tong, Yu Li, Hailin Xiao, and Mingli Fu. "Molecular Modifications and Control of Processes to Facilitate the Synergistic Degradation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soil by Plants and Microorganisms Based on Queuing Scoring Method." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 3911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133911.

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In this paper, a combination of modification of the source and regulation of the process was used to control the degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms. First, the key proteins that can degrade PBDEs in plants and microorganisms were searched in the PDB (Protein Data Bank), and a molecular docking method was used to characterize the binding ability of PBDEs to two key proteins. Next, the synergistic binding ability of PBDEs to the two key proteins was evaluated based on the queuing integral method. Based on this, three groups of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models of plant-microbial synergistic degradation were constructed. A total of 30 PBDE derivatives were designed using BDE-3 as the template molecule. Among them, the effect on the synergistic degradation of six PBDE derivatives, including BDE-3-4, was significantly improved (increased by more than 20%) and the environment-friendly and functional evaluation parameters were improved. Subsequently, studies on the synergistic degradation of PBDEs and their derivatives by plants and microorganisms, based on the molecular docking method, found that the addition of lipophilic groups by modification is beneficial to enhance the efficiency of synergistic degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms. Further, while docking PBDEs, the number of amino acids was increased and the binding bond length was decreased compared to the template molecules, i.e., PBDE derivatives could be naturally degraded more efficiently. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation by the Taguchi orthogonal experiment and a full factorial experimental design were used to simulate the effects of various regulatory schemes on the synergistic degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms. It was found that optimal regulation occurred when the appropriate amount of carbon dioxide was supplied to the plant and microbial systems. This paper aims to provide theoretical support for enhancing the synergistic degradation of PBDEs by plants and microorganisms in e-waste dismantling sites and their surrounding polluted areas, as well as, realize the research and development of green alternatives to PBDE flame retardants.

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Ye, Lei, Chengzhong Zhang, Deming Han, and Zheng Ji. "Characterization and Source Identification of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Air in Xi’an: Based on a Five-Year Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030520.

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In order to assess polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) atmospheric pollution levels in Xi’an, air samples were collected using a large flow air sampler from July 2008 to April 2013. In total, 134 samples were collected and 12 PBDE congeners were detected. Total PBDE concentrations (both gaseous and particulate phase) were 36.38–1054 pg/m3, with an average of 253.2 ± 198.4 pg/m3. BDE-209 was identified as the main PBDE component, with a corresponding concentration of 0.00–1041 pg/m3, accounting for 89.4% of total PBDEs. Principal component analysis results showed that PBDEs in Xi’an’s atmosphere mainly originated from commercial products containing penta-BDE, octa-BDE, and deca-BDE. The relative natural logarithm for partial pressure (RP) of PBDEs (gaseous phase) was calculated using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The gas flow trajectories at high, middle, and low RP values were analyzed by applying the backward trajectory model. These data indicated that the difference between trajectory distribution and concentration load on trajectories was huge under different RP values. PBDE concentrations (gaseous phase) weighted trajectory showed that the central and southwestern parts of Henan Province and the northwestern area of Hubei Province exhibited the darkest colors, and the daily average concentration contribution of PBDEs to the receiving point was >9 pg/m3, which indicates that these areas might be the main potential source areas of PBDEs in Xi’an’s atmosphere.

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Li, Bei, Juanheng Wang, Guocheng Hu, Xiaolin Liu, Yunjiang Yu, Dan Cai, Ping Ding, Xin Li, Lijuan Zhang, and Chongdan Xiang. "Bioaccumulation Behavior and Human Health Risk of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in a Freshwater Food Web of Typical Shallow Lake, Yangtze River Delta." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032671.

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Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been commonly found in aquatic ecosystems. Many studies have elucidated the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of PBDEs in seas and lakes, yet few have comprehensively evaluated the bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and health risks of PBDEs in shallow lakes, and there is still limited knowledge of the overall effects of biomagnification and the health risks to aquatic organisms. Methods: In this study, a total of 154 samples of wild aquatic organism and environmental samples were collected from typical shallow lakes located in the Yangtze River Delta in January 2020. The concentrations of PBDEs were determined by an Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph coupled and an Agilent 5795 mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and the bioaccumulation behavior of PBDEs was evaluated in 23 aquatic organisms collected from typical shallow lakes of the Yangtze River Delta. Furthermore, their effects on human health were evaluated by the estimated daily intake (EDI), noncarcinogenic risk, and carcinogenic risk. Results: The concentrations of ΣPBDE (defined as the sum of BDE-28, -47, -100, -99, -153, -154, -183, and -209) in biota samples ranged from 2.36 to 85.81 ng/g lipid weight. BDE-209, BDE-153 and BDE-47 were the major PBDE congeners. The factors affecting the concentration of PBDEs in aquatic organisms included dietary habits, species, and the metabolic debromination ability of the PBDE congeners. BDE-209 and BDE-47 were the strongest bioaccumulative PBDE congeners in aquatic organisms. Additionally, except for BDE-99, BDE-153 and BDE-154, the trophic magnification factor (TMF) values of PBDE congeners were significantly higher than 1. Moreover, the log Kow played a significant role in the biomagnification ability of PBDE congeners. The noncarcinogenic risk of PBDE congeners and carcinogenic risk of BDE-209 from aquatic products were lower than the thresholds. Conclusions: PBDE congeners were bioaccumulated and biomagnified to varying degrees in aquatic organisms from typical shallow lakes. Both the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks assessment of edible aquatic products indicated that none of the PBDE congeners pose health risks to the localite. This study will provide a basis for a comprehensive assessment of PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems in shallow lakes and for environmental prevention measures for decision-makers.

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Chen, Wenming, Xinrui Yang, Junsong Bao, Ziyi Lin, Tianwei Li, Ying Wang, Aiqin Zhang, Jicheng Hu, and Jun Jin. "A Pilot Study on the Concentration, Distribution and Bioaccumulation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Tissues and Organs of Grassland Sheep." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 12170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912170.

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Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in various tissues and organs of grassland sheep from Inner Mongolia, China, were determined. The abilities of PBDEs binding to ovine serum albumin (OSA) and Cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP3A24) were assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking simulations. The PBDE concentrations in the sheep tissue and organ samples were 33.4–167 pg/g dw. The distribution of PBDEs in sheep organs and tissues is affected not only by the function of organs and tissues, but also by the characteristics of PBDEs. Adipose tissue tends to bioaccumulate more-brominated BDEs (BDE-154, -153, and -183), but muscle tissues and visceral organs mainly bioaccumulate less-brominated BDEs. The distribution of PBDEs in visceral organs is mainly affected by the transport of ovine serum albumin (OSA) and the metabolism of CYP3A24 enzyme. The distribution of PBDEs in adipose tissue and brain is mainly affected by their logKOW.

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Lee, Jia-De, Tsyr-Huei Chiou, Hong-Jie Zhang, How-Ran Chao, Kuang-Yu Chen, Yan-You Gou, Chien-Er Huang, Sheng-Lun Lin, and Lin-Chi Wang. "Persistent Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Deep-Water-Deposited Particulates from South China Sea." Toxics 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2023): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120968.

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POP data are limited in the marine environment; thus, this study aimed to investigate background persistent organic pollutant (POP) levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particulates in the South China Sea (SCS). Six POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), were investigated in eight pooled samples from the SCS from 20 September 2013 to 23 March 2014 and 15 April 2014 to 24 October 2014 at depths of 2000 m and 3500 m. PBDEs were the most predominant compounds, with the highest mean Σ14PBDE of 125 ± 114 ng/g dry weight (d.w.), followed by Σ17PCDD/F, Σ12PBDD/F, and Σ12DL-PCB (275 ± 1930, 253 ± 216, and 116 ± 166 pg/g d.w., respectively). Most PBDD/F, PBB, and PCDE congeners were below the detection limits. PCDDs had the highest toxic equivalency (TEQ), followed by PBDDs and DL-PCBs. Among the six POPs, PBDEs were the major components of the marine-deposited particles, regarding both concentrations and mass fluxes. Compared to 3500 m, PBDE levels were higher at a depth of 2000 m. PBDE mass fluxes were 20.9 and 14.2 ng/m2/day or 68.2 and 75.9 ng/m2/year at deep-water 2000 and 3500 m, respectively. This study first investigated POP levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particles from existing global data.

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Souza, Marília Cristina Oliveira, Paula Pícoli Devóz, João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez, Mariana Zuccherato Bocato, Bruno Alves Rocha, and Fernando Barbosa. "Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 11138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711138.

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous flame retardants and are environmentally persistent. PBDEs show endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and lower birth weight in infants, and their human body burden has become a public health concern. The infants’ exposure begins in the prenatal period and continues via breast milk ingestion, although, little is known about the factors that may influence this exposure. In this study, PBDE levels in Brazilian breast milk were assessed in 200 lactating women. The risk assessment of infants’ exposure to PBDE was performed through the estimated daily intake (EDI) calculation. The geometric mean (GM) of ∑PBDEs levels was 2.33 (0.14–6.05) ng/g wet weight. At least one PBDE congener was detected in the samples, and the 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) showed a 100% of detection rate (GM of 1.05 ng/g). Location of residence, maternal level education, monthly salary, and race were positively associated with PBDE levels (p < 0.05). The EDI of BDE-47 was higher in Belo Horizonte (8.29 ng/kg/day) than in Viçosa (6.36 ng/kg/day), as well as for the ∑PBDEs (19.77 versus 12.78 ng/kg/day) (p < 0.05). Taking the high detection rate of PBDEs in breast milk and their toxicity, continuous studies on infant exposure, fetal growth, and child neurodevelopment are requested.

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Mutic, Abby D., Dana Boyd Barr, Vicki S. Hertzberg, Patricia A. Brennan, Anne L. Dunlop, and Linda A. McCauley. "Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Serum Concentrations and Depressive Symptomatology in Pregnant African American Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 3614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073614.

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(1) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely produced in the United States until 2004 but remain highly persistent in the environment. The potential for PBDEs to disrupt normal neuroendocrine pathways resulting in depression and other neurological symptoms is largely understudied. This study examined whether PBDE exposure in pregnant women was associated with antenatal depressive symptomatology. (2) Data were collected from 193 African American pregnant women at 8–14 weeks gestation. Serum PBDEs and depressive symptoms were analyzed and a mixture effect was calculated. (3) Urban pregnant African American women in the Southeastern United States had a high risk of depression (27%) compared to the National average. Increased levels of PBDEs were found. BDE-47 and -99 exposures are significantly associated with depressive symptomatology in the pregnant cohort. The weighted body burden estimate of the PBDE mixture was associated with a higher risk of mild to moderate depression using an Edinburgh Depression Scale cutoff score of ≥10 (OR = 2.93; CI 1.18, 7.82). (4) Since antenatal depression may worsen in postpartum, reducing PBDE exposure may have significant clinical implications.

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Neupane, Bhanu B., Tao Jin, Zhen Gu, Frances S. Ligler, and Gufeng Wang. "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers perturb axonal growth and actin distribution." BIBECHANA 16 (November 22, 2018): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v16i0.21103.

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We investigated toxicological effects of two of the most common polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, BDE-47 and BDE-209, in model PC12 cell line under two environmentally relevant exposure conditions: long term exposure to microgram-per-liter levels of PBDEs and acute exposure to high concentrations of PBDEs. Cells treated under both long term and acute exposure conditions showed significantly perturbed cell growth and differentiation. Importantly, even when the cells were exposed to microgram-per-liter concentration of PBDEs over an extended period, both the fraction of differentiated cells and the axonal growth were affected. The calcium release assay showed that PBDEs perturbed intracellular calcium release in a concentration dependent manner, indicating that intracellular Ca++ homeostasis and signaling was involved in the neurotoxicity. More interestingly, depending on PBDE concentration and exposure conditions, cytoskeleton F-actin distribution was altered. BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 64-78

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Yang, Suwen, Qiang Fu, Man Teng, and Jing Yang. "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and fish tissues from Lake Chaohu, central eastern China." Archives of Environmental Protection 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2015-0004.

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Abstract Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in environmental media have increased over the last 20-25 years in the world. In aquatic environments PBDEs were found to be accumulated along food chain and Endocrine disruptors toxicity. In this study PBDEs were investigated in sediment and fish tissues from Lake Chaohu in central eastern China. There were 10 PBDEs congeners detected out of all 41 PBDEs. BDE-47 was of the highest with 5.17 ng/g in sediment and 58.47 ng/g in fish. PBDEs were evenly distributed across the surface sediment in the whole lake. It implied that the main source of PBDEs may not be an inflow river like Nanfei. Tissue distribution patterns of PBDEs in four fish species were in the order of BDE-47 > BDE-99 > BDE-100 > BDE-66 > BDE-138 > BDE-183 > BDE-154 > BDE-153. Octa- and deca-BDEs were below the detection limit. The concentrations of all PBDE congeners were higher in gills, livers, and kidneys than those in muscles and adipose tissue. Furthermore, PBDEs in different tissues had some different distribution patterns with fish size. Those discrepancies appeared to be correlated with the PBDEs pollution fluxes varying with the change of the year and their metabolism divergences in fish tissues.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PBDEs"

Löfstrand, Karin. "Trends and exposure of naturally produced brominated substances in Baltic biota - with focus on OH-PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs and PBDDs." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för material- och miljökemi (MMK), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-54421.

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The semi-enclosed and brackish Baltic Sea has become heavily polluted by nutrients, anthropogenic organic and inorganic chemicals via human activities. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been thoroughly investigated due to their linkage to toxic effects observed in Baltic biota. There has been far less focus on semi-persistent pollutants e.g. naturally produced oraganohalogen compounds (NOCs) and their disturbances in the environment. This thesis is aimed on assessment of levels and trends of naturally produced brominated compounds in Baltic biota; more specifically on hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs). These, NOCs, may originate from production in algae and cyanobacteria. OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs may also be formed as metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), i.e. well-known commercial flame retardants. High levels of OH-PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs and PBDDs are shown within Baltic biota (cyanobacteria, algae, mussels, fish), often in much higher concentrations than PBDEs which are possible anthropogenic precursors of OH- and MeO-PBDEs. The levels of OH-PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs and PBDDs are higher in the Baltic Sea than on the west coast of Sweden. Temporal and seasonal variations show fluctuations in concentrations of OH-PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs and PBDDs, possibly related with macroalgal life-cycles. OH-PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs and PBDDs are present in several filamentous macroalgae species, but considering the levels quantified, the time of peak exposure and the species life-cycle the macroalgae, Pilayella, Ceramium and Cladophora are suggested as major natural producers of OH-PBDEs and PBDDs. The high levels of OH-PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs and PBDDs in the Baltic Sea may affect numerous organisms in the ecosystem. The toxic effects of OH-PBDEs and PBDDs are of particular concern. This thesis stress the importance of assessing and monitoring these substances, since the exposure to OH-PBDEs and PBDDs, during summer, may cause acute effects in Baltic fish and wildlife.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: In press. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Crosse, John D. "PBDEs in predatory birds from the UK." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.658319.

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polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are additive flame retardants that have been -widely used globally for the last 30-40 years. In their functional operation, PBDEs are released from parent products when exposed to heat and light in order to retard combustion reactions. The physiochemical properties of PBDEs coupled with widespread use and production has led to ubiquitous environmental contamination by these compounds. In recent years PBDEs have become increasingly well studied and evidence of their toxicity to biota and occurrence in remote and pristine environments has led to the - implementation of legislation to control their use and production. A great many studies have been published on PBDEs, and key concepts are introduced in Chapter 1. However, comparatively little data exists for the UK. Data is lacking on both marine and terrestrial birds of prey; this is disconcerting, given the potential toxicity of PBDEs, as predatory birds have been susceptible to the adverse effects of anthropogenic organic contaminants in the past. Utilising the eggs and livers of two predatory bird sentinel species, the northern gannet (Morus bassanus) and the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), collected as pati of the activities of the Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme (PBMS), this work aimed to detennine detailed long-term temporal and spatial trends of PBDEs in UK marine and terrestrial systems. In addition, stable isotope residues of carbon and nitrogen were used to identify if changes in the diets of these birds could influence the trends in contaminant residues in their eggs. Furthermore, other potentially confounding factors such as age, sex and body condition were assessed using sparrowhawk livers - a matrix which allowed for the PBDE contamination in male sparrowhawks to be characterised. The findings of the studies conducted as part of this thesis are presented in Papers IIV and discussed collectively in Chapter 2. Methodologies are provided in Papers I-IV and supplemented by Appendix 2. Other POPs, for which data is presented in Paper 4, are discussed in Chapter 1 and Appendix 3. Contributions to relevant studies regarding PBDE toxicity and trends in UK air are presented in Appendices 4 and 5. Key conclusions and recommendations for further work are given in Chapters 3 and 4.

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Muenhor, Dudsadee. "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor and outdoor environments." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2854/.

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PBDEs were detected in all air and dust samples. The PBDE congener profile in both outdoor and indoor air samples from Thai e-waste storage facilities and homes was dominated by BDE-47 and 99, whilst the predominant BFRs in all dust samples from Thai e-waste storage facilities were BDE-209, BDE-208, BDE-207, BDE-206, BDE-197, BDE-183, BDE-99, BDE-47 and DBDPE. Furthermore, BDEs 99 and 47 were the most abundant congeners in all dust samples from Thai houses and cars and UK homes. Under realistic high-end scenarios of occupational exposure to BDE-99 via dust ingestion, workers in Thai e-waste storage facilities were exposed above a recently-published Health Based Limit Value for this congener. For non-occupational exposure, under a high-end exposure scenario, the exposure to BDE-99 of such Thai children via dust ingestion is either very close to or in exceedance of the HBLV. PBDE levels in most of the areas monitored within the same rooms were not statistically significantly different. Similarly, concentrations of PBDEs in the majority of rooms within the same houses were not statistically significantly different between rooms. Possible dilution of PBDE levels in dust with increasing dust loadings has been identified in a small number of rooms.

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Moreira, Bastos Patricia. "Comparison of experimentally and theoretically determined oxidation and photochemical transformation rates of some organohalogens to promote prediction of persistence." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för miljökemi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26040.

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The diversity of choices we have to make everyday influence our environment and ourselves in more ways than most of us realise. Anthropogenic substances, such as flame retardants, date back as early as 450 BC when the Egyptians used alum to reduce flammability. The increasing demand for new articles has led to an increased production of chemical substances, for which many are commercially produced without complete knowledge on properties such as persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicology (PBT). Commercial compounds may be properly tested and denominated as “safe” regarding PBT properties, but their degradation products and/or metabolites may cause environmental impact. The availability of uniform and accurate data for prediction of persistence is of key importance for the understanding of chemical fate. A method to determine the susceptibility of chemicals to undergo oxidation in water has been developed and applied on several organohalogens, including PBDEs and OH-PBDEs. The method was used to determine reaction rates and the group of OH-PBDEs were subsequently subjected to photolysis by use of UV-light. Hence, susceptibility to undergo both oxidation and photolysis for the OH-PBDEs were investigated and compared to previously reported degradation rates on PBDEs. As a final step in promoting the prediction of persistence, Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models were performed on a set of compounds which had undergone photolytic degradation under similar conditions. The QSPRs were used as a preliminary step in predicting photolysis half-lives for chemical substances and to determine which physicochemical descriptors are of greatest importance thereof. This thesis presents the possibility of performing and assessing oxidation transformations on compounds of low and high water solubility, photolysis transformations in various media and using obtained data to predict behaviour via QSPR models, to promote predictions of persistence.

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Chow, Ka Lai. "Combined photocatalysis and phytoremediation for efficient treatment of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDES)." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/63.

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Brominated flame retardants have been widely used in industry. There is a rapidly growing public concern about their ubiquity in the environment. This project investigated the possible removal treatments of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using two treatment methods: (I) photocatalysis by TiO2 and (II) phytoremediation by Oryza sativa and Phragmites australis, and a combined system involving these two technologies. Advanced oxidation process (AOP) is a promising technology for removing emerging chemicals. In this case, nano-scaled titanium (IV) oxide was applied to evaluate its capability in the degradation of BDE-209 under visible light. The residual PBDE congeners after reaction were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The half-life for removing BDE-209 by TiO2 was 3.05 days under visible light. Tetra- and penta-BDEs were the major degraded products of BDE-209. Optimum conditions for photocatalytical degradation of BDE-209 was found to be pH 12 (93% ± 1%), at least 5 mg/L (93 ± 1.70%) of humic acid and in the form of anatase/rutile TiO2 (82% ± 3%). Incomplete removal of PBDEs by water treatment plants and point-source contamination may lead to their discharge into water bodies and ultimately into soils. Consequently, the second part of the project was phytoremediation of PBDEs. Uptake of BDE-209 by rice cultivars, namely Fengmeizhan, Hefengzhan and Guangyinzhan, and common reed were examined by 60-day cultivation in sterilized BDE-209 spiked soil. Hefengzhan possessed the greatest ability in the removal and accumulation of BDE-209 among the three cultivars, especially when associated with Glomus intraradices, at pH 7. A series of plant-contamination sorption analyses were also employed for pathway studies of PBDEs uptake by rice. A partition-limited model was applied for describing and estimating the uptake of BDE-209 by rice roots. The average quasi-equilibrium factors (apt) of BDE-47, -99 and -209 in root uptake were 1.44 × 10-3 , 0.966 × 10 -3 and 0.115 × 10-3 in sand (< 1), implying a non-equilibrium state of the movement of molecules and a dominant passive transport uptake. From the result of sorption analysis of dead and fresh roots, the apoplastic pathway likely dominated the transport of PBDEs into root cells. These results provide essential information on the uptake mechanism of PBDEs into plants. Based on the results from photocatalysis and phytoremediation, a combined photocatalysis (TiO2 and visible light) and constructed wetland system (Oryza sativa (Hefengzhan) and Phragmites australis (common reed) was set up for comparing PBDEs removal efficiencies. The removal percentages of BDE-209 in the combined system were found to be promoted when compared to the individual systems, which could be explained by enhanced biodegradability of PBDEs in photocatalysis. Therefore, the proposed advanced wastewater treatment technology (combined photocatalysis and constructed wetland systems) might help to degrade and eliminate BDE-209 in the wastewater, and thus reduce the risks of marine contamination by discharging these incompletely or partially treated wastewaters containing PBDEs.

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Rydén, Andreas. "Synthesis of organobromines as a tool for their characterisation and environmental occurrence assessment." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för material- och miljökemi (MMK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-95649.

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been intensively used as flame retardants (FRs) and have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. PBDEs form hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) as metabolites. Further, some OH-PBDEs and methoxy-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) are natural products. These are all compounds of environmental and health concern and it is therefore important to confirm their identity and to assess their environmental levels and toxicities. Hence, it is vital to obtain authentic reference standards of individual PBDEs and OH/MeO-PBDEs. The thesis main aim was to develop synthesis methods of congener specific PBDEs, OH- and MeO-PBDEs. The second aim was to identify and quantify PBDEs, OH- and MeO-PBDEs in environmental samples. The third was to propose an abbreviation system for FRs. O-Arylation of brominated phenols, using either symmetrical or unsymmetrical brominated diphenyliodonium salts, was selected for synthesis of PBDEs and OH-/MeO-PBDEs. A total of 16 MeO-PBDEs, 11 OH-PBDEs, 1 diMeO-PBDE and 1 EtO-MeO-PBDE were synthesised. Three novel unsymmetrical diaryliodonium triflates were synthesised and used in synthesis. Optimisations were made to construct a reliable general method for congener specific PBDE synthesis, which was used in the synthesis of 8 representative PBDE congeners. The products were generally characterised by electron ionisation mass spectrometry (EIMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Identification of PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in various matrixes was based on gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses. Fourteen OH-PBDE congeners were identified in a pooled human blood sample. One previously uncharacterised natural PBDE analogue was identified as 6-OH-6’-MeO-BDE-194, and quantified in Swedish blue mussels. PBDE congeners and other BFRs were identified and quantified in workers and dust from a smelter in Sweden. A structured and practical abbreviation system was developed for halogen- and phosphorus containing FRs.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Viberg, Henrik. "Neonatal Developmental Neurotoxicity of Brominated Flame Retardants, the Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4576.

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SILVA, SINAI DE FATIMA GONÇALVES DA. "OCCURRENCE OF PBDES AND PCBS IN FISH AND MUSSELS FROM GUANABARA BAY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15394@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
As bifenilas policloradas (PCBs) foram durante muitos anos usadas, principalmente, como fluidos refrigerantes e lubrificantes, em transformadores, capacitores e outros equipamentos elétricos. Os éteres difenílicos polibromados (PBDEs) ainda são amplamente utilizados como retardadores de chamas. Ambos são considerados poluentes orgânicos de extrema toxicidade e reportados como potentes interferentes endócrinos. Existem trabalhos anteriores que já detectaram PCBs na baía de Guanabara, porém, a pesquisa sobre PBDEs é pioneira. Foi desenvolvida e validada uma metodologia para extração, simultânea dos PCBs e PBDEs. Todas as amostras foram coletadas, extraídas, limpas e analisadas por GC-MS. Os PCBs foram os poluentes predominantes; entre eles o PCB-153 (bifenila-2, 2’, 4, 4’, 5, 5’-hexaclorada) provou ser o poluente mais disseminado, apresentando teor máximo de 261 ng.g-1 de peso seco no fígado de tainha. A ocorrência dos PBDEs foi significativamente menor; o PBDE-47 (éter difenílico- 2, 2’, 4, 4’-tetrabromado) foi o mais freqüente, apresentando um teor máximo de 46 ng.g-1 de peso seco no músculo de corvina. Comparando-se com outros ecossistemas, as concentrações de PCBs são maiores e as de PBDEs menores.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used mainly as coolants and lubricants in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equipments. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are still widely used as additive flame retardants. Both are among the most toxic environmental pollutants and reported as powerful endocrine disruptor. In Guanabara Bay previous studies have already detected PCBs, but the PBDE investigation is pioneer. A procedure for extracting simultaneously PCBs and PBDEs was developed and validated. Samples were collected, extracted, cleaned and analyzed by GC-MS. PCBs were the predominant pollutants, among them PCB-153 (2, 2’, 4, 4’, 5, 5’- hexachlorobiphenyl) proved to be the most disseminated one, with the highest content of 261 ng.g-1 dry weight (dw) in fish liver. PBDE occurrences were significantly lower, being the PBDE-47 (2, 2’, 4, 4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether the most frequent, with the highest content of 46 ng.g-1 dry weight (dw) in fish tissue. In comparison to other ecosystems PCBs showed higher contents and PBDEs the lower ones.

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Arrigoni, María Paula. "Ensayos toxicológicos de retardantes de flama polibromados (PBDEs) sobre el caracol manzana." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, 2013. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/5461.

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Los éteres de difenil polibromados (PBDEs), son un grupo de compuestos químicos industriales que pertenecen a la familia de los retardantes de llama bromados (BFRs) y comprenden 209 congéneres en función del número de bromos asociados y su posición. Estas sustancias son agregadas a los polímeros presentes en las placas electrónicas, computadoras, televisores, automóviles y aeronaves, entre otros, para inhibir o retardar el inicio y propagación del fuego. El congénere BDE-209 es uno de los PBDEs más utilizado. Su importancia reside en que son agregados a múltiples plásticos, de los cuales se liberan fácilmente, causando efectos negativos en el ambiente y en la salud humana. Su producción está regulada por la Convención de Estocolmo por ser contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (POPs por sus siglas en inlgés). El caracol manzana, Pomacea canaliculata, (Caenogastrópodo de la familia Ampullariidae) ha sido propuesto como un bioindicador de POPs. En este trabajo se expuso a dicha especie a la exposición a corto plazo del congénere BDE-209, en tres concentraciones diferentes (400 (C1), 4700 (C2) y 8300 (C3) μg g-1 de lípido) durante 42 días. Durante dicho tiempo todos los animales sobrevivieron al tratamiento. Se registró un aumento, no significativo, en la frecuencia de las cópulas en el tratamiento C3. El porcentaje de huevos embrionados entre tratamientos no arrojó diferencias significativas para ninguna de las concentraciones ensayadas. Sin embrago el registro de puestas mostró una disminución significativa para la concentración C2. Para esta última concentración se observó una alteración en la coloración de los huevos, cuyos valores fueron registrados empleando un espectroradiómetro. No se observaron diferencias entre los tratamientos a nivel histológico. Los resultados del presente trabajo son alentadores para explorar eventuales mecanismos de detoxificación que protejan a Pomacea canaliculata del BDE-209.
Fil: Arrigoni, María Paula. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.

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Meneses, Lady Virginia Traldi. "Aspectos institucionais, legais, políticos e técnicos para a implementação da Convenção de Estocolmo sobre Poluentes Orgânicos Persistentes: os éteres difenilícos polibromados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-05052017-100647/.

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Novos poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs) têm sido adicionados à lista da Convenção de Estocolmo, exemplificado nesta pesquisa pelos éteres difenílicos polibromados (polybrominated diphenyl ethers-PBDEs) aplicados como retardantes de chama em diversos artigos de consumo (eletrônicos, têxteis, móveis, automóveis e na construção civil). São substâncias semi voláteis, persistentes no ambiente, bioacumulativos nos tecidos adiposos e podem interferir no sistema endócrino humano e dos animais. Os países signatários devem cumprir as medidas estabelecidas e enfrentam desafios para a sua implementação, a julgar pelos poucos países que atualizaram os Planos Nacionais de Implementação (National Implementation Plans-NIPs). Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar os aspectos institucionais, legais, políticos e técnicos para a implementação das exigências oriundas da Convenção de Estocolmo, no que diz respeito aos PBDEs, realizar revisão sistematizada da literatura sobre os artigos colocados no mercado e em unidades de reciclagem de resíduos contendo PBDE e apresentar as experiências de dois países na implementação das medidas. O método de pesquisa de estudo de casos comparados, com o delineamento de casos mais diferentes com o mesmo resultado, foi empregado para a República Tcheca e a Suécia, apoiado por análise de congruência. Entrevistas foram realizadas com profissionais envolvidos com as atividades para a elaboração e a implementação da Convenção de Estocolmo. A revisão sistematizada para PBDEs indicou o aumento da quantidade de artigos científicos a partir de 2008 e os estudos revelaram a presença de PBDEs na poeira e no ar em ambientes internos, como residências e escritórios e nos ambientes internos e externos às instalações de reciclagem de resíduos com avaliação da exposição humana aos PBDEs, e novos estudos devem ser desenvolvidos. A revisão mostrou também que na América Latina e Caribe as publicações ainda são em pequeno número, mas o Brasil tem posição de destaque. O estudo dos dois países revelou que é requerida uma complexa abordagem para a transposição das medidas em âmbito nacional, incluindo legislação sobre gestão de produtos químicos, arranjos institucionais nacionais para a implementação do NIP apoiados por instituições de pesquisas científicas, existência de programas de monitoramento ambiental e de controle de POP-BDEs em artigos de consumo colocados no mercado. Os principais desafios técnicos são a segregação de plásticos, contendo PBDEs em parceria com o setor industrial para identificar o conteúdo PBDEs em artigos em uso que se tornarão resíduos e a viabilização do uso das alternativas tecnológicas. Os benefícios gerados pela implementação da Convenção são a proteção da saúde humana e do meio ambiente, a melhoria da governança, a promoção de assistência técnica, a maior visibilidade sobre riscos de uso de produtos tóxicos, em especial os POPs, a maior interação entre a ciência e as políticas públicas e o aumento das pesquisas cientificas. A Convenção de Estocolmo é um acordo complexo porém contribui com o entendimento mais amplo dos riscos químicos e sobre gestão coordenada das substâncias químicas.
Additional new Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have been included to the list of Stockholm Convention, in the research exemplified by means of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) which resist degradation, are transported far from their place of release, where they accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and possess toxic properties, since they are classified as endocrine disruptive chemicals. They were used as brominated flame retardants and applied in many articles/consumer products such as electronics, textiles, vehicles, furniture and building materials. The signatories countries must comply with obligations and measures taken by Convention however they are facing many challenges in order to implement them, once few countries submitted the updated National Implementation Plans (NIPs) to the Convention. This research aims at identifying the institutional, legal, technical and politics aspects in order to transpose those measures to the national level, conducting a systematized research of literature on consumer products that may contain c-BDE put in the market besides recycling units of articles upon becoming wastes, consisting of, containing or contaminated with a chemical PBDEs and presenting the experience of two countries in implementing PBDEs actions plans of the NIPs. The comparative case studies was used as the research method, improved by the most different cases and most similar outcomes, designed for two countries as Czech Republic and Sweden, supported by the congruence analyses. Standardized interviews were applied to professionals involved in elaborating and implementing the Stockholm Convention in the countries. The systematized research indicated the increase from 2008 of the scientific number articles related to PBDEs which presented the occurrence of PBDEs in indoor house, office and recycling units dust and air internal and outdoor environments nearby waste electronic and electric equipment recycling units, with human exposure analyses related to and the researches must be continued, accordingly the conclusions. The comparative case studies of two countries revealed the requirement of a complex chemical substances management approach in order to transpose the PBDEs obligations to the national level, including the industrial chemical and environmental legislations, especially on POP-BDEs in products, a integrated institutional arrangement with the scientific institutional support, environmental monitoring programs and chemical control of the spread of POP-BDEs substances present in a number of consumer products put on the market; as the main challenges are the segregation of plastics containing PBDE in order to avoid recycled articles containing PBDEs and the importance of dialogue with the industrial sector in order to identify the PBDEs content in articles in use and to evaluate technology alternatives to PBDEs as well as promote technical capacities to raise awareness of chemicals to importers and private sector. The benefits generated by the Convention implementation are protection on healthy and environmental, the governance improvement, technical assistance promotion, POPs visibility, science and politics integration and the increase of scientific research.

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Books on the topic "PBDEs"

Alm, Henrik. Developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs, mechanisms and implications. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Washington (State). Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program. and Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology., eds. Toxic flame retardants-- the buzz on PBDEs. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2006.

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Alm, Henrik. Developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs, mechanisms and implications. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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1973-, Kimbrough Kimani L., United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration., United States. National Ocean Service., National Status and Trends Program (U.S.), and Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (U.S.), eds. An assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments and bivalves of the U.S. coastal zone. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Dept. Of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, 2009.

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United States. National Ocean Service. Coastal Monitoring and Bioeffects Assessment Division and National Status and Trends Program (U.S.), eds. An assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments and bivalves of the U.S. coastal zone. Silver Spring, Md: US Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment, Coastal Monitoring and Bioeffects Assessment Division, 2009.

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Junzhang, Li, ed. Zi yuan hui shou ye lao gong kong qi zhong duo xiu lian ben mi bao lu diao cha yan jiu: Personal exposure assessment of airborne polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for workers of resources recycling plants. Taibei Xian Xizhi Shi: Xing zheng yuan lao gong wei yuan hui lao gong an quan wei sheng yan jiu suo, 2007.

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Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology. and Washington (State). Dept. of Health., eds. Washington State polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) chemical action plan: Final plan. Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "PBDEs"

Atuma, S., M. Aune, P. O. Darnerud, S. Cnattingius, M. L. Wernroth, and A. Wicklund-Glynn. "Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Human Milk from Sweden." In ACS Symposium Series, 235–42. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0773.ch017.

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Schächtele, Alexander, Rainer Malisch, Björn Hardebusch, F. X. Rolaf van Leeuwen, Gerald Moy, Angelika Tritscher, Majorie van Duursen, et al. "WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies 2000–2019: Findings of Polybrominated Substances (PBDE, HBCDD, PBB 153, PBDD/PBDF)." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk, 299–342. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_9.

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AbstractThe concentrations of a number of polybrominated substances were determined in pooled human milk samples collected from up to 80 countries from all the United Nations Regional Groups. The samples were taken from one or more of the five exposure studies on persistent organic pollutants coordinated by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme between 2000 and 2019.Large differences in levels were found for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). The concentration of the sum of 6 PBDE congeners (∑PBDE6: BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183) of 135 pooled samples from 80 countries was in the range between 0.3 and 352 ng/g lipid (median 1.6 ng/g lipid). The highest concentrations were detected in the Western European and Others Group (including Australia, Israel, New Zealand, and the USA) in 2003. Time trends were assessed for 36 countries with repeated participation. Rates of decrease tend to fluctuate at near background levels; but at higher levels, a decreasing trend was observed for nearly all countries. Deca-BDE (BDE-209) contributed on average about 13% to ∑PBDE7 (sum of ∑PBDE6 plus BDE-209). The contribution of the octa-brominated diphenyl ether (octa-BDE) BDE-197 and nona-BDEs-206, -207, and -208 to the sum of 25 PBDE was in the range of the six recommended analytes and BDE-209. Therefore, their addition to the list of recommended analytes should be considered.The α-HBCDD levels of 102 pooled samples from 72 countries collected between 2006 and 2019 ranged between <0.1 and 15 ng/g lipid (median: 0.5 ng/g lipid). β-HBCDD and γ-HBCDD were in nearly all samples below the limit of quantification (LOQ for 90% of the samples: <0.1 ng/g lipid) or around the LOQ (max: 0.8 ng/g lipid). Thus, it can be concluded that α-HBCD is the predominant stereoisomer in human milk.Hexabromobiphenyl (PBB 153) was below the limit of quantification (0.5 ng/g lipid) in 106 of 110 pooled samples from 69 countries. In four samples, low concentrations of between 1.0 and 1.7 ng/g lipid were found.In addition to these chemicals listed by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, in 38 pooled samples from 28 countries concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PBDD/PBDF) were determined to assess their contribution to the overall sum of WHO2005 toxic equivalents (TEQ) with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). PBDD and PBDF provided on average about 10% to the overall TEQ calculated as sum of WHO-PCDD/PCDF-TEQ and WHO-PBDD/PBDF-TEQ, when assuming the same toxic equivalency factors for brominated congeners as assigned to their chlorinated analogs. No correlations between PCDD/PCDF and PBDD/PBDF, or PBDD/PBDF and PBDE were found.

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Schächtele, Alexander, Björn Hardebusch, Kerstin Krätschmer, Karin Tschiggfrei, Theresa Zwickel, and Rainer Malisch. "Analysis and Quality Control of WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Human Milk Studies 2000–2019: Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Hexabromocyclododecanes, Chlorinated Paraffins and Polychlorinated Naphthalenes." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk, 145–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_6.

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AbstractFour different analytical methods were used for the determination of (1) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), (2) hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD), (3) chlorinated paraffins (CP) and (4) polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) in human milk samples of the WHO/UNEP-coordinated exposure studies. As a laboratory accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17025, a comprehensive quality control program was applied to assure the reliability of results. This included procedural blanks, the use of numerous quality control samples as in-house reference materials and the participation in proficiency tests (PTs). Trueness was estimated from the PT samples using the assigned values.The mean absolute deviation of the sum parameters ∑PBDE6 and ∑PBDE7 from the assigned values of 53 PT samples analysed between 2006 and 2021 was 12% and 14%, respectively.For α-HBCDD as the most abundant diastereomer and the sum of α-, β- and γ-HBCDD, deviations of the reported value from the assigned value of the proficiency tests (31 samples, analysed between 2007 and 2021) were in most cases below 40% over a large concentration range, e.g., for α-HBCDD, between 0.0084 and 19 ng/g fw. For concentrations above 0.5 ng/g lipid, the deviation was in the range of approximately 0–30%.For short-chain and medium-chain CP (SCCP and MCCP) all z-scores achieved in interlaboratory comparisons during 2017–2020 were within ±2 z and therefore satisfactory (13 PT samples were analysed for ΣCP, ΣSCCP and ΣMCCP using the GC-ECNI-Orbitrap-HRMS method, eight results achieved for ΣCP using the GC-EI-MS/MS method).Due to the lack of available proficiency tests for PCN at the time of measuring the human milk samples of the 2016–2019 period, an external validation for control of the trueness was performed through an interlaboratory comparison with an independent laboratory. The deviation of the ΣPCN13 in five test samples between the external laboratory and CVUA Freiburg was in the range from 3 to 20%. At a later stage (in 2021), the laboratory participated successfully in the first interlaboratory comparison study on PCN congeners in cod liver oil. The z-scores for seven congeners and two sum parameters were within ±2 z and therefore satisfactory. Also, the results for other of the altogether 26 PCN congeners were in accordance with the median values reported by all participants.As a result, the determination of PBDE, HBCDD, CP and PCN in human milk samples of the WHO/UNEP-coordinated exposure studies followed the strict rules of the accreditation system and the general criteria for the operation of testing laboratories as laid down in EN ISO/IEC 17025.

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Kaw, Han Yeong, and Narayanan Kannan. "A Review on Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in South Asia with a Focus on Malaysia." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 153–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/398_2016_14.

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Bavia, Lorena, Joelma Leão-Buchir, Milena Carvalho Carneiro, and Maritana Mela Prodocimo. "The Complement System as a Biomarker of Environmental Pollutants as Toxic Agents: A Focus on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Exposure." In Biomarkers in Toxicology, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_72-1.

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Bavia, Lorena, Joelma Leão-Buchir, Milena Carvalho Carneiro, and Maritana Mela Prodocimo. "The Complement System as a Biomarker of Environmental Pollutants as Toxic Agents: A Focus on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Exposure." In Biomarkers in Toxicology, 1017–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07392-2_72.

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Carvalho-Knighton, Kathleen, Lukasz Talalaj, and Robert DeVor. "PBDE Degradation with Zero—valent Bimetallic Systems." In ACS Symposium Series, 75–87. Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2009-1027.ch005.

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GÄrtner, Jutta. "Is there a Phenotype/Genotype Correlation in Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders (PBDs)?" In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 59–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9072-3_7.

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Dudzińska, M. R., and A. Staszowska. "Lower brominated PBDE congeners in the dust from automobile compartments in Eastern Poland." In Advances in Environmental Engineering Research in Poland, 187–94. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003171669-19.

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Tlili, Khawla, Pierre Labadie, Marie-Jeanne Teil, Fabrice Alliot, Catherine Bourges, Annie Desportes, and Marc Chevreuil. "Organohalogenated Micropollutants: Polybrominated Disphenyl Ether (PBDE) Contamination Gradient of the Seine River in France." In New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences, 231–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72543-3_52.

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Conference papers on the topic "PBDEs"

Liakos, I. L., D. Sarigiannis, and A. Gotti. "PBDEs and PCBs in European occupational environments and their health effects." In AIR POLLUTION 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air090331.

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He, Bingzhong, Shiwei Jin, Qiaohong Cheng, and Qiong Yi. "Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in crucian carp in China market." In 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceceng.2011.6058151.

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Peng, Shaohong, Jiaxin Ou, and Xiangyi Wang. "The Clean Recycling Method of Waste High Impact Polystyrene Resin Containing PBDEs." In Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Forum on Environment, Materials and Energy (IFEME 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifeme-19.2019.51.

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Li, Ying, Jinhui Li, and Lihui Wang. "Recycling of PBDEs Containing Plastics from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE): A Review." In 2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebe.2013.62.

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Ford, J., A. Li, W. Mills, W. Song, and D. Buckley. "31. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Pbdes and Pcbs in the Sediments of the Great Lakes." In AIHce 2004. AIHA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758350.

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Hua, L., Y. P. Wu, B. An, Y. C. Chan, B. Y. Wu, and F. S. Wu. "The Determinations of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr⁶⁺, PBBs/PBDEs to Comply with RoHS Directive." In 2007 8th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icept.2007.4441478.

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Ziyang, Li, Chen Yongheng, Liu Juan, and Zhang Ping. "Simultaneous Determination of Ten Kinds of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Human Serum by Gas Chromatography: Mass Spectrometry." In 2011 International Conference on Computer Distributed Control and Intelligent Environmental Monitoring (CDCIEM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdciem.2011.144.

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Macías-Zamora, J. Vinicio, Nancy Ramírez-Álvarez, Félix Augusto Hernández-Guzmán, and Cristina Quezada-Hernández. "Are PBDEs In Marine Sediments From The Coast Of Baja California Mexico Increasing In Time? A Problem Revisited." In The 8th World Congress on New Technologies. Avestia Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icepr22.169.

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"Contamination of Newly Emerging Contaminants, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Sediments near E-waste Recycling Sites in South China." In 21st Century Watershed Technology Conference and Workshop Improving Water Quality and the Environment. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/wtcw.2014-037.

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Bodiguel, X., J. Tronczyński, V. Loizeau, C. Munschy, N. Guiot, A. M. Le Guellec, N. Olivier, F. Roupsard, and C. Mellon. "Classical and novel organohalogen compounds (PCBs and PBDEs) in hake (M. merluccius, L.) from the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts (France)." In ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/etox080171.

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Reports on the topic "PBDEs"

Stapleton, Heather M., Jennifer M. Keller, Michele M. Schantz, John R. Kucklick, and Stephen A. Wise. NIST inter-comparison exercise program for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine sediment:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7278.

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Thor, Peter, Karin Olsson, Håkan Wennhage, Karl Lundström, Mattias Sköld, Andrea Belgrano, Matti Åhlund, et al. Marina miljön i 8+fjordar – nuvarande kunskap om ekosystemet och de mänskliga belastningarna. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.utn1p1g09m.

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Abstract:

8+fjordar-området är topografiskt väldigt varierande. Vattenutbytet är långsamt och tillförseln av näringsämnen stor. Största delen av näringsämnen stannar kvar i fjordarna. Mest i Havstens- och Hakefjordar där 40-50 % av den lokala näringstillförseln stannar kvar. Utsläppen från jordbruk och skogsbruk är stora i 8+fjordar-området. T.ex. står dessa för 62 % av kvävetillförseln och 69 % av fosfortillförseln till Byfjorden. Men utsläpp från punktkällor direkt till havet är också betydande (21 % av kvävetillförseln och 19 % av fosfortillförseln till Byfjorden). Man har genom en mängd olika tilltag de senaste decennierna försökt sänka utsläppen av kväve och fosfor och även om koncentrationerna av kväve och fosfor fortsatt är höga har halterna av främst kväve sjunkit i 8+fjordar-området. De stora utsläppen av näringsämnen ökar växtplanktonproduktionen och när denna sjunker till botten och bryts ner av bakterier orsakar det syrebrist och höga koncentrationer av giftigt svavelväte i de djupare delarna av fjordarna. I de grundare delarna av fjordsystemet finns grunda vikar med ålgräsängar, blåmusselbankar och klippkuster med tångskogar. Dessa biotoper har förändrats under de senaste decennierna med en ökande påväxt av fintrådiga alger. Den pelagiska miljön (de fria vattenmassorna) är främst påverkad av avrinning av sötvatten från älvar och åar och av inflöde av salthaltigt vatten från Skagerrak genom Marstrandsfjorden och norrut i fjordsystemet. Närsaltkoncentrationen är hög i hela vattenpelaren vilket ses speciellt för nitrat. Detta ger förhöjda klorofyllkoncentrationer även om dessa alltså har minskat betydligt under de senaste decennierna. 8+fjordar-området har länge haft höga koncentrationer av giftiga dinoflagellater, men de senaste decennierna har giftalgsblomningarna minskat betydligt. De flesta områden uppnår nu minst god ekologisk status avseende vinterkoncentrationer av totalt kväve med undantag för By-, Havstens-, Askerö- och Älgöfjordar. Status för växtplankton klassas som hög i nästan hela området. År 2006 kom den amerikanska kammaneten Mnemiopsis leidyi till svenska västkusten. Den är en effektiv predator på djurplankton och kan vissa år minska djurplanktonbiomassan avsevärt under hösten. Detta kan ha allvarliga konsekvenser för överlevnad av fisk och fisklarver som livnär sig på djurplankton. De allra flesta fiskarter livnär sig på djurplankton i larvstadiet. Den bentiska miljön innefattar livsmiljön från de djupa mjukbottnarna till tångskogarnas och ålgräsängarnas topp. 8+fjordar-områdets bentiska miljö kännetecknas av klippstränder med hårdbottnar beväxta med bland annat snärjtång, blåstång, sågtång, sockertång och fintrådiga alger, där blåmusslor och andra evertebrater lever och de djupare delarna täcks av fastsittande bentiska evertebrater som till exempel havsanemoner och havsnejlikor. De djupare sedimentbottnarna hyser grävande evertebrater som livnär sig på den biomassa som sjunker ner från pelagialen. Här dominerar havsborstmasken Scalibregma inflatum, slätbukig Sammanfattning trådormstjärna och pepparmussla. Vatten från Skagerrak strömmar in i 8+fjordarområdet söderifrån och de södra bassängerna inklusive Hake- och Askeröfjordar är normalt syresatta under hela året även i sina djupaste delar, medan de djupa delarna av de nordligare Kalvö-, Borgile-, Koljö- och Byfjordar samt även Havstensfjorden ofta präglas av långvarig syrebrist. I dessa områden försvinner bottenfaunan ofta helt eller befinner sig i någon fas av återkolonisering efter vattenutbyten. Den bentiska miljön hade bättre ekologisk status under 1980- och 90-talet än under det tidiga 2000-talet. De flesta åren därefter visar måttlig status i Hake-, Halse- och Havstensfjordar. I de grunda vikarna har mängden fintrådiga alger ökat betydligt sedan slutet på 1990-talet. Dessa alger bildar påväxt på ålgräs och tång och täta mattor av ruttnande alger på botten vilket försvagar ålgräs och tång och orsaker lokal syrebrist i ängarna. Dessa alger har ökat i biomassa delvis på grund av avsaknaden av betande evertebrater (t.ex. märlkräftor) som i sin tur har minskat i antal eftersom mesopredatorer som t.ex. strandkrabba och läppfiskar har ökat när deras predatorer, som t.ex. torsk, har fiskats bort. Utbredningen av ålgräs i 8+fjordar-området har minskat ganska dramatiskt de senaste decennier, speciellt kring Kungälv och Uddevalla där 80–85% av arean har försvunnit. Status för ålgräs och tång är otillfredsställande eller måttlig i nästan hela 8+fjordar-området. Fiskbestånden i 8+fjordar-området har varit överfiskade under lång tid och liksom i Västerhavets övriga kuststområden är förekomsten av större bottenlevande fisk, främst torskfiskar, mycket reducerad i 8+fjordar-området. Det fanns ett betydande fiske av torsk, näbbgädda, rödspotta, sill och skarpsill i området på 1960- talet men 2004–2008 hade de flesta fisken kollapsat med undantag av fisket på sill och skarpsill som fortfarande fiskas även on mängden landad sill har minskat betydligt från 2014 till 2021. Av alla fångster av sill och skarpsill fiskades i genomsnitt 14 % av sillen och 87 % av skarpsillen med lysfiske. SLU:s undersökningar visar dessvärre inte på någon återhämtning av fiskbestånden under de senaste 20 åren, trots att det riktade fisket efter flera av dessa arter stoppats och det införts ett fiskefritt område i Havstensfjorden. Genetiska studier visar dock att det fortfarande finns ett lokalt lekande bestånd av torsk i området och det har observerats bättre rekryteringar 2016 och 2019. Sportfisket efter havsöring är betydande, men störst är fisket efter makrill både med spö och med dörj. Det finns ingen officiell statistik på landningar men i Fiskeriverkets rapport från 1999 angavs att fritidsfiskets sammanlagda fångster översteg yrkesfiskets för lax och havsöring och vissa arter av plattfisk. Det finns en del vattenbruk i 8+fjordar-området. Företaget Scanfjord är störst, med blåmusselodlingar i yttre Stigfjorden, Havstensfjorden och Koljöfjorden. En rad andra aktörer har odlingar främst i norra delen av 8+fjordar-området och företaget Marine Taste odlar sjöpungar nära Stenungsund. Sjöfåglar är viktiga länkar mellan näringsvävar i havet och på land och de kan vara bra indikatorer på förändringar i de marina ekosystemen. Efter mitten av 1990- talet har ejderpopulationen minskat till hälften och arten är numera (2020) rödlistad som ”starkt hotad” (EN) i både Sverige och Europa. Strandskatan har minskat med omkring 40 % i Sverige de senaste 30 åren och är sedan 2020 rödlistad som "nära hotad" (NT). Troliga faktorer för dessa två arters minskning är minskad mängd och/eller kvalitet, inklusive vitaminbrist, på bytesdjur, ökad utbredning av syrefria bottnar, klimatförändringar, predation och sjukdom. Stora förändringar har också ägt rum hos många måsfågelbestånd de senaste 20–30 åren. Fisktärna och silltrut (på västkusten) har klarat sig bra, medan övriga måsfåglar minskat så kraftigt att de blivit rödlistade. Bestånden av grågås, kanadagås och vitkindad gås har ökat kraftigt de senaste 30 åren. Tillgången på höst- och vintergröna grödor har ökat genom ändrat jordbruk och varmare och snöfattigare vintrar vilket har gynnat gässen. Storskarven var tidigare utdöd i Sverige men under 1980- och 1990-talet spred sig skarven längs den svenska kusten och i 8+fjordar-området etablerades de första kolonier i början av 2000-talet. Det finns ingen regelbunden inventering av storskarv i Sverige men år 2021 räknades 1300 bon i 7 kolonier från Nordre Älvs mynning i söder till Havstensfjord i norr, absoluta majoriteten väster om OrustTjörn. I 8+fjordar-området är storskarvens vanligaste byten smörbult och plattfisk, men även andelen torskfisk och sötvattensfisk är betydande. Knubbsäl, gråsäl och tumlare förekommer i 8+fjordar-området. Knubbsäl och tumlare är de överlägset vanligaste marina däggdjuren medan antalet gråsälar är betydligt färre. Efter att jakten förbjöds och sälarna skyddades, samtidigt som mängden miljögifter minskade, började sälpopulationen längs västkusten återhämta sig under 1980-talet. Knubbsälpopulationen har ökat sedan dess även om virussjukdom (Phocine Distemper Virus, PDV) reducerade antalet betydligt år 1988 och 2002. Under 2010-talets senare hälft uppskattades antalet knubbsälar i Västerhavet till över 20 000 djur. I 8+fjordar-området vistas de flesta sälar på utsidan Orust och Tjörn med mycket färre sälar i själva 8+fjordar-området. Prover insamlade 2015-2016 visade att knubbsälens födoval är helt dominerat av plattfisk (viktandel >70 %) följt av sill, rötsimpa och vitling. Miljögifter finns i stora koncentrationer i vissa delar av 8+fjordar-området, främst i Byfjorden där föroreningar från hamnen länge har varit stora och kring Stenungsund där utsläpp från den kemiska industrin dominerar. Men inom 8+fjordar-området finns även ett stort antal mindre båtvarv och marinor som genom åren har bidragit till giftiga utsläpp främst från båtbottenfärg. I Byfjorden har bottensedimenten höga eller mycket höga koncentrationer av olja, polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH) och PCB. Där är koncentrationerna av TBT, som tidigare användes i båtbottenfärg, och dess två nerbrytningsprodukter DBT och MBT mycket höga. Flera metaller så som zink, kadmium, koppar och nickel finns också i höga koncentrationer. Kvicksilver- och PBDE-halten i blåmusslor överskrider Vattendirektivets gränsvärde för fisk. Dessa föroreningar finns också i Havstensfjorden och Halsefjorden men i lägre koncentrationer. Kring Stenungsund är bottensedimentens halter av hexaklorbensen (HCB) höga eller mycket höga men det avspeglas dock inte i förhöjda HCB-halter i blåmusslor från samma område. Halterna av DBT och MBT är också höga här, medan halterna av TBT inte är förhöjda. Kopparhalten i sediment från Stenungsundsområdet är förhöjda och på en lokal är de långt över Vattendirektivets gränsvärde. Även koncentrationen av PBDE i blåmussla överstiger vattendirektivets gränsvärde. Blåstång från en lokal vid nordvästra Stenungsön har höga eller mycket höga koncentrationer av kadmium, arsenik och koppar. I syrefria bottnar förekommer ingen omblandning av sedimentet av infauna såsom havsborstmaskar vilket gör att lagrade ämnen inte i så hög utsträckning frigörs till vattnet och miljögifter koncentreras som mest i dessa områden. Nedbrytningshastigheten av organiska miljögifter är också betydligt långsammare i en syrefattig miljö än i en syrerik och det kan ta många decennier att bryta ned gifterna. Om syrefria bottnar innehållande miljögifter åter syresätts och omblandningen sätts igång, är det därför risk för kontaminering av kringliggande vatten. Mikroplast som härstammar från den lokala plastindustrin finns i större mängder i bottensedimenten kring Stenungsund. En studie visade att minst 3 miljoner och i värsta fall 36 miljoner polyetylenpellets större än 2 mm, motsvarande 73–730 kg, släpps ut via Stenunge å årligen. När mindre fraktioner ner till 300 µm inkluderades i mätningarna var det totala partikelantalet hundrafaldigt högre. Dessa partiklar har direkt effekt på djur och växter i fjorden. Elfiskeundersökningar visade att 62 % av öring fångade i Stenunge å hade plastpartiklar i magen. Flera invasiva arter har etablerat sig i 8+fjordar-området de senaste decennierna. Den amerikanska kammaneten Mnemiopsis leidyi finns i stora mängder sensommar och höst under de flesta år. Under år med dessa maneter kan de äta upp största delen av djurplanktonbiomassan vilket skapar problem för fisklarver som livnär sig på detta plankton. Stillahavsostronet eller det japanska jätteostronet har observerats på stränder i hela 8+fjordar-området. Dessa ostron kan tränga undan blåmussla när det bildas stora ostronbankar och de europeiska ostronen kan smittas av nya typer av parasiter. Ostronens skal är också vassa och kan orsaka skador på människor som går på bottnen i grunda områden. Mellan 20 och 40 % av 8+fjordar-områdets kustlinje är bebyggd inom 100 meters avstånd till vattenlinjen. I Kungälv och på Tjörn och Orust har bebyggd kustlinje fördubblats på bara 10 år trots förbud mot uppförande av nya byggnader närmre än 100 meter från strandlinjen enligt strandskyddslagstiftningen. 20–25 % av kusten i dessa kommuner är nu bebyggd. Friluftslivet till sjöss har också ökat kraftigt under senare år. Intervjuundersökningar visar att det under 2004 uppskattningsvis fanns totalt 26 600 båtar på svenska västkusten men att antalet har fyrdubblats fram till 2010. Denna ökning av mänsklig närvaro stör på många olika sätt. Pirar eller bryggor kan störa djurs naturliga migrationsrutter längs kusten, speciellt i topografiskt komplexa områden som 8+fjordar-området och större strukturer som t.ex. brofästen eller bortsprängningar och utgrävningar kan ändra vattengenomströmningen. I 8+fjordar-området kan det ha extra stor effekt eftersom vattenutbytet är naturligt långsamt. Fåglar störs kraftigt av snabbgående båtar. Många fåglar undviker ofta platser med mycket trafik under ruggningen och på rastoch övervintringslokaler kan störningar från båtar leda till att de oftare tar till flykt med energiförluster som följd. Marint skräp är ett särskilt stort problem i Bohuslän där stora mängder makroskräp driver i land på grund av havsströmmarna (Jutska strömmen). Detta är faktiskt ett av Europas mest nedskräpade marina områden. 96 % av det marina skräpet längs stränderna i Bohuslän utgörs av plastartiklar, och det vanligaste är snören och linor som till allra största del kommer från fisket. Effekter av skräp på det marina djurlivet är väldokumenterade, t ex insnärjning av marina djur och intag av skräpföremål av fåglar, fiskar och evertebrater. Förlorade tinor, garn och ryssjor utgör också en betydande del av skräpet. Efter intervjuundersökningar uppskattades antalet förlorade hummertinor till 3900 per år på västkusten bara från fritidsfisket. Förlorade fiskredskap fiskar vidare och studier har visat att så mycket som 163 800 humrar och krabbtaskor fångas per år på västkusten i detta spökfiske. Klimatförändringarna leder till att haven runt Sverige blir allt varmare, att kustnära vatten utsötas när nederbörden ändras och att haven försuras när ökade mängder koldioxid tas upp i havet. Varmare vatten tar upp mer plats så havsnivån stiger med stigande temperatur och detta förvärras när polernas fastlandsisar smälter. I 8+fjordar-området ökar ytvattentemperaturen fyra gångar så snabbt som den globala medeluppvärmningen och enligt SMHI har temperaturen ökat med 3,5 °C sedan 1960. Salthalt och skiktning förändras i kustnära miljöer när nederbörden varierar. I svenska kustnära marina miljöer har saliniteten minskat under perioden från 1992, då mätningarna började, fram till ca 2010, men under de senare åren har den ökat så mycket att den nu är tillbaka på samma nivå som 1990. En tredjedel av den koldioxid som släpps ut absorberas av världens hav där den bildar kolsyra. Under industrialiseringen har det globala medel-pH minskat från cirka 8,11 till 8,06, en minskning som motsvarar en ökning i surhet med 30 %. Det finns ingen marin övervakning av pH i 8+fjordar-området men data från danska fjordar visar en försurning som är dubbel så snabb som globala medelvärdet. Av alla belastningar relaterade till klimatförändringarna är det temperaturökningen som har störst effekt på djur och växter i havet. Först och främst förflyttas utbredningsområden för djur och växter mot norr. Torsken i Skagerrak/Kattegatt föredrar temperaturer som är låga jämfört med de medeltemperaturer de upplever i området i dag och den temperaturökningen vi ser i 8+fjordar-området minskar därför torskens lekmöjlighet i området. Ålgräs påverkas också av ökande temperaturer och studier visar att en 5 °C ökning minskar ålgräsets skottäthet. Havsförsurning påverkar främst bottnens kalcifierande arter som kräftdjur, blötdjur och tagghudingar. Till exempel har det visat sig att sjöborrelarvers utveckling försämras av även mycket små minskningar i pH och bottensamhällen påverkas så att både artrikedom och antal individer minskar under försurning.

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Academic literature on the topic 'PBDEs'

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Journal articles on the topic "PBDEs"

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Conference papers on the topic "PBDEs"

Reports on the topic "PBDEs"