Academic literature on the topic 'Payment service providers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Payment service providers":
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Nitzan, Irit, and Danit Ein-Gar. "The “Commitment Projection” Effect: When Multiple Payments for a Product Affect Defection from a Service." Journal of Marketing Research 56, no. 5 (July 14, 2019): 842–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243719850504.
Abstract:
Many service providers offer supplementary products related to their ongoing services (e.g., fitness centers offer fitness smartwatches). In seven studies, the authors show that the payment method for such supplementary products (multiple payments vs. a single lump sum) affects customers’ tendency to defect from the provider’s core service over time. Specifically, when customers pay for add-ons in multiple payments—provided that (1) they perceive the add-on as being bundled with the core service and (2) the payment period has an end point—they are initially less likely to defect from the service provider than when they pay in a single payment. Over time, however, as payments are made, this gap closes, such that defection intentions under the two payment methods eventually become similar. The authors propose that this phenomenon reflects “commitment projection,” wherein a decrease in customers’ commitment to the add-on product over time is projected onto their commitment to the service provider. These findings carry important managerial implications, given that many service providers offer add-on products in multiple-payment plans and that customers’ defection decisions substantially affect firms’ profitability.
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Omelyanovskiy, V. V., N. N. Sisigina, V. K. Fedyaeva, and N. Z. Musina. "Evolution of healthcare provider payment mechanisms." FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909.2019.12.4.318-326.
Abstract:
Methods of payment to care providers constitute an essential part of the healthcare financing system; these mechanisms determine the motivation of service providers. Throughout the history of public health care, the payment methods have been gradually improved so to stimulate the providers to best match the societal demands (greater access to health services, cost reduction, and better quality) and prevent “moral hazards”. As a result, the most advanced healthcare systems have stopped paying simply for service volume and rigorously restraining the costs. Instead, the updated system is based on the integrated payments combining the elements of cost control with the stimuli that promote a high quality and better access to healthcare service. At present, the new payment mechanisms aiming at improving the long-term treatment outcomes (life expectancy and quality of life) are available. The care provider payment system existing in Russia, by large, corresponds to the best international practices as far as the hospital care is concerned. However, the payment arrangements in the primary care network still lag behind the international standards. To improve the situation, quality indicators should be included in payments for primary care services.
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Lysenko, Nadiia. "LEGAL REGULATION OF PAYMENT SERVICE IN UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 124 (2022): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2022/5.124-10.
Abstract:
The payment market of Ukraine has undergone significant changes in regulation in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Payment Services", which came into effect on August 1, 2022. As a result, instead of one payment service, the relevant law provides for ten payment services. Due to new types of services, the activities of payment service provider are going to vary and lead to different business models of activities. Consequently, there is a need to investigate the payment service in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Payment Services" as a separate object of legal regulation. The article examines the approaches to determining the nature of the term "service", and establishes which of the approaches is used in the payment service regulation. This article considers and systematizes payment services by different features. On the basis of features of the payment service, they could be categorized and can be identified as a separate object of legal regulation. These 10 new payment services are classified by the legislator according to different criteria, but at the same time they have one common feature: each payment service is directly or indirectly related to actions related to the transfer of money. Depending on the type of payment service, different requirements are applied to their provision in order to ensure the safety of the funds of clients of payment service providers. Payment service providers may also have different activity requirements that are proportionate to the risks inherent in a particular type of activity. With the help of a comparative analysis of scientific achievements and the legislation of Ukraine, as well as on the basis of isolated features of the payment service, it has been established whether it is possible to assert a separate regulation of the payment service. A definition of the term payment service is proposed, which can be used both in practical and academic areas.
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Grabowski, Michał. "Account Information and Payment Initiation Services and the Related AML Obligations in the Law of the European Union." FinTech 3, no. 1 (March 4, 2024): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fintech3010011.
Abstract:
The Second Payment Services Directive introduced new services into the European Union legal system—Payment Initiation and Account Information Services. These services are based on payment accounts already opened and maintained for customers by the Account Servicing Payment Service Provider (bank, payment institution, electronic money institution). The Account Services Payment Service provider performs AML/CFT verification of the account holder and applies customer due diligence measures to the account holder, such as identifying beneficial owners, obtaining information on the purpose and intended nature of the business relationship, and ongoing monitoring of the business relationship. Payment Initiation and Account Information services are therefore provided to a previously verified client and based on the payment account currently maintained for him. European Union law does not clearly specify whether a Third-Party Service Provider offering Payment Initiation or Account Information Services is obliged to re-apply financial security measures to customers. The aim of this article was to perform a legal analysis of the regulations and soft law acts in force in the European Union and to answer the question. The purposive (teleological) and linguistic–logical (grammatical) methods of interpretation of regulations were used for the analysis. The structure of the legal system of the European Union as a civil law (code law) system was taken into account. This article shows that in the current legal situation, there is no doubt that Third-Party Service Providers are obliged entities in terms of AML/CFT law and are obliged to apply the AML/CFT to customers using Payment Initiation and Account Information services. However, the degree to which customer due diligence measures have to be applied varies depending on the adopted model of providing Payment Initiation and Account Information services. Third-Party Service Providers will be obliged to apply financial security measures in cases where the relationship between the customer and the service providers will have a continuing character. In the case of occasional provision of services, when the transaction value does not exceed a certain threshold, the supplier may only perform simplified customer verification. In particular, this applies to Payment Initiation service models, where the Payment Initiation Service Provider works for merchants, enabling them to accept payments for goods and services sold. In such a model, the Service Provider has a continuous relationship with the merchant but only performs an occasional transaction for the user. The analysis also allowed for the conclusion that European Union law, including that in the draft phase, does not regulate in a sufficiently precise manner when a given model of Account Services and Payment Initiation Services may be treated as based on an occasional transaction. This made it possible to formulate a de lege ferenda request to include this issue in the proposal for an EU Regulation on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing.
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Bishop, Norman. "Telecommunications service providers as payment facilitators." European Business Review 99, no. 4 (August 1999): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09555349910281414.
6
Vengberg, Sofie, Mio Fredriksson, Bo Burström, Kristina Burström, and Ulrika Winblad. "Money matters – primary care providers' perceptions of payment incentives." Journal of Health Organization and Management 35, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 458–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-06-2020-0225.
Abstract:
PurposePayments to healthcare providers create incentives that can influence provider behaviour. Research on unit-level incentives in primary care is, however, scarce. This paper examines how managers and salaried physicians at Swedish primary healthcare centres perceive that payment incentives directed towards the healthcare centre affect their work.Design/methodology/approachAn interview study was conducted with 24 respondents at 13 primary healthcare centres in two cities, located in regions with different payment systems. One had a mixed system comprised of fee-for-service and risk-adjusted capitation payments, and the other a mainly risk-adjusted capitation system.FindingsFindings suggested that both managers and salaried physicians were aware of and adapted to unit-level payment incentives, albeit the latter sometimes to a lesser extent. Respondents perceived fee-for-service payments to stimulate production of shorter visits, up-coding of visits and skimming of healthier patients. Results also suggested that differentiated rates for patient visits affected horizontal prioritisations between physician and nurse visits. Respondents perceived that risk-adjustments for diagnoses led to a focus on registering diagnosis codes, and to some extent, also up-coding of secondary diagnoses.Practical implicationsPolicymakers and responsible authorities need to design payment systems carefully, balancing different incentives and considering how and from where data used to calculate payments are retrieved, not relying too heavily on data supplied by providers.Originality/valueThis study contributes evidence on unit-level payment incentives in primary care, a scarcely researched topic, especially using qualitative methods.
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Arifin, Muhammad Faizal Ardhiansyah. "OPTIMASI PENDANAAN PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN GEDUNG VELODROME DENGAN TEKNIK PEMROGRAMAN LINIER." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 18, no. 1 (May 27, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v18i1.6688.
Abstract:
The main resource in the execution of project to ensure the project goes according to the plan is the availability of funds that must be possessed by providers. The contract form and manner of payments made between service users and service providers during the implementation of the project would bring a significant impact for service providers to prepare a specific fun. Where funds provided will be used to maintain the condition project's cash flows remain positive or avoid a deficit. This study aims to inform the provider of construction services in the calculation of the most favorable providing funds where the payment method that is observed is a payment method payment stage.Sumber daya utama di dalam pelaksanaan proyek untuk menjamin proyek tersebut berjalan sesuai rencana adalah ketersediaan dana yang harus dimiliki oleh penyedia jasa. Bentuk kontrak dan cara pembayaran yang dilakukan antara pengguna jasa dan penyedia jasa pada saat pelaksanaan proyek akan membawa dampak yang cukup signifikan bagi penyedia jasa untuk menyiapkan sejumlah dana tertentu. Dimana dana yang disediakan tersebut akan dipergunakan untuk menjaga kondisi arus kas proyek tetap positif atau terhindar dari kondisi defisit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberi masukan bagi penyedia jasa konstruksi dalam melakukan perhitungan penyediaan dana yang paling menguntungkan dimana metode pembayaran yang diamati adalah metode pembayaran stage payment.
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Huddin, Muhammad Nurhaula Huddin, and Khairul Ikhsan. "MOBILE PAYMENT SATISFACTION POST PANDEMIC COVID-19 IN INDONESIA." Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Bisnis Airlangga 7, no. 2 (November 27, 2022): 1326–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jraba.v7i2.39834.
Abstract:
This study aims to examine the effect of technology security, ease of use, usability, and continuousimprovement on the satisfaction of mobile payment users. This study uses a purposive sampling techniquewith certain criteria. The population of this study are respondents who have used m-payment services duringthe Covid-19 pandemic from 2020 to 2021 in Indonesia. Questionnaires were distributed through an onlinesurvey method with a total sample of 317 respondents. Hypothesis testing was carried out using StructuralEquation Modeling (SEM) AMOS 23. The results showed that technology security had a positive effect onmobile payment satisfaction, ease of use had a positive effect on mobile payment satisfaction, usability had apositive effect on mobile payment satisfaction, continuous improvement had a positive effect on satisfactionmobile payments, and satisfaction have a positive effect on the trustworthiness of mobile payments. Thisresearch provides information to payment service providers to continuously improve improvements in allaspects of services, especially security and ease of use, as well as benefits for consumers in conductingfinancial transactions.
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Dinh, Van Son, Hoang Viet Nguyen, and The Ninh Nguyen. "Cash or cashless?" Strategic Direction 34, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sd-08-2017-0126.
Abstract:
Purpose This paper aims to investigate the factors which influence consumer adoption of mobile payments. It also proposes strategic initiatives including integrated marketing communications to enhance and promote consumer adoption of such a mode of payments. Design/methodology/approach This paper focuses on the case of an emerging economy, Vietnam. Findings The key motivators of using mobile payment services include perceived usefulness, convenience, promotional offers, and social approval. In contrast, major barriers to consumer adoption of this mode of payment are lack of trust, limited opportunities for usage, complexity, and habits associated with cash payment. Practical implications Mobile payment service providers and their partners should make every effort to improve their consumers’ experience. Their marketing communication strategies should incorporate various consumer contact points such as the internet, social media, point-of-purchase communications, TV commercials, and product placement and endorsement. Originality/value This paper is among the first of its kind which provides insights on consumer adoption of mobile payments in Vietnam. Hence, it would be of interest to consumers and also to key stakeholders such as mobile payment providers, financial institutions, retailers, telecommunication companies, and policymakers.
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Obadha, Melvin, Jane Chuma, Jacob Kazungu, Gilbert Abotisem Abiiro, Matthew J. Beck, and Edwine Barasa. "Preferences of healthcare providers for capitation payment in Kenya: a discrete choice experiment." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 7 (June 15, 2020): 842–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa016.
Abstract:
Abstract Provider payment mechanisms (PPMs) are important to the universal health coverage (UHC) agenda as they can influence healthcare provider behaviour and create incentives for health service delivery, quality and efficiency. Therefore, when designing PPMs, it is important to consider providers’ preferences for PPM characteristics. We set out to uncover senior health facility managers’ preferences for the attributes of a capitation payment mechanism in Kenya. We use a discrete choice experiment and focus on four capitation attributes, namely, payment schedule, timeliness of payments, capitation rate per individual per year and services to be paid by the capitation rate. Using a Bayesian efficient experimental design, choice data were collected from 233 senior health facility managers across 98 health facilities in seven Kenyan counties. Panel mixed multinomial logit and latent class models were used in the analysis. We found that capitation arrangements with frequent payment schedules, timelier disbursements, higher payment rates per individual per year and those that paid for a limited set of health services were preferred. The capitation rate per individual per year was the most important attribute. Respondents were willing to accept an increase in the capitation rate to compensate for bundling a broader set of health services under the capitation payment. In addition, we found preference heterogeneity across respondents and latent classes. In conclusion, these attributes can be used as potential targets for interventions aimed at configuring capitation to achieve UHC.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Payment service providers":
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Netswera, Fulufhelo Godfrey. "Local government service provision and non-payment within underdeveloped communities of the Johannesburg Unicity : service providers' and consumers' perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16519.
Abstract:
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African local government literature suggests a historical problem of municipal non-consultation in services identification and provision that goes hand-in-hand with community non-participation in municipal activities, coupled by a ‘culture of non-payment’ for these services. This research, which was conducted between 2002 and 2005 in the city of Johannesburg municipality, had the central purpose of ascertaining the manner and ways in which the city of Johannesburg provides its basic services to the Soweto communities and, in turn, of understanding if communities participate in municipal activities and hold possible attitudes of non-payment for municipal services. In order to attain the research purpose, six research questions were identified through local government theories and literature and advanced. The first set of four questions was aimed at the Soweto communities: How affordable are the basic municipal services to the Soweto communities? What are community’s perceptions of the importance of the various municipal services? Are the communities participating in the services identification and provision? How satisfied are the communities with the service delivery? The second set of two questions was aimed at service providers or the municipal services managers and councillors: What methods does the municipality use in identifying and delivering service? What does the municipality perceive to be their application and enforcement of service quality management standards? The original methodological intent was to interview the Soweto communities and the city of Johannesburg municipal services managers and councillors. 200 Soweto households were indeed interviewed from the eight townships of Chiawelo, Diepkloof, Dobsonville, Dube, Jabulani, Meadowlands, Naledi and Orlando, which were randomly selected. The survey amongst the heads of these 200 households was followed by four focus group meetings at Chiawelo, Dobsonville, Dube and Meadowlands and between five and eleven households participated in the discussions in clarifying survey outcomes. It was only possible, however, to interview three service managers from the city of Johannesburg services utilities Pikitup, Johannesburg Water and the Contract Management Unit. Frustrated attempts to interview municipal councillors in the city of Johannesburg led to obtaining permission for proxy interviews from the MEC of Local Government and Traffic Safety in Mpumalanga municipalities of Govan Mbeki and Emalahleni and the inclusion of the KwaZulu-Natal municipality of Emnambithi. The usage of proxy interviews is thought to be relevant since the perceptions on service provision relate to the application and implementation of the uniform countrywide local government structures and systems. A total of 24 interviews were conducted with the Mpumalanga MEC, the city of Johannesburg service managers (3), councillors (9) and senior municipal administrators (11). In order to confirm or repudiate service provider findings from the Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal municipalities, supplementary interviews were held with persons knowledgeable about service delivery in Soweto between 2002 and 2005. A total of four additional interviews were thus conducted. In the analysis of the community survey data, townships were classified as well-off and worse-off on the basis of household incomes and thus participation in municipal activities, payment of services and other attitudes were compared between the two strata. The findings of the research reveal low levels of ability to pay for municipal services by communities in terms of household incomes. However, the household possessions of the living standard measurement (LSM) utilities indicated otherwise. The use of income as a measure of affordability to pay is suspect in methodological reliability; hence income related findings should be interpreted with caution. The worse-off townships preferred state provision of the basic municipal services. There was less inclination to participate in municipal structures such as ward committees and Integrated Development Plans (IDP) processes by the well-off townships, although they were the least satisfied with service provision and municipal performance. The city of Johannesburg municipality was found to be addressing service backlogs as a method for service identification and prioritisation. The municipality has semi-privatised basic municipal services such as water, electricity and garbage collection through section 21 companies in order to overcome service provision inefficiencies and ineffectiveness. This has devastating effects in terms of the community’s inability to pay, leading to services disconnection. Communities in general, however, believed that service provision has improved through these utilities even though the municipality has not finalised its performance management contracts with the utilities. Whereas the service provider interviews were conducted in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal, additional telephone interviews with service provision experts for Soweto agreed that municipal challenges throughout the country are generally the same since they operate within relatively new policy frameworks. It is acknowledged, however, that metropolitan municipalities and specifically the city of Johannesburg face some unique challenges too. It is concluded that the central role of the local government as the custodian of basic municipal services cannot be disputed; however, the inefficiencies and ineffectiveness of the market forces require private-public partnerships. It can also be concluded that non-participation is an outcome of, among other things, poor participative capacity within communities, apathy, feelings of distrust of both the municipal institutions and municipal councillors and the lack of information regarding community obligations to municipal institutions. The research recommends the use of similar service utilities in both townships and former white suburban areas in order to overcome the perceptions of the municipal services level disparities that are formed on the basis of townships versus white suburban areas; an overhaul of the municipality’s billing system to overcome its debt and service charges collection problems; ward committee participation capacity improvement for both the municipal councillors and communities and the development and communication of clear guidelines on the roles of regional services management centres. Further research is recommended on, among other things, whether privatisation of municipal services results in better access by all and improves efficiency and payments, and on the functionality and effectiveness of ward committees as vehicles for community participation and in developing new and more reliable socio-economic modelling for assessing community ability to pay for government services.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Uit ’n literatuuroorsig van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika het dit geblyk dat daar ’n historiese probleem van nie-oorlegpleging by die identifisering en lewering van dienste deur munisipaliteite bestaan. Hierdie probleem gaan hand aan hand met niedeelname aan munisipale aktiwiteite deur gemeenskappe en ’n kultuur van “geenbetaling” vir dienste gelewer. Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsing, wat tussen 2002 en 2005 in die stad Johannesburg gedoen is, was om vas te stel hoe die stad se munisipaliteit basiese dienste aan Soweto lewer en of daar enige gemeenskapsdeelname aan aktiwiteite is en of gemeenskappe ’n geenbetaling-houding inneem. Om die navorsingsdoel te bereik is ses vrae deur middel van literatuur en teorieë oor plaaslike regering geïdentifiseer. Die eerste vier vrae is gemik op gemeenskappe in Soweto: Hoe bekostigbaar is die basiese munisipale dienste aan die gemeenskappe in Soweto? Wat is die gemeenskap se mening oor die belangrikheid van die onderskeie munisipale dienste? Het gemeenskappe deel aan die identifisering en lewering van dienste? Hoe tevrede is die gemeenskappe met dienslewering? Die laaste twee vrae is gemik op die diensleweraars of munisipaledienstebestuurders en raadslede: Watter metodes gebruik die munisipaliteit om dienste te identifiseer en te lewer? Wat beskou die munisipaliteit as op hulle van toepassing sover dit die afdwingbaarheid van kwaliteitstandaarde in die lewering van dienste en bestuur betref? Oorspronklik was die doel om onderhoude te voer met gemeenskappe in Soweto sowel as munisipaledienste-bestuurders en raadslede van Johannesburg. Onderhoude met hoofde van 200 huishoudings in Soweto is wel gevoer. Hierdie huishoudings is ewekansig uit Chiawelo, Diepkloof, Dobsonville, Dube, Jabulani, Meadowlands, Naledi en Orlando gekies. Die onderhoude is gevolg deur vier fokusgroepvergaderings te Chiawelo, Dobsonville, Dube en Meadowlands, en tussen vyf en elf huishoudings het aan besprekings deelgeneem ten einde duidelikheid te verkry oor bevindinge van die ondersoek. Dit was egter net moontlik om onderhoude met drie dienstebestuurders van die stad Johannesburg te voer, naamlik Pikitup, Johannesburg Water en die Kontrak Bestuursgroep. Verskeie vrugtelose pogings om onderhoude met raadslede te bekom het uiteindelik gelei tot die verkryging van toestemming vir plaasvervangende onderhoude met die LUR vir die Plaaslike Regering sowel as Verkeersveiligheid in die volgende munisipaliteite: Govan Mbeki en Emalahleni in Mpumalanga en Emnambithi in KwaZulu-Natal. Hierdie plaasvervangende onderhoude is as toepaslik beskou, aangesien die menings oor dienslewering te doen het met die toepassing en implementering van die uniforme landswye plaaslikeregering-strukture en -stelsels wat dus op Soweto ook van toepassing is. ’n Totaal van 24 onderhoude is gevoer met die Mpumalanga-LUR (1), die dienstebestuurders van die stad Johannesburg (3), raadslede (9) en senior munisipale administrateurs (11). Om die bevindinge van die Mpumulanga- en KwaZulu-Natal-munisipaliteite te bevestig of te weerlê, is aanvullende onderhoude met persone wat kennis van dienslewering in Soweto het tussen 2002 en 2005 gevoer. Altesaam vier addisionele onderhoude is dus gevoer. Tydens die ontleding van die gemeenskapsdata is gemeenskappe as gegoed of minder gegoed geklassifiseer op grond van huishoudelike inkomste en dus is deelname aan munisipale aktiwiteite, betaling vir dienste en ander gesindhede tussen die twee strata vergelyk. Daar is bevind dat min mense munisipale dienste kan bekostig in terme van huishoudelike inkomste, maar dat huishoudelike besittings wat lewenstandaard bepaal op die teenoorgestelde dui. Die gebruik van huishoudelike inkomste as ’n maatstaf van die vermoë om te betaal is ’n aanvaarbare metode, maar moet tog met omsigtigheid benader word. Die gemeenskap wat die slegste daaraan toe was, verkies dat die staat basiese munisipale dienste voorsien. ’n Laer geneigdheid tot deelname aan munisipale strukture soos wykskomitees en geïntegreerde ontwikkelingsplanne is by die meer gegoede gemeenskappe aangetref, hoewel hulle die grootste ontevredenheid toon met dienslewering en munisipale werkverrigting. Daar is gevind dat die munisipaliteit van die stad Johannesburg die agterstand in dienste aangespreek het as metode om dienste te identifiseer en te prioritiseer. Om die probleem van oneffektiewe en ondoeltreffende dienste te oorkom, maak die munisipaliteit gebruik van artikel 21- maatskappye vir dienste soos water, elektrisiteit en vullisverwydering. Dit lei tot die beëindiging van die dienste van gemeenskappe wat nie kan betaal nie. Oor die algemeen is inwoners egter van mening dat dienste deur hierdie maatskappye verbeter is, hoewel die munisipaliteit nog nie sy prestasiebestuurkontrakte met hierdie maatskappye gefinaliseer het nie. Terwyl die onderhoude met diensverskaffers in Mpumalanga en KwaZulu- Natal gevoer is, is verdere telefoniese onderhoude met kundiges op die gebied van dienslewering in Soweto gevoer. Laasgenoemde het saamgestem dat munisipaliteite regoor die land oor die algemeen voor dieselfde uitdagings te staan kom, omdat hulle binne relatief nuwe beleidsraamwerke funksioneer. Daar word egter toegegee dat stedelike (metropolitaanse) munisipaliteite, en spesifiek die stad Johannesburg, ook met sekere unieke uitdagings te kampe het. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom is, is dat die rol van plaaslike regering as die toesighouer oor basiese munisipale dienste nie betwis kan word nie, hoewel oneffektiwiteit en ondoeltreffendheid privaat vennootskappe vereis. ’n Verdere gevolgtrekking is dat niedeelname onder andere ’n gevolg is van ’n gebrek aan deelnemende kapasiteit binne gemeenskappe, apatie, wantroue in munisipale instellings en raadslede, en ’n gebrek aan inligting rakende gemeenskappe se verpligtinge jeens munisipale instellings. Die navorsing beveel aan dat gelyke dienste gelewer word in swart gemeenskappe en in tradisioneel wit gemeenskappe ten einde die siening dat daar onderskeid getref word, te verander. Daar behoort ook ’n hersiening van die munisipaliteit se rekeningestelsel te wees ten einde die skuldinvorderingsprobleme uit die weg te ruim. Deelnemende kapasiteit vir raadslede en gemeenskappe binne wyke moet verbeter word. Duidelike riglyne oor die rol van streeksdienstebestuursentrums moet ontwikkel en aan gemeenskappe oorgedra word. Verdere navorsing word aanbeveel om te bepaal of die privatisering van dienste tot beter toegang vir almal sal lei en of dit doeltreffendheid en betaling sal verbeter. Die funksionaliteit en effektiwiteit van wykskomitees as meganisme vir gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid sowel as die ontwikkeling van nuwe en meer betroubare sosio-ekonomiese modelle vir die bepaling van gemeenskapsvermoë om vir dienste te betaal, behoort ook ondersoek te word.
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Gratianu, Evelina. "La régulation en matière d'opérations de paiement : étude pratique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7166.
Abstract:
Malgré sa création récente, la régulation en matière d'opérations de paiement engendre des difficultés d'application pour les acteurs proposant de nouvelles solutions de paiement. En raison de l'absence de définition des notions centrales du droit des services de paiement (comme par exemple les notions de services de paiement, d'activité de fourniture des services de paiement, ...), et du fait de la complexité technologique et opérationnelle des nouvelles solutions de paiement découlent ces difficultés. Par ailleurs, l'assujettissement de ces acteurs à plusieurs régulations (transversales et sectorielles) ayant vocation à s'appliquer de manière conjointe est de nature à créer des difficultés supplémentaires. Cette étude propose donc d'identifier et d'analyser les problèmes engendrés par la régulation applicable aux activités de paiement, que ce soit en matière de qualification et de fourniture des services de paiement ainsi qu'en matière d'application conjointe avec d'autres régulations sectorielles et transversales. Elle formule, en outre, des idées d'amélioration des textes applicables en la matièreDespite its recent creation, payment regulation is creating implementation challenges for those offering new payment solutions. These difficulties are due to the lack of a definition of core concepts of payment services law (for example: the concepts of payment services, payment service provision activity, etc.) and the technological and operational complexity of new payment solutions. Furthermore, the fact that these firms are subject to several regulations (cross-cutting and sectoral) that are intended to be applied jointly, is likely to create additional difficulties. This study therefore proposes to identify and analyze the problems created by the regulation applicable to payment activities, whether in terms of the qualification and provision of payment services, or in terms of joint application with other sectoral and cross-cutting regulations. It offers some ideas for improving in this area
3
Cassou, Matthieu. "About the optimality of competition among health-care providers." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E024.
Abstract:
Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objet d’évaluer les effets potentiels d’une concurrence accrue sur le marché de la santé. Elle porte une attention particulière aux effets de la concurrence sur l’efficacité allocative du système de santé en termes de soins et de dépenses de santé. Dans leur ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que les effets canoniques de la concurrence ne s’appliquent pas nécessairement au marché de la santé, et détaillent des circonstances dans lesquelles une hausse de la concurrence pourrait nuire au bien-être social. Cette thèse comporte une introduction et trois chapitres (articles académiques), chacun portant sur un aspect diffèrent de l’efficacité du système de santé. Le premier chapitre analyse l’impact de la concurrence sur les pratiques de soins hospitaliers et leur régulation par tarification prospective. Le second chapitre détaille les enjeux de régulation liés à la nature incomplète de l’information sur les patients au moment de choisir la procédure de soins à adopter, à commencer par la décision de mettre en œuvre des tests de diagnostic supplémentaires. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse discute les conséquences possibles de l’asymétrie qui peut exister entre fournisseur de soins public et privé en termes d’obligation de couverture et pouvant être appliqué au marché de l’aide à domicile des personnes âgéesThe purpose of this thesis is to study the potential effects of an increased competition between health-care providers on the allocative efficiency of the health-care system. In a theoretical framework it discusses the effect of competitive pressure considering the decentralization of treatment decisions, diagnostic tests’ performance, and the organization of care coverage. It is composed of an introduction and three chapters (essays), each of them focusingon a different aspect of the health-care system efficiency. Our findings globally suggest that the canonical effect of competition does not necessarily applies to the health-care market,and detail circumstances in which competition could degrade social welfare. The first chapter analyses the impact of competition on hospitals’ treatment praxis and their regulation through fixed-repayments. The second chapter details the regulation issues related to the incomplete nature of the information on patients’ illness before the decision to perform diagnostic tests.The last chapter of this thesis discusses the possible outcomes of the asymmetry of obligation of services between public and private competitors in an application to the home-care market for the elderly
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Nelson, Katie. "Small-scale and Amenity Focused Forestry: Filling a Market Niche." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33803.
Abstract:
Urbanization, changing forest landowner values, and restructuring forest industry are creating challenges for the active management of small parcels of forestland. Many traditional service providers are reluctant to service small acreage parcels due to economies of scale, shrinking profit margins for unprocessed stumpage, and changing landowner expectations. They do not understand traditional forestry operations and do not know where to look for service providers. A gap in our nationâ s forest system has emerged.
A new market opportunity exists for service providers willing to work with small-scale forest landowners. In this study, over sixty forest service providers working with small acreage or amenity oriented clients were interviewed to determine how their business is structured, how they charge for the services they provide, what reactions they get from their clients, and how successful they perceive themselves to be. Informants came from a wide variety of professional backgrounds, including forestry, logging, arboriculture, landscaping, and woodworking. In addition, about 20 public-forest professionals were interviewed to determine how they and their programs are changing in response to emerging conditions.
Successful service providers generally charge by some measure of time and materials rather than by commission. They exhibit a willingness to diversify their business to offer a bundle of services, and to cooperate with professionals in related industries. Value-added processing and creative marketing assist service providers in achieving a profit from small-scale tracts with traditionally low-value products. Lessons learned from these early adopters will assist other service providers interested in working with small acreage private landowners.Master of Science
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Bjelkstål, Per Anders. "Implementering av ett kortbetalningssystem." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11937.
Abstract:
I ett kortbetalningssystem såsom Visa International Service Association (Visa) finns det fem stycken tongivande parter: kortinlösaren; kortutgivaren; kortinnehavaren; säljföretaget och Payment Service Provider (PSP). Ett säljföretag som låter sina kunder betala för varor och tjänster på sin webbplats skickar kundernas kortnummer krypterat till en PSP som vidarebefodrar dessa till VisaNet som är dataknutpunkten i Visa. VisaNet söker med hjälp utav kortnumret upp den bank som har utgivit kortet och efterfrågar samma bank om en transaktion får ske från kortet. VisaNet får ett svar som vidarebefordras vidare tillbaka till säljföretaget som sedermera även får sina pengar överförda till sitt konto från kundens konto.
Uppdragsgivaren till detta examensarbete skall utveckla ett helt eget system och bli sin egen PSP utifall uppdragsgivaren beräknar att mer än 1,3 miljoner stycken kortbetalningar kommer att ske genom uppdragsgivarens kortbetalningssystem per år. När detta examensarbete utfördes uppskattades antalet kortbetalningar per år inte till denna siffra och rapportförfattaren utvecklade därför ett korbetalningssystem med hjälp utav en befintlig PSP.
Kortbetalningssystemets kärna är ett API som andra systemutvecklare hos uppdragsgivaren kan anropa. API:t har ett antal funktioner såsom att utföra en kortbetalning, reservera en kortbetalning eller att avbryta en reserverad kortbetalning. Rapportförfattaren har även utvecklat ett grafiskt övervaknings- och administrationsgränssnitt för att kunna övervaka de kortbetalningar som sker samt enkelt kunna felsöka fel som uppstår i systemet.
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Gilmer, Todd Patrick. "Mixed payments to providers and the use of ambulatory ADM services /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7388.
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BERGQVIST, CHRISTIAN, and ERIK PETTERSSON. "The determining trends of the retail payment market." Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-199085.
Abstract:
The retail payment market can be seen as a high velocity market, where the rate of change is high. The future for the retail payment market is uncertain to a large extent. A relatively new phenomenon is the entrance of third party payment providers (hereafter; TPP) who are utilizing the incumbent banks account infrastructure in order access information or initiate payments. A legislation named PSD2 will increase the TPP’s possibilities to utilize the bank’s infrastructure. This makes it possible for TPP to offer new innovative solutions to the end customer. The incumbent actors on the retail payment market have not been successful in regards to innovation, which have given fintech companies room to grow, both in size and numbers. However, the incumbent actors do still possess a strong position, but are frequently challenged by new startups who also want to initiate payments. Historically, the entrance barrier to the retail payment market have been high and the incumbent actors have had an oligopoly position. It has resulted in a lack of competition and a low innovation rate. However, this is starting to change because of new initiatives from EU, where the aim is to increase competition and facilitate a well- functioning retail payment market. Therefore, the increased competition from fintech startups is a relatively new phenomenon and most actors in the retail payment market think it is a beneficial evolution, except few representatives from the incumbent players who are worried that their existing competitive advantages will be outdated. This study provides a picture of how the retail payment market can develop in the future. By determining the most critical trends, it becomes clear what is driving the retail payment market and how the dynamic between actors is changing. In order to get the necessary insights to fulfil the purpose, 18 interviews have been conducted with different stakeholders to the retail payment market. The variation of perspectives of the interviewees give this study a depth that in the end enhance the validity of the result. It is hard to predict the future in a market characterized by high velocity, hence, it is important to understand what trends have the strongest influence on the market. By analysing the interviews, six trends were identified as having a huge impact on the payment market. 1. Merchants are pushing EU to regulate to their favour 2. Access to the information created when conducting payments 3. Incumbent banks have a hard time adopting to new changes 4. New technical solutions enable more actors to create payment solutions with global coverage 5. Actors without payment as core business enter the market 6. New regulations, such as PSD2, aims to increase competition on the retail payment market. Two of these six trends have been identified to be particularly uncertain and having a huge impact on the development of the retail payment market. Furthermore, these two trends are characterised by a dichotomy and the development of them will influence the market in four distinctively different ways. The first dichotomy is whether it becomes easy to be compliant with new legislations, or not. The study shows that if it becomes a heavy burden being compliant with PSD2 and using the technical standard for XS2A, the market will be characterized by economies of scale. If it on the other hand becomes is easy being compliant with PSD2 and initiate payments through XS2A, the overhead costs will decrease and the benefits of scale shrink. The second dichotomy, is whether actors without payment as core business will enter the market, or not. If payments can be seamlessly integrated in other applications, for instance a shopping experience, it is likely that payments will be initiated by actors who does not have payment initiations as core business. However, if it becomes hard to initiate payments on the banks account infrastructure, the attractiveness of having payments as a value adding service fades.
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Holm, Linn, and Lina Persson. "Det nya betaltjänstdirektivet PSD2 : Kommande möjligheter och utmaningar för banker och tredjepartsaktörer inom den svenska finansiella marknaden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324857.
Abstract:
I januari 2018 kommer det nuvarande EU-direktivet PSD att ersättas av det nya betaltjänstdirektivet Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2). Motiven bakom direktivets införande är bland andra att bidra till en förenkling för tredjepartsaktörer att inträda betaltjänstmarknaden samt öka valmöjligheten för konsumenten. Idag domineras betaltjänstmarknaden främst av banker, något som direktivet utformats för att motverka. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur väl några av direktivets motiv stämmer överens med aktörernas uppfattning av direktivets påverkan samt även undersöka vilka möjligheter och utmaningar banker och tredjepartsaktörer ser att det nya direktivet innebär för dem och marknaden. Uppsatsen är genomförd som en fallstudie där semistrukturerade intervjuer med banker och tredjepartsaktörer varit den främsta datainsamlingsmetodiken. Fallstudien visade att aktörernas uppfattning av direktivet till stora delar stämmer bra överens med motiven för direktivet. Samtliga aktörer har en förhållandevis positiv bild av direktivet och ser en mängd olika möjligheter med direktivet. Samarbetet mellan banker och tredjepartsaktörer ses som en av de större möjligheterna. Utmaningarna som aktörerna står inför är varierande beroende på typ av aktör. Studien visade att det finns en del utmaningar som kan komma att begränsa antalet nya aktörer på marknaden. Samtliga möjligheter och utmaningar presenteras i fallstudiens sjätte avsnitt.In January 2018, the current EU directive PSD will be replaced by the new Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2). The motives behind the implementation of the directive are, inter alia, to help simplify third party providers entering the payment service market and increasing consumer choice. Today, the payment service market is uppermost dominated by banks, something that the directive is designed to counteract. The purpose of this study is to investigate how well some of the motives of the directive are in line with the actors' perception of the impact of the directive, as well as investigate what opportunities and challenges banks and third party providers see that the new directive implies for them and the market. The essay was conducted as a case study, where semistructured interviews with banks and third party players were the primary data collection methodology. The case study showed that the actors' perception of the directive largely complies with the motives for the directive. All actors have a relatively positive view of the directive and see a wide range of possibilities with the directive. Cooperation between banks and third parties is seen as one of the major opportunities. The challenges that the stakeholders face are varied depending on the type of actor they represent. The study showed that there are some challenges that may limit the number of new players in the market. All possibilities and challenges are presented in the sixth section of the case study.
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Björklund, Jessica. "Finansiell innovation på betaltjänstmarknaden : En studie av hur tredjepartsleverantörers innovationsförmåga kan främjas genom inrättandet av det andra betaltjänstdirektivet samt andra regleringsrelaterade åtgärder." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Affärsrätt, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147986.
Abstract:
Sedan den finanskris som uppstod år 2008 har ökade krav ställts beträffande säkerhet ochstabilitet inom den finansiella sektorn. Av den orsaken har etablerade aktörer, vilka omfattas avde alltmer extensiva regelverken, påförts ytterligare krav avseende exempelvis tillsyn ochlikviditet. De ökade säkerhetskraven har, i sin tur, tvingat berörda aktörer att agera merrestriktivt beträffande finansiell innovation och vid utvecklandet av nya finansiella lösningar. Den tekniska utvecklingen har möjliggjort för uppkomsten av nya typer av betaltjänster ochprodukter. Det har resulterat i att etablerade finansiella aktörer, under det senaste decenniet, harmött nya utmaningar i form av en ökad konkurrens från fintechbolag vilka, vid sidan avbefintliga regelverk, har utvecklat innovativa tjänster och produkter specialiserade inom ettspecifikt led inom kundkontaktskedjan. Med anledning av ikraftträdandet av det andrabetaltjänstdirektivet omfattas även fintechbolag av de bestämmelser som reglerarbetaltjänstmarknaden. Genom införandet av regelverket utökas omfattningen till att äveninbegripa leverantörer av kontoinformationstjänster och betalningsinitieringstjänster, så kalladetredjepartsleverantörer. Syftet med det andra betaltjänstdirektivet är bland annat att främjakonkurrens samt att effektivisera den finansiella marknaden. Samtidigt får inte den finansiellastabiliteten äventyras på bekostnad av ifrågavarande ändamål. För att främja finansiell innovation har vissa nationella tillsynsmyndigheter vidtagit olikaregleringsrelaterade åtgärder, såsom exempelvis en regulatorisk sandlåda, en innovationshubbeller ett innovationscenter. Med åtgärderna avses att med olika medel tillvarata den potentialsom fintech har att erbjuda finansmarknaden. Regleringsrelaterade åtgärder, vidtagna pånationell nivå, måste emellertid utvecklas och förhållas till gällande regelverk och får inte sättakonsumentskyddet på spel. I förevarande uppsats behandlas huruvida såväl det andra betaltjänstdirektivet som nationelltvidtagna regleringsrelaterade åtgärder förmår att främja tredjepartsleverantörersinnovationsförmåga på betaltjänstmarknaden, särskilt med beaktande av deras möjligheter attkonkurrera på den finansiella marknaden, utan att det sker på bekostnad av det finansiellasystemets stabilitet och säkerhet.
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Elwing, Malin. "Betalsystem på webben för utvecklaren." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Communication and Design, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-1969.
Abstract:
Rapporten tar upp och behandlar ämnet betalväxlar utifrån en utvecklares perspektiv. Två företag som varit i eller nära inpå processen att utveckla en webbshop har intervjuats och jämförts med utbudet hos ett antal olika betalväxlar. Intervjuerna har visat ett resultat som är mycket troligt att man som ny utvecklare kommer i kontakt med i början. Positionen kan då vara både som utvecklare eller som ägare till webbshoppen. Det gick även att konstatera att det fanns ett antal betalväxlar lämpade för olika kunskapsnivåer. Professionell hjälp i form av råd och implementation måste inte tvunget vara en nödvändighet för att man ska kunna sätta upp en relativt avancerad webbshop.
This report deals with online Payment Service Providers (PSPs) from the developer's point of view. Two companies that were in or in close connection to the process of developing a web shop were interviewed and compared to the suppöy of payment options at a number of different payment PSPs. The interviews has shown a result which is probable that a new developer will get in contact with in the beginning. The position could be either as a web developer or as an owner of a web shop. It was also possible to establish that there were a number of PSPs suitable for different levels of knowledge within the field. Professional help such as advices and implementation is not necessary in order to be able to set up a relatively advanced web shop.
Books on the topic "Payment service providers":
1
United States. Health Care Financing Administration. Office of Research and Demonstrations. Medicare: Participating providers and suppliers of health services, December 1985. Baltimore, Maryland?]: Department of Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration, Office of Research & Demonstrations, [1986?, 1986.
2
Center for Health Expenditures and Insurance Studies (U.S.), ed. Nonphysician health care providers: Use of ambulatory services, expenditures, and sources of payment. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Center for Health Expenditures and Insurance Studies, 1996.
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National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment (U.S.), ed. Nonphysician health care providers: Use of ambulatory services, expenditures, and sources of payment. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment, 1985.
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National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment (U.S.), ed. Nonphysician health care providers: Use of ambulatory services, expenditures, and sources of payment. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment, 1985.
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National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment (U.S.), ed. Nonphysician health care providers: Use of ambulatory services, expenditures, and sources of payment. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment, 1985.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Regulations, Health Care, and Trade. Subcommittee hearing on ensuring prompt payment for small health care providers. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Impact of OBRA-90's dialysis provisions on providers and beneficiaries : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.
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United States. Congress. Senate. A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide for a prospective payment system for services provided by psychiatric hospitals under the Medicare program. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.
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United States. Congress. Senate. A bill to include Medicare provider payments in the Federal Levy Program, to require the Department of Health and Human Services to offset Medicare provider payments by the amount of the provider's delinquent Federal debt, and for other purposes. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.
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United States. Congress. Senate. A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide for fair payments under the Medicare hospital outpatient department prospective payment system. [Washington, D.C.?]: [United States Government Printing Office], 2002.
Book chapters on the topic "Payment service providers":
1
Ding, Sophia. "Secure Payment." In Trends in Data Protection and Encryption Technologies, 193–99. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33386-6_32.
Abstract:
AbstractSecure payment is an essential element of digital commerce in a world where cash is becoming redundant, credit cards are becoming less and less critical, and mobile devices are becoming means of payment. Therefore, it must be considered through the lens of various payment methods: Credit cards have been around since the 1950s, but the introduction of chip technology and contactless payment raises new challenges for the security of payments. Commercial payment service providers, such as credit card issuers or infrastructure operators, typically implement secure payment. Additionally, there are open-source payment gateways that facilitate the transfer of payment information. The providers of these open-source solutions claim that their products facilitate integration with existing systems on the client side and provide better customization due to their modularity and adaptability.
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Górka, Jakub. "IBANs or IPANs? Creating a Level Playing Field between Bank and Non-Bank Payment Service Providers." In Transforming Payment Systems in Europe, 182–213. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137541215_6.
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Agarwal, Ankita, Arpan Kumar Kar, and P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan. "Factors Affecting Customer Service Engagement – Six Cases Assessing Strengths and Weaknesses for Telecom and Payment Service Providers." In Proceedings of ICETIT 2019, 775–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30577-2_69.
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Claustre, Julie. "Les monnaies alternatives à Paris au XVe siècle, d’après les transactions d’un atelier de couture." In Datini Studies in Economic History, 505–18. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0347-0.29.
Abstract:
Focusing on the workshop of an economic agent, a parisian tailor between 1420 and 1455, this article proposes an analysis of the payments in kind made in his shop in order to test the hypotheses of interpretation that historians usually formulate to understand the use of non-monetary payments. The source for this study of the methods of payment in use in 15th-century Paris is the tailor's shop book, which document the payments he received in grain, foodstuffs, objects and school services provided to his son and financed by his work. They shed light on the motives and circumstances that might explain the use of barter in a highly monetarised and commercialised urban economy.
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Braid, Robert. "Alternative forms of remuneration at the Holy Spirit Hospital of Marseille in the Fourteenth century." In Datini Studies in Economic History, 93–119. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0347-0.08.
Abstract:
The monetisation of exchanges tends to favour economic development, yet many forms of payment persisted throughout the preindustrial era despite rapid growth. Services in particular were remunerated in a variety of forms which depended on the particular relationship between the employer and the worker. The evolution in the composition of wages impacted social relations and structures as much as standards of living. Through an extensive examination of its account registers as well as local legislation, this paper analyses the variety of ways the Holy Spirit Hospital of Marseille remunerated individuals it employed as doctors, surgeons, scribes, wet-nurses, domestic servants, artisans and casual laborers. Workers who lived separately from the hospital were usually paid only in cash, while employees who were part of the household could receive cloth, shoes, clothing, meals, housing and medical care in addition to a cash salary. Contrary to what historians have observed in other regions, the share of in-kind payments did not increase after the Black Death for casual agricultural workers, who were paid in cash through this period. Only construction workers started to receive meals in addition to wages in the 1360s. Domestic and agricultural servants, however, received fewer in-kind payments after the epidemic. More importantly, this study reveals the numerous services that were provided by individuals for strikingly below-market rates. It is argued that the hospital was able to significantly lower operating costs by offering individuals social currency, intangible benefits instead of cash or in-kind payments, in exchange for numerous and valuable services. After the Black Death, however, the value of social currency decreased relative to other forms of payment.
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Lee, Po-Chang. "Introduction to the National Health Insurance of Taiwan." In Digital Health Care in Taiwan, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05160-9_1.
Abstract:
AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) system. In 1995, major social insurance programmes, such as labour insurance, government employee health insurance and farmers’ insurance, were merged and enlarged to form the NHI to deliver universal health coverage. Since its inception, the payment system of the NHI is the fee-for-service method. Moreover, most of the health care is provided by private sectors, and there are no restrictions on patients seeking medical care. Owing to the high medical accessibility, the volume of outpatient services is high, and the National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) has to develop various measures to maintain its financial stability. Several strategies have been implemented by the NHIA for health equity, and the NHI MediCloud system, the NHI card and ‘My Health Bank’ were provided to ensure patients’ safety and enhance healthcare quality.
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Tucker, Donald P. "The Conflicting Roles of the Federal Reserve as Regulator and Services Provider in the U.S. Payment System." In The U.S. Payment System: Efficiency, Risk and the Role of the Federal Reserve, 223–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2510-6_13.
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"EBPP Service Providers and Products." In Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment, 179–242. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203009413-13.
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Zammitti, Maria Vittoria. "New Frontiers in Payment Services." In Handbook of Research on Applying Emerging Technologies Across Multiple Disciplines, 122–38. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8476-7.ch006.
Abstract:
The chapter will explore issues related to the Payment Initiation Service, currently subject to Directive 2015/2366/EU (Payment Services Directive II, PSD2) and, in Italy, to the Law Decree n. 11 of January 27th, 2010. It plays a relevant part in e-commerce payments establishing a software bridge between the website of the merchant and the online banking platform of the payer's account servicing payment service provider in order to initiate internet payments on the basis of a credit transfer. The transaction involves many actors, including some new entrants into the payment service market, such as third-party providers (TTPs). The chapter will deal with the nature of relations between payment service users and payment initiation service providers as well as those between the latter and account servicing payment service providers. It will also address criteria to allocate liability when a transaction initiated through a PISP was unauthorized, non-executed, or wrongfully or lately executed.
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Marasà, Flaminia. "Open Banking and Privacy." In Handbook of Research on Applying Emerging Technologies Across Multiple Disciplines, 210–31. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8476-7.ch012.
Abstract:
Payment services user's personal data processing between European Directive no. 2015/2366/EU on electronic payment services (PSD2) and Regulation no. 679/2016 on the processing of personal data of natural persons (GDPR). This chapter focuses on the interference and possible conflicts between digital payments and personal data protection and processing rules, identifying and addressing certain issues. In particular, the work analyses and discusses three themes: 1) the role played by banking intermediaries (PSPs) and new payment service providers (third party providers – TPPs) and their involvement in the digital payments, 2) the cases where the PSPs and TPPs can lawfully use personal data and the limits imposed on them by both regulations to the processing of data of payment service users in order to verify whether the combined provisions of these pieces of legislation effectively achieve greater protection for payment service users, 3) the issue of unlawful use of personal data and the distribution of responsibilities and liabilities between intermediaries.
Conference papers on the topic "Payment service providers":
1
Panfil, Cristina, and Profira Cristafovici. "Payment market in the Republic of Moldova: limits and development opportunities." In Conferinta stiintifica internationala "Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana", editia VII. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.53.
Abstract:
In the context of the digitalization of economies, new technologies and financial solutions that have emerged, contribute significantly to the development of the financial system. In this context, financial payment services register a remarkable evolution, contributing to solving the problems of the population and the economic agents in the field of payments. It is interesting to what extent the Republic of Moldova has advanced in the assimilation of new financial services offered by providers in the last period and what are the possibilities for their development in the future. In this article we aim: to analyze the payments market in the Republic of Moldova from a marketing perspective, to identify factors that limit the development of the payments market, and development opportunities. The research methods used are: analysis of the legislation in force governing the payment system, statistical data analysis, graphical method, analysis and synthesis. The results of the research revealed the tendency of: competition increase in this field, the necessitiy for payment service providers to market orientation, proliferation and efficient cooperation between partners in the financial ecosystem, financial education of customers, approach to customer according to the segmentation, enhance social and ethical responsibility in relation to clients.
2
La, Richard J., and Jeonghoon Mo. "Interaction of service providers in task delegation under simple payment rules." In 2009 Joint 48th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) and 28th Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2009.5400467.
3
Delic, N., and A. Vukasinovic. "Mobile Payment Solution — Symbiosis Between Banks, Application Service Providers and Mobile NetworkOperators." In Third International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itng.2006.93.
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Kaya, Fadime, Glenda Amaral, Francisco Javier Perez, Marc Makkes, Tina van der Linden, and Jaap Gordijn. "An Ontological Exploration of Central Bank Digital Currency Governance Design." In Digital Restructuring and Human (Re)action. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.4.2022.19.
Abstract:
Financial ecosystems and their related transactions are increasingly relying on big tech payment service providers, such as ApplePay and WeChat. By offering these services, transacting in unregulated cryptocurrencies becomes easier. Consequently, big tech companies take a powerful position in the ecosystem, such dominance may be avoided by a decentralized ecosystem, in which decision making power is distributed over several actors. Emergence of several highly unregulated cryptocurrencies and increased reliance on big tech, motivates central banks to investigate alternatives, called Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) that can be subject to governance and rules. CBDC is specifically aimed to decrease dependency on largely uncontrolled big tech payment service providers and to limit the growth of unregulated cryptocurrencies. In this paper, we explore the key question of how to design a governance structure, we do that by applying the DECENT ontology and conceptual models to the real world use-case of CBDC.
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Cooharojananone, Nagul, Pongjit Kongnim, Aratchaporn Mongkolnut, and Okada Hitoshi. "Evaluation Study of Usability Factors on Mobile Payment Application on Two Different Service Providers in Thailand." In 2012 IEEE/IPSJ 12th International Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saint.2012.44.
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Wang, Shuoyao, and Diwei Zhu. "Interpretable Multimodal Learning for Intelligent Regulation in Online Payment Systems." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/645.
Abstract:
With the explosive growth of transaction activities in online payment systems, effective and real-time regulation becomes a critical problem for payment service providers. Thanks to the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), AI-enable regulation emerges as a promising solution. One main challenge of the AI-enabled regulation is how to utilize multimedia information, i.e., multimodal signals, in Financial Technology (FinTech). Inspired by the attention mechanism in nature language processing, we propose a novel cross-modal and intra-modal attention network (CIAN) to investigate the relation between the text and transaction. More specifically, we integrate the text and transaction information to enhance the text-trade joint-embedding learning, which clusters positive pairs and push negative pairs away from each other. Another challenge of intelligent regulation is the interpretability of complicated machine learning models. To sustain the requirements of financial regulation, we design a CIAN-Explainer to interpret how the attention mechanism interacts the original features, which is formulated as a low-rank matrix approximation problem. With the real datasets from the largest online payment system, WeChat Pay of Tencent, we conduct experiments to validate the practical application value of CIAN, where our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
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McFarlane, Wayne G., and Allen Marsollier. "Effective Use of an Alliance to Deliver Pipeline Maintenance Services." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27394.
Abstract:
Pipeline companies face a difficult task in cost-effectively managing pipeline maintenance activities. Complexity is introduced due to geographical expanse, remote locations, access to qualified contractors and the desire to hire locally, and contract management of available suppliers. Pipeline companies have traditionally provided maintenance activities through in-house resourcing, or management of a multitude of available contractors. With increasing efforts to focus in-house resources on core pipeline operations, there has been a corresponding shift in moving noncore maintenance activities to outside providers. This has introduced an increase in administration costs associated with supplier qualification activities, document management and payment processing. TransCanada PipeLines Limited has developed a model where core skills have been retained to perform critical activities in-house and less essential services have been contracted out, along with the management of the subcontracts. This model relies on a central dispatch service along with a large base of subcontractors strategically located along our pipeline system to provide these services. The process involves two basic steps — managing subcontractors and performing work. Managing subcontractors is the key to the process. This part of the process proactively provides TransCanada with qualified subcontractors at the right place, the right time and for the best price. This paper will discuss the alliance model we’ve implemented in conjunction with Ledcor Industrial Maintenance Ltd. for contracted services and how this arrangement is crucial to our success in managing maintenance activities cost effectively. We will describe the model, how it was developed and implemented, how it works and some of the benefits that make it a successful contribution to regional operations. We will also discuss some of the key lessons learned. Further details on the process will be presented, along with the bottom-line benefits associated with this type of relationship.
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Lazdauskas, Evaldas, and Juozas Merkevičius. "EVALUATION OF MOBILE PAYMENTS PENETRATION IN BALTIC COUNTRIES AND POLAND BY APPLYING MCDM METHODS." In 23rd Conference for Young Researchers "Economics and Management". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/vvf.2020.018.
Abstract:
The purpose of this research is to analyse penetration and use of mobile payments in Baltic countries and Poland in point of sale (POS) segment. Mobile payment or m-payment (MP) is referred to the transfer of money (in digital form) from one party (e.g., consumer) to another party (e.g., seller or merchant) using a mobile device. Mobile payments allows to pay for goods or services with mobile devices instead of paying with cash or physical credit cards. The statistical data helps us to know information about mobile payments growth. The article concerns analysis of mobile payment use in POS systems. The penetration of mobile payments in countries is different. Lack of scientific information and novelty of this article provided by this research include methods for multi criteria decision support by applying SAW and TOPSIS methods. In this study case we demonstrate the evaluation of mobile payment use in Lithuania with comparison with other Baltic countries and Poland. The SAW and TOPSIS methods supply the structure of decision making which can help us to evaluate the penetration of mobile payments.
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Darmois, Emmanuel, and Martin Boecker. "Standardisation in support of accessibility for mobility users in Europe." In 5th International Conference on Human Systems Engineering and Design: Future Trends and Applications (IHSED 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004137.
Abstract:
Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) are playing an ever-increasing role in everyone's lives, specially thanks to vast range of ICT devices and services which create a lot of opportunities for end-users (access to huge amounts of information, fostered people interaction, …), thereby improving their quality of life. In this context, the role of mobility-related devices (e.g., smartphones) and their use with services (e.g., payment, public services) is key for enabling efficient and secure end-user interaction.Two approaches can support this goal, regarding terminology and language coverage. On the one hand, from the end-user point of view, discovering and understanding the services offered by ICT should not become a challenge, with different device manufacturers and service providers using a divergent set of terms to denominate identical devices and service features: a remedy for diverging denominations of features could be harmonized and user-centered ICT terminologies, facilitating feature recognition by all users, including those with cognitive impairments. On the other hand, harmonized terminologies should be able to support diverse languages, such as those spoken in European Union, in a consistent manner.ETSI, the European Telecommunication Standards Institute, is the home of global telecommunications standards such as 3G, LTE, 5G, and DECT, and its Technical Committee Human Factors is publishing standards documents that aim at increasing the usability and accessibility of ICT. ETSI has developed and published a consistent approach for such harmonized ICT terminologies materializing in a number of publicly and freely standardisation documents.Several ETSI Specifications (ES) have been developed over time. ETSI ES 202 076 is addressing a minimum set of spoken commands required to control the generic and common functions of ICT devices and services that use speaker-independent speech recognition. The related commands have been specified for all the official languages of the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). A similar language range is available for the ETSI ES 202 130 which specifies the minimum repertoires and assignments of graphic (letter, digit and special) characters to standard 12-key telephone keypads and specifies their ordering for ICT devices with telephony functionality.Currently, ETSI is developing a harmonized terminology -- published as ETSI Guide EG 203 499 -- covering commonly used, basic ICT features of current and upcoming ICT devices (4 groups, e.g., telephony and photography), services and applications (12 groups, e.g., banking and navigation) focusing on mobile contexts of use. The result is a multilingual terminology supporting over 800 terms.The work has been undertaken in three steps by subsequent ETSI Specialist Tasks Forces with a broadening language support, from 5 languages in the first version up to a coverage of all the official languages of EU and EFTA in the last version to be published in May 2024. The proposed paper will outline the expected benefits of using standardisation in this end-user mobility context, present the methodologies applied and provide examples of the resulting terminologies. It will also discuss the adoption of these specifications and how they support their intended users, i.e., the industry actors (e.g., manufacturers, service providers).
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Kanekiyo, Shinichi, and Yasunobu Ito. "The process of generating rhetoric to encourage participation in Delayed Benefit Services: A case study of electronic community currency in Japan." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003113.
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to identify how rhetoric is generated to create participants' motivations for the electronic community currency for the purpose of gifting, through considering it as a kind of Delayed Benefit Services. This is a case study of the start-up phase of the electronic community currency introduced in the Matsumoto area of Japan in December 2020.Services can have a time lag between the service delivery process and the point at which the benefits can be received by the customer. Such services are named Delayed Benefit Services (Fujimura 2016). Typical examples of such services are health and education services.The benefit of the electronic community currency in the case study is the creation of a sustainable local economic community based on giving. The currency has a built-in feature called 'gift', which can be paid on top of the payment. To facilitate gifting, the currency expires three months after the charge. There are no immediate economic benefits for users, such as discounts or points awarded. On the other hand, it is expected to take time for users to receive the benefit of creating sustainable local economic community. Therefore, this electronic community currency is also considered to be one of the Delayed Benefit Services.This case differs from that of health services and education services. Patients in health services and students in educational services have clear benefits that they can receive as individuals. On the other hand, while the benefit for users of electronic community currency is the creation of sustainable local economic community, the benefits are difficult for individual users to experience directly. This makes it difficult for users to find an incentive to participate in the service. Therefore, the service provider, the operator of the electronic local currency, must first create a motivation for users to participate in the service. This study focuses on rhetoric as a way for the operators of electronic local currencies to influence users' motivations to participate. Rhetoric is used when the situation surrounding an organization is uncertain. The public messages and discourses used in rhetoric are considered in terms of what interactions are constructed (Cheney et al. 2004). The electronic community currency in this case study is in the start-up phase and is under uncertainty as to whether it will attract users. The paper therefore focuses on the process by which the currency operator generates rhetoricShortly after the launch of the currency, it was found that the rhetoric explaining the benefit of building local economic community based on giving was not well supported. The manager therefore generated new rhetoric. The research revealed that the process of generating new rhetoric involved dialogue with a variety of others. It was also found that through dialogue with others, the currency manager reframed the benefit itself. This paper suggests that there is a case for providers to change the rhetoric of the benefit and revise the benefit itself in the start-up phase of Delayed Benefit Services. (491words)
Reports on the topic "Payment service providers":
1
Niesten, Hannelore. Taxation Policies, Processes, and Performances of Mobile Money Providers in Côte d’Ivoire. Institute of Development Studies, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.030.
Abstract:
This policy brief examines the effects of cumulative, specific 7.2 per cent taxes on mobile money (MM) service providers in Côte d’Ivoire. It assesses the unique tax framework, which deviates from the consumer-centric trend observed in many African countries, where end-users typically bear the burden. Initially targeting telecom companies, the tax expanded to encompass MM providers created by licensed telecom operators (Orange Money, MTN Money, and Moov Money) and, later, all companies providing MM operations. Concerns over potential investment declines persist, yet concrete evidence is absent. The data available suggests a decrease in MM turnover, partially due to lowered MM service prices, though telecom regulator reports note a lack of communication in MM revenue reporting. If specific taxes were reduced or abolished, the funds originally allocated could be reinvested, particularly to bolster agent commissions in rural zones, given the heightened competition between diverse payment service players in Côte d’Ivoire. The study emphasises the importance of a level playing field with other money transfer services provided by banks, local businesses, and fintech.
2
Livermore, Tanya, Jack Mulqueeney, Thuong Nguyen, and Benjamin Watson. The Evolution of Consumer Payments in Australia: Results from the 2022 Consumer Payments Survey. Reserve Bank of Australia, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rdp2023-08.
Abstract:
The Reserve Bank conducted its sixth triennial Consumer Payments Survey (CPS), which provides detailed information on how Australians make their payments. The 2022 CPS provides the first comprehensive snapshot of consumer payment behaviour following the changes brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey shows that most in-person payments are made by tapping cards or mobile devices, even for small purchases. This means the share of in-person transactions made with cash halved, from 32 per cent to 16 per cent, over the three years to 2022. The demographic groups that traditionally used cash more frequently for payments – such as the elderly, those on lower incomes and those in regional areas – saw the largest declines in cash use. Cash usage has generally been replaced with card payments. While Australians are aware of and use a range of other newer payment methods, such as digital wallets and buy now, pay later services, they still make up a small share of payments.
3
Janson, Nils, and Laura Bulbena. Assessment of the Impact of COVID on Water and Sanitation Utilities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by Maria Eduarda Gouvea, Keisuke Sasaki, L. Javier Garcia, and Julio Cesar Aguilera. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003661.
Abstract:
Due to the current health crisis caused by COVID-19, the Water Utilities that provide Water and Sanitation services have seen their financial capacity affected to ensure the adequate provision of services, linked among other factors to reductions in their operating revenues and collections related to the temporary exemption from the payment of water and sanitation services for some users, deferral of bill payments, freezing of tariffs, reduction of the collection rate and prohibition of cutting services, among others. This document provides an assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on finances and operations of some Water Utilities in Latin American and the Caribbean.
4
Pearlman, Ronald A. Self-Assessment, Filing, Payment, and the Examination Process in the United States. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008543.
Abstract:
This paper discusses the organization of the Internal Revenue Service, which is responsible for administering of the federal tax system in the United States. It also provides information on the assessment system and taxpayer services, as well as the audit process, appeals and collection processes.
5
Loecker, Florian, Amanah Ramadiah, Kimmo Soramäki, and Will Towning. Building Robust Anti-Fraud & Scam Capabilities at the National Level. FNA, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.69701/ektb6000.
Abstract:
The introduction of instant payment systems around the world has accelerated in recent years. There are now over 80 instant payment systems globally, with more than 35 being launched in the last five years and eight currently being built. These systems bring unprecedented speed and efficiency to payments markets, with greater convenience for consumers. However, faster payments also means faster fraud. For example, in Hong Kong, the volume of fraud cases more than doubled in the four years following the introduction of the Faster Payment Service in 2018. Authorized Push Payments (APP) fraud losses - a form of fraud in which victims are manipulated into making instant payments to fraudsters - are expected to climb to $5.25 billion across the US, UK, and India by 2026. Fraudsters use complex and sophisticated transaction schemes that span across banks to conceal the destination of fraudulently acquired funds. This means that no bank has full visibility of this network with their own payments data alone. It also means that standard rules and statistical approaches to fraud detection and prevention based on siloed bank-level data are limited in their effectiveness as they fail to fully capture the network dimension. We argue that the problem can only be efficiently addressed by capturing the full network, including cross-bank payment flows. This can be done by collating payments data into a central data hub that enables: The tracing and tracking of the fund movements in real time, allowing banks to recover funds for victims and identify new mule accounts and schemes faster, as well as reduce the cost of doing so. More accurate methods for fraud detection and risk scoring that employ graph features of the data. Risk scores and features to be provided to banks in real-time via APIs to improve their own fraud models and enable them to make more accurate and faster decisions on stopping fraudulent payments.
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Keane, Claire, Sean Lyons, Mark Regan, and Brendan Walsh. HOME SUPPORT SERVICES IN IRELAND: EXCHEQUER AND DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS OF FUNDING OPTIONS. ESRI, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/sustat111.
Abstract:
A new statutory scheme for the provision of home support services is currently being developed by the Department of Health. Research has shown that access to home support services varies across the country. The new scheme aims to tackle this issue to ensure equitable access to home support services nationwide and is part of wider reform of Ireland’s health and social care systems as envisaged in the Sláintecare report and Department of Health action plans. Publicly funded home support services in Ireland are currently provided free of charge for recipients, unlike long-term residential or nursing home care, which involves a contribution from residents. In 2019, the HSE’s Older Persons’ Services provided care to 53,000 people at a cost of €440 million. It is anticipated that demand for home support services may increase under the new scheme, for example if unmet demand is met or if the new scheme results in more people being able to remain in their own home, substituting away from long-term residential care. Any increased demand would result in an increased cost, which may also rise as the population ages. This report examines the possible introduction of co-payments for home support services. We focus on the likely Exchequer impact of a range of different funding scenarios along with the distributional, poverty and inequality impacts of such charges. Due to data limitations, and the fact that the majority of home support services are provided to older age groups, we focus on those aged 65 years and over. Regarding co-payments we examine the impact of flat-rate charges for users, regardless of means, as well as co-payments for home support recipients above a variety of income levels. The tapering of payments is also examined to ensure that individuals just over a specific income threshold would see co-payments gradually increasing as their income rises. We also consider the capping of co-payments so that those needing a high number of home support hours would not potentially face very high costs.
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Arango-Arango, Carlos A., Yanneth Rocío Betancourt-García, and Manuela Restrepo-Bernal. An Application of the Tourist Test to Colombian Merchants. Banco de la República, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1176.
Abstract:
Cash is still widely used in Colombia, even among merchants that accept payment cards. Indeed, 60% of these merchants use dissuasive strategies to make their clients pay with cash. This shows that merchant service costs (MSC) for cards are not optimal in the sense of the Tourist Test. We present estimates of MSC compatible with the Tourist Test, such that merchants are indifferent between being paid with cash or cards. We find that cash is less costly than cards at the average retail-sales transaction-value, hence there is no positive optimal MSC at this ticket value. For the average card transaction ticket, the optimal MSC would be positive but far below the rates charge by the industry (0.74% in a short-term scenario). Yet, the additional incentive that sales-tax evasion provides to cash payments reduces the Tourist Test MSC to 0.44%. Our estimates for long-term scenarios yield even lower optimal MSC. An average price cap regulation that strikes a middle ground between these figures, and is complemented with sales-tax evasion measures, should discourage merchant strategies that deter consumers from paying with cards and will accommodate the wide heterogeneity in merchants´ scale, payment processing processes and ticket size. These results should be taken as a guideline as the estimations depend on the underlying assumptions and only consider the merchant´s side of the card industry.
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Totten, Annette, Dana M. Womack, Marian S. McDonagh, Cynthia Davis-O’Reilly, Jessica C. Griffin, Ian Blazina, Sara Grusing, and Nancy Elder. Improving Rural Health Through Telehealth-Guided Provider-to-Provider Communication. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer254.
Abstract:
Objectives. To assess the use, effectiveness, and implementation of telehealth-supported provider-to-provider communication and collaboration for the provision of healthcare services to rural populations and to inform a scientific workshop convened by the National Institutes of Health Office of Disease Prevention on October 12–14, 2021. Data sources. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of Ovid MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, Embase®, and Cochrane CENTRAL. We searched for articles published from January 1, 2015, to October 12, 2021, to identify data on use of rural provider-to-provider telehealth (Key Question 1) and the same databases for articles published January 1, 2010, to October 12, 2021, for studies of effectiveness and implementation (Key Questions 2 and 3) and to identify methodological weaknesses in the research (Key Question 4). Additional sources were identified through reference lists, stakeholder suggestions, and responses to a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Our methods followed the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methods Guide (available at https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/cer-methods-guide/overview) and the PRISMA reporting guidelines. We used predefined criteria and dual review of abstracts and full-text articles to identify research results on (1) regional or national use, (2) effectiveness, (3) barriers and facilitators to implementation, and (4) methodological weakness in studies of provider-to-provider telehealth for rural populations. We assessed the risk of bias of the effectiveness studies using criteria specific to the different study designs and evaluated strength of evidence (SOE) for studies of similar telehealth interventions with similar outcomes. We categorized barriers and facilitators to implementation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and summarized methodological weaknesses of studies. Results. We included 166 studies reported in 179 publications. Studies on the degree of uptake of provider-to-provider telehealth were limited to specific clinical uses (pharmacy, psychiatry, emergency care, and stroke management) in seven studies using national or regional surveys and claims data. They reported variability across States and regions, but increasing uptake over time. Ninety-seven studies (20 trials and 77 observational studies) evaluated the effectiveness of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural settings, finding that there may be similar rates of transfers and lengths of stay with telehealth for inpatient consultations; similar mortality rates for remote intensive care unit care; similar clinical outcomes and transfer rates for neonates; improvements in medication adherence and treatment response in outpatient care for depression; improvements in some clinical monitoring measures for diabetes with endocrinology or pharmacy outpatient consultations; similar mortality or time to treatment when used to support emergency assessment and management of stroke, heart attack, or chest pain at rural hospitals; and similar rates of appropriate versus inappropriate transfers of critical care and trauma patients with specialist telehealth consultations for rural emergency departments (SOE: low). Studies of telehealth for education and mentoring of rural healthcare providers may result in intended changes in provider behavior and increases in provider knowledge, confidence, and self-efficacy (SOE: low). Patient outcomes were not frequently reported for telehealth provider education, but two studies reported improvement (SOE: low). Evidence for telehealth interventions for other clinical uses and outcomes was insufficient. We identified 67 program evaluations and qualitative studies that identified barriers and facilitators to rural provider-to-provider telehealth. Success was linked to well-functioning technology; sufficient resources, including time, staff, leadership, and equipment; and adequate payment or reimbursement. Some considerations may be unique to implementation of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural areas. These include the need for consultants to better understand the rural context; regional initiatives that pool resources among rural organizations that may not be able to support telehealth individually; and programs that can support care for infrequent as well as frequent clinical situations in rural practices. An assessment of methodological weaknesses found that studies were limited by less rigorous study designs, small sample sizes, and lack of analyses that address risks for bias. A key weakness was that studies did not assess or attempt to adjust for the risk that temporal changes may impact the results in studies that compared outcomes before and after telehealth implementation. Conclusions. While the evidence base is limited, what is available suggests that telehealth supporting provider-to-provider communications and collaboration may be beneficial. Telehealth studies report better patient outcomes in some clinical scenarios (e.g., outpatient care for depression or diabetes, education/mentoring) where telehealth interventions increase access to expertise and high-quality care. In other applications (e.g., inpatient care, emergency care), telehealth results in patient outcomes that are similar to usual care, which may be interpreted as a benefit when the purpose of telehealth is to make equivalent services available locally to rural residents. Most barriers to implementation are common to practice change efforts. Methodological weaknesses stem from weaker study designs, such as before-after studies, and small numbers of participants. The rapid increase in the use of telehealth in response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is likely to produce more data and offer opportunities for more rigorous studies.
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Svynarenko, Radion, Theresa L. Profant, and Lisa C. Lindley. Effectiveness of concurrent care to improve pediatric and family outcomes at the end of life: An analytic codebook. Pediatric End-of-Life (PedEOL) Care Research Group, College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/m5fbbq.
Abstract:
Implementation of the section 2302 of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) enabled children enrolled in Medicaid/Children's Health Insurance Program with a prognosis of 6 months to live to use hospice care while continuing treatment for their terminal illness. Although concurrent hospice care became available more than a decade ago, little is known about the socio-demographic and health characteristics of children who received concurrent care; health care services they received while enrolled in concurrent care, their continuity, management, intensity, fragmentation; and the costs of care. The purpose of this study was to answer these questions using national data from the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), which covered the first three years of ACA – from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2013.The database included records of 18,152 children younger than the age of 20, who were enrolled in Medicaid hospice care in the sampling time frame. Children in the database also had a total number of 42,764 hospice episodes. Observations were excluded if the date of birth or death was missing or participants were older than 21 years. To create this database CMS data were merged with three other complementary databases: the National Death Index (NDI) that provided information on death certificates of children; the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey that provided information on characteristics of communities where children resided; CMS Hospice Provider of Services files and CMS Hospice Utilization and Payment files were used for data on hospice providers, and with a database of rural areas created by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). In total, 130 variables were created, measuring demographics and health characteristics of children, characteristics of health providers, community characteristics, clinical characteristics, costs of care, and other variables.
10
Suominen, Kati, Marisol Rodríguez Chatruc, Virginia Queijo Von Heideken, and Ana Inés Basco. Promoting Cross-border E-Commerce in the Southern Cone. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005495.
Abstract:
E-commerce has boomed around the world, creating new opportunities for firms in the Southern Cone region to reach new customers, diversify their export markets, and grow their sales. E-commerce adoption is also boosting the regions logistics, payments, and financial services providers that service online sellers. Regional governments have also worked to promote e-commerce. This report takes stock of the state of e-commerce in the Southern Cone, leveraging data on e-commerce adoption and transactions; a survey of how firms in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay are using e-commerce and what challenges they face to growing their online sales; and policy data on the regional governments adoption of policies conducive to e-commerce. The report also offers policy recommendations for the region to support firms in growing their cross-border online sales.