Relevant bibliographies by topics / Paw preference

Academic literature on the topic 'Paw preference'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Paw preference"

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Wells and McDowell. "Laterality as a Tool for Assessing Breed Differences in Emotional Reactivity in the Domestic Cat, Felis silvestris catus." Animals 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090647.

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Cat breeds differ enormously in their behavioural disposition, a factor that can impact on the pet-owner relationship, with indirect consequences for animal welfare. This study examined whether lateral bias, in the form of paw preference, can be used as a tool for assessing breed differences in emotional reactivity in the cat. The paw preferences of 4 commonly owned breeds were tested using a food-reaching challenge. Cats were more likely to be paw-preferent than ambilateral. Maine Coons, Ragdolls and Bengals were more likely to be paw-preferent than ambilateral, although only the Bengals showed a consistent preference for using one paw (left) over the other. The strength of the cats’ paw use was related to cat breed, with Persians being more weakly lateralised. Direction of paw use was unrelated to feline breed, but strongly sex-related, with male cats showing a left paw preference and females displaying a right-sided bias. We propose that paw preference measurement could provide a useful method for assessing emotional reactivity in domestic cats. Such information would be of benefit to individuals considering the acquisition of a new cat, and, in the longer term, may help to foster more successful cat-owner relationships, leading to indirect benefits to feline welfare.
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Rogers, Timothy T., and M. Barbara Bulman-Fleming. "Arousal mediates relations among medial paw preference, lateral paw preference, and spatial preference in the mouse." Behavioural Brain Research 93, no. 1-2 (June 1998): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00141-1.

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Biddle, Fred G., Cristina M. Coffaro, Jeanette E. Ziehr, and Brenda A. Eales. "Genetic variation in paw preference (handedness) in the mouse." Genome 36, no. 5 (October 1, 1993): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-123.

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Lateralization of paw preference in laboratory mice in a single-paw reaching task has been used as a model system for left- and right-hand usage. Given a set number of paw reaches for food from a centrally placed food tube, an individual mouse will exhibit a reliable number of left and right paw reaches. Within any single inbred strain, there are approximately equal numbers of left-pawed and right-pawed mice. Nevertheless, significant strain differences have been reported for the degree of lateralization of paw preference. We report here a systematic survey of paw preference in 12 inbred strains of the mouse in which the degree of lateralization falls into two groups of weakly lateralized and highly lateralized paw preference. The genetic inference is that a single major gene may control some function, and alternate alleles at this locus are expressed as weakly and highly lateralized paw preference. Reciprocal crosses indicate the trait is additive with no maternal or X-linked effects. The direction of paw preference has previously appeared to be genetically neutral, but in some strains there is evidence of significant deviation of the numbers of mice to the left and right of equal paw usage, independent of degree of lateralization, and this suggests that direction of left–right paw usage may be a separate genetic trait in the mouse model.Key words: behavioural genetics, paw preference, handedness, mouse.
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Lee, S., A. Konno, and T. Hasegawa. "Asymmetrical paw preference and personality." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 6, no. 1 (January 2011): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2010.09.002.

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Simon, Tim, Elisa Frasnelli, Kun Guo, Anjuli Barber, Anna Wilkinson, and Daniel S. Mills. "Is There an Association between Paw Preference and Emotionality in Pet Dogs?" Animals 12, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12091153.

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Research with humans and other animals has suggested that preferential limb use is linked to emotionality. A better understanding of this still under-explored area has the potential to establish limb preference as a marker of emotional vulnerability and risk for affective disorders. This study explored the potential relationship between paw preference and emotionality in pet dogs. We examined which paw the dogs preferentially used to hold a Kong™ and to perform two different locomotion tests. Dogs’ emotionality was assessed using a validated psychometric test (the Positive and Negative Activation Scale—PANAS). Significant positive correlations were found for dogs’ paw use between the different locomotion tasks, suggesting that dogs may show a more general paw preference that is stable across different types of locomotion. In comparison, the correlations between the Kong™ Test and locomotion tests were only partially significant, likely due to potential limitations of the Kong™ Test and/or test-specific biomechanical requirements. No significant correlations were identified between paw preference tests and PANAS scores. These results are in contrast to previous reports of an association between dog paw preference and emotionality; animal limb preference might be task-specific and have variable task-consistency, which raises methodological questions about the use of paw preference as a marker for emotional functioning.
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Takeda, Satoshi, and Akira Endo. "Paw preference in mice: A reappraisal." Physiology & Behavior 53, no. 4 (April 1993): 727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(93)90180-n.

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Cabib, S., F. R. D'amato, P. J. Neveu, B. Deleplanque, M. Le Moal, and S. Puglish-Allegra. "Paw preference and brain dopamine asymmetries." Neuroscience 64, no. 2 (January 1995): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(94)00401-p.

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Barnéoud, Pascal, Gilles Bronchti, and Hendrik Van der Loos. "Vision influences paw-preference in mice." Behavioural Brain Research 62, no. 2 (June 1994): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(94)90023-x.

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Rogers, Lesley J. "Hand and paw preferences in relation to the lateralized brain." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1519 (December 4, 2008): 943–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0225.

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Hand preferences of primates are discussed as part of the broad perspective of brain lateralization in animals, and compared with paw preferences in non-primates. Previously, it has been suggested that primates are more likely to express a species-typical hand preference on complex tasks, especially in the case of coordinated hand use in using tools. I suggest that population-level hand preferences are manifested when the task demands the obligate use of the processing specialization of one hemisphere, and that this depends on the nature of the task rather than its complexity per se . Depending on the species, simple reaching tasks may not demand the obligate use of a specialized hemisphere and so do not constrain limb/hand use. In such cases, individuals may show hand preferences that are associated with consistent differences in behaviour. The individual's hand preference is associated with the expression of behaviour controlled by the hemisphere contralateral to the preferred hand (fear and reactivity in left-handed individuals versus proactivity in right-handed individuals). Recent findings of differences in brain structure between left- and right-handed primates (e.g. somatosensory cortex in marmosets) have been discussed and related to potential evolutionary advances.
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Tan, Üner, Mevlüt Yaprak, and Necíp Kutlu. "Paw Preference in Cats: Distribution and Sex Differences." International Journal of Neuroscience 50, no. 3-4 (January 1990): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207459008987172.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Paw preference"

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Dahlqvist, Hampus, and Tarek Laham. "Uppskattning av betalningsviljan för Peace & Love 2011." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-21810.

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I denna uppsats skattas betalningsviljan hos besökarna på Peace & Love-festivalen år 2011. Med hjälp av enkätdata baserad på avslöjade och uttalade preferenser presenteras en regressionsanalys med olika oberoende variabler som karaktäriserar en festivalbesökare. Total budget är den beroende variabeln i regressionsanalysen och tolkas i uppsatsen som ekvivalent med besökarnas betalningsvilja. Analysen visar att män i genomsnitt spenderar 301 kronor mer än kvinnor, att turister i genomsnitt spenderar 1 124 kronor mer än en icke-turist samt att den genomsnittliga besökaren har en betalningsvilja på 4 183 kronor. Ett skattat konsumentöverskott har också värderats, vilket uppgick till 743 kronor per person och cirka 37 miljoner kronor totalt för de 50 000 festivalbesökarna. Uppsatsen tar inte hänsyn till de ekonomiska effekter som festivalen har på Borlänge som stad.
In this thesis the willingness to pay among the visitors of peace & love-festival year 2011 is valued. With survey data based on revealed and stated preferences a regression analysis is presented with different independent variables that characterizes a festival visitor. Total budget is the dependent variable in the regression analysis and is, in this thesis, to be regarded as equivalent to visitors’ willingness to pay. The analysis shows that men in general spend 301 SEK more than women, tourists in general spend 1 124 SEK more than non-tourists and that the average visitor has a willingness to pay valued to 4 183 SEK. A consumer surplus has also been valued, which amounted to 743 SEK per visitor and around 37 million SEK in total for all 50,000 visitors. This thesis does not take into account the economic effects the festival holds on the city of Borlänge.
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Akrour, Riad. "Robust Preference Learning-based Reinforcement Learning." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112236/document.

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Les contributions de la thèse sont centrées sur la prise de décisions séquentielles et plus spécialement sur l'Apprentissage par Renforcement (AR). Prenant sa source de l'apprentissage statistique au même titre que l'apprentissage supervisé et non-supervisé, l'AR a gagné en popularité ces deux dernières décennies en raisons de percées aussi bien applicatives que théoriques. L'AR suppose que l'agent (apprenant) ainsi que son environnement suivent un processus de décision stochastique Markovien sur un espace d'états et d'actions. Le processus est dit de décision parce que l'agent est appelé à choisir à chaque pas de temps du processus l'action à prendre. Il est dit stochastique parce que le choix d'une action donnée en un état donné n'implique pas le passage systématique à un état particulier mais définit plutôt une distribution sur l'espace d'états. Il est dit Markovien parce que cette distribution ne dépend que de l'état et de l'action courante. En conséquence d'un choix d'action, l'agent reçoit une récompense. Le but de l'AR est alors de résoudre le problème d'optimisation retournant le comportement qui assure à l'agent une récompense maximale tout au long de son interaction avec l'environnement. D'un point de vue pratique, un large éventail de problèmes peuvent être transformés en un problème d'AR, du Backgammon (cf. TD-Gammon, l'une des premières grandes réussites de l'AR et de l'apprentissage statistique en général, donnant lieu à un joueur expert de classe internationale) à des problèmes de décision dans le monde industriel ou médical. Seulement, le problème d'optimisation résolu par l'AR dépend de la définition préalable d'une fonction de récompense adéquate nécessitant une expertise certaine du domaine d'intérêt mais aussi du fonctionnement interne des algorithmes d'AR. En ce sens, la première contribution de la thèse a été de proposer un nouveau cadre d'apprentissage, allégeant les prérequis exigés à l'utilisateur. Ainsi, ce dernier n'a plus besoin de connaître la solution exacte du problème mais seulement de pouvoir désigner entre deux comportements, celui qui s'approche le plus de la solution. L'apprentissage se déroule en interaction entre l'utilisateur et l'agent. Cette interaction s'articule autour des trois points suivants : i) L'agent exhibe un nouveau comportement ii) l'expert le compare au meilleur comportement jusqu'à présent iii) l'agent utilise ce retour pour mettre à jour son modèle des préférences puis choisit le prochain comportement à démontrer. Afin de réduire le nombre d'interactions nécessaires entre l'utilisateur et l'agent pour que ce dernier trouve le comportement optimal, la seconde contribution de la thèse a été de définir un critère théoriquement justifié faisant le compromis entre les désirs parfois contradictoires de prendre en compte les préférences de l'utilisateur tout en exhibant des comportements suffisamment différents de ceux déjà proposés. La dernière contribution de la thèse est d'assurer la robustesse de l'algorithme face aux éventuelles erreurs d'appréciation de l'utilisateur. Ce qui arrive souvent en pratique, spécialement au début de l'interaction, quand tous les comportements proposés par l'agent sont loin de la solution attendue
The thesis contributions resolves around sequential decision taking and more precisely Reinforcement Learning (RL). Taking its root in Machine Learning in the same way as supervised and unsupervised learning, RL quickly grow in popularity within the last two decades due to a handful of achievements on both the theoretical and applicative front. RL supposes that the learning agent and its environment follow a stochastic Markovian decision process over a state and action space. The process is said of decision as the agent is asked to choose at each time step an action to take. It is said stochastic as the effect of selecting a given action in a given state does not systematically yield the same state but rather defines a distribution over the state space. It is said to be Markovian as this distribution only depends on the current state-action pair. Consequently to the choice of an action, the agent receives a reward. The RL goal is then to solve the underlying optimization problem of finding the behaviour that maximizes the sum of rewards all along the interaction of the agent with its environment. From an applicative point of view, a large spectrum of problems can be cast onto an RL one, from Backgammon (TD-Gammon, was one of Machine Learning first success giving rise to a world class player of advanced level) to decision problems in the industrial and medical world. However, the optimization problem solved by RL depends on the prevous definition of a reward function that requires a certain level of domain expertise and also knowledge of the internal quirks of RL algorithms. As such, the first contribution of the thesis was to propose a learning framework that lightens the requirements made to the user. The latter does not need anymore to know the exact solution of the problem but to only be able to choose between two behaviours exhibited by the agent, the one that matches more closely the solution. Learning is interactive between the agent and the user and resolves around the three main following points: i) The agent demonstrates a behaviour ii) The user compares it w.r.t. to the current best one iii) The agent uses this feedback to update its preference model of the user and uses it to find the next behaviour to demonstrate. To reduce the number of required interactions before finding the optimal behaviour, the second contribution of the thesis was to define a theoretically sound criterion making the trade-off between the sometimes contradicting desires of complying with the user's preferences and demonstrating sufficiently different behaviours. The last contribution was to ensure the robustness of the algorithm w.r.t. the feedback errors that the user might make. Which happens more often than not in practice, especially at the initial phase of the interaction, when all the behaviours are far from the expected solution
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Clark, Michael D. "Eliciting preferences using discrete choice experiments in healthcare : willingness to pay, stakeholder preferences, and altruistic preferences." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88792/.

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Chapter 1 of the thesis is divided into 5 sections. Section A begins by defining a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE), and outlines the key stages involved in conducting a DCE. Sections B and C outline theories underpinning DCE analysis. Section B outlines the characteristics theory of demand, whilst section C, explains random utility theory (RUT), compensating variation (CV), marginal willingness to pay (MWTP), and willingness to pay (WTP) analysis. Section D of the thesis provides a review of the DCE literature. Section E outlines the research questions addressed in the thesis including calculating WTP and hypothetical bias; the description of the cost attribute; preference heterogeneity; and altruism. Chapter 2 shows how DCEs can be used to calculate WTP, using a DCE relating to Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT). Chapter 3 uses data from a DCE applied to Menstrual disorder and Gynaecology patients. It evaluates an experimental method I developed to establish whether respondents might fail to factor in the monetary attribute into their DCE decision making, leading to hypothetical bias. Chapter 4 applies essentially the same DCE design but only analyses data from Gynaecology patients. Chapters 4-8 all use data obtained from a DCE relating to preferences for different allocation criteria for allocating kidneys for transplantation. Chapters 5 and 6 look at preference heterogeneity which is observable using interaction dummy variables (the issue of unobserved preference heterogeneity is considered in chapter 7). Chapter 5 establishes how marginal rates of substitution (MRS) differ between different respondent groups including renal patients, healthcare professionals, live donors / relatives of deceased donors, carers, and ethnic minority versus non-ethnic minority patients. Chapter 6 establishes how MRS differs between non-white ethnic minority patients versus other patients; South Asian patients versus other patients; and according to respondent gender. Chapter 7 of the thesis compares results from models which do not cater for unobserved preference heterogeneity, with results from models which do. Initially 2 basic models which do not cater for preference heterogeneity at all (because they do not include dummy variables) are applied including random effects logit and conditional logit. Then models catering for unobserved preference heterogeneity including Mixed Logit and a Latent Class Model (LCM) are used. Finally there is an analysis involving the application of conditional logit with interaction dummy variables. Chapter 8 of the thesis explores how preferences might differ according to how altruistic respondents are. It establishes how respondent preferences differ according to respondent self-disclosed perspective when answering DCEs. In other words whether they claimed to answer the DCE in terms of what would be best for me; what would be best for me and others; or what is best for others. Finally chapter 9 involves a discussion of the findings emerging from the thesis, and draws conclusions about the merits of material contained in it.
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Kaneko, Naoya. "Three essays on economic valuation of consumer preferences on genetically modified foods." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1127328876.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 168 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-168). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Chen, Yun-Ju (Kelly). "Consumer preferences for wool production attributes." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1035.

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Bub, John L. "Balancing sea duty location preferences with assignment incentive pay." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9966.

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MBA Professional Report
The goal of sea pay has always been to motivate sailors to go to sea and to compensate the arduous nature of sea duty. This study will take sea pay one step further by analyzing sea pay as a location incentive pay. By offering a premium to sailors who choose less desirable sea duty locations, we hope to motivate more sailors to volunteer for these locations. This study will use data from the current location assignment incentive pay for overseas locations and the sea pay history to make a determination of the reaction of sailors to a location assignment incentive sea pay system.
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Rust, Jennifer, Kalie Heideman, and Elizabeth Hall-Lipsy. "Assessing the Factors Involved in Provider Preference and Willingness to Pay for Informational and Screening Services." The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614487.

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Class of 2012 Abstract
Specific Aims: The purpose of this study is to assess rural community members in Cochise County, Arizona, to determine if healthcare screenings and informational sessions are desired by the community members for chronic disease states, and from which healthcare providers the community members prefer to obtain these services. Identify which health professional rural members are most likely to seek for healthcare screening. Identify which health professional rural members are most likely to seek for healthcare informational sessions. Determine if rural community members are willing to pay for healthcare screening and informational sessions. Methods: This descriptive study obtained data through 350 questionnaires distributed during selected Cochise County community events in late 2011. Main Results: 341 surveys were completed. The majority of results favored physicians with 47.7% of the people stating they would very likely attend a health care screening conducted by a physician. 34.5% responded they would very likely attend an informational session conducted by a physician. Of the respondents willing to pay for health screenings, 63.9% would pay $30 or less. 70.9% stated they would not be willing to pay for an informational session. However, the majority of participants, 61.3%, indicated they would utilize pharmacists for OTC questions. Regarding questions about prescription medications, 43.4% would go to pharmacists, and similarly, 44% indicated they use physicians. Conclusions: As seen from the results, pharmacists are underutilized by rural community members; except for OTC questions. Respondents with higher levels of education were also more likely to prefer and attend events held by pharmacists.
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Dixon, Simon. "Exploring preferences for compulsory health programmes using willingness to pay." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489655.

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Sovern, Heather S. "Examining the relationships among core self-evaluations, pay preferences, and job satisfaction in an occupational environment." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/920.

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Weiß, Julia [Verfasser], Lucie [Akademischer Betreuer] Heinzerling, and Lucie [Gutachter] Heinzerling. "Therapy preferences in melanoma treatment - Willingness to pay and preference of quality versus length of life of patients, physicians, healthy individuals and physicians with oncological disease / Julia Weiß ; Gutachter: Lucie Heinzerling ; Betreuer: Lucie Heinzerling." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231545844/34.

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Books on the topic "Paw preference"

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Tor, Eriksson. Other-regarding preferences and performance pay: An experiment on incentives and sorting. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.

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Hyŏnjang esŏ pal ro chʻajŭn Hanʼgukhyŏng kwijok makʻetʻing. Sŏul-si: Smart Business, 2006.

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Dohmen, Thomas. Performance pay and multi-dimensional sorting: Productivity, preferences and gender. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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Studies, Institute of European Food. A pan-EU survey of consumer attitudes to food, nutrition and health. Dublin: Institute of European Food Studies, 1996.

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Christoph, Inken Birte. Die Zahlungsbereitschaft für gentechnisch veränderte Produkte unter Berücksichtigung der Integration psychometrischer Daten in Choice-Modelle. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2008.

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Bykvist, Krister. Preference-Based Views of Well-Being. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.10.

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This chapter deals with preference-based views of well-being, according to which well-being depends exclusively on preferences or desires. The aim is to spell out this dependency in more detail and discuss the pros and cons of these views, seen as substantive theories of well-being. In particular, it is argued that the standard formulations of preference-based views are defective, mainly because they do not pay due attention to the distinction between comparative and monadic attitudes and values. Further, it is argued that in order to find out how well these views can answer the usual complaints levelled against them, it is crucial to distinguish between object preferentialism and satisfaction preferentialism.
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Surbeck, Martin, and Gottfried Hohmann. Affiliations, aggressions and an adoption: Male–male relationships in wild bonobos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0003.

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The nature of the relationships between males is a characteristic trait of many multi-male group living species with implications for the individuals. In our study population of bonobos, certain male dyads exhibit clear preferences for ranging in the same party and sitting in proximity. These preferences are not reflected in the frequency of aggression towards each other and only to some extent in their affiliative and socio-sexual behaviours. While bonobo males at LuiKotale clearly do not benefit from close relationships in the way chimpanzee males do (cooperative hunting, territorial patrol, mate competition), some relationships might result from close associations between their mothers. In some particular situations, these male relationships can be very important as in the case of an orphan adopted by his older maternal brother. La nature des relations entre mâles est un trait caractéristique de plusieurs groupes qui ont plusieurs mâles, avec des implications au niveau d’individus. Dans notre étude des populations de bonobos, certains dyades mâles montrent une préférence à aller dans le même groupe et s’asseoir proche l’un de l’autre. Cette préférence n’est pas reflétée dans la fréquence d’agression entre eux et est seulement lié, à degrés, à leur comportements socio-sexuels et d’appartenance. Tandis que les mâles bonobos à LuiKotale ne profitent pas de leur fortes relations comme les chimpanzés mâles (chasse coopérative, patrouille territoriale, compétition pour compagnon), ils peuvent aider leur partenaires à supporter le stress de la vie en groupe et peuvent en conséquence contribuer au bien-être des individus. Quelques proches associations entre les mâles peuvent provenir d’associations entre leurs mères. Dans quelques situations particulières, ces relations mâles prouvent leur importance comme dans le cas d’un orphelin adopté par son grand frère maternel.
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Schapira, Lidia, and Lauren Goldstein. Dealing with cancer recurrence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0020.

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When patients conclude active cancer therapy, many experience an elevated degree of awareness and worry about disease recurrence. For most patients, this anxiety is intermittent and tolerable, but for others, it is quite disruptive. Patients’ psychological and cognitive difficulties are not systematically explored during routine medical visits. Receiving the news of cancer recurrence is enormously difficult and so is the disclosure of news for the oncologist. The chapter provides practical tips for disclosing prognostic information. Physicians can and should pay particular attention to patients’ overall quality of life, rather than focusing solely on the medical reality, and strive to balance their own communicative preferences and strategies with the needs of their patients, tailoring their process of disclosing news of recurrence to patients’ expressed preferences in order to facilitate coping and sustain the therapeutic alliance.
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Ibarra, Enrique Ajuria. Cross-border Implications: Transnational Haunting, Gender and the Persistent Look of The Eye. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424592.003.0010.

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The Eye (Gin Gwai, 2002) and its two sequels (2004, 2005) deal with pan-Asian film production, gender, and identity. The films seem to embrace a transnational outlook that that fits a shared Southeast Asian cinematic and cultural agenda. Instead, they disclose tensions about Hong Kong’s identity, its relationship with other countries in the region, and its mixture of Western and Eastern traditions (Knee, 2009). As horror films, The Eye series feature transpositional hauntings framed by a visual preference for understanding reality and the supernatural that is complicated by the ghostly perceptions of their female protagonists. Thus, the issues explored in this film series rely on a haunting that presents textual manifestations of transposition, imposition, and alienation that further evidence its complicated pan-Asian look. This chapter examines the films’ privilege of vision as catalyst of a transnational, Asian Gothic horror aesthetic that addresses concepts of identity, gender, and subjectivity.
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Laver, Michael, and Ernest Sergenti. Party Competition. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.001.0001.

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Party competition for votes in free and fair elections involves complex interactions by multiple actors in political landscapes that are continuously evolving, yet classical theoretical approaches to the subject leave many important questions unanswered. This book offers the first comprehensive treatment of party competition using the computational techniques of agent-based modeling. This exciting new technology enables researchers to model competition between several different political parties for the support of voters with widely varying preferences on many different issues. The book models party competition as a true dynamic process in which political parties rise and fall, a process where different politicians attack the same political problem in very different ways, and where today's political actors, lacking perfect information about the potential consequences of their choices, must constantly adapt their behavior to yesterday's political outcomes. This book shows how agent-based modeling can be used to accurately reflect how political systems really work. It demonstrates that politicians who are satisfied with relatively modest vote shares often do better at winning votes than rivals who search ceaselessly for higher shares of the vote. It reveals that politicians who pay close attention to their personal preferences when setting party policy often have more success than opponents who focus solely on the preferences of voters, that some politicians have idiosyncratic “valence” advantages that enhance their electability—and much more.
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Book chapters on the topic "Paw preference"

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Gai, Anh-Tuan, Dmitry Lebedev, Fabien Mathieu, Fabien de Montgolfier, Julien Reynier, and Laurent Viennot. "Acyclic Preference Systems in P2P Networks." In Euro-Par 2007 Parallel Processing, 825–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74466-5_88.

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Liang, Wenquan, Ran Song, and Christopher Timmins. "The Role of Migration Costs in Residential Sorting." In The Urban Book Series, 251–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8_4.

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AbstractEconomistsgenerallyemploytwo ‘revealed preference’ approaches to measure households’ preferences for non-market amenities—the hedonic and equilibrium sorting models. The conventional hedonic model assumes free mobility across space. Violation of this assumption can bias the estimates of household willingness to pay for local amenities. Mobility constraints are more easily handled by the sorting framework. In this chapter, we examine the role of migration costs in household residential sorting and apply these two models to estimate the willingness to pay for clean air in the USAand China. Our results demonstrate that ignoring mobility costs in spatial sorting will underestimate the implicit value of non-market amenities in both countries. Such a downward bias is larger in developing countries, such as China, where migration costs are higher.
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Shrivastava, Ashok Kumar, and Priyanka Singh. "Jaggery (Gur): The Ancient Indian Open-pan Non-centrifugal Sugar." In Sugar and Sugar Derivatives: Changing Consumer Preferences, 283–307. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6663-9_19.

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Atchison, T. J., and C. Zumberge. "Employee Pay Plan Preferences in a Bank." In Bottom Line Results from Strategic Human Resource Planning, 205–17. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9539-4_16.

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Wang, Hang, Penghao Zhou, Chong Zhou, Zhao Zhang, and Xing Sun. "PAC-Net: Highlight Your Video via History Preference Modeling." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 614–31. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19830-4_35.

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Omori, Yui, Koichi Kuriyama, Takahiro Tsuge, Ayumi Onuma, and Yasushi Shoji. "Coastal Community Preferences of Gray, Green, and Hybrid Infrastructure Against Tsunamis: A Case Study of Japan." In Ecological Research Monographs, 415–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6791-6_25.

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AbstractA decade has passed since the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami struck. Despite increasing awareness that concrete-based coastal infrastructure, such as seawalls, is not sufficient to protect against unfathomable events, engineering structures still play a significant role in fortifying coastal communities. Meanwhile, purely nature-based approaches (i.e., coastal forests) also have limitations against cataclysmic waves, and there remain uncertainties regarding their ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction functions (Eco-DRR). In tackling these issues, hybrid infrastructure, which combines both gray and green components, has received growing interest. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate the economic values of coastal gray, green, and hybrid infrastructures under uncertainties in terms of people’s preferences.Therefore, in this study, we aimed to (1) quantify the economic value of coastal ecosystem services, including species richness, landscape, recreational services, and disaster risk reduction, under uncertainties through choice experiments; (2) clarify the differences in preferences for preparations against long-cycle tsunamis between those who reside in tsunami-prone areas and those who do not, using a conditional logit (CL) model; and (3) discuss the heterogeneities in coastal citizen perceptions by comparing the CL and mixed logit (ML) model. As a result, this study highlights the importance of considering the heterogeneity of preferences. Furthermore, our respondents in the tsunami-prone group (TPG) valued the coastal defense function offered by gray more highly than the non-TPG, demonstrating an especially large gap regarding seawalls against short-cycle tsunamis (willingness-to-pay (WTP) values of 11,233 JPY and 5958 JPY, respectively). However, there was no significance for coastal forests in the TPG, reflecting the importance of disaster prevention function offered by gray infrastructure. In addition, the hybrid landscape (seawalls + coastal forests) received higher positive responses, 71.1% with WTP of 8245 JPY, than the gray landscape (seawalls only) with WTP of −3358 JPY, as estimated by the ML model. These contradictions and heterogeneities in people’s preferences may foreshadow the difficulties of applying hybrid approaches; hence developing synthesized both stated preference and other revealed preference methods is indispensable for providing strategic design of gray-green combined coastal defense and bolstering coastal realignment.
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Huang, Ziyou, Yujie Lu, and Xiangnan Song. "Preferences and Willingness-to-Pay for Vertical Greenery Systems in Singapore." In Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, 1118–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3977-0_86.

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Zhang, Lanyun, Tracy Ross, and Rebecca Cain. "Designing a New Electric Vehicle Charging System: People’s Preference and Willingness-To-Pay." In HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems, 184–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78358-7_12.

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Orlitzky, Marc, and Diane L. Swanson. "Normative Myopia, Executives’ Personality, and Preference for Pay Dispersion: Implications for Corporate Social Performance." In Toward Integrative Corporate Citizenship, 212–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230594708_10.

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Wu, Lei, and Min Chen. "Image Preference of Intelligent Voice Assistant for the Elderly Based on PAD Emotion Model." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 425–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06050-2_30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Paw preference"

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Adeyeye, Michale, and Oluniyi Oyeleke. "Learning Styles and Learners' Preference: A Study of Undergraduate Students in an Online Nursing Program." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.6687.

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This study investigated the learning styles and learners’ preferences in an online nursing program of Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. The learning styles investigated are visual, verbal, aural, social, logical, physical, and solitary, while the learning materials are video, forum and text. Comparisons were made across the levels of studies with a view of gaining knowledge of the adjustment rate of learners across the years of course of study. // The study employed survey method of data collection. Questionnaire items were administered to the participants and data obtained was analysed by frequency distribution and mean statistics wherein the lowest mean value indicates the most preferred learning style. // The results show the distribution of learning styles of the participants in order of preference as visual, verbal, aural, social, logical, physical and solitary. In addition, direction of preference for the combination of learning materials are video and text, video and forum, forum and text and video only; and the most preferred length of video is between 10-30 minutes. The findings also show that there is no significant difference in learning preferences among learners across levels of study.
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Alfano, Gianvincenzo, Sergio Greco, Francesco Parisi, and Irina Trubitsyna. "On Preferences and Priority Rules in Abstract Argumentation." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/349.

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Dung's abstract Argumentation Framework (AF) has emerged as a central formalism for argumentation in AI. Preferences in AF allow to represent the comparative strength of arguments in a simple yet expressive way. In this paper we first investigate the complexity of the verification as well as credulous and skeptical acceptance problems in Preference-based AF (PAF) that extends AF with preferences over arguments. Next, after introducing new semantics for AF where extensions are selected using cardinality (instead of set inclusion) criteria and investigating their complexity, we introduce a framework called AF with Priority rules (AFP) that extends AF with sequences of priority rules. AFP generalizes AF with classical set-inclusion and cardinality based semantics, suggesting that argumentation semantics can be viewed as ways to express priorities among extensions. Finally, we extend AFP by proposing AF with Priority rules and Preferences (AFP^2), where also preferences over arguments can be used to define priority rules, and study the complexity of the above-mentioned problems.
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MIKUŠOVÁ, Beáta, Nikoleta JAKUŠ, and Marián HOLÚBEK. "Voluntary cooperation of citizens in the community model of public service delivery." In Current Trends in Public Sector Research. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9646-2020-9.

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Most of the developed countries have implemented new principles of public sector reform – new approaches to the management of the public sector. A major feature of the new public management (NPM) is the introduction of market type mechanisms (MTM) to the running of public service organizations: the marketization of the public service. The marketization of public services aims at a continuous increase in public expenditure efficiency, continual improvements in public services quality, the implementation of the professional management tools in the public sector, and last but not least, charge for public services. Price of public services in mainstream economics theory is connected with preference revelation problem. Economic models explain the relationship between consumer behavior (revealed preferences) and the value of public goods, and thus determine the value of the goods themselves. The aim of the paper is to determine the success of the community model of public service delivery based on the demonstrated preferences of individuals in the consumption of public services / public goods. The direct way of determining the preferences of individuals was used in this paper (willigness to pay and willigness to accept). These preferences will be identified based on the crowdfunding campaign as an example of community model of public goods provision by using survey experiment method. The willingness of individuals to pay is dependent on the individual's relationship with the organisation, the organisation's employees, or sympathise with those for whom the collection is, for whom the project is designed.
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Sliwinski, Jakub, and Yair Zick. "Learning Hedonic Games." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/380.

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Coalitional stability in hedonic games has usually been considered in the setting where agent preferences are fully known. We consider the setting where agent preferences are unknown; we lay the theoretical foundations for studying the interplay between coalitional stability and (PAC) learning in hedonic games. We introduce the notion of PAC stability - the equivalent of core stability under uncertainty - and examine the PAC stabilizability and learnability of several popular classes of hedonic games.
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Liang, Feng, Wei Dai, Yunfeng Huang, Weike Pan, and Zhong Ming. "PAT: Preference-Aware Transfer Learning for Recommendation with Heterogeneous Feedback." In 2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207062.

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Mehrpouyan, Hoda, Ion Madrazo Azpiazu, and Maria Soledad Pera. "Measuring Personality for Automatic Elicitation of Privacy Preferences." In 2017 IEEE Symposium on Privacy-Aware Computing (PAC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pac.2017.15.

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Panichpathom, Supeecha, and Ratthapoom Wongpradu. "The willingness to pay and the attributes preferences on hotel choice decisions." In 25th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2018_181.

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Zhu, Yusen, Ao Jiang, Junbo Dong, Yeming Pang, Yuqing Liu, Jiacheng Liu, Xiang Yao, Stephen Westland, and Caroline Hemingray. "The influence of music on colour preference in vehicle environment." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001686.

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Many experiments have proved that vision and hearing effect each other in many ways, and this phenomenon is of great significance to design (Zhang，2019)(Anderson，2014). Among the design of car cockpit, color is one of the most important elements of cockpit visual design, and different color directly affect people's experience in the cockpit (Satake,2011). We selected eight colors in study which are red, yellow, orange, blue, green, cyan, white and gray, and each color was set to two brightness levels and three music modes: non music, light music and bass-heavy music. Meanwhile, we used a head-mounted virtual reality display (HMD) to simulate the in-car environment, and assessed 55 participants on their level of color preference. In study we found that music changed people's preference for the color of the car cockpit environment and the degree of color preference was related to the type of music.Reference:[1]Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Han, B., Xiang, Y. and Li, L., 2019. Hue, chroma, and lightness preference in Chinese adults: Age and gender differences. Color Research & Application, 44(6), pp.967-980.[2]Anderson, P.W. and Zahorik, P., 2014. Auditory/visual distance estimation: accuracy and variability. Frontiers in psychology, 5, p.1097.[3]Satake, I., Xin, J.H., Tianming, T., Hansuebsai, A., Ando, K., Sato, T., Kajiwara, K. and Ohsawa, S., 2011. A comparative study of the emotional assessment of automotive exterior colors in Asia. Progress in Organic Coatings, 72(3), pp.528-540.
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Duwe, Daniel, and Axel Sprenger. "Acceptance, Preferences and Willingness to Pay Analysis for Flying Cars and Passenger Drones." In 6th International Conference on Innovation in Science and Technology. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/6th-istconf.2019.07.418.

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Suanmali, Suthathip, Boonyaporn Jongmeepornsathitkul, Mananya Klanpoth, Bandasak Pukkanavanich, Nipa Sakdakeitikul, and Karnjana Sanglimsuwan. "THE ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD’S PREFERENCES FOR RECYCLING EFFORTS: THE WILLINGNESS TO PAY APPROACH." In International Conference on Engineering, Project, and Production Management. Association of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32738/ceppm.201310.0105.

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Reports on the topic "Paw preference"

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Bub, Jr, and John L. Balancing Sea Duty Location Preferences with Assignment Incentive Pay. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada442808.

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Blackman, Allen, Sahan Dissanayake, Adan Martinez Cruz, Leonardo Corral, and Maja Schling. Benefits of Titling Indigenous Communities in the Peruvian Amazon: A Stated Preference Approach. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004678.

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We conduct a discrete choice experiment with leaders of a random sample of 164 Peruvian indigenous communities (ICs) - to our knowledge, the first use of rigorous stated preference methods to analyze land titling. We find that: (i) on average, IC leaders are willing to pay US$35,000-45,000 for a title, roughly twice the per community administrative cost of titling; (ii) WTP is positively correlated with the value of IC land and the risk of land grabbing; and (iii) leaders prefer titling processes that involve indigenous representatives and titles that encompass land with cultural value.
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Just, David, and Amir Heiman. Building local brand for fresh fruits and vegetables: A strategic approach aimed at strengthening the local agricultural sector. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600039.bard.

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Abstract The debate about whether to reduce import barriers on fresh produce in order to decrease the cost of living and increase welfare or to continue protecting the local agricultural sector by imposing import duties on fresh vegetables and fruits has been part of the Israeli and the US political dialog. The alternative of building a strong local brand that will direct patriotic feelings to support of the agricultural sector has been previously discussed in the literature as a non-tax barrier to global competition. The motivation of consumers to pay more for local fresh fruits and vegetables are better quality, environmental concerns, altruism, and ethnocentrism. Local patriotic feelings are expected to be stronger among national-religious consumers and weaker among secular left wing voters. This project empirically analyzes consumers’ attitude toward local agricultural production, perceptions of the contribution of the agricultural sector to society and how these perceptions interact with patriotic beliefs and socio-political variables perhaps producing an ethnocentric preference for fruits and vegetables. This patriotic feeling may be contrasted with feelings toward rival (or even politically opposing) countries competing in the same markets. Thus geo-political landscape may help shape the consumer’s preferences and willingness to purchase particular products. Our empirical analysis is based on two surveys, one conducted among Israeli shoppers and one conducted among US households. We find strong influences of nationalism, patriotism and ethnocentrism on demand for produce in both samples. In the case of Israel this manifests itself as a significant discount demanded for countries in conflict with Israel (e.g., Syria or Palestine), with the discount demanded being related to the strength of the conflict. Moreover, the effect is larger for those who are either more religious, or those who identify with right leaning political parties. The results from the US are strikingly similar. For some countries the perception of conflict is dependent on political views (e.g., Mexico), while for others there is a more agreement (e.g., Russia). Despite a substantially different religious and political landscape, both right leaning political views and religiosity play strong roles in demand for foreign produce.
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Kraus, Amanda B., Diana S. Lien, and Bryan K. Orme. The Navy Survey on Reenlistment and Quality of Service: Using Choice-Based Conjoint to Quantify Relative Preferences for Pay and Nonpay Aspects of Naval Service. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada418921.

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Cao, Shoufeng, Uwe Dulleck, Warwick Powell, Charles Turner-Morris, Valeri Natanelov, and Marcus Foth. BeefLedger blockchain-credentialed beef exports to China: Early consumer insights. Queensland University of Technology, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.200267.

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The BeefLedger Export Smart Contracts project is a collaborative research study between BeefLedger Ltd and QUT co-funded by the Food Agility CRC. This project exists to deliver economic value to those involved in the production, export and consumption of Australian beef to China through: (1) reduced information asymmetry; (2) streamlined compliance processes, and; (3) developing and accessing new data-driven value drivers, through the deployment of decentralised ledger technologies and associated governance systems. This report presents early insights from a survey deployed to Chinese consumers in Nov/Dec 2019 exploring attitudes and preferences about blockchain-credentialed beef exports to China. Our results show that most local and foreign consumers were willing to pay more than the reference price for a BeefLedger branded Australian cut and packed Sirloin steak at the same weight. Although considered superior over Chinese processed Australian beef products, the Chinese market were sceptical that the beef they buy was really from Australia, expressing low trust in Australian label and traceability information. Despite lower trust, most survey respondents were willing to pay more for traceability supported Australian beef, potentially because including this information provided an additional sense of safety. Therefore, traceability information should be provided to consumers, as it can add a competitive advantage over products without traceability.
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Kim, Joseph J., Samuel Dominguez, and Luis Diaz. Freight Demand Model for Southern California Freeways with Owner–Operator Truck Drivers. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1931.

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This study evaluates the demand for truck-only toll lanes on Southern California freeways with owner–operator truck drivers. The study implemented the stated preference survey method to estimate the value placed by drivers on time, reliability, and safety measures using various scenarios geared towards assessing those values. The project team met face-to-face with owner- operator truck drivers near the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to understand the drivers’ perspectives regarding truck-only toll lanes on Southern California freeways. A data set containing 31 survey responses is obtained and used for statistical data analysis using analysis of variable (ANOVA) and two sample t-tests. The analysis results showed that 75.27% of the owner– operator truck drivers responded are willing to pay toll fees when they choose routes. The tolerated average toll fees are $13.77/ hr and $12.82/hr for weekdays and weekends, respectively. The analysis results also showed that owner–operator truck drivers will take truck-only toll lanes when they take the routes used in four comparisons out of six comparisons according to the three measures such as values of time, reliability, and safety, despite sharing a common origin and destination. The highest toll fee per mile on any day that drivers are willing to pay when the main factor being compared is value of time is $0.31/mile or $18.35/hr. The toll fees associated with reliability and safety measures are $0.30/mile or $8.94/hr and $0.22/mile or $11.01/hr, respectively. These results are meaningful for legislators and transportation agencies as the behaviors and route choice characteristics of owner–operator truck drivers help them better understand the utility and demand for truck-only toll lanes.
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Rigby, Dan, Michael Burton, Katherine Payne, Zachary Payne-Thompson, Stuart Wright, and Sarah O’Brien. Impacts of Food Hypersensitivities on Quality of Life in the UK and Willingness to Pay (WTP) to remove those impacts. Food Standards Agency, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kij502.

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This project concerns the impacts of food hypersensitivity on people’s quality of life and the monetary value people assign to the removal of those impacts. Food hypersensitivities (FHS) are, in this report, defined as comprising food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance. Estimates of the economic value of removal of food hypersensitivity were generated from a stated preference (SP) survey in which people completed a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The DCE comprised of choices between (i) no change in respondents’ food hypersensitivity and (ii) the condition being removed for a specified period, at a cost. The surveys were conducted between July and December 2021 by adults regarding their own food hypersensitivity or by parents/carers regarding their child’s food hypersensitivity. The samples comprised 1426 adults and 716 parents. The average WTP for the removal of an adult’s FHS for a year, pooled across all conditions was £718. For models estimated separately by condition, the WTP values for food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance were £1064, £1342 and £540 respectively. In models estimated on DCE data from parents regarding their children’s food hypersensitivity the average WTP, pooled across all conditions, was £2501. The annual WTP values by condition were: £2766 for food allergy; £1628 for coeliac disease; £1689 for food intolerance. Respondents rated their (child’s) health and the impacts of their (child’s) FHS using several established instruments including the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire (FAQLQ); Food Intolerance Quality of Life Questionnaire (FIQLQ); Coeliac Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire, (CDQ). In the adult allergy and intolerance models we find robust evidence of effects of the perceived severity of FHS on WTP – the higher people’s FAQLQ and FIQLQ scores, the more they are willing to pay to remove their condition. There was no effect of variation in the CDQ score on WTP to remove coeliac disease. In the child WTP results we find condition-severity effects in the coeliac sample: the worse the child’s CDQ score the higher the parents’ WTP to remove the condition. The WTP values are estimates of the combined annual costs associated with (i) the intangible costs including the pain, anxiety, inconvenience and anxiety caused by FHS and (ii) additional incurred costs (time and money) and lost earnings. The values can be incorporated into the FSA Cost of Illness (COI) model, the Burden of Foodborne disease in the UK (Opens in a new window) which is currently used to measure the annual, social, cost of foodborne disease. A Best Worst Scaling (BWS) exercise was conducted to identify the relative importance of the many and diverse impacts which comprise the FAQLQ, FIQLQ and CDQ instruments. The BWS results indicate that people assign very different levels of importance to the impacts comprising the three instruments. This unequal prioritisation contrasts with the equal weighting used in the construction of the FAQLQ, FIQLQ and CDQ measures. Embarrassment and fear related to eating out or social situations feature in the top three impacts for all the conditions. Identifying the effects which most affect quality of life (from the perspective of people living with those conditions) has the potential to inform policy and practice by both regulators and private organisations such as food business operators.
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Harari, Ally R., Russell A. Jurenka, Ada Rafaeli, and Victoria Soroker. Evolution of resistance to mating disruption in the pink bollworm moth evidence and possible mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598165.bard.

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t The pink bollworm, Pectinophoragossypiellais a key pest of cotton world-wide. In Israel mating disruption sex pheromone is used in all cotton fields and recent repeated outbreaks of the pest populations has suggested a change in the population sex pheromone characteristics. The research goals were to (1) determine the change in pheromone characteristic of PBW females after long experience to Mating Disruption (MD), (2) to test the male’s antennae response (EAG) to pheromone characteristics of laboratory, naive females, and of field collected, MD experienced females, (3) to analyse the biosynthetic pathway for possible enzyme variations, (4) to determine the male behavioural response to the pheromone blend involved in the resistance to MD. The experiments revealed that (1) MD experienced females produced pheromone blend with higher ZZ ratio than lab reared (MD naive females) that typically produced ZZ:EE ratio of 1:1. (2) Male’s origin did not affect its response to pheromone characteristics of lab or field females. (3) A transcriptome study demonstrated many gene-encode enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, but some of the transcripts were produced in differing levels in the MD resistant populations. (4) Male origin (field or lab) influenced males’ choice of mate with strong preference to females sharing the same origin. However, when MD was applied, males of both populations were more attracted to females originated form failed MD treated fields. We conclude that in MD failed fields a change in the population mean of the ratio of the pheromone components had occurred. Males in these fields had changed their search “image” accordingly while keeping the wide range of response to all pheromone characteristics. The change in the pheromone blend is due to different level of pheromone related enzyme production.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.

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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor
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