Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Payment service providers'

Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African local government literature suggests a historical problem of municipal non-consultation in services identification and provision that goes hand-in-hand with community non-participation in municipal activities, coupled by a ‘culture of non-payment’ for these services. This research, which was conducted between 2002 and 2005 in the city of Johannesburg municipality, had the central purpose of ascertaining the manner and ways in which the city of Johannesburg provides its basic services to the Soweto communities and, in turn, of understanding if communities participate in municipal activities and hold possible attitudes of non-payment for municipal services. In order to attain the research purpose, six research questions were identified through local government theories and literature and advanced. The first set of four questions was aimed at the Soweto communities: How affordable are the basic municipal services to the Soweto communities? What are community’s perceptions of the importance of the various municipal services? Are the communities participating in the services identification and provision? How satisfied are the communities with the service delivery? The second set of two questions was aimed at service providers or the municipal services managers and councillors: What methods does the municipality use in identifying and delivering service? What does the municipality perceive to be their application and enforcement of service quality management standards? The original methodological intent was to interview the Soweto communities and the city of Johannesburg municipal services managers and councillors. 200 Soweto households were indeed interviewed from the eight townships of Chiawelo, Diepkloof, Dobsonville, Dube, Jabulani, Meadowlands, Naledi and Orlando, which were randomly selected. The survey amongst the heads of these 200 households was followed by four focus group meetings at Chiawelo, Dobsonville, Dube and Meadowlands and between five and eleven households participated in the discussions in clarifying survey outcomes. It was only possible, however, to interview three service managers from the city of Johannesburg services utilities Pikitup, Johannesburg Water and the Contract Management Unit. Frustrated attempts to interview municipal councillors in the city of Johannesburg led to obtaining permission for proxy interviews from the MEC of Local Government and Traffic Safety in Mpumalanga municipalities of Govan Mbeki and Emalahleni and the inclusion of the KwaZulu-Natal municipality of Emnambithi. The usage of proxy interviews is thought to be relevant since the perceptions on service provision relate to the application and implementation of the uniform countrywide local government structures and systems. A total of 24 interviews were conducted with the Mpumalanga MEC, the city of Johannesburg service managers (3), councillors (9) and senior municipal administrators (11). In order to confirm or repudiate service provider findings from the Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal municipalities, supplementary interviews were held with persons knowledgeable about service delivery in Soweto between 2002 and 2005. A total of four additional interviews were thus conducted. In the analysis of the community survey data, townships were classified as well-off and worse-off on the basis of household incomes and thus participation in municipal activities, payment of services and other attitudes were compared between the two strata. The findings of the research reveal low levels of ability to pay for municipal services by communities in terms of household incomes. However, the household possessions of the living standard measurement (LSM) utilities indicated otherwise. The use of income as a measure of affordability to pay is suspect in methodological reliability; hence income related findings should be interpreted with caution. The worse-off townships preferred state provision of the basic municipal services. There was less inclination to participate in municipal structures such as ward committees and Integrated Development Plans (IDP) processes by the well-off townships, although they were the least satisfied with service provision and municipal performance. The city of Johannesburg municipality was found to be addressing service backlogs as a method for service identification and prioritisation. The municipality has semi-privatised basic municipal services such as water, electricity and garbage collection through section 21 companies in order to overcome service provision inefficiencies and ineffectiveness. This has devastating effects in terms of the community’s inability to pay, leading to services disconnection. Communities in general, however, believed that service provision has improved through these utilities even though the municipality has not finalised its performance management contracts with the utilities. Whereas the service provider interviews were conducted in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal, additional telephone interviews with service provision experts for Soweto agreed that municipal challenges throughout the country are generally the same since they operate within relatively new policy frameworks. It is acknowledged, however, that metropolitan municipalities and specifically the city of Johannesburg face some unique challenges too. It is concluded that the central role of the local government as the custodian of basic municipal services cannot be disputed; however, the inefficiencies and ineffectiveness of the market forces require private-public partnerships. It can also be concluded that non-participation is an outcome of, among other things, poor participative capacity within communities, apathy, feelings of distrust of both the municipal institutions and municipal councillors and the lack of information regarding community obligations to municipal institutions. The research recommends the use of similar service utilities in both townships and former white suburban areas in order to overcome the perceptions of the municipal services level disparities that are formed on the basis of townships versus white suburban areas; an overhaul of the municipality’s billing system to overcome its debt and service charges collection problems; ward committee participation capacity improvement for both the municipal councillors and communities and the development and communication of clear guidelines on the roles of regional services management centres. Further research is recommended on, among other things, whether privatisation of municipal services results in better access by all and improves efficiency and payments, and on the functionality and effectiveness of ward committees as vehicles for community participation and in developing new and more reliable socio-economic modelling for assessing community ability to pay for government services.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Uit ’n literatuuroorsig van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika het dit geblyk dat daar ’n historiese probleem van nie-oorlegpleging by die identifisering en lewering van dienste deur munisipaliteite bestaan. Hierdie probleem gaan hand aan hand met niedeelname aan munisipale aktiwiteite deur gemeenskappe en ’n kultuur van “geenbetaling” vir dienste gelewer. Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsing, wat tussen 2002 en 2005 in die stad Johannesburg gedoen is, was om vas te stel hoe die stad se munisipaliteit basiese dienste aan Soweto lewer en of daar enige gemeenskapsdeelname aan aktiwiteite is en of gemeenskappe ’n geenbetaling-houding inneem. Om die navorsingsdoel te bereik is ses vrae deur middel van literatuur en teorieë oor plaaslike regering geïdentifiseer. Die eerste vier vrae is gemik op gemeenskappe in Soweto: Hoe bekostigbaar is die basiese munisipale dienste aan die gemeenskappe in Soweto? Wat is die gemeenskap se mening oor die belangrikheid van die onderskeie munisipale dienste? Het gemeenskappe deel aan die identifisering en lewering van dienste? Hoe tevrede is die gemeenskappe met dienslewering? Die laaste twee vrae is gemik op die diensleweraars of munisipaledienstebestuurders en raadslede: Watter metodes gebruik die munisipaliteit om dienste te identifiseer en te lewer? Wat beskou die munisipaliteit as op hulle van toepassing sover dit die afdwingbaarheid van kwaliteitstandaarde in die lewering van dienste en bestuur betref? Oorspronklik was die doel om onderhoude te voer met gemeenskappe in Soweto sowel as munisipaledienste-bestuurders en raadslede van Johannesburg. Onderhoude met hoofde van 200 huishoudings in Soweto is wel gevoer. Hierdie huishoudings is ewekansig uit Chiawelo, Diepkloof, Dobsonville, Dube, Jabulani, Meadowlands, Naledi en Orlando gekies. Die onderhoude is gevolg deur vier fokusgroepvergaderings te Chiawelo, Dobsonville, Dube en Meadowlands, en tussen vyf en elf huishoudings het aan besprekings deelgeneem ten einde duidelikheid te verkry oor bevindinge van die ondersoek. Dit was egter net moontlik om onderhoude met drie dienstebestuurders van die stad Johannesburg te voer, naamlik Pikitup, Johannesburg Water en die Kontrak Bestuursgroep. Verskeie vrugtelose pogings om onderhoude met raadslede te bekom het uiteindelik gelei tot die verkryging van toestemming vir plaasvervangende onderhoude met die LUR vir die Plaaslike Regering sowel as Verkeersveiligheid in die volgende munisipaliteite: Govan Mbeki en Emalahleni in Mpumalanga en Emnambithi in KwaZulu-Natal. Hierdie plaasvervangende onderhoude is as toepaslik beskou, aangesien die menings oor dienslewering te doen het met die toepassing en implementering van die uniforme landswye plaaslikeregering-strukture en -stelsels wat dus op Soweto ook van toepassing is. ’n Totaal van 24 onderhoude is gevoer met die Mpumalanga-LUR (1), die dienstebestuurders van die stad Johannesburg (3), raadslede (9) en senior munisipale administrateurs (11). Om die bevindinge van die Mpumulanga- en KwaZulu-Natal-munisipaliteite te bevestig of te weerlê, is aanvullende onderhoude met persone wat kennis van dienslewering in Soweto het tussen 2002 en 2005 gevoer. Altesaam vier addisionele onderhoude is dus gevoer. Tydens die ontleding van die gemeenskapsdata is gemeenskappe as gegoed of minder gegoed geklassifiseer op grond van huishoudelike inkomste en dus is deelname aan munisipale aktiwiteite, betaling vir dienste en ander gesindhede tussen die twee strata vergelyk. Daar is bevind dat min mense munisipale dienste kan bekostig in terme van huishoudelike inkomste, maar dat huishoudelike besittings wat lewenstandaard bepaal op die teenoorgestelde dui. Die gebruik van huishoudelike inkomste as ’n maatstaf van die vermoë om te betaal is ’n aanvaarbare metode, maar moet tog met omsigtigheid benader word. Die gemeenskap wat die slegste daaraan toe was, verkies dat die staat basiese munisipale dienste voorsien. ’n Laer geneigdheid tot deelname aan munisipale strukture soos wykskomitees en geïntegreerde ontwikkelingsplanne is by die meer gegoede gemeenskappe aangetref, hoewel hulle die grootste ontevredenheid toon met dienslewering en munisipale werkverrigting. Daar is gevind dat die munisipaliteit van die stad Johannesburg die agterstand in dienste aangespreek het as metode om dienste te identifiseer en te prioritiseer. Om die probleem van oneffektiewe en ondoeltreffende dienste te oorkom, maak die munisipaliteit gebruik van artikel 21- maatskappye vir dienste soos water, elektrisiteit en vullisverwydering. Dit lei tot die beëindiging van die dienste van gemeenskappe wat nie kan betaal nie. Oor die algemeen is inwoners egter van mening dat dienste deur hierdie maatskappye verbeter is, hoewel die munisipaliteit nog nie sy prestasiebestuurkontrakte met hierdie maatskappye gefinaliseer het nie. Terwyl die onderhoude met diensverskaffers in Mpumalanga en KwaZulu- Natal gevoer is, is verdere telefoniese onderhoude met kundiges op die gebied van dienslewering in Soweto gevoer. Laasgenoemde het saamgestem dat munisipaliteite regoor die land oor die algemeen voor dieselfde uitdagings te staan kom, omdat hulle binne relatief nuwe beleidsraamwerke funksioneer. Daar word egter toegegee dat stedelike (metropolitaanse) munisipaliteite, en spesifiek die stad Johannesburg, ook met sekere unieke uitdagings te kampe het. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom is, is dat die rol van plaaslike regering as die toesighouer oor basiese munisipale dienste nie betwis kan word nie, hoewel oneffektiwiteit en ondoeltreffendheid privaat vennootskappe vereis. ’n Verdere gevolgtrekking is dat niedeelname onder andere ’n gevolg is van ’n gebrek aan deelnemende kapasiteit binne gemeenskappe, apatie, wantroue in munisipale instellings en raadslede, en ’n gebrek aan inligting rakende gemeenskappe se verpligtinge jeens munisipale instellings. Die navorsing beveel aan dat gelyke dienste gelewer word in swart gemeenskappe en in tradisioneel wit gemeenskappe ten einde die siening dat daar onderskeid getref word, te verander. Daar behoort ook ’n hersiening van die munisipaliteit se rekeningestelsel te wees ten einde die skuldinvorderingsprobleme uit die weg te ruim. Deelnemende kapasiteit vir raadslede en gemeenskappe binne wyke moet verbeter word. Duidelike riglyne oor die rol van streeksdienstebestuursentrums moet ontwikkel en aan gemeenskappe oorgedra word. Verdere navorsing word aanbeveel om te bepaal of die privatisering van dienste tot beter toegang vir almal sal lei en of dit doeltreffendheid en betaling sal verbeter. Die funksionaliteit en effektiwiteit van wykskomitees as meganisme vir gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid sowel as die ontwikkeling van nuwe en meer betroubare sosio-ekonomiese modelle vir die bepaling van gemeenskapsvermoë om vir dienste te betaal, behoort ook ondersoek te word.

Malgré sa création récente, la régulation en matière d'opérations de paiement engendre des difficultés d'application pour les acteurs proposant de nouvelles solutions de paiement. En raison de l'absence de définition des notions centrales du droit des services de paiement (comme par exemple les notions de services de paiement, d'activité de fourniture des services de paiement, ...), et du fait de la complexité technologique et opérationnelle des nouvelles solutions de paiement découlent ces difficultés. Par ailleurs, l'assujettissement de ces acteurs à plusieurs régulations (transversales et sectorielles) ayant vocation à s'appliquer de manière conjointe est de nature à créer des difficultés supplémentaires. Cette étude propose donc d'identifier et d'analyser les problèmes engendrés par la régulation applicable aux activités de paiement, que ce soit en matière de qualification et de fourniture des services de paiement ainsi qu'en matière d'application conjointe avec d'autres régulations sectorielles et transversales. Elle formule, en outre, des idées d'amélioration des textes applicables en la matière
Despite its recent creation, payment regulation is creating implementation challenges for those offering new payment solutions. These difficulties are due to the lack of a definition of core concepts of payment services law (for example: the concepts of payment services, payment service provision activity, etc.) and the technological and operational complexity of new payment solutions. Furthermore, the fact that these firms are subject to several regulations (cross-cutting and sectoral) that are intended to be applied jointly, is likely to create additional difficulties. This study therefore proposes to identify and analyze the problems created by the regulation applicable to payment activities, whether in terms of the qualification and provision of payment services, or in terms of joint application with other sectoral and cross-cutting regulations. It offers some ideas for improving in this area

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objet d’évaluer les effets potentiels d’une concurrence accrue sur le marché de la santé. Elle porte une attention particulière aux effets de la concurrence sur l’efficacité allocative du système de santé en termes de soins et de dépenses de santé. Dans leur ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que les effets canoniques de la concurrence ne s’appliquent pas nécessairement au marché de la santé, et détaillent des circonstances dans lesquelles une hausse de la concurrence pourrait nuire au bien-être social. Cette thèse comporte une introduction et trois chapitres (articles académiques), chacun portant sur un aspect diffèrent de l’efficacité du système de santé. Le premier chapitre analyse l’impact de la concurrence sur les pratiques de soins hospitaliers et leur régulation par tarification prospective. Le second chapitre détaille les enjeux de régulation liés à la nature incomplète de l’information sur les patients au moment de choisir la procédure de soins à adopter, à commencer par la décision de mettre en œuvre des tests de diagnostic supplémentaires. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse discute les conséquences possibles de l’asymétrie qui peut exister entre fournisseur de soins public et privé en termes d’obligation de couverture et pouvant être appliqué au marché de l’aide à domicile des personnes âgées
The purpose of this thesis is to study the potential effects of an increased competition between health-care providers on the allocative efficiency of the health-care system. In a theoretical framework it discusses the effect of competitive pressure considering the decentralization of treatment decisions, diagnostic tests’ performance, and the organization of care coverage. It is composed of an introduction and three chapters (essays), each of them focusingon a different aspect of the health-care system efficiency. Our findings globally suggest that the canonical effect of competition does not necessarily applies to the health-care market,and detail circumstances in which competition could degrade social welfare. The first chapter analyses the impact of competition on hospitals’ treatment praxis and their regulation through fixed-repayments. The second chapter details the regulation issues related to the incomplete nature of the information on patients’ illness before the decision to perform diagnostic tests.The last chapter of this thesis discusses the possible outcomes of the asymmetry of obligation of services between public and private competitors in an application to the home-care market for the elderly

Urbanization, changing forest landowner values, and restructuring forest industry are creating challenges for the active management of small parcels of forestland. Many traditional service providers are reluctant to service small acreage parcels due to economies of scale, shrinking profit margins for unprocessed stumpage, and changing landowner expectations. They do not understand traditional forestry operations and do not know where to look for service providers. A gap in our nationâ s forest system has emerged. A new market opportunity exists for service providers willing to work with small-scale forest landowners. In this study, over sixty forest service providers working with small acreage or amenity oriented clients were interviewed to determine how their business is structured, how they charge for the services they provide, what reactions they get from their clients, and how successful they perceive themselves to be. Informants came from a wide variety of professional backgrounds, including forestry, logging, arboriculture, landscaping, and woodworking. In addition, about 20 public-forest professionals were interviewed to determine how they and their programs are changing in response to emerging conditions. Successful service providers generally charge by some measure of time and materials rather than by commission. They exhibit a willingness to diversify their business to offer a bundle of services, and to cooperate with professionals in related industries. Value-added processing and creative marketing assist service providers in achieving a profit from small-scale tracts with traditionally low-value products. Lessons learned from these early adopters will assist other service providers interested in working with small acreage private landowners.
Master of Science

I ett kortbetalningssystem såsom Visa International Service Association (Visa) finns det fem stycken tongivande parter: kortinlösaren; kortutgivaren; kortinnehavaren; säljföretaget och Payment Service Provider (PSP). Ett säljföretag som låter sina kunder betala för varor och tjänster på sin webbplats skickar kundernas kortnummer krypterat till en PSP som vidarebefodrar dessa till VisaNet som är dataknutpunkten i Visa. VisaNet söker med hjälp utav kortnumret upp den bank som har utgivit kortet och efterfrågar samma bank om en transaktion får ske från kortet. VisaNet får ett svar som vidarebefordras vidare tillbaka till säljföretaget som sedermera även får sina pengar överförda till sitt konto från kundens konto.

Uppdragsgivaren till detta examensarbete skall utveckla ett helt eget system och bli sin egen PSP utifall uppdragsgivaren beräknar att mer än 1,3 miljoner stycken kortbetalningar kommer att ske genom uppdragsgivarens kortbetalningssystem per år. När detta examensarbete utfördes uppskattades antalet kortbetalningar per år inte till denna siffra och rapportförfattaren utvecklade därför ett korbetalningssystem med hjälp utav en befintlig PSP.

Kortbetalningssystemets kärna är ett API som andra systemutvecklare hos uppdragsgivaren kan anropa. API:t har ett antal funktioner såsom att utföra en kortbetalning, reservera en kortbetalning eller att avbryta en reserverad kortbetalning. Rapportförfattaren har även utvecklat ett grafiskt övervaknings- och administrationsgränssnitt för att kunna övervaka de kortbetalningar som sker samt enkelt kunna felsöka fel som uppstår i systemet.

The retail payment market can be seen as a high velocity market, where the rate of change is high. The future for the retail payment market is uncertain to a large extent. A relatively new phenomenon is the entrance of third party payment providers (hereafter; TPP) who are utilizing the incumbent banks account infrastructure in order access information or initiate payments. A legislation named PSD2 will increase the TPP’s possibilities to utilize the bank’s infrastructure. This makes it possible for TPP to offer new innovative solutions to the end customer. The incumbent actors on the retail payment market have not been successful in regards to innovation, which have given fintech companies room to grow, both in size and numbers. However, the incumbent actors do still possess a strong position, but are frequently challenged by new startups who also want to initiate payments. Historically, the entrance barrier to the retail payment market have been high and the incumbent actors have had an oligopoly position. It has resulted in a lack of competition and a low innovation rate. However, this is starting to change because of new initiatives from EU, where the aim is to increase competition and facilitate a well- functioning retail payment market. Therefore, the increased competition from fintech startups is a relatively new phenomenon and most actors in the retail payment market think it is a beneficial evolution, except few representatives from the incumbent players who are worried that their existing competitive advantages will be outdated. This study provides a picture of how the retail payment market can develop in the future. By determining the most critical trends, it becomes clear what is driving the retail payment market and how the dynamic between actors is changing. In order to get the necessary insights to fulfil the purpose, 18 interviews have been conducted with different stakeholders to the retail payment market. The variation of perspectives of the interviewees give this study a depth that in the end enhance the validity of the result. It is hard to predict the future in a market characterized by high velocity, hence, it is important to understand what trends have the strongest influence on the market. By analysing the interviews, six trends were identified as having a huge impact on the payment market. 1. Merchants are pushing EU to regulate to their favour 2. Access to the information created when conducting payments 3. Incumbent banks have a hard time adopting to new changes 4. New technical solutions enable more actors to create payment solutions with global coverage 5. Actors without payment as core business enter the market 6. New regulations, such as PSD2, aims to increase competition on the retail payment market. Two of these six trends have been identified to be particularly uncertain and having a huge impact on the development of the retail payment market. Furthermore, these two trends are characterised by a dichotomy and the development of them will influence the market in four distinctively different ways. The first dichotomy is whether it becomes easy to be compliant with new legislations, or not. The study shows that if it becomes a heavy burden being compliant with PSD2 and using the technical standard for XS2A, the market will be characterized by economies of scale. If it on the other hand becomes is easy being compliant with PSD2 and initiate payments through XS2A, the overhead costs will decrease and the benefits of scale shrink. The second dichotomy, is whether actors without payment as core business will enter the market, or not. If payments can be seamlessly integrated in other applications, for instance a shopping experience, it is likely that payments will be initiated by actors who does not have payment initiations as core business. However, if it becomes hard to initiate payments on the banks account infrastructure, the attractiveness of having payments as a value adding service fades.

I januari 2018 kommer det nuvarande EU-direktivet PSD att ersättas av det nya betaltjänstdirektivet Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2). Motiven bakom direktivets införande är bland andra att bidra till en förenkling för tredjepartsaktörer att inträda betaltjänstmarknaden samt öka valmöjligheten för konsumenten. Idag domineras betaltjänstmarknaden främst av banker, något som direktivet utformats för att motverka. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur väl några av direktivets motiv stämmer överens med aktörernas uppfattning av direktivets påverkan samt även undersöka vilka möjligheter och utmaningar banker och tredjepartsaktörer ser att det nya direktivet innebär för dem och marknaden. Uppsatsen är genomförd som en fallstudie där semistrukturerade intervjuer med banker och tredjepartsaktörer varit den främsta datainsamlingsmetodiken. Fallstudien visade att aktörernas uppfattning av direktivet till stora delar stämmer bra överens med motiven för direktivet. Samtliga aktörer har en förhållandevis positiv bild av direktivet och ser en mängd olika möjligheter med direktivet. Samarbetet mellan banker och tredjepartsaktörer ses som en av de större möjligheterna. Utmaningarna som aktörerna står inför är varierande beroende på typ av aktör. Studien visade att det finns en del utmaningar som kan komma att begränsa antalet nya aktörer på marknaden. Samtliga möjligheter och utmaningar presenteras i fallstudiens sjätte avsnitt.
In January 2018, the current EU directive PSD will be replaced by the new Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2). The motives behind the implementation of the directive are, inter alia, to help simplify third party providers entering the payment service market and increasing consumer choice. Today, the payment service market is uppermost dominated by banks, something that the directive is designed to counteract. The purpose of this study is to investigate how well some of the motives of the directive are in line with the actors' perception of the impact of the directive, as well as investigate what opportunities and challenges banks and third party providers see that the new directive implies for them and the market. The essay was conducted as a case study, where semistructured interviews with banks and third party players were the primary data collection methodology. The case study showed that the actors' perception of the directive largely complies with the motives for the directive. All actors have a relatively positive view of the directive and see a wide range of possibilities with the directive. Cooperation between banks and third parties is seen as one of the major opportunities. The challenges that the stakeholders face are varied depending on the type of actor they represent. The study showed that there are some challenges that may limit the number of new players in the market. All possibilities and challenges are presented in the sixth section of the case study.

Sedan den finanskris som uppstod år 2008 har ökade krav ställts beträffande säkerhet ochstabilitet inom den finansiella sektorn. Av den orsaken har etablerade aktörer, vilka omfattas avde alltmer extensiva regelverken, påförts ytterligare krav avseende exempelvis tillsyn ochlikviditet. De ökade säkerhetskraven har, i sin tur, tvingat berörda aktörer att agera merrestriktivt beträffande finansiell innovation och vid utvecklandet av nya finansiella lösningar. Den tekniska utvecklingen har möjliggjort för uppkomsten av nya typer av betaltjänster ochprodukter. Det har resulterat i att etablerade finansiella aktörer, under det senaste decenniet, harmött nya utmaningar i form av en ökad konkurrens från fintechbolag vilka, vid sidan avbefintliga regelverk, har utvecklat innovativa tjänster och produkter specialiserade inom ettspecifikt led inom kundkontaktskedjan. Med anledning av ikraftträdandet av det andrabetaltjänstdirektivet omfattas även fintechbolag av de bestämmelser som reglerarbetaltjänstmarknaden. Genom införandet av regelverket utökas omfattningen till att äveninbegripa leverantörer av kontoinformationstjänster och betalningsinitieringstjänster, så kalladetredjepartsleverantörer. Syftet med det andra betaltjänstdirektivet är bland annat att främjakonkurrens samt att effektivisera den finansiella marknaden. Samtidigt får inte den finansiellastabiliteten äventyras på bekostnad av ifrågavarande ändamål. För att främja finansiell innovation har vissa nationella tillsynsmyndigheter vidtagit olikaregleringsrelaterade åtgärder, såsom exempelvis en regulatorisk sandlåda, en innovationshubbeller ett innovationscenter. Med åtgärderna avses att med olika medel tillvarata den potentialsom fintech har att erbjuda finansmarknaden. Regleringsrelaterade åtgärder, vidtagna pånationell nivå, måste emellertid utvecklas och förhållas till gällande regelverk och får inte sättakonsumentskyddet på spel. I förevarande uppsats behandlas huruvida såväl det andra betaltjänstdirektivet som nationelltvidtagna regleringsrelaterade åtgärder förmår att främja tredjepartsleverantörersinnovationsförmåga på betaltjänstmarknaden, särskilt med beaktande av deras möjligheter attkonkurrera på den finansiella marknaden, utan att det sker på bekostnad av det finansiellasystemets stabilitet och säkerhet.

Rapporten tar upp och behandlar ämnet betalväxlar utifrån en utvecklares perspektiv. Två företag som varit i eller nära inpå processen att utveckla en webbshop har intervjuats och jämförts med utbudet hos ett antal olika betalväxlar. Intervjuerna har visat ett resultat som är mycket troligt att man som ny utvecklare kommer i kontakt med i början. Positionen kan då vara både som utvecklare eller som ägare till webbshoppen. Det gick även att konstatera att det fanns ett antal betalväxlar lämpade för olika kunskapsnivåer. Professionell hjälp i form av råd och implementation måste inte tvunget vara en nödvändighet för att man ska kunna sätta upp en relativt avancerad webbshop.

This report deals with online Payment Service Providers (PSPs) from the developer's point of view. Two companies that were in or in close connection to the process of developing a web shop were interviewed and compared to the suppöy of payment options at a number of different payment PSPs. The interviews has shown a result which is probable that a new developer will get in contact with in the beginning. The position could be either as a web developer or as an owner of a web shop. It was also possible to establish that there were a number of PSPs suitable for different levels of knowledge within the field. Professional help such as advices and implementation is not necessary in order to be able to set up a relatively advanced web shop.

When it comes to cloud services, security has many a times been the hot topic. This has been especially relevant within the payment card industry and the secure handling of payment card data. The Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (the council) was formed in order to ensure a global enhancement of payment card data. The council has issued requirements that all companies that handle payment card data are obliged to follow. However, the council has become much more strict as of recently, creating an urgency to become compliant. Thus, cloud service providers (CSP) have constructed standardized, PCI DSS compliant products so as to relief such customers. Since this emerging market is somewhat new, this thesis has researched how CSPs should relate to products within that market and the potential customer base. The case study for this research was conducted at Tieto, an IT service company, and its standardized, PCI DSS compliant product TiCC. The study collected empirical data in the form of qualitative interviews as well as quantitative telephone interviews with companies within the payment card industry. The study came to the conclusion that there is a demand that is not being met within the payment card industry related to products that aid organizations to become PCI DSS compliant. Standardized products have been constructed so as to fit financial customers while overlooking the demand of another large customer base, retail. Additionally, the products are being tweaked and features are being added, thus providing customization. CSPs are striving for both standardization as well as customization, something that has been considered counterproductive. The existing demand is thus not met with the current supply in the market, which has both multiple competitors and heterogeneity in market demand. The above mentioned thus leaves room for market seizure, to create own rules and thus making all competitors irrelevant. A potential way of doing that is through mass customization by standardizing higher levels of cloud computing.

The goal of the thesis is to analyze chosen electronic payment systems. The thesis is divided into two parts -- theoretical and practical. Theoretical part is dedicated to cover types of electronic payment system. Also is devoted to the issues of certain legal aspects that are common to all payment systems; defines the necessary concepts and business entities commonly encountered in the payment processing environment. Practical part focuses on the evaluation of usability, safety and usefulness for merchants mainly working with credit cards and particularly with alternative payment system like PayPal, iDEAL, Sofortbanking and Webmoney. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of certain payment systems. Describes the practical applicability of PCI DSS and 3-D Secure protocol.

This thesis investigates the effectiveness of agro-ecosystem based PES programs to provide ecosystem services and achieve poverty reduction. A case study from Tanzania known as the “equitable payments for watershed services (EPWS) program” piloted between 2008 and 2012 in Morogoro region has been used as the basis for an in-depth empirical study of an agro-ecosystem based PES program. The case-study approach has combined mixed methods quasi experimental research design and propensity score matching technique to prioritise attribution of the livelihood and environmental outcomes of the intervention, which remain under-utilized in evaluation of conservation interventions. The thesis findings provide insights that while the poor can participate in agro-ecosystem PES programs, their participation can be hindered by initial investment costs of inputs such as on manure, improved seeds, hoes and spades. Farm size, farmers’ access to information, participation in the design phase, and the change in farm management required by the program are significant determinants of program participation. Also, while PES payments contribute to local livelihoods, the indirect financial and non-financial benefits provide greatest contributions to livelihoods. In relation to additionality impact, program participation increases the number of sustainable land management practices and land under agro-forestry and reforestation amongst program participants. Furthermore, expected benefits such as crop yields from constructed terraces and manure, fire wood and timber products from agro-forestry and afforestation interventions are likely to increase the life span of the practices. The design of agro-ecosystem PES programs should include upfront payments in addition to other incentives which should be made timely in phases to ensure compliance. Local training and paraprofessional, external training and both enhancement of local formal and informal rules are essential to enhance the adoption of practices and to stop illegal activities such as forest reserve encroachment, illegal logging and fire.

1. SWIFT: как это работает [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: https://money.inguru.ru/navigator/stat_chto_takoe_swift 2.Платежная система SWIFT - что это такое[Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: https://investim.guru/wiki/swift 3. Глобальная межбанковская система SWIFT[Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу:https://journal.openbroker.ru/economy/globalnayamezhbankovskaya-sistema-swift/
This article discloses the role of the well-known providers of financial communications which is SWIFT international banking system. Indeed, the economies of a single country and the world economy namely depends on the SWIFT system. The SWIFT system is a widespread computer networks that was created on the initiative of financial organizations. Its the abbreviation comes from the English company Society of Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications. In the 1970s payments were made using the out of date telegraph technology Telex. But, day by day, turnover increased, so in 1973, 239 banks from 15 countries have merged and created financial organization. It’s SWIFT whose headquarter are located in Belgium.
В даній статті розкривається роль відомого провайдера фінансових комунікацій, яким є міжнародна банківська система SWIFT. Адже від системи SWIFT залежить не тільки економіка окремої країни, а й світова економіка. Система SWIFT - це широко поширені комп'ютерні мережі, які були створені з ініціативи фінансових організацій. Її абревіатура походить від англійського Society of Worldwide Interbank Financial телекомунікацій. У 1970-х роках платежі здійснювалися за допомогою застарілої телеграфної технології Telex. Але, з кожним днем, обороти росли, тому в 1973 році 239 банків з 15 країн об'єдналися і створили фінансову організацію. це SWIFT, штаб-квартира якої знаходиться в Бельгії.

碩士
南台科技大學
財經法律研究所
98
Online third-party payment service providers are network operators, acting only as an intermediary between the payment service user and the supplier of the goods and services. Some famous platforms existed are Paypal in USA , ezPay in Taiwan and Alipay in China. Many third-party payments in their user agreement, tried to declare that the Department to provide users with online payment collection on behalf of intermediaries, but the outside third-party pay for the operational processes, this kind of service is similar to the banks accepting deposits related to business, so that the subject of early American state government investigation PayPal. Taiwan's financial institution has not yet proved to investigate his type of industry. Look at the foreign norms which are applicable to third-party payment. For example, Japan in 2009 for amending the law through "fund settlement Act." And China is also attempting to draw up "payment and settlement organization and management methods" to regulate third-party payment. Not all payment instruments or services are perfect, which will hide the legal issues and risks. Online third-party payment service providers may involve money laundering cash, fraud, consumer protection, privacy issues and the allocation of legal risk, so Taiwan should develop an e-cash flow of law.

Electronic Payment Systems (EPS) are gaining popularity all over the world. An EPS consists of many component technologies which facilitate cashless payments for services. The focus of this thesis is on device associated technologies that an end customer uses to initiate an e-payment for a particular service via a Payment Service Provider (PSP). A technology solution in an EPS is developed by a Payment Solution Developer (PSD). The market between a PSP and a PSD is a B2B market. A PSD must understand and develop that combination of technology and service which will successfully diffuse. The success of a PSP therefore depends a lot on what a PSD develops. A theoretical framework to measure diffusion of e-payment technologies, services and their combinations in the B2B market was developed and empirically assessed in this thesis. Two concepts namely concept of breadth and concept of spread were defined. The concept of breadth and spread were applied to e-payment technologies, services and their combinations. The derived concepts namely technology breadth, service breadth, technology spread, service spread and technology-service combination spread were defined and measured. We then extended the concept of breadth to understand utilization of technologies and services within an EPS. Set theory was used to describe the framework. A sample of 45 EPS was compiled from various sources. This secondary data of EPS consisted of 8 technologies and 16 services. The 8 technologies are Interactive Voice Response (IVR), text messaging using Short Messaging Service (SMS), text messaging using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), mobile internet using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), mobile application, Near Field Communication (NFC), Personal Computer (PC) internet and smart card. The 16 services are retail shopping payment, banking, health payment, insurance payment, mobile bill payment, mobile recharge, money transfer, movie ticket booking, parking fee payment, restaurant payment, payment at sports/swimming club, toll payment, transportation payment, tuition fee payment, utilities payment, and vending machine payment. Three categories of PSPs namely core payment service providers (n=18), non-core payment service providers (n=12) and merchants (n=15) were identified from the 45 EPS. Binomial proportion test was used to verify the concepts of breadth and spread. Spearman correlation was used to find correlation between the concept of breadth and spread of technologies and services. The 45 EPS in the sample were then grouped under three sub groups based on the categories of their PSPs. Binomial tests were used within each sub group to understand the preferences of technologies, services and their combinations by each category. The results verified that certain e-payment technologies possess more breadth i.e., capability to deliver many e-payment services and certain e-payment services possess more breadth i.e., delivered by many e-payment technologies. A difference in diffusion i.e., spread of technologies, services and their combinations were observed. Details of these differences are discussed in this thesis for technologies, services and their combinations. A positive correlation was observed between the concept of breadth and spread. Specialization of technologies, services and their combinations within categories of PSPs were observed. Variations in utilization of technologies and services by EPS were observed.

Electronic Payment Systems (EPS) are gaining popularity all over the world. An EPS consists of many component technologies which facilitate cashless payments for services. The focus of this thesis is on device associated technologies that an end customer uses to initiate an e-payment for a particular service via a Payment Service Provider (PSP). A technology solution in an EPS is developed by a Payment Solution Developer (PSD). The market between a PSP and a PSD is a B2B market. A PSD must understand and develop that combination of technology and service which will successfully diffuse. The success of a PSP therefore depends a lot on what a PSD develops. A theoretical framework to measure diffusion of e-payment technologies, services and their combinations in the B2B market was developed and empirically assessed in this thesis. Two concepts namely concept of breadth and concept of spread were defined. The concept of breadth and spread were applied to e-payment technologies, services and their combinations. The derived concepts namely technology breadth, service breadth, technology spread, service spread and technology-service combination spread were defined and measured. We then extended the concept of breadth to understand utilization of technologies and services within an EPS. Set theory was used to describe the framework. A sample of 45 EPS was compiled from various sources. This secondary data of EPS consisted of 8 technologies and 16 services. The 8 technologies are Interactive Voice Response (IVR), text messaging using Short Messaging Service (SMS), text messaging using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), mobile internet using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), mobile application, Near Field Communication (NFC), Personal Computer (PC) internet and smart card. The 16 services are retail shopping payment, banking, health payment, insurance payment, mobile bill payment, mobile recharge, money transfer, movie ticket booking, parking fee payment, restaurant payment, payment at sports/swimming club, toll payment, transportation payment, tuition fee payment, utilities payment, and vending machine payment. Three categories of PSPs namely core payment service providers (n=18), non-core payment service providers (n=12) and merchants (n=15) were identified from the 45 EPS. Binomial proportion test was used to verify the concepts of breadth and spread. Spearman correlation was used to find correlation between the concept of breadth and spread of technologies and services. The 45 EPS in the sample were then grouped under three sub groups based on the categories of their PSPs. Binomial tests were used within each sub group to understand the preferences of technologies, services and their combinations by each category. The results verified that certain e-payment technologies possess more breadth i.e., capability to deliver many e-payment services and certain e-payment services possess more breadth i.e., delivered by many e-payment technologies. A difference in diffusion i.e., spread of technologies, services and their combinations were observed. Details of these differences are discussed in this thesis for technologies, services and their combinations. A positive correlation was observed between the concept of breadth and spread. Specialization of technologies, services and their combinations within categories of PSPs were observed. Variations in utilization of technologies and services by EPS were observed.

The use of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) by governments on all continents has been rapidly growing as government departments and their agencies continue to look for improvised means of providing high quality services. In South Africa, the demand for the replacement of the aging government infrastructure has led to the increase in the use of PPPs. The PPPs are not only used for the improvement of roads, but also in the provision of social services and many other services that are traditionally a responsibility of government. Government institutions typically enter into relationships with PPPs to address their needs and to meet specific objectives. It is, therefore, up to these institutions to choose an ideal model of procurement that best addresses their objectives of delivering effective services (Palmer, 2009:Online). Government institutions will, however, only enter into relationship with PPPs if the services can be transferred in a responsible way and if the risks for failure are limited. Inefficiencies in the disbursement of social assistance grants by the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) has received much attention and criticism from the stakeholders as the company contracted to perform the work on behalf of SASSA continues to provide poor quality services. In assessing a PPP, countries providing social security transfers need to take into consideration a partner that will assist in establishing and implementing the payment design and distribution mechanism that is capable of facilitating the cost effective, reliable and practical delivery of cash to the grant beneficiaries. A comprehensive review of literature and empirical investigation was carried out to respond to the research study’s set objectives. The study explored a wide-ranging survey of PPP projects in developed and developing countries focusing on the use of the PPP model in the South African context with specific reference to the disbursement of social grants by the SASSA. Alternative procurement methodologies in government were also reviewed. An analysis of relevant procurement theories was undertaken to form the basis of the research study. The mini-dissertation explores if there are any advantages for the government, and more specifically the SASSA, in using PPPs as opposed to traditional procurement methods. The study attempts to establish if a private partner can be encouraged to provide long-term investment in terms of expertise; well qualified staff; technology; infrastructure; and creation of an environment conducive for highly effective service delivery where the return on such investment is not guaranteed.
MA (Public Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This thesis is formally divided into 5 sections, which are: introduction, definition of basic terms, essay on the most important aspects of regulation of the payment services providers, chapter dedicated to payment systems and conclusion. It should argue on issues conected to payments and it is focused mainly on it's regulatory part. Introduction to the thesis sets the goal of it and defines the extent of the issues researched as well as the areas that are not accented much. The basic terms that are defined in the thesis are payment, payment relations, payment transactions, means of money, payment devices, electronic money, payment orders and payment services. This thesis contains non-regulatory issues as well as it accentuates the sociological importance of payment relations. It also shows historical connotations and describes trends which can be observed in the defined areas of exploration. It's goal is to explore and describe mainly the regulatory part of the issue though. The core structure of all parts is therefore focused mainly on the form of legal regulation of payments in effect. The biggest focus is set on description and analysis of the regulation of activities performed by providers of the payment services. Activities that consist of running the payment system and taking part on them...

The aim of this thesis is to clearly describe all payment services which can be found in current Act on Payments of 2009 and also new payment services under new Act on Payments. New Act on Payments will come into effect on 13 January 2018. The reason for its adoption was the need of transposition of the revised Payment Services Directive known as PSD II. This directive brings significant number of changes into the area of the regulation of payments. Moreover, this thesis devotes to introduction and analysis of all subject authorized to provide payment services in the Czech Republic. The development of the regulation of payments in the Czech Republic is briefly described in the first part of the thesis. Regarding the extensiveness of this topic, it is only outlined which acts have regulated payments in the Czech Republic. The second part of the thesis deals with positive and negative definition of payment services. When describing a single payment service, the difficult situations which can occur due to this payment service are mentioned. The section on negative definition of payment services explains the exceptions which cause that some activities are not consider to payment services pursuant to current and new Act on Payments. For the provider it is essential to determine whether some activity is...

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
資訊管理系
105
Founded in 1999, MacroWell OMG started as a dealer of games and business software, and successfully transformed into an online game operator in 2006. The prevalence of mobile phone network and the rapid growth of smartphone use since 2010 have changed the value of game operators in the industry chain. Despite the continuous growth of the gaming market, the profits of the game operators have started to drop. In order to achieve the profit target, company leaders need to think about future transformation strategies. Should MacroWell OMG enhance its product capability in order to meet market trends? Or should the company create uncontested blue ocean market space via transformation? This case study shows an increasing number of new contenders once the online gaming industry in Taiwan entered a mature stage. In addition, due to the transformation brought by the mobile era, companies are faced with the dilemma of profit drop despite their revenue increase. New blue ocean markets such as e-commerce and third-party payment might be a potential opportunity for transformation. After all, innovation is the key to opening a new path. The case is adapted Harvard Case Study research method to discuss the following issues: core capability, business model innovation, agility, paradigm shift and so forth. When faces similar situations in the future, leaders can get inspired at a different point from the case, and by analogy, increasing the level of thinking to ensure successful implementation of the decision.

碩士
國立政治大學
法律學系
104
As time progresses, payment instruments have innovated time to time. In recent years, Mobile Payment and Third-Party payment have played important roles in the payment system. The applications of them have lots in common, but the concept of them are still not clearly defined. This essay will further clarify the relationship between Mobile Payment and Third-Party payment, enumerate the commercial modes derived from both, and then prove the difference between them. Mobile Payment has derived many type of commercial modes, including electronic money, invoices sent by mobile network operator, account-combined payment and online third-party payment, etc……This essay, in the first place, will clarify the ways of funds flowing and participants in the payment system in each commercial mode, and then discuss the interior legal relations, legal characterizations and the external governances. This study also puts emphasis on introduction of governance on each commercial mode in Taiwan, and especially focus on The Act Governing Electronic Payment Institutions, explaining the defects in this act and referring opinions of practice and Academia. At last, after generalizing and analyzing, this essay will propose perspectives and suggestions individually. Operating Cross-border transaction has become an inevitable trend for emerging payment instruments. This study also set cross-border service provided by third-party payment institutions as another study object, analyzing the legal issues it may occur and legal supervisions in Taiwan. The ways of cross-border service provided by third-party payment regulation used by foreign legislations are worth observing and learning. This study will introduce and compare the enactments of USA, Singapore and China. After all, the essay will try to make personal recommendations and provide new direction of governance in this part.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
資訊工程系碩士班
101
With the rapid development of Internet applications, added-value service is widely used in the Internet. The added-value service provides different kinds of services for users. In, this thesis, we propose a stored-value card to provide an added-value service of payment protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET). When users want to enjoy the added-value service, the service provider checks the request and sends it to the payment gateway. Then, the payment gateway will forward the transaction message to the Issuer and Acquirer to process it. Our scheme uses symmetric cryptography and digital signature to solve the security problem of payment scheme in VANET. Our scheme achieves protection against double-spending, unforgeability, non-repudiation, anonymity and the recovery issue.

Title of the Diploma Thesis Bank account Abstract The first part of the thesis deals with the account from the perspective of legal theory. It is examined the nature, characteristic elements and brief historical development. Following an analysis of the account as an object of property rights. In the chapter Legislation of the account under the Civil Code the thesis provides an analysis of provisions that affect the obligations of the account agreement. A part of this chapter is dedicated to a division of accounts under the existing scheme of the Civil Code. Regulation of other than a payment account and bankbook will be mentioned only in passing. Furthermore, the work deals with the analysis of rights and obligations being performed in relation to the provision of payment services, comprehensively regulated by the Payment System Act. Due to the fact, that the form of the Payment System Act has been significantly influenced by the european legislation, the thesis reflects, in appropriate cases, to the wording of the so-called Payment Services Directive. The final part describes fundamental changes in the provision of payment services going in connection with the adoption of the Directive 2014/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on the comparability of fees related to payment...

Bank Account Abstract The thesis deals with the payment account agreement from the European and Czech national legislation point of view focusing on specific issues resulting from European directive 2014/92/EU (a. k. a. PAD) and the implementation of those institutes in the Czech Legislative Act No. 370/2017 Sb. The thesis is divided into two parts, whereas the first part includes theoretical introduction to the subject of the payment account agreement while the second part deals with particular four selected issues related to the payment account agreement resulting from PAD. In the first chapter of the first part the historical background of the concept of bank account or precisely payment account existence is outlined together with theoretical conclusions of different approaches towards this concept in current legal environment. Second and third chapter provide overview of relevant legislation passed on Czech national and European Union level. Effective and enforceable regulations alongside with some of the ineffective ones that are or have been substantially significant for formation relationships between bank account users and payment services providers providing bank accounts to users are part of the provided overview. The second part is divided into four chapters, each of them analysing one of the...

The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked, underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones. Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’ services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’ services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services are provided through ‘agents.’ Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile ‘airtime’-based Store of Value. The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed, in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’ An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be deemed ‘money’ in law. Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in South African law is discussed. The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is recommended for protection of user funds. | vi
Public, Constitutional and International Law
LLD

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
106
Abstract The so-called “electronic payment institution” mentioned in the specific law of the third-party payment in our country, The Act Governing Electronic Payment Institutions, is the general third-party payment institution. The act divides it further into “specialized electronic payment institutions” and “dual-status electronic payment institutions”. The relevant regulations for the former apply mutatis mutandis to the latter, and there is no significant difference between the degrees of control of the two. Banks are classified into one of the “dual-status electronic payment institutions” regulated by The Act Governing Electronic Payment Institutions and are permitted to run various businesses of the third-party payment service allowed on the regulations of the above specific law. In order to expand markets and increase profits, banks definitely have to work hard to provide international third-party payment service. However, banks should establish basic concepts towards third-party payment service if they would like to expand business for international third-party payment service, such as the origin and development of the third-payment service, its definition & types, and its impact. After understanding the legislation in the main countries in the world and the relevant legal regulations in our country, establish discussions and find out relevant legal issues of the operation of cross-border third-party payment service run by the banking industry in our country. In the end, conclusion and suggestions will be obtained and proposed. Above is the anticipated purpose of the research. The paper discusses the basic concepts of the third-party payment through literature review at first, including the origin and development of the third-payment service, its definition & types, and its impact to establish basic knowledge towards third-party payment service. Literature analysis is then used as the research method to explore relevant legal regulations in USA, European Union, China and Taiwan. Foreign legislative examples are discussed from four aspects of: market- entry barrier, users’ funds management, consumer rights, and money laundering control to find out the features and advantages of relevant legislation in the main countries in the world in order to provide them as the reference for the regulations modification in our country. In terms of legal regulations in our country, a discussion is carried out on the status of before and after legal legislation of third-party payment law to find out relevant controversial issues as the focal points for the regulations modification in our country in the future. In the end, the operation of cross-border third-party payment service run by the banking industry in our country is discussed, including the introduction of international cross-border third-party payment service, the type of international cross-border third-party payment service, and legal issues of international cross-border third-party payment service. The conclusion is cross-border money laundering control, protection of consumer rights, foreign exchange control, and inclusive supervision of offshore payment institutions should be paid extra attention when banks run the business of international cross-border third-party payment service. By the end of the paper, it highlights the governing legal regulations for the operation of international third-party payment service provided by the banking industry in our country is still insufficient. It is suggested to improve it from management mechanism of users’ funds, market-entry mechanism, protection mechanism of consumer rights, and money laundering control to establish better-organized legal system for the banking industry and other third-party payment institutions in order to develop overseas market for third-party payment service and increase enterprise profits. Keywords: Third-Party Payment, Service of The Third-Party Payment, Specific Law for The Third-Party Payment, Electronic Payment Institution, The Act Governing Electronic Payment Institutions.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
醫療機構管理研究所
89
The purpose of this research is to understand the perception, attitude and behavior of patients and health care providers under the new Outpatient Prescription Drugs Co-payment Program policy of the National Health Insurance (NHI). The new co-payment policy has been taking place from 1st, August 1999. This research has two sources of data. One is a nation-wide random sampling survey for the patients. we got 946 valid respondents by telephone interview with CATI(Computer aided telephone interview). Other set of data is from a radon sampling survey for the physicians. We used a self-admission questionnaire to collect data. The response rate is 16.7%. (688 valid questionnaires returned). The results of this research are： （1）Regarding whether the patient know about the new outpatient prescription drug co-payment policy, there are still one-fifth of patients don’t know this new policy, even though this new policy has taken place for 18 months. Meanwhile, patients who received receipts have a higher rate knowing this new policy than the patients who did not receive receipts. （2）Regarding the attitude toward this new outpatient prescription drug co-payment policy, there are about 70% of patients can accept this policy. It means the concept of user charges is popular among patients. （3）Regarding patient behavior, only 4.56% patients asked physicians to provider low drugs, and 11.57% reporter they have made lower visits to the doctors. Moreover, whether patients will reduce outpatient visits or drugs utilization are affected by the perception of the new outpatient prescription co-payment policy. （4）Regarding the impact on health status, 33.73% patients reported their health status adversely, especially for the high users. 28.24% reported the new policy caused final burden on them. Most of them are the patients with low income and low level of education. （5）41.52% patients reported they would reduce their satisfaction toward NHI because of the new Outpatient Drug Co-payment policy, especially for these people with low level of education and having finical burden. （6）Regarding whether physicians will change prescriptions patter because of the new outpatient drug co-payment policy, 10.31% physicians reported they tended to prescribe drugs under NT 100, 22.6% reported they would prescribe drugs over NT 501 or prescribe more the days of drugs.