Academic literature on the topic 'Pay-performance sensitivity'

We examine whether the board of directors adjusts the sensitivity of CEO compensation to earnings following an earnings restatement. Using a sample of 598 restating firms and 2,065 non-restating firms during the period of 1995-2011, we find that firms decrease the sensitivity of cash compensation to accounting earnings after restatements and that this decrease is more pronounced for firms that appoint new CEOs after restatements than those whose CEOs continue to remain in office after restatements. Furthermore, the results suggest that the decrease in the sensitivity of cash compensation to earnings for restating firms with new CEOs is more pronounced for firms with a higher level of institutional ownership. This highlights the monitoring role of institutional investors in the redesign of compensation contracts following restatements. Overall, our results are consistent with the argument that the board adjusts the sensitivity of cash compensation to earnings downwards following restatements to constrain earnings management and recover public confidence in the firm.

Purpose This study aims to examine whether chief executive officer (CEO) pay-performance sensitivity to shareholder wealth is related to the use of non-financial performance measures in incentive contracts. Design/methodology/approach Using hand-collected performance measure data in a sample of S&P 500 firms across the period 1994–2010, this study investigates the sensitivity of CEO bonus and cash pay to shareholder wealth of firms that use non-financial performance (NFPM) measures of varying types and contractual weights in their bonus contracts along with financial measures (NFPM firms) in comparison to that of firms using financial measures only (FPM firms). Findings This study finds evidence that the pay-performance sensitivity is stronger in NFPM firms than in FPM firms. These results are driven by the use of CEO individual goals and operational efficiency. Furthermore, when using environmental, social and governance factors, the pay-performance sensitivity is stronger in terms of accounting performance only. This study also finds that using NFPM enhances pay-performance sensitivity more as their contractual weights increase and as financial risk increases. Practical implications These findings are important to stakeholders, and especially regulators in understanding incentive effects of alternative performance measures. This study also sheds light on what types of non-financial measures are better in helping firms align CEOs’ incentives to shareholders’ interests. Originality/value This study contributes to prior research on benefits of non-financial information within the context of executive compensation. This study presents original results about the effects of contractual weights of non-financial measures and financial risk on CEO pay-performance sensitivity. This study also presents new insights regarding how different types of non-financial measures affect CEO pay-performance sensitivity.

This thesis determines the state of recent developments in CEO compensation in the spirit of corresponding literature. Besides the literature review, empirical study provides further evidence on CEO pay-for-performance sensitivities in the US listed companies during 2007–2011 and containing Compustat Execucomp data of more than 33,000 CEOs from more than 3,000 companies. I build the regression similar to methods in a groundbreaking paper from Jensen and Murphy (1990a) and expecting positive and significant relationship between the change in CEO total compensation and shareholder wealth. My estimate of the pay-for-performance relation for chief executive officers indicates CEO wealth changes by $4.93 per $1,000 change in shareholder wealth. Role of the value of CEO stock holdings plays the most important role determining pay-for-performance sensitivity a $4.7 change in CEO wealth per 1,000 change in shareholder wealth. I also report CEO total mean compensation during 2007–2011 is $5,968,000 a year. The mean value of option awards have declined by 18% and median stockholdings have increased during the same period by 130%. Relatively high value of pay-for-performance sensitivity and CEO stockholdings may help other shareholders to solve the differing interests of their and CEOs. Besides stock rewards, other compensation methods are needed to minimize the effect of systematic risk. Relative performance evaluation RPE, could be used together with equity-based incentives but they are not widely used in US listed companies. However, further research is needed to determine how equity-based compensation affects on CEOs excessive risk taking.

This study examines the existence of pay-performance sensitivity in total compensation and bonus during the financial crisis, using data between 2007-2010 from Swedish 196 listed firms. We perform panel data regression analysis of CEO compensation on financial performance measured as stock returns. Our results indicate that there is, although not significant, a weak positive relationship between CEO compensation and firm performance during 2007-2010. However during 2009-2010 in a market state defined as post-crisis we find weak negative pay-performance sensitivity at a significance level of 10 %. Nevertheless, as regards to the bonus paid to executives there was a significantly positive relationship relative bonus % and firm performance. These results contribute to our understanding of the pay-performance sensitivity in times of financial disturbance, highly relevant to the existing debate considering CEO compensation.

Orientation: CEO remuneration has attracted attention over the past two decades, with significant renewed interest in light of the role it is said to have played in contributing to the global financial crisis. At the heart of the issue is the perceived weak relationship between corporate performance and CEO remuneration.Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between corporate performance and CEO remuneration within the South African financial services industry.Motivation for the study: The motivation for the study was to develop a deeper understanding of the relationship within the South African context, as South African banks have remained stable and profitable through the financial crisis.Research design approach and method: The research was a quantitative, archival study, conducted over a six year time period. The primary statistical techniques used in the study included: bivariate regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, and analysis of variance.Main findings/results: The primary finding was that the relationship between corporate performance and CEO remuneration is favourable (moderate to strong), but has experienced a decline. This finding emphasises the impact that macroeconomic trends have on the relationship and the role of managerial power during periods of economic uncertainty.The research further describes the structural changes in CEO remuneration with a shift away from variable pay.Practical managerial implications: The results suggest that the use of discretion and the growing impact of managerial power will be key challenges that iii remuneration committees will face in maintaining a favourable relationship between the two constructs in the future.Contribution/value add: The study provides context to CEO remuneration within a South African framework. It further provides provides a key insight that the relationship between corporate performance and CEO pay is highly dependent on the macroeconomic environment, and that CEO pay in the South African financial services is experiencing structural changes.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPESB
Um conjunto de estudos recentes aponta a relevância do conservadorismo contábil na formulação de contratos de incentivo aos executivos. As evidências de fortes correlações entre conservadorismo contábil e os indicadores de pay-performance sensitivity corroboram com a ideia de que o conservadorismo contábil é demandado pelas empresas como um meio de lidar com problemas de conflitos de agência, tais como como a miopia gerencial e o gerenciamento de resultados. Neste sentido, o presente estudo investiga a correlação entre o conservadorismo contábil condicional e a pay-performance sensitivity nas empresas que vinculam formalmente a remuneração variável de seus executivos ao desempenho contábil. A amostra contém 474 observações referentes a 131 empresas listadas na BMF&Bovespa, no período de 2011 a 2016. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, foi empregada uma regressão com dados em painel por meio de um modelo empírico que captura a relação entre o conservadorismo contábil e a pay-performance sensitivity. As variáveis do estudo foram extraídas dos dados da remuneração de executivos e das demonstrações contábeis destas empresas que são divulgados no Formulário de Referência e no Economática®, respectivamente. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que as empresas brasileiras que fornecem incentivos de curto prazo aos seus executivos não apresentam relação entre o conservadorismo contábil condicional e a pay-performance sensitivity. Complementarmente, foram realizados testes adicionais empregando-se outras medidas de desempenho contábil no modelo de regressão, uma análise da pay-performance sensitivity por meio do modelo de Jensen e Murphy (1990) e uma análise do conservadorismo condicional da amostra, através do modelo de Basu (1997). Os resultados são robustos para diferentes indicadores de desempenho contábil, como retorno sobre os ativos – ROA e retorno sobre o patrimônio líquido - ROE, mesmo submetendo-os a diversas variáveis de controle. Com a análise da pay-performance sensitivity das empresas pode-se verificar que a remuneração dos executivos não apresentou sensibilidade tanto em relação às medidas de desempenho contábil, quanto ao retorno das ações. Os resultados mostram que quanto maiores os índices de MTB (market-to-book) maior é a remuneração dos executivos. No entanto, a remuneração mostrou uma relação inversa com a alavancagem financeira e governança corporativa. Também não foi detectado nível de conservadorismo contábil que indique sua presença nas demonstrações contábeis da amostra, o que sustenta os resultados encontrados para a hipótese do estudo. Portanto, pode-se perceber que mesmo com o uso generalizado de pagamento de bônus e participações e das evidências de gerenciamento de resultados, as empresas brasileiras não apresentam o conservadorismo contábil como mecanismo de monitoramento de seus contratos de incentivo, expondo-as aos riscos de oportunismo gerencial, contabilidade agressiva, e redução da qualidade da informação dos relatórios financeiros. Diante deste ambiente institucional, estas evidências podem indicar um alerta para os órgãos reguladores de normas contábeis e para as empresas do mercado brasileiro com relação à necessidade de se implantar mecanismos de eficiência contratual, como o conservadorismo contábil, no desenho de contratos de incentivo mais eficientes e equilibrados.
A number of recent studies point to the relevance of accounting conservatism in the formulation of incentive contracts to executives. Evidence of strong correlations between accounting conservatism and pay-performance sensitivity indicators corroborates the idea that accounting conservatism is demanded by firms as a means of dealing with problems of agency conflicts such as ex post settling up problem and management earnings. In this sense, the present study investigates the correlation between conditional accounting conservatism and pay-performance sensitivity for companies that formally based variable remuneration of their executives to accounting performance. The sample contains 474 observations referring to 131 companies listed on the BMF & Bovespa between 2011 and 2016. To achieve the proposed objective, a regression with panel data was employed through an empirical model that captures the relationship between accounting conservatism and pay-performance sensitivity. The study variables were extracted from the executive compensation data and the financial statements of these companies that are disclosed in the Form 20F and Economática®, respectively. The results of the research indicate that Brazilian companies that provide short-term incentives plans to their executives have no relation between conditional accounting conservatism and pay-performance sensitivity. In addition, additional tests were performed using other measures of accounting performance in the regression model, a performance-based pay-sensitivity analysis using the model of Jensen and Murphy (1990) and an analysis of conditional conservatism of the sample, using the model of Basu (1997). The results are robust for different accounting performance indicators, such as return on assets - ROA and return on equity - ROE, even by subjecting them to several control variables. With the analysis of the pay-performance sensitivity of the companies, it can be verified that the executives' compensation was not sensitive both to the measures of accounting performance and to the return of shares. The results show that the higher the MTB (market-to-book) indices the higher the executive compensation. However, the remuneration showed an inverse relationship with financial leverage and corporate governance. We also did not detect degrees of accounting conservatism that indicate its presence in the financial statements of the sample, which supports the results found for the hypothesis of the study. Therefore, it can be seen that, even with the generalized use of bonuses and participations and evidence of results management, Brazilian companies do not present accounting conservatism as a mechanism for monitoring their incentive contracts, exposing them to risks managerial opportunism, aggressive accounting, and reduced quality of financial reporting. In view of this institutional environment, this evidence may indicate an alert for accounting standards regulators and companies in the Brazilian market, regarding the need to implement contractual efficiency mechanisms, such as accounting conservatism, for the design of incentive contracts more efficient and balanced.

This study considers the determination of the ex ante pay-performance relationship. A single-period partial equilibrium model is used to show that the executive income can be expressed as a function of the firm's return expressed in dollar terms. The executive income is jointly determined by the opening firm size and current return, which function as a managerial talent proxy and self-selection mechanism respectively. Comparing to Jensen and Murphy (1990) wealth-based Pay-Performance Sensitivity (PPS), this research presents an income-based PPS. The alternative PPS not only overcomes a misleading misspecification in Jensen and Murphy (1990), but also corrects Rosen's (1992) argument for only including return in the pay performance relationship. This research finds empirically that both the opening firm size and stock return play a significant role in determining executive income. This study provides supplementary evidence to Murphy's (1986) Learning Model. However, shareholder income may not be an ideal performance measure in capturing the multi-period pay-performance relationship.

Executive compensation has been extensively studied in market orientation economy; consequently the conflict of interest between the Principal and the Agent is clearly defined in a widely-held firm. A concentration-owned firm that dominates Asian capital markets have not such a conflict between the shareholders and the managers, but groups of shareholders in conflict are a concern. Since only one group of owner dominates the decision, executive compensation is hardly believed to be well established. Using a unique Thai listed company’s data between 2002 and 2008 as a sample, this study presents empirical evidence on Agency theory outside the Anglo-Saxon setting. Ordinary least square method, fixed effects, two-stages least squares, generalised method of moments are deployed to test the hypotheses. In addition to all executive receives base pay, it reveals that bonus is the most common incentive while fewer than 10% of listed companies provide stock option to their executive. The econometric results reveal positive pay-performance sensitivity in Thai listed companies. However, ownership structure does play a vital role in the sensitivity. In a widely-held firm, the positive influence of firm performance on executive compensation is found. The evidence supports that widely-held firms have well established their executive compensation package. In the foreign-owned firm, the positive sensitivity reveals that foreign ownership actively take part in the compensation policy to serve the firm interests. Furthermore; Managerial power suggests that in the imbalance of power between groups of shareholder, there is no pay-performance sensitivity in neither family-owned nor corporate-owned firms. Further evidences indicate that operation cash flow and stock return are the consequence of executive bonus pay.

I analyze the effect of various risks faced by commercial banks on the executive compensation in banking industry. Commercial bank executives are risk averse due to the regulatory pressure in addition to board governance mechanism. Commercial banks face various risks because of the regulatory mechanism and unique asset structure of the firm. So, it is expected that they should associate their own pay and pay-performance sensitivities (PPS) with the risks their banks face. I find that bank executives associate their performance based pay with both idiosyncratic risk and systematic risk. But they associate their fixed pay only with systematic risk. The risk based PPS is also affected by the idiosyncratic risk but not by the systematic risk. Both asset return risk and insolvency risk have significant positive effect on PPS. Bank executives put significantly higher emphasis on the fixed compensation in terms of salary and bonus, and significantly lower emphasis on the performance based compensation. They also put minimum emphasis on the risk based PPS although they put significant emphasis on return based PPS. These indicate the risk-averse nature of the bank executives due to the regulatory pressure in addition to board governance mechanism.

Magister Commercii - MCom
As a result of high economic inequality, widespread discontent with excessive chief executive officer (CEO) compensation levels is acute in South Africa (SA). Some commentators argue that instead of high levels of CEO pay causing inequality, it may be part of the solution if higher levels of CEO compensation translate into better company performance, so reducing unemployment. International studies investigating the relationship between CEO short-term cash compensation and current company performance generally report a weak or no relationship where accounting based measures of performance are used. Developments in the international literature reflect a stronger relationship when long-term incentive compensation (LIC) is included and total shareholder return (TSR) used to measure company performance. However, a concerning negative association between the highest paid CEOs in terms of excess LIC and future abnormal TSR is reported. In contrast, SA pay-performance research is largely not reflective of the developments in the international literature, with local studies mostly finding no pay-performance relationship, except where size-related accounting measures are used. As a result of the strong correlation between CEO pay and company size reported in the international literature, and local studies not adequately controlling for company size, the accuracy of the conclusions drawn in prior studies on the pay-performance sensitivity relationship in SA are brought into question. This study addresses the gaps in the SA literature by investigating the relationship between the size-adjusted excess CEO compensation and future abnormal TSR for the top 100 SA companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange for the period 2011 to 2013. A positive relationship is found between future abnormal TSR and short-term cash compensation, but not LIC. The levels and structure of CEO compensation in SA is also described.

This thesis includes estimating the probability of informed trading, PIN, developed by Easley, Kiefer and O’Hara (1996, 1997a, 1997b), for a large sample of listed firms in China from 2002 to 2008, and I use PIN to explore two independent research questions in corporate finance. First, the probability of informed trading is applied to explain the discount in value for firms with diversified business operations. Although aiming to increase firm value, the corporate diversification decision usually results in a firm value discount, for a variety of reasons, one of which is the transparency problem. My study directly tests the relation between the information asymmetry revealed from the stock market and the firm value discount due to diversification decision. The results show that the corporate diversification decisions result in a lower firm value in China, mainly because the diversified firms suffer from a higher level of information asymmetry or a lower level of transparency. After controlling for the measure of information asymmetry, the strategy of diversification itself does not reduce firm value. Second, the probability of informed trading is applied to explain the payperformance sensitivity of CEO compensation in Chinese listed firms. The payperformance sensitivity measures the change in managerial compensation based on the change in shareholder wealth. A higher information asymmetry helps and encourages shareholders to spend more on incentivizing the management team. My results show that higher level information asymmetry is associated with higher payperformance sensitivity of CEOs in China. The result also holds if information asymmetry is approximated by analysts’ forecast errors. According to the estimates of PIN in this thesis, Chinese firms are shown to exhibit a higher level of information asymmetry than what has been found in the U.S. market. The thesis ends with a brief discussion of the results and what future research could follow.

The regulations related to corporate governance mechanisms such as the sensitivity of pay and performance of chief executive officers, board characteristics, and watches outside of those that are well connected in related party transactions (RPTs)in Malaysia are struggling from the monitoring and enforcement of good corporate governance. The primary aims of this study are to investigate the gap that exists in Malaysian company failures due to appropriate related party transactions and to evaluate the impact of good corporate governance on shareholders' confidence in related party transaction (RPTs) disclosures from the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB) of regulations. In the year 2000, a study was done by Claessens that examined the data of 236 Malaysian public organizations. The study found the dominancy of a large block of shareholders in organizations in addition to weak institutional structures. This chapter focuses on the usage of related party transactions undertaken to benefit Malaysian companies which have led to financial reporting disclosure information.

Abstract X-ray microfocus radioscopy and computed tomography (CT) offer detailed information on the internal assembly and material condition of objects under failure analysis investigation. Using advanced systems for the acquisition of radioscopic and CT images, failure analysis investigations are improved in technical accuracy at a reduced schedule and cost over alternative approaches. A versatile microfocus radioscopic system with CT capability has been successfully implemented as a standard tool in the Boeing Defense & Space Group Failure Analysis Laboratory. Using this tool, studies of electronic, electromechanical and composite material items have been performed. Such a system can pay for itself within two years through higher productivity of the laboratory, increased laboratory value to the company and resolution of critical problems whose worth far exceeds the value of the equipment. The microfocus X-ray source provides projection magnification images that exceed the sensitivity to fine detail that can be obtained with conventional film radiography. Radioscopy, which provides real-time images on a video monitor, allows objects to be readily manipulated and oriented for optimum x-ray evaluation, or monitored during dynamic processes to check performance. Combined with an accurate manipulating stage and data acquisition system x-ray measurements can be used for CT image reconstruction. The CT image provides a cross sectional view of the interior of an object without the interference of superposition of features found in conventional radiography. Accurate dimensional measurements and material constituent identification are possible from the CT images. By taking multiple, contiguous CT slices entire three dimensional data files can be generated of objects.

Abstract Frequent rod failures still occur in Progressive Cavity Pumped (PCP) wells with high dog-leg severities although they are fitted with adequate rod centralization. This results in well downtime and production deferrals. Offshore workovers are expensive and significantly affect operating cost (OPEX) of the operator. This study sought to evaluate the potential benefits of Electrica l Submersible Progressive Cavity Pumps (ESPCP) as an economic alternative for highly deviated wells in the offshore field in Trinidad. In this theoretical study, a screening criterion was established and four (4) candidates, all produced by surface driven PCPs, were selected. Models of ESPCP systems were developed using industry standard Progressive Cavity Pump software, parameters from the original PCP models as well as actual field well tests and production data. An economic evaluation, which integrated oil price and production rate sensitivities, was conducted using field data, including field reservoir characteristics and past well performance. The ESPCP model results suggest a cumulative increase of 567 BOPD is expected for all four wells. Using an oil price of US $45 per barrel, the analysis was conducted on all wells targeted for ESPCP conversion. Assuming a P50 oil rate, sensitivities were run to establish the minimum oil price for the project to be economically feasible. The operator's project economic success criteria were :(1) pay-out period of <2 years and (2) NPV of > US $0.15 Million considering a ten (10) year project. An integrated sensitivity analysis was performed for the entire project with varying expected production increases and fluctuating global oil prices. The simulations identified that the project will be uneconomic at a global oil price of US $20/bbl. Assuming a project life of 10 years and based on the expected production increase, the project is massively profitable, yielding an expected NPV of US $9.3 Million at US $45 per barrel with expected pay-out times between 0.63-1.8 years with investment of US $4 Million. Additional benefits anticipated include, increased well uptime and the corresponding reduction in workover costs. Another opportunity that results from the conversion to ESPCP, is the possibility of lowering the pump in the wellbore, thereby increasing the well producing life and increasing the recoverable reserves. Installation of ESPCPs, in theory, can be an economic success in an area where surface driven PCP experiences repetitive rod failures, leading to production deferrals and workover. Additionally, lowering the pump in the wellbore may be possible, thereby increasing the well producing life and increasing recoverable reserves which would not have been possible using traditional artificial lift methods.

Abstract Objectives, Scope This paper provides valuable insights on aqueous retarded acid system evaluation based on laboratory testing, literature review and engineering analysis prior to the field application for a candidate well in a gas field, offshore East Malaysia (Figure 1). The field is a reefal carbonates build-up overlayed by a thick shale sequence and is one of the deepest fields in Sarawak Asset, in which the produced fluid contains up to 3,500ppm H2S, 20% CO2 and bottomhole temperature up to 288°F. Production enhancement for this carbonate reservoir requires application of a more effective approach to address challenges associated with acid placement and reservoir contact in long pay zones of complex diagenetic facies high temperature carbonate reservoirs, thereby improving return on investment. Figure 1Structural map of Central Luconia carbonate platform offshore Sarawak, Malaysia (Janjuhah et al. 2016) Methods, Procedures, Process The workflow adopted for the stimulation job involves thorough historical production data analysis, detail petrophysical review to evaluate reservoir properties, in-depth production performance analysis (i.e. nodal and network modeling), completion review to ascertain damage mechanism and economic evaluation that include decision risk analysis to evaluate all range of probabilistic outcome. Initial selection of stimulation fluids was based on the mineralogical composition of the main producing formation. A detailed study of reservoir rock and its reaction to various acid systems has been based upon software modeling where sensitivity analyses involving multiple treatment schedule scenarios incorporating various acid and diverter fluid systems are considered. Coreflood experiment was then performed to determine the Pore Volume to Breakthrough (PVBT) comparing emulsified acid with aqueous retarded acid at temperature of 250°F, injection rate of 3ml/min and at confining pressure of 1,500psi. The low PVBT values (i.e. 1.125 and 0.521) and unique breakthrough features obtained from the coreflood confirmed that aqueous retarded acid is effective to stimulate the carbonate reservoir. Compatibility testing was also conducted to assess the stability of the retarded acid recipes and potential reaction with reservoir fluids (i.e. water and condensate), downhole completion and surface equipment. Results, Observation, Conclusion An established stimulation software was used to refine the acid volume calculation and placement analysis. Field trial was made using combined application of the aqueous retarded acid and viscoelastic diverting acid. Considering several case scenarios, the remedial treatment was performed via bullheading to achieve optimum injection rate within 5bpm to 7bpm. Total of 197bbls acid and 197bbls diverter was be pumped during the treatment that will be split in several stages to achieve average invasion profile of 2.8ft and -1.3 skin value. This paper presents aqueous retarded acid system as alternative to widely used emulsified acid systems. Field application of the approach supports the theoretical findings based on substantial improvement in well production, pressure matching of the remedial treatment and calibrated nodal analysis assessment. This demonstrates the value of holistic approach of laboratory testing, comprehensive software modeling and application of enhanced stimulation fluids to overcome complex technical challenges Novel, Additive Information The field production was previously constrained by its high CO2 levels and the supply gas ratio agreement. The information and lessons learnt from this paper will be applicable as evident of practical improvements to achieve sustainable production from the field since it has a strategic importance as production, processing and export hub to other four gas fields. Recent CO2 blending project has allow a better distribution of gas across the network and therefore demand higher production from the field, thus further unlock it potential to achieve economic optimization.