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Journal articles on the topic 'Pavlovian'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Geurts, Dirk E. M., Quentin J. M. Huys, Hanneke E. M. den Ouden, and Roshan Cools. "Aversive Pavlovian Control of Instrumental Behavior in Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 9 (September 2013): 1428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00425.

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Adaptive behavior involves interactions between systems regulating Pavlovian and instrumental control of actions. Here, we present the first investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying aversive Pavlovian–instrumental transfer using fMRI in humans. Recent evidence indicates that these Pavlovian influences on instrumental actions are action-specific: Instrumental approach is invigorated by appetitive Pavlovian cues but inhibited by aversive Pavlovian cues. Conversely, instrumental withdrawal is inhibited by appetitive Pavlovian cues but invigorated by aversive Pavlovian cues. We show that BOLD responses in the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens were associated with behavioral inhibition by aversive Pavlovian cues, irrespective of action context. Furthermore, BOLD responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex differed between approach and withdrawal actions. Aversive Pavlovian conditioned stimuli modulated connectivity between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the caudate nucleus. These results show that action-specific aversive control of instrumental behavior involves the modulation of fronto-striatal interactions by Pavlovian conditioned stimuli.

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2

Lariviere, Nancy A., and Norman E. Spear. "Early Pavlovian conditioning impairs later Pavlovian conditioning." Developmental Psychobiology 29, no. 7 (November 1996): 613–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199611)29:7<613::aid-dev5>3.0.co;2-x.

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3

Brushlinsky, Andrei. "The “Pavlovian” Session of the Two Academies." European Psychologist 2, no. 2 (January 1997): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.2.2.102.

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The “Pavlovian” session of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR ordered by Stalin took place in Moscow in 1950. It marked the beginning of a period of total absolutism in Pavlovian theory in the USSR, an absolutism that was in contradiction to the theory and incompatible with the personal morals of Pavlov himself. For example, Prof. Bykow (the main Soviet physiologist-at least for Stalin) stated: “We have to divide all physiology into two stages-the pre-Pavlovian stage and the Pavlovian one. The history of psychology may be divided in the same way. The pre-Pavlovian psychology is based on idealistic philosophy, while the Pavlovian psychology is materialistic in its core.” In their reports four Soviet psychologists, Professors Teplov, Rubinstein, Kolbanovsky, and Luria, analyzed many aspects of Pavlov's theory which were useful for the development of psychology. This article describes the “Pavlovian” session, and also examines the historical background and repercussions of the event.

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4

Broer, Dirk J. "Pavlovian Polymers." Matter 2, no. 1 (January 2020): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.12.011.

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5

Ousdal, O. T., Q. J. Huys, A. M. Milde, A. R. Craven, L. Ersland, T. Endestad, A. Melinder, K. Hugdahl, and R. J. Dolan. "The impact of traumatic stress on Pavlovian biases." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171700174x.

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BackgroundDisturbances in Pavlovian valuation systems are reported to follow traumatic stress exposure. However, motivated decisions are also guided by instrumental mechanisms, but to date the effect of traumatic stress on these instrumental systems remain poorly investigated. Here, we examine whether a single episode of severe traumatic stress influences flexible instrumental decisions through an impact on a Pavlovian system.MethodsTwenty-six survivors of the 2011 Norwegian terror attack and 30 matched control subjects performed an instrumental learning task in which Pavlovian and instrumental associations promoted congruent or conflicting responses. We used reinforcement learning models to infer how traumatic stress affected learning and decision-making. Based on the importance of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) for cognitive control, we also investigated if individual concentrations of Glx (=glutamate + glutamine) in dACC predicted the Pavlovian bias of choice.ResultsSurvivors of traumatic stress expressed a greater Pavlovian interference with instrumental action selection and had significantly lower levels of Glx in the dACC. Across subjects, the degree of Pavlovian interference was negatively associated with dACC Glx concentrations.ConclusionsExperiencing traumatic stress appears to render instrumental decisions less flexible by increasing the susceptibility to Pavlovian influences. An observed association between prefrontal glutamatergic levels and this Pavlovian bias provides novel insight into the neurochemical basis of decision-making, and suggests a mechanism by which traumatic stress can impair flexible instrumental behaviours.

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6

Domjan, Michael, Brian Cusato, and Ronald Villarreal. "Pavlovian feed-forward mechanisms in the control of social behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00002430.

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The conceptual and investigative tools for the analysis of social behavior can be expanded by integrating biological theory, control systems theory, and Pavlovian conditioning. Biological theory has focused on the costs and benefits of social behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In contrast, control systems theory is concerned with how machines achieve a particular goal or purpose. The accurate operation of a system often requires feed-forward mechanisms that adjust system performance in anticipation of future inputs. Pavlovian conditioning is ideally suited to subserve this function in behavioral systems. Pavlovian mechanisms have been demonstrated in various aspects of sexual behavior, maternal lactation, and infant suckling. Pavlovian conditioning of agonistic behavior has been also reported, and Pavlovian processes may likewise be involved in social play and social grooming. Several further lines of evidence indicate that Pavlovian conditioning can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of social interactions, thereby improving their cost/benefit ratio. We extend Pavlovian concepts beyond the traditional domain of discrete secretory and other physiological reflexes to complex real-world behavioral interactions and apply abstract laboratory analyses of the mechanisms of associative learning to the daily challenges animals face as they interact with one another in their natural environments.

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7

García, Luciano Nicolás. "Biologizing Psychoanalysis: Konstantin Gavrilov and Freudo–Pavlovism in Argentina (1942–1960)." Psychoanalysis and History 16, no. 2 (July 2014): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2014.0151.

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This paper examines the work of the Russian zoologist Konstantin Gavrilov (1908–82) in Argentina, in the light of a series of authors who tried to find connections between Sigmund Freud's and Ivan Pavlov's ideas. This theoretical effort is designated as Freudo–Pavlovism, and it intended to offer neurophysiological evidence to psychoanalytical thesis in order to build a holistic theory of the psyche. Freudo–Pavlovism is considered a possible extension of Freudian ideas within an evolutionary framework. Gavrilov's ideas on the compatibility of Freudian and Pavlovian theories are analysed, as well as the support given by Argentinian psychoanalysts and the criticism that his work received by communist psychiatrists.

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8

Peng, Ziwen, Luning He, Rongzhen Wen, Tom Verguts, Carol A. Seger, and Qi Chen. "Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by decreased Pavlovian influence on instrumental behavior." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): e1009945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009945.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by uncontrollable repetitive actions thought to rely on abnormalities within fundamental instrumental learning systems. We investigated cognitive and computational mechanisms underlying Pavlovian biases on instrumental behavior in both clinical OCD patients and healthy controls using a Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) task. PIT is typically evidenced by increased responding in the presence of a positive (previously rewarded) Pavlovian cue, and reduced responding in the presence of a negative cue. Thirty OCD patients and thirty-one healthy controls completed the Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer test, which included instrumental training, Pavlovian training for positive, negative and neutral cues, and a PIT phase in which participants performed the instrumental task in the presence of the Pavlovian cues. Modified Rescorla-Wagner models were fitted to trial-by-trial data of participants to estimate underlying computational mechanism and quantify individual differences during training and transfer stages. Bayesian hierarchical methods were used to estimate free parameters and compare the models. Behavioral and computational results indicated a weaker Pavlovian influence on instrumental behavior in OCD patients than in HC, especially for negative Pavlovian cues. Our results contrast with the increased PIT effects reported for another set of disorders characterized by compulsivity, substance use disorders, in which PIT is enhanced. A possible reason for the reduced PIT in OCD may be impairment in using the contextual information provided by the cues to appropriately adjust behavior, especially when inhibiting responding when a negative cue is present. This study provides deeper insight into our understanding of deficits in OCD from the perspective of Pavlovian influences on instrumental behavior and may have implications for OCD treatment modalities focused on reducing compulsive behaviors.

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9

Reese, William G. "Pavlovian Society Awards." Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 20, no. 4 (October 1985): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03003652.

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10

Martin, Irene, and A. B. Levey. "Human Pavlovian conditioning." Biological Psychology 27, no. 2 (October 1988): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(88)90053-1.

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11

Gershman, Samuel J., Marc Guitart-Masip, and James F. Cavanagh. "Neural signatures of arbitration between Pavlovian and instrumental action selection." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): e1008553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008553.

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Pavlovian associations drive approach towards reward-predictive cues, and avoidance of punishment-predictive cues. These associations “misbehave” when they conflict with correct instrumental behavior. This raises the question of how Pavlovian and instrumental influences on behavior are arbitrated. We test a computational theory according to which Pavlovian influence will be stronger when inferred controllability of outcomes is low. Using a model-based analysis of a Go/NoGo task with human subjects, we show that theta-band oscillatory power in frontal cortex tracks inferred controllability, and that these inferences predict Pavlovian action biases. Functional MRI data revealed an inferior frontal gyrus correlate of action probability and a ventromedial prefrontal correlate of outcome valence, both of which were modulated by inferred controllability.

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12

Ito, Patrícia do Carmo Pereira, Mônica Gobitta, and Raquel Souza Lobo Guzzo. "Temperamento, neuroticismo e auto-estima: estudo preliminar." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 24, no. 2 (June 2007): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-166x2007000200001.

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Esta pesquisa investigou correlações entre temperamento, neuroticismo e auto-estima. Participaram da amostra 42 universitários na faixa etária dos 19 aos 21 anos, os quais responderam às Escalas Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo, Pavlovian Temperament Survey e Auto-Estima de Rosenberg. Os resultados indicaram que a dimensão força de excitação (Pavlovian Temperament Survey) apresentou correlações negativas significativas com as dimensões vulnerabilidade e ansiedade (Escalas Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo); a força de inibição (Pavlovian Temperament Survey) apresentou correlação negativa significativa com a ansiedade da Escalas Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo e a mobilidade (Pavlovian Temperament Survey) se correlacionou positivamente com desajustamento psicossocial (Escalas Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo). No que se refere à correlação entre Pavlovian Temperament Survey e Escala de Auto-Estima, não foram obtidas correlações significativas. A correlação entre Escalas Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo e auto-estima apresentou correlações negativas significativas nas dimensões vulnerabilidade, ansiedade e depressão. Esses resultados, importantes na elaboração e implantação de programas de prevenção e intervenção, permitem verificar como diferentes características de personalidade se relacionam e que perfil individual predispõem.

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13

Steinmetz, Joseph E., Gabrielle B. Britton, and John T. Green. "How is the feed-forward Pavlovian control system instantiated in neurobiology?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00422430.

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While feed-forward mechanisms may be ubiquitous in biological systems that form the substrates of Pavlovian conditioning, the control system proposed by Domjan, Cusato & Villarreal seems too elaborate for Pavlovian conditioning of simple skeletal muscle responses. We discuss here how the known neural substrates of classical eyeblink conditioning can be described in feed-forward terms, but argue that the monitor/comparator part of the system is not necessary and perhaps could even be detrimental to simple, nonsocial forms of Pavlovian conditioning.

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14

Cheng, Yankun, Ya Lin, Tao Zeng, Xuanyu Shan, Zhongqiang Wang, Xiaoning Zhao, Daniele Ielmini, Haiyang Xu, and Yichun Liu. "Pavlovian conditioning achieved via one-transistor/one-resistor memristive synapse." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 13 (March 28, 2022): 133503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086867.

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Mimicking Pavlovian conditioning by memristive synapse is significant to implement neuromorphic computing at the hardware level. In this work, we demonstrated the Pavlovian conditioning based on the artificial synapse architecture of one-transistor/one-resistor (1T1R), which included an AgInSbTe/α-C-based memristor as a variable resistance and an N-MOS transistor. Thanks to stable resistance switching behavior of memristor and outstanding controllability of device conductance by transistor gating of 1T1R, the experimental demonstration of the acquisition and extinction of Pavlovian conditioning were realized. Moreover, the temporal relation between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli was also established in which the memory time of associative learning decreased with the increase in the interval of two stimuli. This work provided an idea to biorealistically mimic the Pavlovian conditioning, paving the way for memristive neuromorphic computing.

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15

Millner, Alexander J., Samuel J. Gershman, Matthew K. Nock, and Hanneke E. M. den Ouden. "Pavlovian Control of Escape and Avoidance." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 10 (October 2018): 1379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01224.

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To survive in complex environments, animals need to have mechanisms to select effective actions quickly, with minimal computational costs. As perhaps the computationally most parsimonious of these systems, Pavlovian control accomplishes this by hardwiring specific stereotyped responses to certain classes of stimuli. It is well documented that appetitive cues initiate a Pavlovian bias toward vigorous approach; however, Pavlovian responses to aversive stimuli are less well understood. Gaining a deeper understanding of aversive Pavlovian responses, such as active avoidance, is important given the critical role these behaviors play in several psychiatric conditions. The goal of the current study was to establish a behavioral and computational framework to examine aversive Pavlovian responses (activation vs. inhibition) depending on the proximity of an aversive state (escape vs. avoidance). We introduce a novel task in which participants are exposed to primary aversive (noise) stimuli and characterized behavior using a novel generative computational model. This model combines reinforcement learning and drift-diffusion models so as to capture effects of invigoration/inhibition in both explicit choice behavior as well as changes in RT. Choice and RT results both suggest that escape is associated with a bias for vigorous action, whereas avoidance is associated with behavioral inhibition. These results lay a foundation for future work seeking insights into typical and atypical aversive Pavlovian responses involved in psychiatric disorders, allowing us to quantify both implicit and explicit indices of vigorous choice behavior in the context of aversion.

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16

Grace, Randolph C., and John A. Nevin. "Behavioral momentum and Pavlovian conditioning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 5 (October 2004): 695–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04230163.

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The constructs of behavioral mass in research on the momentum of operant behavior and associative strength in Pavlovian conditioning have some interesting parallels, as suggested by Savastano & Miller. Some recent findings challenge the strict separation of operant and Pavlovian determiners of response rate and resistance to change in behavioral momentum, renewing the need for research on the interaction of processes that have traditionally been studied separately. Relatedly, Furedy notes that some autonomic responses may be refractory to conditioning, but a combination of operant contingencies and enriched Pavlovian stimulus-reinforcer relations may prove effective.

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Cohen-Hatton, Sabrina R., Josephine E. Haddon, David N. George, and R. C. Honey. "Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer: Paradoxical effects of the Pavlovian relationship explained." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 39, no. 1 (2013): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030594.

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18

Matthews, R. Nicolle, Michael Domjan, Mary Ramsey, and David Crews. "Learning Effects on Sperm Competition and Reproductive Fitness." Psychological Science 18, no. 9 (September 2007): 758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01974.x.

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Learning and other common psychological processes presumably evolved because they contribute to reproductive fitness, but reproductive outcomes are rarely measured in psychology experiments. We examined the effects of Pavlovian conditioning on reproductive fitness in a sperm-competition situation. Typically, two males mating with the same female in immediate succession sire similar numbers of offspring. In a study with domesticated quail (Coturnix japonica), we increased paternity success by presenting a Pavlovian signal that permitted one of two competing males to predict copulatory opportunity. Using microsatellite-based DNA fingerprinting, we found that signaled males sired 72% of the offspring when competing with control males, and this effect was independent of copulation order. In the absence of Pavlovian conditioning, rates of fertilization were not significantly different for two males that copulated with the same female. These findings demonstrate that Pavlovian conditioning contributes to reproductive fitness and suggest that individual past experience can bias genetic transmission and the evolutionary changes that result from sexual competition.

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19

Wan, Xun, and Laura L. Peoples. "Firing Patterns of Accumbal Neurons During a Pavlovian-Conditioned Approach Task." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 2 (August 2006): 652–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00068.2006.

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The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is necessary for the expression of Pavlovian-conditioned approach behavior but not for the expression of instrumental behavior conditioned in sessions that set a low response requirement. Although numerous studies have characterized firing patterns of NAc neurons in relation to instrumental behavior, very little is known about how NAc neurons encode information in Pavlovian tasks. In the present study, recordings of accumbal firing patterns were made during sessions in which rats performed a Pavlovian-conditioned approach task. Most of the recorded neurons (74/83, 89%) exhibited significant responses during the conditioned stimulus (CS) presentation and/or the reward exposure. The reward responses were prevalent, predominantly inhibitory, and comparable to reward responses observed in various types of behavioral paradigms, including instrumental tasks. The CS responses could be segregated into multiple subtypes on the basis of directionality, onset latency, and duration. Several characteristics of the CS firing patterns were unique relative to cue responses observed previously during alternative types of conditioning sessions. It is possible that the novel firing patterns correspond to the differential contributions of the accumbens to Pavlovian-conditioned approach behavior and instrumentally conditioned behavior. Regardless, the novel patterns of firing add to existing evidence that characterization of accumbal firing patterns in Pavlovian tasks may provide additional information about the neurophysiological mechanisms that mediate accumbal contributions to behavior.

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20

Poirier, Frank E., and Michelle Field. "Pavlovian perceptions and primate realities." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00362434.

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The extent to which Pavlovian feed-forward mechanisms operate in primates is debatable. Monkeys and apes are long-lived, usually gregarious, and intelligent animals reliant on learned behavior. Learning occurs during play, mother-infant interactions, and grooming. We address these situations, and are hesitant to accept Domjan et al.'s reliance on Pavlovian conditioning as a major operant in primates.

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21

Graham, George. "CONNECTIONISM IN PAVLOVIAN HARNESS." Southern Journal of Philosophy 26, S1 (March 26, 2010): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.1988.tb00465.x.

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22

Gardner, Beatrix T., and R. Allen Gardner. "Beyond Pavlovian classical conditioning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12, no. 1 (March 1989): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00024651.

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23

Bond, Nigel W., and David A. T. Siddle. "Human Pavlovian conditioning: Commentaries." Biological Psychology 27, no. 2 (October 1988): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(88)90049-x.

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24

Talmi, D., B. Seymour, P. Dayan, and R. J. Dolan. "Human Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer." Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 2 (January 9, 2008): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4028-07.2008.

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25

Sebold, Miriam, Daniel J. Schad, Stephan Nebe, Maria Garbusow, Elisabeth Jünger, Nils B. Kroemer, Norbert Kathmann, et al. "Don't Think, Just Feel the Music: Individuals with Strong Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Effects Rely Less on Model-based Reinforcement Learning." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 7 (July 2016): 985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00945.

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Behavioral choice can be characterized along two axes. One axis distinguishes reflexive, model-free systems that slowly accumulate values through experience and a model-based system that uses knowledge to reason prospectively. The second axis distinguishes Pavlovian valuation of stimuli from instrumental valuation of actions or stimulus–action pairs. This results in four values and many possible interactions between them, with important consequences for accounts of individual variation. We here explored whether individual variation along one axis was related to individual variation along the other. Specifically, we asked whether individuals' balance between model-based and model-free learning was related to their tendency to show Pavlovian interferences with instrumental decisions. In two independent samples with a total of 243 participants, Pavlovian–instrumental transfer effects were negatively correlated with the strength of model-based reasoning in a two-step task. This suggests a potential common underlying substrate predisposing individuals to both have strong Pavlovian interference and be less model-based and provides a framework within which to interpret the observation of both effects in addiction.

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26

Burgos, José E. "A neural-network interpretation of selection in learning and behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 3 (June 2001): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01254168.

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In their account of learning and behavior, the authors define an interactor as emitted behavior that operates on the environment, which excludes Pavlovian learning. A unified neural-network account of the operant-Pavlovian dichotomy favors interpreting neurons as interactors and synaptic efficacies as replicators. The latter interpretation implies that single-synapse change is inherently Lamarckian.

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Balsam, Peter D., and Michael R. Drew. "Learning theory, feed-forward mechanisms, and the adaptiveness of conditioned responding." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 5 (October 2004): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0424016x.

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The specific mechanisms whereby Pavlovian conditioning leads to adaptive behavior need to be elaborated. There is no evidence that it is via reduction in the “destabilizing effect that time lags have on feedback control” (Domjan et al. 2000, sect. 3.3). The adaptive value of Pavlovian conditioning goes well beyond the regulation of social behavior.

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Killeen, Peter R. "Boxing Day." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00332435.

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A convincing case is made for the importance of conditioning in social interaction, but more than Pavlovian conditioning is involved: UR (unconditioned response) modification, imprinting, Skinnerian conditioning, and other forms of behavior modification are adduced as Pavlovian. Beyond its value as an icon, control theory is not brought to bear in an informative fashion on these phenomena.

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Cardinal, Claudia D., Matthew E. Andrzejewski, and Philip N. Hineline. "Is the avoiding of operant theory a Pavlovian conditioned response?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00252436.

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The proposed heavy dependence on Pavlovian conditioning to account for social behavior confounds phylogenically and ontogenically selected behavior patterns and ignores the extension of the principle of selection by consequences from biological to learning theory. Instead of acknowledging operant relations, Domjan et al. construct vaguely specified mechanisms based upon anticipatory cost-benefit considerations that are not supported by the Pavlovian conditioning literature.

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Hollis, Karen L. "Strategies for integrating biological theory, control systems theory, and Pavlovian conditioning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00322439.

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To make possible the integration proposed by Domjan et al., psychologists first need to close the research gap between behavioral ecology and the study of Pavlovian conditioning. I suggest two strategies, namely, to adopt more behavioral ecological approaches to social behavior or to co-opt problems already addressed by behavioral ecologists that are especially well suited to the study of Pavlovian conditioning.

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Rowland, William J. "Pavlovian conditioning as a product of selection." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00372430.

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Biologists recognize Pavlovian conditioning as a mechanism by which individuals can adaptively modify their social and nonsocial behavior quickly to relevant features of the natural environment. This commentary supports Domjan et al.'s point that psychologists could gain important insights by broadening the range of species and behaviors they study and by continuing to adopt a functional perspective to investigate Pavlovian conditioning and other forms of learning.

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Ostlund, Sean B., and Bernard W. Balleine. "The disunity of Pavlovian and instrumental values." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 4 (July 29, 2008): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08004925.

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AbstractA central theme of the unified framework for addiction advanced by Redish et al. is that there exists a common value or incentive process controlling Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning. Here we briefly review evidence from a variety of sources demonstrating that these incentive processes are in fact independent. Clearly the influence of Pavlovian predictors and goal values on choice offer distinct potential targets for pathologies of decision-making.

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Zbozinek, Tomislav D., Omar D. Perez, Toby Wise, Michael Fanselow, and Dean Mobbs. "Ambiguity drives higher-order Pavlovian learning." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): e1010410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010410.

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In the natural world, stimulus-outcome associations are often ambiguous, and most associations are highly complex and situation-dependent. Learning to disambiguate these complex associations to identify which specific outcomes will occur in which situations is critical for survival. Pavlovian occasion setters are stimuli that determine whether other stimuli will result in a specific outcome. Occasion setting is a well-established phenomenon, but very little investigation has been conducted on how occasion setters are disambiguated when they themselves are ambiguous (i.e., when they do not consistently signal whether another stimulus will be reinforced). In two preregistered studies, we investigated the role of higher-order Pavlovian occasion setting in humans. We developed and tested the first computational model predicting direct associative learning, traditional occasion setting (i.e., 1st-order occasion setting), and 2nd-order occasion setting. This model operationalizes stimulus ambiguity as a mechanism to engage in higher-order Pavlovian learning. Both behavioral and computational modeling results suggest that 2nd-order occasion setting was learned, as evidenced by lack and presence of transfer of occasion setting properties when expected and the superior fit of our 2nd-order occasion setting model compared to the 1st-order occasion setting or direct associations models. These results provide a controlled investigation into highly complex associative learning and may ultimately lead to improvements in the treatment of Pavlovian-based mental health disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders, substance use).

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Domjan, Michael, Elisabeth Blesbois, and John Williams. "The Adaptive Significance of Sexual Conditioning: Pavlovian Control of Sperm Release." Psychological Science 9, no. 5 (September 1998): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00077.

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Male quail received Pavlovian conditioning trials that consisted of placement in a distinctive experimental chamber (the conditioned stimulus) paired with the opportunity to copulate with a female (the unconditioned stimulus). For control subjects, exposures to the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli were unpaired. After four and six trials, each subject was placed in the experimental chamber with a probe stimulus that included some of the visual cues of a female's head and neck. Pavlovian conditioning increased how much time subjects spent near the probe stimulus. Conditioned subjects also released greater volumes of semen and greater numbers of spermatozoa than the control subjects. Significant differences were not obtained in serum testosterone levels or in other measures of sperm quality. These results demonstrate that sexual Pavlovian conditioning can affect reflexes involved in sperm release and thereby modulate reproductive fitness.

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35

Vogel, Edgar H., Fernando P. Ponce, and Allan R. Wagner. "The development and present status of the SOP model of associative learning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 2 (May 23, 2018): 346–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818777074.

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The Sometimes Opponent Processes (SOP) model in its original form was especially calculated to address how expected unconditioned stimulus (US) and conditioned stimulus (CS) are rendered less effective than their novel counterparts in Pavlovian conditioning. Its several elaborations embracing the essential notion have extended the scope of the model to integrate a much greater number of phenomena of Pavlovian conditioning. Here, we trace the development of the model and add further thoughts about its extension and refinement.

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36

Williams, Ben A. "Pavlovian contingencies and anticipatory contrast." Animal Learning & Behavior 18, no. 1 (March 1990): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03205238.

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37

Parker, B. Kent, Sherry L. Serdikoff, Barbara J. Kaminski, and Thomas S. Critchfield. "STIMULUS CONTROL OF PAVLOVIAN FACILITATION." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 55, no. 3 (May 1991): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1991.55-275.

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38

Crow, Terry, and Lian-Ming Tian. "Pavlovian Conditioning inHermissenda:A Circuit Analysis." Biological Bulletin 210, no. 3 (June 2006): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4134565.

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39

Ghirlanda, Stefano. "Pavlovian summation: Data and theory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 48, no. 2 (April 2022): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xan0000265.

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40

Lachnit, Harald, and Achim Bohn. "Pavlovian conditioning with proximal stimuli." Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 21, no. 4 (October 1986): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02734514.

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41

Stoyukhina, N., and A. L. Zhuravlev. "“Pavlovian” session: a new reading." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 42, no. 5 (October 2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920017073-6.

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An attempt was made to take a fresh look at a significant event for Soviet science that happened more than 70 years ago – the Joint scientific session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, dedicated to the problems of the physiological doctrine of academician I.P. Pavlov (June 28 – July 4, 1950). The memoirs of contemporaries of that memorable event were analyzed based on a new reading of the speeches of the participants, published in the verbatim record of the scientific session. For the first time, authors examined the report of the physiologist M.M. Koltsova, who was considered one of those who wanted and offered to “close” psychology. Also, for the first time in historiography of the “Pavlovian” session, authors analyzed the unfulfilled (but published in the verbatim record) speech of the employee of the Institute of philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.A. Petrushevsky, in which he highlighted the state of contemporary psychology in the USSR and outlined the prospects for its development. As a significant result of the analysis of the materials reflected in the verbatim record authors considered the fact that in the texts of the speeches and in the resolution of the session there was not found an extremely (sharply) negative mention of psychology and psychologists, therefore, the opinion of some authors about the existing decision to “close” psychology, expressed in the session, has not yet been confirmed. Some consequences of this scientific event were considered: the teaching of I.P. Pavlov began to spread directively; after the death of I.V. Stalin the interest in Pavlov's works declined; there were words about the urgent need to create a special psychological institution in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It is shown that the session caused a high activity of psychologists, which led to the strengthening of its methodological positions and scientific-organizational structures.

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Christie, John. "Spatial contiguity facilitates Pavlovian conditioning." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3, no. 3 (September 1996): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03210760.

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43

Swartzentruber, Dale. "Modulatory mechanisms in Pavlovian conditioning." Animal Learning & Behavior 23, no. 2 (June 1995): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03199928.

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Fiori, Lisa M., Robert C. Barnet, and Ralph R. Miller. "Renewal of Pavlovian conditioned inhibition." Animal Learning & Behavior 22, no. 1 (March 1994): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03199955.

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Rescorla, R. A. "Behavioral Studies of Pavlovian Conditioning." Annual Review of Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (March 1988): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001553.

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46

Maren, Stephen. "Neurobiology of Pavlovian Fear Conditioning." Annual Review of Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (March 2001): 897–931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.897.

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47

Tonneau, François. "Verbal understanding and Pavlovian processes." Behavior Analyst Today 5, no. 2 (2004): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100029.

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48

Averbeck, Bruno B. "Pavlovian patterns in the amygdala." Nature Neuroscience 22, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 1949–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0543-8.

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49

Domjan, Michael. "Pavlovian Conditioning: A Functional Perspective." Annual Review of Psychology 56, no. 1 (February 2005): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141409.

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Long, Debra L. "COMMENTARY: CONNECTIONISM IN PAVLOVIAN HARNESS." Southern Journal of Philosophy 26, S1 (March 26, 2010): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.1988.tb00466.x.

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