Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pavlovian Conditioning'
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Stanhope, Kelly Jean. "Reinforcer representations in Pavlovian conditioning." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.257041.
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Murphy, Robin A. J. "Relative contingency learning in Pavlovian conditioning." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0026/NQ50226.pdf.
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Harmer, Catherine Jane. "Environmental manipulations of appetitive Pavlovian conditioning." Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265664.
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Dopson, Jemma. "Fate of irrelevant stimuli in Pavlovian conditioning." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54505/.
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This thesis investigated the fate of irrelevant stimuli in Pavlovian conditioning. In Chapter 1, several theories of learning were evaluated with respect to findings related to blocking (Kamin, 1969) and the relative validity effect (Wagner, Logan, Haberlandt & Price 1968). The majority of these theories explain such effects by assuming that little is learned about irrelevant stimuli (e.g. Rescorla & Wagner, 1972 Mackintosh, 1975a Pearce & Hall, 1980). In contrast, the comparator hypothesis (e.g. Miller and Matzel, 1988) makes the assumption that learning about irrelevant stimuli occurs, but is not expressed. The three experiments reported in Chapter 2 tested this assumption using an extended version of the blocking procedure. In each case, an arrangement which, according to the comparator hypothesis, should cause a reversal of blocking failed to produce this result. The findings were, however, consistent with theories which assume that little is learned about irrelevant stimuli. The experiments reported in Chapters 3,4 and 5 were conducted to determine whether little is learned about these stimuli because animals do not attend to them (e.g. Mackintosh, 1975a Pearce & Hall, 1980). Discrimination training designed to measure associability changes was given, using an autoshaping procedure with pigeons, and a Pavlovian conditioning procedure with rats. The results ruled out several non-attentional interpretations, and suggested that an attentional process was involved, which, rather than directing the eyes towards relevant stimuli and away from irrelevant stimuli, operated once all stimuli had been perceived. The results were consistent with the theory of attention proposed by Mackintosh, although it is acknowledged that this theory has its limitations. In the final chapter, two hybrid theories that overcome these limitations were discussed.
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Urcelay, Gonzalo Pablo. "Potentiation and overshadowing in Pavlovian fear conditioning." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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Overduin, Barend Jan Joost. "Pavlovian conditioning and binge eating some empirical explorations /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Rijksuniversiteit Limburg ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1996. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6270.
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Swan, J. "The role of predictive accuracy in Pavlovian conditioning." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378415.
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Garfield, Joshua Benjamin Bernard Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "FG7142 attenuates expression of overexpectation in Pavlovian fear conditioning." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43241.
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The experiments reported in this thesis studied the mechanisms of expression of overexpectation of conditioned fear, as measured by freezing. In Stage I, rats were conditioned to fear a tone and a flashing light conditioned stimulus (CS) through pairings with a 0.5 mA, 1 s shock. In Stage II, overexpectation was trained by the reinforcement of a compound of these CSs with a shock of the same magnitude. Two compound ?? shock pairings produced an overexpectation effect, as measured by freezing to presentations of the tone alone, while further Stage II training caused over-training of overexpectation. Expression of the overexpectation effect produced by two compound ?? shock pairings could be prevented by pre-test injection of the benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist FG7142. This effect was dose-dependent and not due to state-dependent memory. Control experiments suggested that it was also not due to any general effect of FG7142 on the Pavlovian freezing response. Freezing to a tone that had been conditioned, but not subjected to any decremental training procedures, was unaffected by administration of FG7142 before either the conditioning or test session. FG7142 also did not affect freezing to a tone that had been subjected to an associative blocking procedure. The hypothesis that overexpectation of conditioned fear may be context-dependent was also tested. However, renewal was not observed. Rats that received Stage II training in a context distinct from the Stage I training context showed equivalent expression of overexpectation regardless of whether testing was conducted in the Stage I or Stage II training context. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that overexpectation, like extinction, leads to the imposition of a GABAA receptor-mediated mask on the fear CR. Moreover, they suggest that this masking of fear is the specific consequence of negative predictive error.
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Levita, Liat. "Pavlovian aversive conditioning : the role of the nucleus accumbens." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621288.
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Jones, Dirk Andrew. "Functional neuroanatomy of blocking and inhibition of Pavlovian conditioning /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Wachtel, Jonathan Miller. "Pavlovian Conditioning Between Cocaine Stimulant Effects and a Discrete Sensory Cue: Implementation of an Alternating Conditioning Procedure." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1312045624.
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Hall, J. "The roles of the amygdala and hippocampus in Pavlovian conditioning." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599869.
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This thesis investigates the roles of the amygdala and hippocampus in Pavlovian conditioning. Three questions are addressed. First, what is the involvement of discrete sub-nuclei of the amygdala in Pavlovian conditioning? Second, what molecular processes accompany the retrieval of Pavlovian associations? Third, what changes in gene expression are induced during the acquisition of a Pavlovian association? The basolateral region of the amygdala (BLA) is widely believed to represent the site of CS-US association in Pavlovian conditioning. Recent experiments have however suggested that the BLA may play a more restricted role in Pavlovian conditioning, and that other nuclei and within and outside the amygdala can support the formation of Pavlovian associations. In a first series of experiments the effect of BLA lesions on aversive Pavlovian conditioning were investigated. Lesions of the BLA were found to disrupt conditioning to both discrete and contextual stimuli, as assessed by conditioned freezing, but the effect of BLA lesions on contextual conditioning was ameliorated by additional training. In a second group of experiments the effect of amygdala lesions on the ability of Pavlovian cues to motivate instrumental responding (Pavlovian to instrumental transfer, PIT) was studied. Lesions of the BLA were found to be without effect on PIT, but lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeN) abolished this effect, as did lesions of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) core. These results demonstrate that there are dissociable roles of the BLA and CeN within Pavlovian conditioning, and suggest that the CeN and NAcc core interact in PIT.
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Rigby, Peter Thomas. "Synaptic plasticity processes underlying consolidation and reconsolidation of Pavlovian conditioning." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607146.
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In the field of drug addiction, relapse back to drug seeking and taking is the major unmet clinical need. The rate of relapse back to drug-taking is ~70-80% within a year of drug abstinence. Gaining a better understanding of the prolonged neuronal changes that have taken place during drug addiction may lead to the design of better anti-relapse therapies. It is now widely believed that one component of drug addiction is by aberrant learning and memory processes. To study this, we investigated synaptic changes caused by the development of drug-seeking behaviour in C57BL/6J mice. Mice were treated either with non-contingent morphine or trained to exhibit drug-seeking behaviour following morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) training, hippocampal slices were taken from these animals and synaptic changes examined at the CA3-CA1 synapse using electrophysiological methods. Mice that underwent morphine CPP were demonstrated to exhibit a significant preference for the morphine paired compartment before ex vivo electrophysiological analysis. Using field recordings, both non-contingent morphine and morphine CPP treatments resulted in a reduced ability to undergo stimulus-induced LTP compared to their respective controls. Whole cell patch clamp was then utilised to further investigate these effects. Non-contingent morphine treatment resulted in both pre- and post-synaptic changes with an increased AMPA:NMDA receptor ratio, concurrent increases in cell size, and reductions in the release probability of both glutamate and GABA. Morphine CPP treatment resulted in a more variable increase in AMPA:NMDA receptor ratio (presumably by the same mechanism but in a more specific group of neurones) and GABA release probability was also decreased. There were no detected increases in cell size however, or any detected changes in glutamate release probability. These findings therefore reveal a set of synaptic adaptations in the hippocampus unique to morphine-induced behavioural change, and may provide targets for future intervention in drug addiction.
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Quail, Stephanie Louise. "The Associative Mechanism & Neural Correlates of Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer in Humans." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18244.
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The ability to adapt to a changing environment requires the ability to extract predictive information to guide future action. Predictive information regarding the relationship between the performance of an action, or some external stimulus, and the delivery of a rewarding outcome can influence behaviour. Additionally, these processes can interact; reward-predictive stimuli can influence action-selection and guide choice, effects that can be examined in the laboratory using tests of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT). In these tests, a stimulus associated with a specific outcome biases action-selection towards actions previously been associated with that same outcome (specific transfer – sPIT) whereas a stimulus predicting an outcome not earned by any action can increase the vigour of instrumental responding (general transfer – gPIT). This thesis examines the psychological and neural processes that underlie the expression of PIT in humans. Although extensive research in rodents has attempted to clarify the mechanism through which independently trained Pavlovian stimuli are able to influence action, and the neural circuitry involved in the expression of this effect, to date there has been limited research investigating PIT in humans. To address this, a behavioural task adapted from the rodent literature was used to examine the influence of Pavlovian stimuli on both sPIT and gPIT; i.e., on the effects of predictive stimuli on response bias and response vigour in a comparable manner to the established research in rodents.
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Leung, Hiu Tin Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Spontaneous recovery in Pavlovian fear extinction and latent inhibition." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43701.
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The experiments reported in the present thesis examined the behavioural processes of Pavlovian fear extinction and latent inhibition. The first series of experiments studied the reacquisition of extinguished fear responses following different amounts of extinction training. Rapid reacquisition occurred when rats were reconditioned after moderate extinction, showing that the original learning remained intact across this extinction. In contrast, when reconditioning was given after massive extinction, reconditioned responding was first depressed but then spontaneously recovered over time. This suggests that massive extinction produces a relatively permanent loss of the originally learned responding, while additionally imposes on the extinguished CS a transient latent inhibitory process that prevented the immediate but not the delayed expression of reconditioning. The second series of experiments studied the impact of spontaneous recovery of extinguished fear responses on their additional extinction. These experiments demonstrated that a CS that had time to show spontaneous recovery underwent greater response loss across additional extinction than one lacking recovery. They also showed that an excitor extinguished in compound with a CS showing recovery suffered greater response loss than an excitor extinguished in compound with a CS lacking recovery. Further, extinction of a compound composed of two CSs, one showing recovery and a second lacking recovery, produced greater extinction to the CS that showed recovery. These results show that spontaneous recovery of extinguished responses deepens their extinction through an error-correction mechanism regulated by both common and individual error terms. The third series of experiments studied the spontaneous recovery of latently inhibited and extinguished fear responses in within-subject designs. Using a compound test procedure, a CS that had received extensive preexposure or extensive extinction was found to have undergone greater spontaneous recovery relative to a CS just moderately preexposed or moderately extinguished. A CS given a mixed history of preexposure and extinction also underwent greater recovery relative to a CS just preexposed or just extinguished. These results suggest that both latent inhibition and extinction share a transient depressive process, and that the resulting recovery of responding is proportional to the amount of this depression.
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Morutto, Sara Lidia. "Role of the perifornical region of the lateral hypothalamus in appetitive conditioning." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288040.
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Ulmen, Adam Richard. "The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 renders pavlovian fear conditioning state-dependent." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1430140456.
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Villarreal, Ronald Paul. "Pavlovian conditioning of social affiliative behavior in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Leonard, Sarah. "Mediated learning in the rat : implications for perceptual learning." Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265556.
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Chow, Jonathan J. "EXAMINING MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AND RECONSOLIDATION IN AN APPETITIVE PAVLOVIAN TASK." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/84.
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Memory plays an important role in defining how one behaves. The neurobiological mechanisms of memory have been studied extensively in animal models and the NMDA glutamate receptor has been identified to play an important role in the consolidation and reconsolidation of appetitive memories. Certain memories, depending on what was learned, can function differently and can be more difficult to disrupt based on a number of factors. Currently, no study has examined whether or not a reward-predictive stimulus attributed with incentive value is more difficult to disrupt than a stimulus that functions as a general reward-predictor. To determine the role of the NMDA receptor on memory consolidation with different functioning reward-predictive stimuli rats underwent a Pavlovian conditioned approach, where a post-session NMDA receptor antagonist was administered daily. Furthermore, to determine the role of the NMDA receptor on memory reconsolidation, another set of rats were trained on a Pavlovian conditioned approach task, after training was complete rats were presented with a reward-predictive stimuli followed by an administration of a NMDA receptor antagonist and then re-tested.
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Prevel, Arthur. "Etude du conditionnement rétrograde dans une procédure de renforcement conditionné." Thesis, Lille 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL30040/document.
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Chez l’espèce humaine comme pour de nombreuses autres espèces animales, lorsque des stimuli environnementaux précèdent de façon régulière la présentation d’événements importants pour un individu, ces stimuli vont acquérir sous certaines conditions la capacité à évoquer des comportements dits d’anticipation. Cette capacité est considérée par de nombreux auteurs comme ayant une haute valeur adaptative, favorisant le contact avec des événements appétitifs et permettant l’évitement d’événements aversifs. Ces dernières décennies, deschercheurs ont initié un rapprochement entre le phénomène d’anticipation et le conditionnement Pavlovien. Ce rapprochement repose à la fois sur une similarité dans les caractéristiques des événements mis en jeux mais surtout sur de nombreux effets et phénomènes semblables, amenant ces auteurs à considérer que les comportements ditsd’anticipation, d’une façon générale, reposeraient sur le processus Pavlovien. Leconditionnement Pavlovien offre une littérature extrêmement riche dont l’une des principalesquestions de recherche concerne le problème des conditions à l’apparition du processus.Parmi les hypothèses existantes, l’Hypothèse de l’Information est sans aucun doute l’une desplus importantes par son influence. Selon cette hypothèse, un apprentissage associatifPavlovien n’aura lieu que lorsqu’un événement important sera présenté de façon inattendu à un sujet, et l’apprentissage, ou les associations apprises, ne porteront que sur des stimuli prédictifs de l’événement important (i.e. permettant son anticipation). A travers deux expériences appliquant une procédure de conditionnement rétrograde à une procédure de renforcement conditionné, nous avons cherché à tester les propositions faites par cette hypothèse. Nos résultats vont directement à l’encontre de ces propositions et vont au contraire dans le sens de deux autres propositions théoriques faites sur le conditionnement Pavlovien,illustrées par le modèle SOP et l’Hypothèse du Codage Temporel. Ces deux propositions sont testées au sein d’une troisième et dernière expérience, dont les implications pour ces modèles comme pour la conceptualisation du conditionnement Pavlovien et de l’anticipation de façon générale sont discutéesIn human and non-human animals, environmental stimuli that reliably accompany the presentation of significant events are able after repeated exposures of eliciting anticipatory behaviors. Many authors underlined the adaptive value of anticipatory responses, and suggested a connection with Pavlovian conditioning. Linking anticipatory behaviors to Pavlovian conditioning is supported by the similarity in procedure (i.e. a pairing between a neutral stimulus with a significant event), but also on the common effects and phenomena, and the authors assume that Pavlovian conditioning is the process underlying the anticipation of events. This assumption is at the heart of the Information Hypothesis, and more generally of a functional and predictive perspective of Pavlovian conditioning. According to the Information Hypothesis, Pavlovian conditioning only occurs when an unexpected significant event is presented, and learning (i.e. the formation of association) would be about stimuli that allow the anticipation of the significant event. Using a backward conditioning procedure in a conditioned reinforcement preparation, we tested the assumptions made by the Information Hypothesis. The results found argue against the Information Hypothesis and, in contrast, support the assumption made by two others types of leaning models, illustrated by the Temporal Coding Hypothesis and the SOP model. The Temporal Coding Hypothesis and SOP are tested in a third experiment. Implications for Pavlovian conditioning models and anticipatory behaviors in general are discussed
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Murphy, Robin A. J. "Pavlovian conditioning is the consequence of more than just the number of CS-US pairings." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69630.
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Three Pavlovian conditioning experiments with rats were performed to test predictions from models of associative learning. The procedure in all 3 experiments involved assessing conditioned responding to a Light that was compounded with either perfect or imperfect auditory signals for food. In Experiment 1 a partially reinforced Light which signaled 100% of the food pellets acquired a greater ability to elicit a conditioned response when the auditory cues with which it was paired were relatively poor predictors of the food. In Experiment 2 the Light was still a moderate positive predictor for food, but food was presented both in the presence and absence of the Light. Responding to the Light again was reliably higher when the auditory cues were poor predictors of food. Experiment 3 replicated the results from Experiment 2 and included two control conditions to assess sensitivity to the absolute validity of the Light. In both control conditions the Light was uncorrelated with the US. In one condition the number of food presentations was the same as in the experimental condition, while in the second the number of Light-food pairings was maintained. Results suggested that regardless of the absolute contingency of the Light responding was higher when the auditory cues were uncorrelated with food. These findings suggest that associative models of cue competition make accurate predictions of conditioned behavior following exposure to multiple predictors of reinforcement.
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Ryan, Katherine M. "Methodological differences in Pavlovian fear learning, extinction and return of fear." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/410147.
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Examining methodological differences in fear conditioning and extinction studies is a growing area of research, inspired by the recent ‘replication crisis’ in psychological research. Determining whether methodological differences of fear conditioning and extinction paradigms contribute to inconsistent findings is important in terms of the translational value of this paradigm as an experimental analogue of exposure-based cognitive behavioural therapy. The aim of this thesis was to improve the experimental methodology of fear conditioning and extinction studies, by addressing three key questions: 1) Are there parameters of fear conditioning and extinction tasks that differentiate successful from unsuccessful extinction in studies with children and youth; 2) Do different types and combinations of within-phase subjective measures affect within-phase physiological and between-phase measures of fear conditioning and extinction; and 3) Does behavioural memory reconsolidation in the form of cue reactivation with versus without instructions differentially impact extinction and return of fear?
Question one was addressed by conducting a systematic review of 35 fear conditioning and extinction studies conducted with children and adolescents (Chapter 2, Ryan et al., 2019). This review revealed that successful extinction was observed in studies that used fear irrelevant shapes (CS) and tones (US) (recommended for all youth) or fear relevant faces (CS) and screams (US) (recommended only for adolescents) as well as those studies that used 8 – 12 CS trials per acquisition and extinction phase. The most commonly used and effective dependent measures were skin conductance responses (SCRs) and subjective ratings of CS valence, fearfulness and arousal. Fear potentiated startle (FPS) was also effective, however less commonly used with children. It was suggested that standard measures be adopted for subjective ratings
scales to assist in comparisons across studies. It was recommended that both physiological measures of SCRs and/or FPS be assessed, as well as within-phase subjective measures of US expectancy ratings and CS evaluations and between-phase measures of CS valence, CS arousal and subjective anxiety. Also, additional measures of contingency awareness and US intensity and pleasantness after the conditioning phase was recommended. The review identified unresolved issues and directions for future research to further clarify the most effective designs and measures.
The first experimental study (Chapter 3, Ryan et al., 2021) aimed to address one of the issues identified in Ryan et al. (2019) relating to whether different combinations of within-phase subjective measures of US expectancy and CS evaluations would influence skin conductance responses and between-phase subjective ratings of CS valence, CS arousal and subjective anxiety. The fear conditioning and extinction study involved 88 participants aged between 17- 25 years recruited from first year university psychology students. The Control condition (N =22) included the assessment of SCRs and between-phase ratings. Relative to the Control condition, the US Expectancy condition (N= 21) additionally included within-phase US expectancy ratings throughout each phase, the CS Evaluation condition (N = 21) additionally included within-phase CS evaluations, and the All Measures condition (N = 23) additionally included both within-phase US expectancy and CS evaluations. Within-phase subjective measures influenced learning by changes in arousal measured by SCRs, however they did not influence between-phase ratings. Rating the within-phase US expectancy alone resulted in successful conditioning, extinction and extinction retention of differential SCRs. Providing the within-phase CS evaluation alone resulted in successful conditioning but no extinction of differential SCRs although extinction did occur at the end of the test phase. For the control condition (no within-phase measures), there was also no extinction of SCRs that remained until the end of the test phase. Rating both within-
phase measures resulted in successful conditioning and extinction of differential SCRs; however, the arousal was elevated compared to other conditions. The All measures condition also had a return of differential SCRs during the test phase. It was concluded that researchers need to consider the aims and objectives of their study because different types and combinations of within-phase subjective ratings may influence the outcomes.
The second experimental study (Chapter 4, Ryan et al., under review) investigated a notable methodological difference in behavioural memory reconsolidation studies, in which some studies but not others include instructions before the cue reactivation manipulation. The goal was to determine whether instructions influence extinction and the return of differential fear responses. Participants were recruited from first year university psychology students (N = 109) with an age range of 17 - 40 years. Four conditions tested the role of instructions on cue reactivation by presenting the cue with (CS+ Instruct) and without instructions (CS+ Only) relative to two conditions that controlled for the role of instructions alone (Instruct Only) and no cue or instructions (Control). Participants completed acquisition, extinction and test phases within a single session, using fear relevant dog pictures and an aversive auditory unconditional stimulus (US). Measures included skin conductance responses (SCRs), within-phase US expectancy, between-phase CS evaluations and subjective anxiety. No condition differences were found - all conditions demonstrated extinction retention of SCRs in the test phase. There were also no condition differences in US expectancy ratings within-phase and CS evaluations between-phase. Subjective anxiety ratings also showed no differences between conditions, although fear reduced after extinction for all conditions. The findings found no support for instructions before cue reactivation and no support for behavioural memory reconsolidation.
Three general conclusions were drawn from the results of the systematic review and the two experimental studies: 1) Parameters of fear conditioning and extinction tasks can differentiate successful from unsuccessful extinction; 2) Different types and combinations of within-phase subjective measures affect physiological measures of fear conditioning and extinction studies; and 3) Cue reactivation with or without instructions during behavioural memory consolidation does not impact extinction and the return of fear. Future research implications and recommendations are discussed. The findings from the current PhD program of research have methodological implications for future fear conditioning and extinction studies and add to the literature focused on improving scientific rigour and the replication crisis in psychological research.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Washio, Yukiko. "Pavlovian conditioning of LPS-induced TNF-a regulation, sickness behavior and taste aversion in mice." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3320564.
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Lesaint, Florian. "Modélisation du conditionnement animal par représentations factorisées dans un système d'apprentissage dual : explication des différences inter-individuelles aux niveaux comportemental et neurophysiologique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066287/document.
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Le conditionnement Pavlovien, l'acquisition de réponses vers des stimuli neutres associés à des récompenses, et le conditionnement instrumental, l'expression de comportements pour atteindre des buts, sont au cœur de nos capacités d'apprentissage. Ils sont souvent étudiés séparément malgré les preuves de leur enchevêtrement. Les modèles de conditionnement instrumental reposent sur le formalisme de l'apprentissage par renforcement (RL), alors que les modèles du conditionnement Pavlovien reposent surtout sur des architectures dédiées souvent incompatibles avec ce formalisme, compliquant l'étude de leurs interactions.Notre objectif est de trouver des concepts, qui combinés à des modèles RL puissent offrir une architecture unifiée permettant une telle étude. Nous développons un modèle qui combine un système RL classique, qui apprend une valeur par état, avec un système RL révisé, évaluant les stimuli séparément et biaisant le comportement vers ceux associés aux récompenses. Le modèle explique certaines réponses inadaptées par l'interaction néfaste des systèmes, ainsi que certaines différences inter-individuelles par une simple variation au niveau de la population de la contribution de chaque système dans le comportement global.Il explique une activité inattendue de la dopamine, vis-à-vis de l'hypothèse qu'elle encode un signal d'erreur, par son calcul sur les stimuli et non les états. Il est aussi compatible avec une hypothèse alternative que la dopamine contribue aussi à rendre certains stimuli recherchés pour eux-mêmes. Le modèle présente des propriétés prometteuses pour l'étude du conditionnement Pavlovien,du conditionnement instrumental et de leurs interactionsPavlovian conditioning, the acquisition of responses to neutral stimuli previously paired with rewards, and instrumental conditioning, the acquisition of goal-oriented responses, are central to our learning capacities. However, despite some evidences of entanglement, they are mainly studied separately. Reinforcement learning (RL), learning by trials and errors to reach goals, is central to models of instrumental conditioning, while models of Pavlovian conditioning rely on more dedicated and often incompatible architectures. This complicates the study of their interactions. We aim at finding concepts which combined with RL models may provide a unifying architecture to allow such a study. We develop a model that combines a classical RL system, learning values over states, with a revised RL system, learning values over individual stimuli and biasing the behaviour towards reward-related ones. It explains maladaptive behaviours in pigeons by the detrimental interaction of systems, and inter-individual differences in rats by a simple variation at the population level in the contribution of each system to the overall behaviour. It explains unexpected dopaminergic patterns with regard to the dominant hypothesis that dopamine parallels a reward prediction error signal by computing such signal over features rather than states, and makes it compatible with an alternative hypothesis that dopamine also contributes to the acquisition of incentive salience, making reward-related stimuli wanted for themselves. The present model shows promising properties for the investigation of Pavlovian conditioning, instrumental conditioning and their interactions
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Keefer, Sara Elizabeth. "The Influence of the Basolateral Amygdala-medial Prefrontal Cortex Circuitry in Appetitive Cue Learning and Valuation." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107940.
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Thesis advisor: Gorica D. PetrovichEnvironmental cues that are neutral in respect to hunger and feeding can come to predict food through Pavlovian appetitive conditioning. These learned cues can drive food seeking and eating independent of physiological hunger leading to overeating and obesity. However, the food outcome, and thus the value of the cues, can change due to environmental alterations. A change in the values of learned cues requires altering behavioral responses to accurately reflect the cue’s new outcome. This behavioral flexibility is necessary to respond appropriately to changes in the environment and, as such, is an adaptive trait. The aim of this dissertation was to determine critical neural mechanisms specifically within the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and also with its interactions with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during behavioral flexibility when outcomes of learned appetitive cues change using the appetitive reversal learning paradigm. The main focus was on the BLA (Chapter 2) and its connection with the mPFC (Chapters 3 and 4) since both of these areas are critical in appetitive cue learning and valuation and subsequent behavioral modifications. The first study in this dissertation examined if separate neuronal ensembles within the BLA respond to different learned cues, a cue that signals food availability and a cue that does not. Additionally, we investigated if these potentially distinct neuronal ensembles are necessary during periods of behavioral flexibility when the value of the specific learned cues are changed during reversal learning. We determined that there are distinct neuronal ensembles within the BLA that respond to different learned cues, and that the cue-specific ensembles are necessary for updating the value of each specific cue (Chapter 2). Next, we examined a projection target of the BLA, the mPFC, to determine if BLA-projecting neurons are activated during learning (Chapter 3). Using retrograde tract tracing combined with Fos detection, we found recruitment of the anterior BLA to prelimbic area of the mPFC across cue-food learning, signifying that the BLA can inform the mPFC of the value of learned cues. Then to establish that communication between the BLA and mPFC is necessary for cue value learning and updating (Chapter 4), we functionally disconnected communication between these regions and examined appetitive learning using discriminative conditioning, reversal learning, and devaluation paradigms. We found impairments in cue value recall and subsequent updating of the cues’ values during reversal learning. Together, these studies indicate the BLA may be important in informing the mPFC of the value of learned cues, and their interaction is critical to optimally guide behavioral responding. The findings from these experiments are valuable for our understanding of the neural mechanisms that motivate eating behavior under the control of learned food cues and to understand the mechanisms necessary for behavioral flexibility when the outcomes of learned cues are changed
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology
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Ebrahimi, Claudia. "Neural mechanisms and pharmacological modulation of Pavlovian learning." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22354.
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Einige psychische Störungen, darunter Angst- und Suchterkrankungen, zeichnen sich durch eine abnorme Beteiligung basaler assoziativer Lernprozesse aus. Pawlow’sche Rückfallphänomene den langfristigen Erfolg extinktionsbasierter Therapien. Damit kommt der Untersuchung pharmakologischer Interventionen zur Unterstützung des Extinktionslernens bzw. -abrufs eine zentrale Bedeutung zu.
Die vorliegende Dissertation umfasst vier Studien und bedient sich translationaler Pawlow’scher Lernmodelle, um (i) behaviorale und neuronale Mechanismen appetitiver Pawlow’scher Rückfallphänomene beim Menschen zu untersuchen (Studien I und II) sowie (ii) den Effekt des partiellen NMDA Rezeptor Agonisten D-Cycloserin (DCS) zur Unterstützung des Extinktionslernens appetitiver und aversiver Stimuli zu testen (Studien III und IV).
Studie I demonstriert, dass appetitive Pawlow’sche Rückfalleffekte im Labor untersucht werden können und lieferte Evidenz für differenzielle Einflüsse der Amygdala und des vmPFC beim Wiederauftreten der konditionierten Reaktion. Studie II belegt die Sensitivität verschiedener, teilweise neuer okularer Reaktionsmaße für die appetitive Konditionierungsforschung. Studie III zeigte, dass DCS mit einer attenuierten BOLD-Antwort in der Amygdala und einer gesteigerten funktionellen Amygdala-vmPFC Konnektivität während des appetitiven Extinktionsabrufs assoziiert war. Studie IV ergab, dass Probanden der DCS- Gruppe attenuierte Arousal Ratings wie auch neuronale Aktivierungen in der Amygdala und dem posterioren Hippocampus im Vergleich zur Placebo-Gruppe aufwiesen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit erweitert unser Verständnis appetitiver Pawlow’scher Rückfallphänomene und weist dem vmPFC eine bedeutsame Rolle beim Extinktionsabruf zu. Weiterhin unterstützt sie die Hypothese, dass DCS das Extinktionslernen unterstützt und damit Rückfallphänomene reduziert.Pavlovian learning mechanisms play an important role in the development, maintenance, and relapse of psychiatric conditions like drug addiction and anxiety disorders. Pavlovian relapse phenomena challenge the long-term success of extinction-based exposure treatments. As such, investigating pharmacological adjuncts that could help to improve extinction learning or long- term retention are of great clinical importance. This dissertation comprises four studies applying translational human laboratory models of Pavlovian learning (i) to characterize the behavioral and neural mechanisms of appetitive Pavlovian relapse (Studies I and II), and (ii) to investigate D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial NMDA receptor agonist, as a pharmacological adjunct to augment Pavlovian extinction learning of appetitive and aversive stimuli (Studies III and IV). In Study I, we showed that appetitive Pavlovian relapse can be successfully modeled in the laboratory and provided evidence for opposing roles of amygdala and vmPFC in mediating the return of conditioned responding. Study II showed the usefulness of different and partly novel ocular response measures for appetitive conditioning research. Finally, we found DCS to attenuate amygdala reactivity during appetitive extinction recall and enhance amygdala-vmPFC coupling (Study III). Corroborating these results, Study IV showed DCS to reduce return of fear on behavioral arousal ratings and in brain areas associated with defense reactions like amygdala and posterior hippocampus. Overall, the present work extends evidence on experimentally induced return of fear to the appetitive research domain and suggests an overarching regulatory role of the vmPFC during extinction recall. Finally, it supports the hypothesis that DCS can augment extinction learning, thereby reducing the risk of relapse phenomena.
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Newmark, Jordan A. "Sex Differences in Orexin Activation Patterns of Fear-Cue Induced Inhibition of Eating in Rats." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104427.
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Thesis advisor: Gorica PetrovichThesis advisor: Christina Reppucci
In order to understand the neurobiological basis for the phenomenon in which environmental cues override physiological cues to influence the behavioral control of feeding, we utilized an animal model for fear-cue induced inhibition of eating. Female rats that had learned to associate a tone with foot-shocks showed inhibition of eating across three extinction tests, whereas male rats that had received tone-shock pairings extinguished their inhibition of eating after the first test day. We assessed activation of orexin (ORX), a neuropeptide involved in eating and arousal, in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of the brains of male and female control and experimental rats during the final test day. Female rats exhibited greater recruitment of ORX neurons in the LHA than male rats; there was no difference in ORX activation between control and experimental groups of either sex, indicating that ORX is involved in sex differences in fear-cue induced inhibition of eating
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Psychology
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Kuthyar, Meghana. "Extinction of fear-cue induced inhibition of eating in male and female rats: Activation of brainstem nuclei." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104426.
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Thesis advisor: Gorica D. PetrovichThesis advisor: Christina Reppucci
We are interested in exploring the instances in which environmental controls can override physiologic or homeostatic cues, and additionally the areas of the brain that might be implicated in such behavioral effects. For this study, we replicated a previously established behavioral finding in which male and female rats show fear-cue induced inhibition of eating, and that female rats take longer than male rats to extinguish this behavior. We assessed brain activation via Fos-expression in the NTS and DMX in the brainstem and found that males had higher brainstem activation than females during extinction of fear-cue induced inhibition of eating. Additionally, female experimental rats had suppressed activity in the caudal NTS compared to female control rats. The data from this study support our hypotheses that there are distinct activation patterns in the brainstem during the extinguishing of inhibition of eating, and that there are sex differences in these activation patterns
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology Honors Program
Discipline: Psychology
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Reinhardt, Emily K. "The NR2B subunit and differential rearing: the role of the amygdala and hippocampus in the acquisition of Pavlovian conditioned fear." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20335.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Psychological Sciences
Mary Cain
Research has demonstrated that an enriched rearing environment improves learning in many tasks. However, growing evidence suggests that an enriched environment may not provide the same benefits during a fear conditioning paradigm. In fact, it appears that an isolated rearing environment may facilitate acquisition of fear to an aversive stimulus. The neural mechanisms responsible for this disparity in fear learning among differentially reared animals are currently unknown. The NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor has been shown to be involved in the acquisition of fear and influenced by differential rearing, making it a prime candidate to begin investigating these underlying neural mechanisms. Therefore, this study assessed the expression of the NR2B subunit in brain regions important for the acquisition of fear (amygdala and hippocampus) among differentially reared rats. Rats were reared in an enriched, an isolated, or a standard condition for 30 days. They received four tone-footshock pairings, after which their brains were removed and expression of the NR2B subunit was quantified in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe), and the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Analyses found that the isolated rats began to acquire fear to the aversive stimulus faster than the enriched and standard housed rats. However, the isolated rats showed the least amount of NR2B expression in the BLA while there were no rearing differences in expression within the ACe or the CA3. The results from this study provide further insight to the importance of the rearing environment in learning and memory, especially the learning of fear, and its central neural basis.
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Lesaint, Florian. "Modélisation du conditionnement animal par représentations factorisées dans un système d'apprentissage dual : explication des différences inter-individuelles aux niveaux comportemental et neurophysiologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066287.pdf.
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Le conditionnement Pavlovien, l'acquisition de réponses vers des stimuli neutres associés à des récompenses, et le conditionnement instrumental, l'expression de comportements pour atteindre des buts, sont au cœur de nos capacités d'apprentissage. Ils sont souvent étudiés séparément malgré les preuves de leur enchevêtrement. Les modèles de conditionnement instrumental reposent sur le formalisme de l'apprentissage par renforcement (RL), alors que les modèles du conditionnement Pavlovien reposent surtout sur des architectures dédiées souvent incompatibles avec ce formalisme, compliquant l'étude de leurs interactions.Notre objectif est de trouver des concepts, qui combinés à des modèles RL puissent offrir une architecture unifiée permettant une telle étude. Nous développons un modèle qui combine un système RL classique, qui apprend une valeur par état, avec un système RL révisé, évaluant les stimuli séparément et biaisant le comportement vers ceux associés aux récompenses. Le modèle explique certaines réponses inadaptées par l'interaction néfaste des systèmes, ainsi que certaines différences inter-individuelles par une simple variation au niveau de la population de la contribution de chaque système dans le comportement global.Il explique une activité inattendue de la dopamine, vis-à-vis de l'hypothèse qu'elle encode un signal d'erreur, par son calcul sur les stimuli et non les états. Il est aussi compatible avec une hypothèse alternative que la dopamine contribue aussi à rendre certains stimuli recherchés pour eux-mêmes. Le modèle présente des propriétés prometteuses pour l'étude du conditionnement Pavlovien,du conditionnement instrumental et de leurs interactionsPavlovian conditioning, the acquisition of responses to neutral stimuli previously paired with rewards, and instrumental conditioning, the acquisition of goal-oriented responses, are central to our learning capacities. However, despite some evidences of entanglement, they are mainly studied separately. Reinforcement learning (RL), learning by trials and errors to reach goals, is central to models of instrumental conditioning, while models of Pavlovian conditioning rely on more dedicated and often incompatible architectures. This complicates the study of their interactions. We aim at finding concepts which combined with RL models may provide a unifying architecture to allow such a study. We develop a model that combines a classical RL system, learning values over states, with a revised RL system, learning values over individual stimuli and biasing the behaviour towards reward-related ones. It explains maladaptive behaviours in pigeons by the detrimental interaction of systems, and inter-individual differences in rats by a simple variation at the population level in the contribution of each system to the overall behaviour. It explains unexpected dopaminergic patterns with regard to the dominant hypothesis that dopamine parallels a reward prediction error signal by computing such signal over features rather than states, and makes it compatible with an alternative hypothesis that dopamine also contributes to the acquisition of incentive salience, making reward-related stimuli wanted for themselves. The present model shows promising properties for the investigation of Pavlovian conditioning, instrumental conditioning and their interactions
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DELAHAYE, QUENTIN. "Framework for Classical Conditioning in a MobileRobot: Development of Pavlovian Model andDevelopment of Reinforcement Learning Algorithmto Avoid and Predict Noxious Events." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-35771.
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Nowadays, robots have more and more sensors and the technologies allow using them with less contraints as before. Sensors are important to learn about the environment. But the sensors can be used for classical conditioning, and create behavior for the robot. One of the behavior developed in this thesis is avoiding and predicting obstacles. The goal of this thesis is to propose a model which consists of developing a specific behavior to avoid noxious event, obstacles.
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Kim, Jee Hyun Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Extinction of conditioned fear in the developing rat." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41106.
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The present thesis examined extinction of conditioned fear in the developing rat. In the adult rat, the hippocampus is thought to be important for the context-specificity of extinction. Because the hippocampus is a late-maturing structure, it was hypothesised that context-modulation of extinction may be different across development. The first series of experiments investigated reinstatement of extinguished fear in the developing rat (Chapter 2). The results showed that P24 rats exhibited context-specific reinstatement. On the other hand, P17 rats did not exhibit reinstatement of extinguished fear following a US reminder treatment. The failure to see reinstatement in P17 rats was not due to the reminder treatment being ineffective in these rats because the same treatment alleviated spontaneous forgetting in rat this age. The second series of experiments then examined the renewal effect and GABAergic involvement in extinction in P24 and P17 rats (Chapter 3). It was observed that P24 rats displayed renewal whereas P17 rats did not. Also, pre-test injection of FG7142 recovered extinguished fear in P24 rats but not in P17 rats, even across a range of doses. This failure to see any FG7142 effect on extinction in P17 rats was not due to the lack of responsiveness to this drug in these rats because FG7142 was found to be effective in alleviating spontaneous forgetting in rats this age. The third series of experiments then examined the effect of temporary inactivation of the amygdala on extinction and re-extinction in the developing rat (Chapter 4). It was observed that extinction retention is impaired in both P24 and P17 rats if the amygdala is inactivated during extinction training. Interestingly, when a CS that had been previously extinguished and then re-trained was re-extinguished, re-extinction was amygdala-independent if initial extinction occurred at 24 days of age but amygdala-dependent if initial extinction occurred at 17 days of age. That is, amygdala involvement in re-extinction was dissociated across development. Taken together, these experiments provide strong evidence for fundamental differences in mechanisms underlying fear extinction across development. The implications of the findings were discussed in light of the theoretical and neural models of extinction.
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Young, John K. "Fear-cue Induced Inhibition of Feeding: Activation of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104429.
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Thesis advisor: Gorica PetrovichThesis advisor: Christina Reppucci
Previously our lab has shown that food-deprived male and female rats will inhibit food consumption when presented with a conditioned stimulus that signals danger, and that this effect persists much longer in females than in males. The current experiment is part of a larger study that has two aims: 1) delineate the brain areas associated with fear-cue induced anorexia and 2) determine whether there are sex-differences in brain activation patterns. Female rats previously conditioned in an aversive paradigm inhibited food intake compared to female rats in the control group during three extinction tests, while experimental males only inhibited intake compared to male controls during test one. Following the third test, rats were sacrificed and brain tissue processed to assess activation patterns via Fos-expression within the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA). We found that males had higher activation than females during test 3 in the CEA
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology Honors Program
Discipline: Psychology
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Vunck, Sarah. "POPPIES AND PTSD: OPIOID INFLUENCE ON A PRECLINCAL MODEL OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2733.
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that affects over 7.7 million adults and carries an estimated societal cost of $3.1 billion every year. People develop PTSD after exposure to a traumatic event. Alone or combined, approved pharmacotherapies or psychotherapy are somewhat effective, but symptoms for many remain refractory. Emerging evidence suggests that opiate systems may modulate the development and expression of PTSD, and their role can be investigated preclinically. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a preclinical model which elicits behaviors mirroring those that occur in humans during and after exposure to trauma. This presents an experimental tool that can help elucidate the opiate mechanisms involved in traumatic memory as well as the resulting fear behavior. Mu opioid receptor (MOR) analgesics, such as morphine, are often given as a response to trauma, and there is emerging evidence that they are, at least partially, protective against PTSD. The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system has also been implicated in stress-related processes, with KOR agonists reported to enhance stress in both laboratory animals and in humans, and KOR antagonists reported to attenuate stress-like behaviors preclinically. This project attempted to clarify part of the role of the mu and kappa opiate receptor systems in mediating effects of Pavlovian fear conditioning in mice as a predictor of their involvement in some of the signs and symptoms of PTSD. Kappa agonists increased acute fear responses but surprisingly also facilitated fear extinction learning. This would suggest that the use of kappa agonists might increase the efficiency and effectiveness of this therapy and could improve existing PTSD patient outcomes. MOR agonists, as well as KOR antagonists reduced acute and long-term fear behavior. These results support that the use KOR analgesics like morphine and fentanyl in the treatment of trauma could have an added benefit of reducing the emergence and persistence of PTSD. Self-medication may help explain the comorbidity of opioid abuse in PTSD patient populations. Understanding the relative effects of these opiate ligands could lead to more informed usage of MOR analgesics which vary in mu and kappa receptor activity under battlefield and other traumatic conditions.
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Delfin, Carl. "The neural basis of aberrant salience attribution in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-12152.
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Due to abnormal functioning of the brain’s reward and prediction system patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders are thought to assign salience to non-relevant objects and events and to form context-inappropriate associations. The brain’s ventral striatum is critical in the formation of associations, and aberrant associations are believed to create delusional content during psychosis. The study wanted to examine the neural response, particularly in the ventral striatum, combined with subjective reports as patients learn associations in an aversive Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. The stimuli were randomized and involved circles of different colors. The conditioned stimuli (CS+) was followed by an unconditioned stimuli (US), consisting of an unpleasant sound, in 50% of events. The unconditioned (CS-) stimuli was followed by a low, not unpleasant sound in 50% of events. The degree of striatal activation was thought to be associated with the severity of patient’s illness. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) responses were examined in eleven unmedicated non-institutionalized patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 15 matched healthy controls. No significant within group differences in neural or subjective response to the [CS+ > CS-] contrast were found. No significant associations between severity of illness and degree of striatal activation in response to CS+ or CS- were found. Significant differences in neural activation for the [CS+ > CS-] contrast were found in the ventral striatum, the right inferor frontal gyrus, and the right angular gyrus, with patients exhibiting stronger activation compared to controls. The results and implications are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
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Overeem, Kathie. "Nitric oxide signalling in the basolateral complex of the amygdala : an extension of NMDA receptor activation during Pavlovian fear conditioning and expression : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Psychology /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1280.
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N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptors located within the basolateral complex of the amygdala are required for the consolidation and expression of Pavlovian conditioned fear. The events downstream of receptor activation that mediate these processes are not well defined. An intermediate step that may be of significance is the synthesis of the gas nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is synthesised as a result of NMDA receptor activation and acts as an unconventional neurotransmitter freely diffusing across cell membranes interacting with its targets in a non-synaptic manner. The targets of NO include cellular components that play significant roles during the consolidation of conditioned fear and the neurotransmission associated with its expression. This implies that NO may be an important intermediary of NMDA receptor activation and both these processes. The current study sought to examine this possibility using fear potentiated startle to examine the expression of learned fear. Three experiments were conducted, fifty rats received intra-BSC microinfusions of the global nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME either prior to fear conditioning, fear testing, or examination of the shock sensitization of the acoustic startle affect. The results indicated that NO was indeed required for both the consolidation and expression of learned fear, whereas it was not required for shock enhanced startle responding. This study provides new information about the sub-cellular basis of conditioned fear, and highlights the pivotal role played by NO in processes associated with conditioned fear.
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Rice, Beth A. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN AVIAN MODEL FOR IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN DRUG VULNERABILITY." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/63.
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The attribution of incentive salience to cues that become associated with drugs of abuse is a critical characteristic of individuals who may be vulnerable to drug addiction. Rodents with the propensity to sign track are thought to be vulnerable to drug abuse. The goal of the current work was to investigate whether sign trackers (STs) would acquire cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) to a discrete cue using an avian species. In Experiment 1, sign and goal trackers (GTs) were first identified using a one third rank order split. Following identification, cocaine-CPP was conducted with a discrete cue in each end chamber. Contrary to previous research, results showed that GTs showed a CPP to the discrete cue but STs did not. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine whether sign and GTs had been misclassified with the rank order split. Experiment 2 compared the rank order method with a t-test method (absolute criterion). Misclassification of both sign and GTs occurred using the rank order split. The findings indicated that use of a more accurate method to identify sign and GTs may have led to different results for Experiment 1. The t-test method may be useful for models that require identification of STs.
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Metereau, Elise. "Comparaison en IRMf des réseaux cérébraux impliqués dans le traitement de récompenses et de punitions de différente nature au cours de l’apprentissage et de la prise de décision pro-sociale." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20019.
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Cette thèse repose sur l’idée que les individus prennent des décisions en assignant des valeurs aux conséquences appétitives (récompenses) et aversives (punitions) associées aux différentes options proposées, puis comparent ces valeurs pour sélectionner l’une d’elles. Dans la plupart des cas, ces valeurs sont apprises par essais et erreurs. En neuroscience et neuro-économie, il a été proposé que le cerveau représente ces valeurs de manière abstraite dans une échelle de valeur commune indépendante de la nature des conséquences attendues. Cette hypothèse est soutenue par un grand nombre d’études qui se sont intéressées à l’évaluation et à l’apprentissage des récompenses. Ces études mettent en évidence une implication du mésencéphale, du striatum et du cortex préfrontal dans le traitement de récompense primaires, monétaires, morales ou sociales. Beaucoup moins de travaux se sont intéressés au traitement des punitions. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de comparer les corrélats cérébraux des processus d’évaluation des stimuli appétitifs et aversifs. Dans un premier temps nous avons utilisé un paradigme d’apprentissage par conditionnement pavlovien pour comparer les régions cérébrales impliquées dans la représentation de l’erreur de prédiction au cours de l’apprentissage avec des récompenses et des punitions gustatives, visuelles et monétaires. Ensuite nous nous sommes intéressés aux régions cérébrales impliquées dans traitement de récompenses et punitions plus abstraites tel que l’approbation sociale ou les considérations morales, dans un contexte de prise de décision pro-sociale. Ces études nous ont permis de démontrer que l’erreur de prédiction et l’évaluation liées à des stimuli appétitifs et aversifs étaient, en partie, sous-tendus par des réseaux cérébraux communsThere is a growing consensus in behavioral neuroscience and neuroeconomic that individuals make decisions by assigning values to different options and comparing them to make a choice. Most often, these values are acquired on the basis of trial and error learning. A long-held view is that the brain assigns values to the different goods using an abstract signal that is encoded in a common currency. Multiple studies have found evidence for such value signals in midbrain, striatum and prefrontal cortex during learning or decision making involving primary or secondary rewards. An important open question is whether aversive outcomes expectation and learning engage the same or different valuation networks. The goal of this thesis is thus to compare the brain network involved in appetitive and aversive stimuli valuation. First we used a pavlovian conditioning paradigm to compare the cerebral correlates of prediction error during learning with gustative, visual and monetary rewards and punishments. Second, we investigated the brain regions involved in moral and social rewards and punishments in prosocial decision making. Overall, we found that prediction error and valuation related to appetitive and aversive stimuli are processed in part by common brain networks
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"Spatial Pavlovian Conditioning." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.14452.
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abstract: Three experiments used a spatial serial conditioning paradigm to assess the effectiveness of spatially informative conditioned stimuli in eliciting tracking behavior in pigeons. The experimental paradigm consisted of the simultaneous presentation of 2 key lights (CS2 and CTRL), followed by another key light (CS1), followed by food (the unconditioned stimulus or US). CS2 and CTRL were presented in 2 of 3 possible locations, randomly assigned; CS1 was always presented in the same location as CS2. CS2 was designed to signal the spatial, but not the temporal locus of CS1; CS1 signaled the temporal locus of the US. In Experiment 1, differential pecking on CS2 was observed even when CS2 was present throughout the interval between CS1s, but only in a minority of pigeons. A control condition verified that pecking on CS2 was not due to temporal proximity between CS2 and US. Experiment 2 demonstrated the reversibility of spatial conditioning between CS2 and CTRL. Asymptotic performance never involved tracking CTRL more than CS2 for any of 16 pigeons. It is inferred that pigeons learned the spatial association between CS2 and CS1, and that temporal contingency facilitated its expression as tracking behavior. In a third experiment, with pigeons responding to a touchscreen monitor, differential responding to CS2 was observed only when CS2 disambiguated the location of a random CS1. When the presentation location of CS1 was held constant, no differences in responding to CS2 or CTRL were observed.Dissertation/Thesis
M.A. Psychology 2011
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Whyte, Patricia A. "Pavlovian conditioning in convict cichlids (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatium)." 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/16685.
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Quesnel, Lionel Joseph. "Interactions between Pavlovian conditioning and behavioural function in the male blue gourami." 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17345.
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Matthews, Rachel Nicolle. "Pavlovian conditioning alters reproductive fitness in sperm competition and sperm allocation paradigms." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2280.
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Wilson, SA. "The effect of snake and spider images on the oculomotor system : an eye-tracking study." Thesis, 2021. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/45454/1/Wilson_whole_thesis.pdf.
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Previous studies have demonstrated attentional bias to emotional images, including images of snakes and spiders. However, researchers are yet to compare attentional bias to snake and spider images in an eye-tracking study. Furthermore, there is evidence that suggests that primates have a predisposition to detect snakes, as they are evolutionarily relevant. The aim of this study was to assess attentional bias to spider and snake images via eye-tracking, and to see if such images are capable of inducing Pavlovian conditioning. Twenty-five participants underwent two dot probe tasks. It was hypothesised that emotional images would elicit faster oculomotor responses, that there would be no difference between spider and snake images, that there would be a conditioning effect, and that snakes would elicit a stronger conditioning effect given their ancestral relevance. Instead, results revealed that participants directed their gaze towards neutral images more quickly than emotional images. It is likely that the current study observed a later stage of attentional processing than previous work, which can be explained by the vigilant-avoidant hypothesis. It was also found that spider images elicited a greater emotional response than snake images. Lastly, Pavlovian conditioning to coloured shapes paired with the images was not observed.
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Matter, Nadia [Verfasser]. "Pavlovian conditioning of muscular responses in chronic pain patients : an experimental study / by Nadia Matter." 2007. http://d-nb.info/986198676/34.
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Mahometa, Michael Jason. "Adaptive significance of Pavlovian conditioning on reproductive behavior and fertility in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/29635.
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The adaptive significance of Pavlovian conditioning has been an established idea within the learning literature. Pavlov himself indicated the potential for associative learning's role as an adaptive mechanism. As investigations into Pavlovian conditioning moved into the laboratory, the idea of adaptive significance was lost. The current body of work seeks to re-establish the adaptive importance of Pavlovian conditioning by investigating changes in the reproductive behavior of Japanese quail. Experiment 1 was a preliminary exploration of the relationship between the reproductive behaviors of the male and female Japanese quail, and fertility rates. Fertility rates were highly correlated with female immobility and male copulatory efficiency--a measure of copulatory behavior quality for males. Also, female immobility was highly correlated with male copulatory efficiency. In Experiment 2, changes in reproductive behavior and fertility due to Pavlovian conditioning were examined. The results indicated that Pavlovian conditioning altered the fertility rates for subjects if both partners of the copulatory pair were signaled. The Pavlovian conditioning procedure was refined for Experiment 3, which also showed changes in fertility rates as well as male copulatory efficiency. These experiments served to establish that Pavlovian conditioning can increase copulatory behavior and fertility when both partners of the copulatory pair are signaled. Experiments 4 - 6 investigated how factors related to the Conditioned Stimulus impact reproductive behavior and fertility rates. Experiment 4 showed that altering the CS-US interval for females did not produce significant differences in behavior or fertility. Experiment 5 demonstrated that context could be a viable CS in the Pavlovian conditioning of behavior and fertility. Experiment 6 showed that a naturalistic cue did not significantly alter either behavior or fertility over an arbitrary cue. In Experiment 7, visual access as an Unconditioned Stimulus in the Pavlovian conditioning of reproductive behavior was examined. Visual access to a female increased behavior and fertility over a control procedure, but not as much as full copulatory access. The present experiments provide definitive evidence of the adaptive significance of Pavlovian conditioning through changes in reproductive behavior and fertility. The relevance of the findings to Pavlovian conditioning in other behavior systems is discussed.text
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Janz, Loren J. "Pavlovian conditioning of LPS induced responses : effects of corticosterone, splenic NE, and IL-2 production." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/29437.
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McPhee, Janice Elizabeth. "Latently inhibited stimuli are weakened in their ability to serve as blockers and second-order reinforcers in Pavlovian fear conditioning." 1998. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9909188.
Full textAbstract:
The ability of a preexposed (latently inhibited) conditioned stimulus (CS) to serve as (a) a blocker or (b) a second-order reinforcer in Pavlovian fear conditioning was tested in albino rats. Experiment 1 found that a preexposed CS was weakened in its ability to serve as a blocker. Experiment 2 found that a preexposed CS was weakened in its ability to serve as a reinforcer for second-order conditioning (SOC). Experiment 3 found that a 28-day retention interval between the last trial of element conditioning and the first trial of the SOC test did not enhance the ability of the preexposed CS to serve as a reinforcer for SOC, even though it did enhance the ability of that preexposed CS to evoke a first-order conditioned response. Experiment 4 was undertaken in an effort to show a contextually dependent attenuation of LI by employing a context shift between preexposure and element training. However, no attenuation of LI was found. Experiment 5 successfully demonstrated an attenuation of LI by reducing familiarity with the preexposure context prior to CS preexposure, reducing the amount of CS preexposure, and by using 100% reinforcement of the target CS during the first two days of the element training phase. Experiment 6 found that conducting stimulus preexposure and the test for blocking in different contexts did not enhance the ability of a preexposed CS to block conditioning to a neutral CS. Results are interpreted as supporting a learning-deficit view of latent inhibition.
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Rauhut, Anthony Sean. "A reanalysis of cue -competition effects in Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats: Implications for neuronal theories of learning and memory." 1999. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9950205.
Full textAbstract:
In a set of 7 experiments, the author examined if cue-competition effects such as blocking and overshadowing reflect deficits in learning (e.g., Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) or deficits in performance (Miller & Schachtman, 1985). To this end, the author tested if the ability of a blocked and/or overshadowed stimulus was weakened in its ability to serve as a blocker or second-order reinforcer for a novel stimulus. It was assumed that the ability of a stimulus to serve as a blocker or second-order reinforcer depended on its associative status, and not on the performance it evoked. CS-evoked suppression of appetitively-motivated barpressing served as the dependent measure of conditioned performance. Experiment 1 found that an overshadowed CS was weakened in its ability to serve as a blocker. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 and further showed that a blocked stimulus was also weakened in its ability to serve as a blocker. Experiment 3 showed that a blocked and overshadowed stimulus was weakened in its ability to serve as a second-order reinforcer. The results of Experiments 1, 2, and 3 were construed as supporting a learning-deficit as opposed to a performance-deficit interpretation of cue-competition effects. Performance-deficit theorists, however, might claim that the weakened ability of a blocked and/or overshadowed CS to serve as a blocker or second-order reinforcer was due to the presence of an intact A-US association (the association produced by the blocking and/or overshadowing CS). Experiments 4 to 7 addressed this issue, using various techniques, which might weaken the allegedly interfering A-US association. Experiments 4 and 5 showed that extinguishing the blocking and/or overshadowing stimulus did not facilitate performance to and blocking ability of a blocked and/or overshadowed stimulus (Experiment 4) or overshadowed stimulus (Experiment 5). Experiment 6 further showed that subjecting the blocking and/or overshadowing cue to a Pavlovian conditioned inhibition procedure also did not enhance performance to the blocked and/or overshadowed stimulus. Finally, Experiment 7 showed that extinguishing the overshadowing stimulus weakened performance to the overshadowed stimulus. Collectively, the results of Experiments 1 to 7 are consistent with learning-deficit interpretations of cue-competition effects (e.g., Rescorla & Wagner, 1972; Mackintosh, 1975).
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Puga, Frank. "Functional neural networks underlying latent inhibition and the effects of the metabolic enhancer methylene blue." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-584.
Full textAbstract:
The present research reports the first comprehensive map of brain networks underlying latent inhibition learning, the first application of structural equation modeling to cytochrome oxidase data, and the first effects of methylene blue, a known metabolic enhancer, on latent inhibition. In latent inhibition, repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a latent form of learning that inhibits subsequent associations with that stimulus. As neuronal energy demand to form learned associations changes, so does the induction of the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase. Therefore, cytochrome oxidase can be used as an endpoint metabolic marker of the effects of experience on regional brain metabolic capacity. Quantitative cytochrome oxidase histochemistry was used to map brain regions in mice trained on a tone-footshock fear conditioning paradigm with either tone preexposure (latent inhibition), conditioning only (acquisition), conditioning followed by tone alone (extinction), or no handling or conditioning (naïve). In normal latent inhibition, the ventral cochlear nucleus, medial geniculate, CA1 hippocampus, and perirhinal cortex showed modified metabolic capacity due to latent inhibition. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the causal influences in an anatomical network of these regions and others thought to mediate latent inhibition, including the accumbens and entorhinal cortex. An uncoupling of ascending influences between auditory regions was observed in latent inhibition. There was also a reduced influence on the accumbens from the perirhinal cortex in both latent inhibition and extinction. These results suggest a specific network with a neural mechanism of latent inhibition that involves sensory gating, as evidenced by modifications in metabolic capacity, effective connectivity between auditory regions, and reduced hippocampal influence on the accumbens. The effects of methylene blue on disrupted latent inhibition were also investigated. Reduced tone-alone presentations disrupted the latent inhibition effect and led to an increase in freezing behavior. Repeated low-dose administration of methylene blue decreased freezing levels and facilitated the disrupted latent inhibition effect. Methylene blue administration also resulted in changes in metabolic capacity in limbic and cortical regions. A unique functional neural network was found in methylene blue-restored latent inhibition that emphasized sensory gating of auditory information, attention processing, and cortical inhibition of behavior.text