Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pays riches en ressources Naturelles'
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Hazem, Sofiane. "Productivité du travail et capital humain dans un pays riche en ressources naturelles. Le cas de l'Algérie 1984-2015." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU2066.
Full textIssues relating to economic growth and its determinants remain a central concern of all economies, including those with a wealth of natural resources. It is in this context that we are interested in this thesis to the growth model of Algeria, countries whose economies are heavily dependent on hydrocarbons, which account for more than 95% of these exports and more than half of these budgetary resources. The financial upswing that Algeria experienced during the first fifteen years of this millennium has enabled it to launch three major public investment programs, namely: the Economic Recovery Support Programme, the Complementary Growth Support Program and the Economic Growth Consolidation Program. Together, these three programmes have totalled almost 348 billion dollars, generating a strong public demand that could encourage the national productive sector to develop its investments, its competitiveness vis-à-vis imported products and its production capacity. We show that these investment efforts have had a limited impact on economic growth and job creation. We are therefore interested in the study of the efficiency of factors of production, and more specifically in labour productivity and its contribution to overall factor productivity. We thus show that the performance of the Algerian economy is no longer the result of the increase in the quantity of labor rather than the growth of productivity. This result has been more marked in the hydrocarbon sector, especially since the early 2000s. The weakness of labour productivity is due, first, to the low quality of human capital, and second, to the factors inherent in Dutch disease, and finally, the difficulties associated with the practice of business, which also represent a serious obstacle to entrepreneurship, but also to the attractiveness of foreign capital. With this in mind, avenues for reform have been explored both in terms of the quality of human capital and in terms of institutional and economic regimes that are favourable to the business environment
Dosso, Nouho David. "Financial development and climate change challenges with focus on resource-rich countries." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA131044.
Full textThis thesis explores, on the one hand, the interaction between financial development and natural resource management, and on the other hand, the challenges related to climate vulnerability and climate finance, with a particular focus on resource-rich countries. It is structured into three distinct chapters. The first chapter examines the complex relationship between natural resource abundance and financial development, emphasizing how institutional quality canmitigate the negative impact of resource abundance on the development of the financial sector. Based on an analysis of a panel of 100 countries over the period 1996-2017, this chapter demonstrates that strong institutions can significantly reduce the deleterious effects associated with natural resources. The second chapter introduces a new measure of climate vulnerability,called "CV03", which is characterized by its independence from the level of economic development. This chapter highlights the specific challenges faced by both less developed and more advanced countries in terms of climate resilience and shows how a more precise assessment of climate risks can better inform adaptation policies. Finally, the third chapter focuses on climate finance flows, particularly those coming from international bilateral aid. By examining financial allocations through a gravity model, it demonstrates that the countries most vulnerable to climate change are not always prioritized in the distribution of funds, whether in the form of grantsor loans. This chapter reveals that climate finance decisions are often influenced by the political and economic considerations of donor countries, raising questions about the equity and effectiveness of such aid. The results underscore the need for reforms to better align climate finance with the actual needs of the most vulnerable countries. The conclusions of this thesis open upprospects for future research, particularly on green capital markets, financial technological innovations, and more equitable distribution mechanisms for climate finance
Mbangare, Mobe Milaiti. "La richesse pétrolière : une malédiction pour les pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest ? Une étude comparative." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18551.
Full textMabali, Aristide. "Quatre essais sur les effets des rentes des ressources naturelles dans les pays en développement." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF10503/document.
Full textThis thesis is a collection of political economy research topics fitting into the contemporary field of literature on the natural resource curse in developing countries. The thesis focuses primarily on the links between natural resource rents and political institutions, before studying the impact of oil resource rents on poverty under its different forms. The geographical scope of the thesis is both macro for a group of developing countries, and micro in the case of Chad and its regions. The first part, drawing on institutional change theories, tests the hypothesis on whether rents generated by natural resources have a detrimental effect on institutions in developing countries, by considering different types of natural resources characterized by their different degree of appropriability. Besides, we evaluate the hypothesis of a "regional conflict system" in the “tormented Triangle” which includes Central African Republic, Chad and Sudan. The second part assesses the impact of the “unusual” system for allocating and managing the expected oil income from the Doba Oil project on many aspects of poverty in Chad by using field survey data. As such, the first chapter of this part tests the hypothesis of an urban bias in children's time allocation in the oil context in Chad. Regarding the second chapter, it investigates the impact of oil extraction on poverty profile in the oil producing region by using quasi-experimental evaluation methods
Güneysu, Betil. "Les problèmes juridiques internationaux posés par l'exploitation des ressources naturelles : l'exemple de la bauxite." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR30006.
Full textBauxite and alumina are vital resources for underdeveloped economies. Bauxite is exploited by multinational entreprises. The position of the aluminium industry in the military complex, its contrat of the processus of exploitation of the mineral permitted multinational entreprises to dominate their relations with the governments. Inalienability of the souvereignty on natural resources confers to state contracts a public character. In no system of law are private interests permitted to prevail over duly established public interest making impossible actions required for public good
Mousavi, Seyed Mohammad Amir. "L’abondance (dépendance) des ressources naturelles influence-t-elle l’accumulation de capital humain ? Les Ressources Naturelles sont-elles une Malédiction pour l'Education et la Santé ?" Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ0016.
Full textAs illustrated by the “Human Development Index” published by the United Nations and used by the World Bank, a society’s progress is often judged not just by its income, but also its human capital outcomes in education and health. It is therefore not surprising that, just as a large number of studies have asked whether natural resource dependence or abundance harms or helps a society’s income, a growing number of papers have separately asked if they harm or help a society’s accumulation of human capital. To date, however, no one has surveyed this body of research. This is what we attempt to do in the dissertation. This new survey then is followed by several empirical analyses and conceptual models to check whether the abundance/dependence of natural resources hurt/help or does not affect the accumulation of human capital. While the literature typically focuses on a national-level analysis of the resource curse, chapter two of this dissertation investigates the impact on the human capital of the abundance of petroleum resources in 28 provinces of Iran from 2000 to 2014. It also contributes to the literature by distinguishing between upstream and downstream impacts i.e. whether the effects of the oil and gas industry on human capital are associated mostly with extraction (upstream) or refining and distribution (downstream) activities. Second, the approach of the dissertation inclined from macro to the microeconomic view in chapter three. Although a growing body of literature studies the HCIF’s (Human Capital-Intensive Firms) boundary and governance, few try to focus on these firms when the abundance of resources is involved in the economy. Similarly, in resource curse literature much has been said about the natural resource effects on human capital, however, fewer studies have been conducted for the immigration of the talented students in the resource abundance countries and the potential impacts this might have on human capital. This gap inspired me to study the effect of oil rent, brain drain, and good governance on human capital in a set of countries listed in the Natural Resource Governance Index (NRGI) Report. 3. Overall, all the empirical analysis of this dissertation significantly confirms the curse of natural resource abundance/dependence for the accumulation of human capital, measured by different indicators of health and education. For example, regarding the case of Iran, the empirical results show that apart from the global crowding effect of natural resources on human capital, the provinces involved in both downstream and upstream oil activities have significantly lower levels of human capital compared to both oil-free provinces and provinces involved only in downstream oil activities. This suggests a double resource curse. We also find the same negative effects for a cross-section of 81 NRGI countries by estimating a system of multiple linear regression models, by using ordinary least squares (OLS). Another interesting result of this dissertation was the negative impacts of brain drain on the accumulation of human capital. Contrary, we find that the determinants of good governance show a significant and positive impact on human capital accumulation, indicating the important role of good governance in resource-abundant countries to harness the curse of oil abundance. Finally, the positive and significant coefficient of interaction term -in chapter four- between natural resource governance and oil rent (as a proxy for resource dependence) implies that natural resource good governance is one key to avoid the negative effect of resources on the accumulation of human capital
Dauvin, Magali. "Essais sur la dépendance des économies aux ressources naturelles." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100093.
Full textThe recent drop in commodity prices showed the high vulnerability implied by being too much dependent on revenues stemming from natural resources. In the first chapter, we look into the way financial markets assess the market risk of twenty-two emerging economies. More precisely, the purpose of this chapter is to investigate how natural resources are incorporated in the way international investors perceived the ability to service external debt obligationsduring the 2003-2014 period. The results indicate that commodity prices are an important driver of sovereign spreads in the case of exporters while it is not the case for importing countries. In the second chapter, we investigate the link between energy prices and the real effective exchange rate of commodity-exporting countries. Estimating a panel cointegration relation between the real effective exchange rate and its fundamentals, we provide evidence for the existence of both energy and commodity currencies and we show that when the oil market is highly volatile (downwards), currencies follow an "oil currency regime", terms-of trade becoming an important driver of the real exchange rate A conventional wisdom has spread in the literature stating that a high endowment in natural resources is detrimental for growth, yet the debate is still ongoing In this chapter, we aim at providing quantitative results on the magnitude of the link between natural resources and growth found in the literature, as well as discussing, on quantitative bases, whether the sources of heterogeneity are significant. To this end, we implement a meta-analysis based on 67 empirical studies that investigate the link between natural resources and growth, totaling 1405 estimates. The results show a "soft" curse that may be reverted together with the importance of institutions in mitigating the curse
Deybe, Daniel. "Politiques pour une agriculture durable : essai sur la gestion des ressources naturelles renouvelables." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010033.
Full textNatural resources depletion and increasing food requirements of world population generate a problem of sustainability of agricultural production systems. The notion of "sustainable agriculture" tries to bring an answer to this problem. This work is focused on the soil, a renewable and depletable resource. Fundamental for agricultural production. After discussing the characteristics of this resource, a "bio-economic" model, considering bio-physical and socio-economic aspects of the different production systems, is utilized to evaluate short and long-term effects of different alternative policies at the individual as well as regional or village level
Zarrella, André-Dominique. "La politique internationale des pêcheries en Méditerranée : exploitation, gestion et conservation des ressources naturelles de la mer." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON10008.
Full textMediterranean sea is actually suffering from an overfishing of its resources because of a lack of an international control policy of its fisheries. There is urgency and at the same time difficulties to cure this delicate situation, so many are the conflicts between traditional fisheries and states in Mediterranean sea. It seems impossible to adapt the oceanic fisheries control policy to the Mediterranean sea. The only solution is to create a project of partition of its natural resources from the new international law of the sea and concept of enclosed sea
Subotsch, Nathalie. "Comparaison des politiques de gestion des forêts à rôle de protection dans les pays alpins, signataires de la convention alpine : étude comparée de cinq pays alpins." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10215.
Full textRossignol, Raphaël. "Dimensions stratégiques et sécuritaires de I'exploitation des ressources naturelles d'Afrique subsaharienne par la Chine." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0140.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to consider the economic and political relations between China and sub-Saharan Africa to the extent that they involve security issues. The selected angle is used to link three perspectives, starting from a classical approach measuring the real importance and describing the mechanisms of China-Africa economic relations. Then follows a more detailed discussion about the terms of the exploitation of African natural resources by Chinese publicly owned companies. Finally ensues an analysis of the role played by those of these Chinese enterprises that work in the defense industry at large. This thesis examines how China deploys strategic thinking around the competition between Beijing and the Western powers for the operation and control of African natural resources. In this context, the risks faced by Chinese companies are represented as well by the political instability of some of the countries where they operate, and by the interventions of foreign powers in these conflicts to protect competing interests of those in Beijing. These conflicts are indeed likely to break Chinese supplies to prevent Chinese companies to operate and even to overthrow or weaken political allies of Beijing. To counter those risks, China is increasing its military commitment to the continent by selling its trading partners defenses in the form of weapons and military training. These exchanges involve the Chinese defense industries, which are also conglomerates operating in the exploitation of natural resources. These companies are therefore at the heart of this competition between China and the Western powers, as part of their activities (arms transfers) is expected to offset the destabilization caused by the other party (the exploitation of natural resources)
Semaan, Marleine. "Développement et diffusion des innovations contraintes par les ressources : application au secteur de la construction dans les pays en développement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022GRALE008.
Full textThe Ukraine crisis and its effects on both developed and developing countries show that humanity has moved into a new era in which limited resources will slow global progress more than ever. The development of innovation in conditions of scarcity in developing countries is an increasing preoccupation in academia and in the political arena. To innovate in these contexts, actors and organizations must employ new types of resources and skills, as well as different innovation processes. Resource-constrained innovations (RCI) are emerging in these contexts and facing several challenges: the lack of adapted innovations to the needs of the poor, the difficulty of resource mobilization, particularly for low-income entrepreneurs, and the diffusion of these innovations. This dissertation focuses on entrepreneurship in resource-constrained settings, which consists of providing means and needs for the disadvantaged population to break the cycle of poverty. The objective here is to understand the role that entrepreneurs play in addressing the different challenges related to the innovation processes in developing countries. In this context, many experiences of innovations are studied in the literature under different terminologies that are all covered by the resource-constrained innovation concept. While a lot of attention has been placed on the outcomes of these innovations, the processes have gotten less attention. In this research, we investigate the resource-constrained innovation processes by taking into account the context of developing countries. We attempt to determine how local actors, especially entrepreneurs, create and diffuse innovations in resource constraints and institutional voids to address the needs of the bottom of the pyramid population (BoP).In this spirit, we developed three analyses. In the first chapter, we focus on understanding the resource-constrained processes that are emerging in developing countries. We analyze the three phases of the three innovation processes: invention, development, and implementation. We discuss the characteristics that distinguish each innovation process and the theoretical foundations used to study them. The second analysis concentrates on the emergence phase of a new venture by an entrepreneur in resource-constrained environments. We examine the research that combines innovation and entrepreneurship in resource constraints (effectuation approach) to learn how entrepreneurs use available resources to start new ventures and create innovations. The third analysis investigates the diffusion of resource-constrained innovations through market formation and examines the grassroots innovation market as a case study. It focuses on the formation processes of two segments of the markets created by a non-governmental association, the Nubian-vault association (NVA), in Sub-Saharan Africa in the construction sector.This dissertation adds to the body of research by bridging two research frameworks: entrepreneurship and the innovation process. Overall, what we have added to the literature shows how important it is to think about entrepreneurship as a way to solve many of the problems that resource-constrained innovations in developing countries face. Entrepreneurs can create opportunities for the formation of new ventures as well as the emergence and diffusion of alternative innovations that are adapted to the Bottom of the Pyramid population (BoP)
Welch-Devine, Meredith. "Co-gestion des milieux naturels dans les Pyrénées : Natura 2000 et la gestion des propriétés collectives Basques (exemple du pays de Soule)." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU1012.
Full textThe Basque province of Soule (department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France) contains more than 14,000 hectares of common-pool land. This land provides numerous resources, most notably summer pasturage, to the animal raisers of the province who, for centuries, have collectively managed that land under a common property regime. At the same time, biodiversity conservation has arisen as a chief concern of the international community and of European policy-makers. In 1992, the European Commission passed the Habitats Directive, which, together with the Birds Directive, creates a pan-European network of areas to be managed for social, economic, and ecological sustainability. This network, called Natura 2000, is made up of conservation sites on both public and private lands, and the common lands of Soule are covered almost in their entirety by Natura 2000 sites. The implementation of Natura 2000 is pushing the current system toward one of co-management between resource users, state agencies, and other stakeholders yet to be identified. This dissertation research examines the co-management process that is slowly emerging and compares it to the existing management regime. I discuss how relations between Basques and the French state combine with features of the implementation process to create resistance. I then examine the major themes of resistance and their origins, and explore the particularities that must be considered when moving from common property to co-management
Ngouhouo, Ibrahim Catin Maurice. "Les investissements directs étrangers en Afrique centrale attractivité et effets économiques /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00274376/fr.
Full textIdris, Albana Mahir. "Le pétrole : Enjeu de souveraineté : "Contribution à l'étude du principe de souveraineté permanente des Etats sur leurs ressources naturelles à la lumière de la guerre du Golfe 1990-1991"." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE0010.
Full textThe principle of sovereignty over natural resources forms the subject of many United Nations resolutions. Thus, oil could play an important role in order to confirm this sovereignty and succeed an economic integration. However, other international policy factors play an opposite role making oil an obstacle to sovereignty. Is it at once a manna and a risk ? During the Gulf war, oil was at stake, not only because it's an economic wealth but in addition to that it's crucial in international strategy. This is a legal study about sovereignty over natural resources in order to know : Oil, does it constitute a mean confirming sovereignty or an obstacle to realize it ?
De, Moraes Vodopives Hildete. "La mondialisation de la compagnie Brésilienne Vale, 2002-2010." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL123.
Full textThe internationalisation of companies located in developing countries is a feature of contemporary globalization. Inverting the trend of capital flows, they represent what the Boston Consulting Group calls the global challengers: “a group of emerging challengers that are becoming important players in both developing and developed countries around the globe.” This dissertation examines the case of one of these challengers: the Brazilian mining company Vale. After the acquisition of the Canadian giant Inco in 2006, Vale jumped from the sixth to the second position among global mining companies. Such a drastic move elicits a number of questions. What reasons led this unknown emerging company to venture in an international environment? How successful was Vale in this endeavor? What are the effects of Vale’s internationalization on the Brazilian economy? Since its creation in 1942 as a state-controlled company, Vale plays a leading role in Brazil’s economic development. At the same time, the company had no choice but to turn to international markets. After its privatization, the company defines the goal of becoming a global player with an aggressive plan for national and international acquisitions. Results are expressive. Vale succeds in expanding both its international presence and its product portfolio. Nevertheless, the becoming a global player ambition is not completely achieved. In 2010, Vale remains a company that suffers from Brazilian political interference and cost of doing business
Gab-Leyba, Guy dabi. "Essais sur l'efficience et la fiscalité pétrolière dans les pays en développement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD027.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to highlight the determinants of the efficiency of public policies in developing countries. The results show that countries with natural resources and in fragile situations tend to have less efficient public spending on primary education. The results also reveal that the increase in the share of health expenditure in total household expenditure, the poverty incidence rate, the literacy rate and the location in areas considered as isolated reduce the efficiency of health structures. Conversely, the increase in the incidence rate of malaria and the prevalence rate of malnutrition improve the efficiency of health structures. Regarding the efficiency of credit institutions, the results highlight an improvement in the efficiency score over the period 2000-2015 despite the fact that on average, the efficiency of banks in the CEMAC zone is around 33%. Estimates also show that a large size and high liquidity improve the technical efficiency of credit institutions while an increase in banking risk reduces it. Finally, the assessment of petroleum tax regimes in force in Chad reveals that production sharing contracts allow to Government to capture a higher share of oil rent compared to contracts based on the concession system. In addition, contracts based on production sharing have the characteristic of being progressive. These results have implications for economic policy. Thus, developing countries should give priority to improving the quality of social spending by promoting transparency and good governance in the implementation of development projects and publics policy. In particular, in the health sector, there is an urgent need to improve the quality of health personnel and better programming of operating expenditure aimed at making health infrastructures operational. Then, to increase the profitability of the banks in the countries of the CEMAC zone, it would be advisable to diversify the structures beneficiary of the credits and to implement reforms aiming at improving the business environment. Finally, the Chadian Government should reactivate a counter-cyclical policy in order to guard against fluctuations in oil revenues
Hooper, Emma. "Essays on international finance and sustainable growth in natural resource rich countries." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM2027/document.
Full textThe relationship between sustainable growth and international financial market access in natural resource rich countries has been overlooked in the economic literature. However, those issues have become more present in the public debate with the recent drop in oil prices. This thesis tries to better understand how natural resource dependent economies can deal with their external debt and how financial markets view this sovereign risk. To address those issues, this dissertation refers to dynamic optimization, as well as econometric studies. It contributes to the natural resource literature by including new dimensions, such as financial openness in a growth model with exhaustible resources, contrary to most growth models which are studied as closed economies. Concerning its empirical applications, this thesis takes into account natural resource stocks, through oil and gas reserves, whereas most of the empirical literature focuses on the natural resource price dimension. This price issue is also part of the analysis, especially with oil price returns and oil price volatility. The main results are that long-term sustainability is not feasible with a constant interest rate, but the consumption growth rate can be positive in the case of a debt elastic interest rate, before declining in the long-term. It is also shown that oil and gas reserves have a significant impact on sovereign spreads. Moreover, oil price returns are significant determinants of Venezuela's Credit Default Swaps (CDS), contrary to the case of Russia, where oil prices seem to impact CDS spreads through the exchange rate canal
Seghir, Majda. "Essays in oil and the economic development of resource rich countries." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0047.
Full textIs natural wealth a guarantee of prosperity or is it a curse? How has petroleum shaped growth economic process in oil producing countries? To the extent that these questions have to be raise, the purpose of this thesis is to move towards a better understanding of the mechanisms that make oil becoming a curse as often as a blessing, in oil exporting countries. The empirical studies conducted in this thesis help answer three main questions: (i) What is the contribution of oil as energy (or an energy source) in the process of economic growth? (ii) What are the direct and indirect effects of dependence to oil revenues on economic growth? (iii) Is the oil curse a question of macroeconomic stability?Our contributions thus highlight the following results. (i) Abundant oil wealth and overconsumption observed in the vast majority of oil exporting countries contribute positively to the economic growth process. This result is, however, valid only in the short term. Indeed, in the long term, oil consumption appears to be a consequence of economic growth. (ii) Oil as a source of revenue impacts economic growth directly and indirectly through its effect on the amount and quality of public spending as well as on trade openness. Given these mechanisms, our results show that beyond a certain threshold of dependence on oil revenues, economic growth is constrained by the direct and indirect effects of oil revenues. However, these effects can be contained, first, by reducing dependence on oil revenues; then, by improving government effectiveness; and finally by increasing political stability. (iii) Oil revenues, due to their extreme instability may harm economic growth by inducing macroeconomic distortions. This instability results more precisely by an appreciation of the real exchange rate, a rise in public spending and inflation. The most dependent are countries, the most they are exposed to macroeconomic instability. Similarly, countries with an efficient and credible government are the one which suffer economic growth suffers the less from macroeconomic instability.Oil is, thus, a vantage for oil exporting countries but the adverse effects of such a natural resource on the economy must be mastered. One solution would, then, be to reduce the level of dependence of the economy on oil revenues to reduce the exposure to volatile oil prices and to reduce the risk of contagion to the economy. Another solution would be to improve the ability of governments to implement efficient economic policies
De, Moraes Vodopives Hildete. "La mondialisation de la compagnie Brésilienne Vale, 2002-2010." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL123.
Full textThe internationalisation of companies located in developing countries is a feature of contemporary globalization. Inverting the trend of capital flows, they represent what the Boston Consulting Group calls the global challengers: “a group of emerging challengers that are becoming important players in both developing and developed countries around the globe.” This dissertation examines the case of one of these challengers: the Brazilian mining company Vale. After the acquisition of the Canadian giant Inco in 2006, Vale jumped from the sixth to the second position among global mining companies. Such a drastic move elicits a number of questions. What reasons led this unknown emerging company to venture in an international environment? How successful was Vale in this endeavor? What are the effects of Vale’s internationalization on the Brazilian economy? Since its creation in 1942 as a state-controlled company, Vale plays a leading role in Brazil’s economic development. At the same time, the company had no choice but to turn to international markets. After its privatization, the company defines the goal of becoming a global player with an aggressive plan for national and international acquisitions. Results are expressive. Vale succeds in expanding both its international presence and its product portfolio. Nevertheless, the becoming a global player ambition is not completely achieved. In 2010, Vale remains a company that suffers from Brazilian political interference and cost of doing business
Naderan, Elias. "Les facteurs de la mobilisation fiscale en Iran." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF10181.
Full textCodur, Anne-Marie. "La relation société-environnement dans une approche systémique : contribution à la définition du concept de développement durable." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996IEPP0019.
Full textThis thesis proposes a theoretical framework for studying the society-environment relationship in a systemic perspective especially in the context of social systems that are closely dependant on their local environment, as is still the case for most rural communities in developing countries. Traditional analytical, quantitative approaches (using linear causalities) generally fail to explain the complexity of the relation between a society and its environment. This dissertation employs a dynamic interactive socio-ecological system (SES) model which represents the organization of the interface that links any society to its natural environment. Focusing on the institutional aspect of this interface, i argue that the relation between institutional design and ecosystemic properties is critical for sustainability. Sustainable institutional structures must be sensitive to physical factors which impose constraints on the exploitation of natural renewable resources (e. G. Variability and uncertainty in the availability of a resource in space, time and quantity, conditions of access, visibility, divisibility,. . ) I develop a typology of diverse ideal-types of SESs according to institutional responses to ecological constraints (especially in terms of appropriate institutional scales or regulation of access to resources). I illustrate this typology by examples of historically sustainable SESs in rural communities of Morocco and Tunisia. These communities are experiencing exogenous and endogenous changes or shocks (population pressure, institutional failures, openess to the market, conflicts between different institutional scales of regulation,. . . ) That are modifying the patterns of the socio-environment interface and can lead to ecological degradations if the necessary institutional adaptations fail to occur
Oladeji, Sunday. "Commerce Nord-Sud et environnement : une approche technologique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX24007.
Full textKirat, Yassine. "Economic and environmental impacts of natural resources abundance." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E056.
Full textThis thesis examines how societies use and sustain the natural resources that fundamentally shape human well-being, the environment and the economy. The links between economic prosperity, resources and environmental preservation are complex and diverse. This implies that, if all dimensions are not taken into account in public policy making, any progress in achieving objectives in these areas can be hindered by undesirable outcomes. A key issue in development studies is how natural resource wealth affects long-term economic growth. In order to address this question, the first chapter examines the impact of non-conventional resource development on the US manufacturing sector over the period 1997-2013. In the same veine, chapter 3 examines the impact of abundant natural resources on the economy by exploiting the volatility channel of natural resources rent on a panel of 103 countries between 1985-2014. Moreover, the extraction and processing of natural resources are often energy-intensive activities that involve large-scale ecosystem alterations. Chapter 2 of the thesis investigates the impact of natural resource abundance on CO2 intensity in developed countries over the period 1995-2014
Djerafi, Billel. "L’accès aux ressources génétiques et le partage des avantages découlant de leur utilisation face à la brevetabilité des inventions biotechnologiques. Une question conflictuelle à l’épreuve des rapports Nord/Sud." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE0002.
Full textThe Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), concluded in 1992, has established for the first time in international law a genetic resources (GR) regime on access and benefits sharing arising from their use (ABS system). This system is based on the recognition of the sovereignty of States over their natural resources, supposed allow them the control of their use and reaping the associated benefits. Therefore, the Convention was presented as a gain for South’s countries, the main suppliers of GR and therefore the main beneficiaries of this system. Two years after the conclusion of the CBD, the Agreement on Trade Related aspect of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) was concluded under the aegis of the World Trade Organization (WTO.) Under the influence of North’s countries concerned to shape the international patent system on their own model, this Agreement extend the patentability scope to all technologies, including those which were excluded from this scope by many countries, especially in South. Biotechnologies are the most concerned by this obligation. In this regard, South’s countries have expressed reluctance, considering that TRIPS is not adapted to the requirements of the ABS system of CBD since it allows the patentability of GR which are the base of biotechnologies without regard to these requirements. These countries, moreover, considered that the Agreement could compromise the implementation of this system. Therefore, the two texts found themselves at the center of a real debate between the South and the North whether to denounce their incompatibility or support their synergy. A debate that exposes a real North/South division on numerous question
Ngouhouo, Ibrahim. "Les investissements directs étrangers en Afrique centrale : attractivité et effets économiques." Toulon, 2008. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00274376/fr/.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to analyse the impact of Foreign Direct Investment in Centra) Africa. The author uses the gravity Model to show that Natural resources still remain the first determinant of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Centra) Africa, far ahead of the market size and the population. The structural equation model is also used to analyse the positive and negative effects of FDI on Economic growth in Central Africa. The result shows that the contribution of FDI in Cameroon was substantial, fair in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon and quite neal in Congo and Tchad
Yelkouni, Martin. "Gestion d'une ressource naturelle et action collective : le cas de la forêt de Tiogo au Burkina Faso." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660993.
Full textVolkov, Aleksandr. "Le régime juridique des relations gazières entre la Russie, l'Union Européenne et les pays membres de l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR1004/document.
Full textThe current legal rules restrain the development of both frameworks now existing – that is, long-term contracts and opened-up markets. The solution to this problem could be the maintain of the first group of relations and the development of the second group. Therefore, it is important to suggest an alternative framework. The basis of such alternative framework could be fixed in an international treaty between Russia, EU and the member-states. This new regulation will also require the adjustment of the local legislation
Ngouhouo, Ibrahim. "Les investissements directs étrangers en Afrique centrale : attractivité et effets économiques." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00274376.
Full textAzzouni, Anis. "Politique énergétique et énergies renouvelables en Europe du nord, dans le cadre du développement durable." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040003.
Full textOur new challenge is to succeed in protecting the environment; we have to reduce our energy consumption. The development of renewable energies will decrease greenhouse gases and our energy consumption. The Nordic countries have set up a different energy policy, depending on their own natural resources and know-how. It’s not easy to reduce energy consumption when needs are increasing. Political choices are very important, especially during this crisis period. We must use this new green revolution to revitalize the economy, create employment and build a good sustainable development, which respects the environment and society. The Nordic countries share the same culture, history and language, but their energy policies are different. Norway has chosen hydrocarbons, Denmark wind power, Sweden and Finland nuclear power and Iceland geothermal energy. These choices have always been an argument for the reduction of greenhouse gases, even if the reality is sometimes different. The Nordic countries are setting a good example to the world in sustainable development and showing a new way of life and thinking for the next generations
Mbangare, Mobe Milaiti. "La richesse pétrolière : une malédiction pour les pays d'Afrique de l'ouest? /." 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24014/24014.pdf.
Full textTardif, Jonathan. "Écologie politique de l'écotourisme dans les aires protégées des pays du Sud : le cas de Chi Phat dans les Cardamomes au Cambodge." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11637.
Full textEcotourism is often seen as a panacea for reconciling economic development, environmental protection and well-being of communities around protected areas in developing countries. However, the reality on the ground is different, because its complex, political and transcalar character is too often overlooked in the implementation of interventions. The purpose of this research project is thus to shed new light on the development of ecotourism in protected areas of the less developed countries through a critical analysis of practices and discourses that are linked to it. Adopting a theoretical framework derived from political ecology, we sought to understand how ecotourism affects access to natural resources for different social actors. The methodological approach is based on a qualitative case study that focuses on a specific project initiated in Chi Phat, located next to a protected forest in south-western Cambodia. It uses literature review, discourse analysis, participant observation as well as more than 80 semi-structured interviews with key actors. Our results show first that there are no clear guidelines for ecotourism development in Cambodia, and we observe very little collaboration at all levels. This is not unrelated to the fact that the current government is generally prioritizing development over conservation. Then we showed that the ecotourism project allows Wildlife Alliance to justify the existence of the protected forest. This NGO also stands out in the country by its more radical approach to conservation. The power it has and the results it obtains on the ground come from its ability to mobilize, in a timely manner, all available means to control access. Overall, we can say that the main actors whose access to natural resources are adversely affected through the ecotourism project are local farmers. Finally, we propose two additions to the conceptual framework, namely the consideration of the geographical aspect of access and exclusion, and the introduction of degrees of exclusion, which allow a more accurate analysis of the situation.