Books on the topic 'Patterns of failure'
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1
Jones, Capers. Patterns of software systems failure and success. London: International Thomson Computer Press, 1996.
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Decker, A. J. Neural-net processed characteristic patterns for measurement of structural integrity of pressure cycled components. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.
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Kallich, Joel D. Patterns of inpatient physician services for end stage renal disease beneficiaries. Santa Monica, CA: RAND/UCLA/Harvard, Center for Health Care Financing Policy Research, 1992.
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4
Lamb, Stephen. Patterns of success and failure in the transition from school to work in Australia. Camberwell, Vic: Australian Council for Educational Research, 2001.
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5
Goldberg, Linda S. Nominal exchange rate patterns: Correlations with entry, exit and investment in U.S. industry. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.
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6
Linnik, Vladimir. Destruction of coal seams during mining by dredging machines. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1218150.
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The monograph is devoted to the issues of scientific substantiation of ways to improve the efficiency of the functioning of the executive bodies of coal mining machines used in the underground mining of coal seams, which are of great practical importance.
The results of studies on the reliability of destructive organs are new in the formulation and not previously published in the monograph format. A model is described and a physical interpretation of the failure patterns of auger assemblies and elements is given, methods for assessing the reliability and efficiency of using augers and cutting tools for specific operating conditions using traditional probabilistic and new energy approaches are proposed.
It is addressed to engineering and technical workers of design institutions, factories and mines engaged in the design and operation of cleaning combines and plows.
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Patterns of Software System Failure and Success. Intl Thomson Computer Pr (Sd), 1995.
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8
Center, NASA Glenn Research, ed. Neural-net processed characteristic patterns for measurement of structural integrity of pressure cycled components. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.
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9
Center, NASA Glenn Research, ed. Neural-net processed characteristic patterns for measurement of structural integrity of pressure cycled components. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.
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10
Center, NASA Glenn Research, ed. Neural-net processed characteristic patterns for measurement of structural integrity of pressure cycled components. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.
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11
Curran, Mary B. The identification of patterns in adolescent learners' responses to academic failure and program transition. 1991.
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Curran, Mary Bridget *. The identification of patterns in adolescent learners' responses to academic failure and program transition. 1991.
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13
Gordon, Rupa Gupta, Melissa C. Duff, and Neal J. Cohen. Applications of Collaborative Memory: Patterns of Success and Failure in Individuals with Hippocampal Amnesia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0023.
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A growing body of work suggests that collaboration can benefit memory. In our work on the neural substrates of collaborative learning, we find that many of these benefits extend even to individuals with profound memory impairment. We review this line of work highlighting the benefits and limits of collaborative learning in memory impaired populations. Understanding the contexts and circumstances of success and failure in collaborative learning in individuals with memory impairment advances scientific knowledge of how distinct forms of memory contribute to specific aspects of collaborative learning. Our discovery that memory-impaired individuals can benefit from collaborative learning under some conditions points to the promise of collaborative learning situations in the rehabilitation of memory and learning impairments.
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Wyllie, Andrew R. J. A retrospective analysisi of usage patterns of antifailure medications in congestive heart failure patients. 1996.
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15
Stewart, Frances, Gustav Ranis, and Emma Samman. Success and Failure in Human Development, 1980–2014. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794455.003.0004.
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This chapter analyses performance in human development over a thirty-five-year period, identifying the most and least successful countries in the main developing regions, on the basis of the classifications put forward in Chapter 3. The chapter finds that there are no unique patterns leading to success or failure; rather, there are alternative paths to either positive or negative outcomes, with varying combinations of economic growth, inequality, and social expenditures. However, successful countries on improvement in basic human development tended to have higher secondary enrolments and better female/male ratios in secondary enrolment. Successful countries on basic human development did worse on environment than the weak performers. The failure countries mostly had poor economic growth and had often suffered conflict. Looking at dimensions beyond health, education, and incomes, the chapter finds no strong correlation between success in basic human development and other dimensions of human development, notably political freedoms, security, or inequality.
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Center, NASA Glenn Research, ed. Optimization of training sets for neural-net processing of characteristic patterns from vibrating solids. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.
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17
Okereke, Chukwudi Sunday. Optimal replacement strategies for coal extraction equipment: An investigation into the failure, repair andoverhaul patterns of deep mine coal cutting machinery.... Bradford, 1986.
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18
Stebelsky, Lesia Anne Eva. Patterns of prescribing practices in hypercholesterolemia, heart failure and post-myorcardial infarction: examining the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and cholesterol lowering agents. 1998.
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19
Litell, John M., and Nathan I. Shapiro. Pathophysiology of septic shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0297.
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The pathophysiology of sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host response to infection. Interactions between conserved pathogenic signals and host recognition systems initiate a systemic reaction to local infection. Pro- and anti-inflammatory intermediates and associated coagulatory abnormalities lead to altered macrovascular, microvascular, and mitochondrial function. Uncorrected, these processes yield similar patterns of failure in multiple organ systems. Mortality increases with successive organ failures. Although commonly thought to be a manifestation of impaired renal circulation, septic acute kidney injury may be due primarily to non-haemodynamic factors. Pulmonary parenchymal dysfunction in sepsis also contributes to failures in other organ systems. Sepsis involves complex alterations in myocardial function, vascular tone, and capillary integrity, which are mediated by elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, among others. Gut hypomotility and translocation of enteric flora likely contribute to a persistent inflammatory response. This perpetuates the pathophysiological pattern of sepsis, and can lead to the delayed onset of these features in patients with other types of critical illness. The neurological manifestations of sepsis include acquired delirium, which is also probably due to circulatory and inflammatory abnormalities, as well as alterations in cerebral amino acid metabolism. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency and derangements in glucose metabolism are among the endocrine abnormalities commonly seen in septic patients. Restoration of homeostasis requires early haemodynamic resuscitation and aggressive infectious source control.
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Forsyth, Rob, and Richard Newton. Signs and symptoms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784449.003.0003.
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This chapter addresses the diagnostic approach to the patterns of symptoms and signs commonly seen in the paediatric neurology clinic. It encourages pattern recognition. The presentations considered are: altered mental state (agitation/confusion); motor disorders (exercise limitation and muscle pain; eye or facial movement abnormalities; the floppy infant; a funny gait; weakness; unsteadiness or falls; toe-walking; disordered sensation, numbness, pain, dysaesthesia; deafness, loss or disturbance of hearing or vision; paroxysmal disorders (funny turns, loss of awareness, epilepsy, headache, movement disorders); developmental delay, impairment or regression, school failure; speech disturbance; behaviour disorder; symptoms that might suggest a spinal disorder such as back pain, incontinence, or scoliosis; other skeletal abnormality including abnormal skull size or shape, foot deformity; sleep disturbance.
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Kay, Paul. The Limits of (Construction) Grammar. Edited by Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme Trousdale. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0003.
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This chapter analyzes the limits of Construction Grammar. It advocates the conservative view which only considers those linguistic phenomena as constructions that a speaker needs to know to "produce and understand all possible utterances of a language and no more." The chapter argues that there are many patterns which appear in language data that do not qualify as parts of a grammar, and that these patterns are neither necessary nor sufficient to produce or interpret any set of expressions of the language. The chapter highlights the need to distinguish coining from the true constructions because the failure to observe the distinction between grammatical constructions and patterns of coining can have undesirable consequences beyond grammatical theory per se, for example in comparative lexical semantics.
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Heeringa, Peter, and Coen A. Stegeman. The patient with vasculitis. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0158.
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Vasculitis is an inflammatory destructive process affecting blood vessels resulting in fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall that eventually can lead to occlusion of the vascular lumen and organ failure. Vasculitis may be the primary manifestation of a disease, or be a secondary manifestation of another underlying disease.The pathogenesis of vasculitis is complex, involving innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms that range from cell-mediated inflammation, immune-complex-mediated inflammation, and inflammation triggered by autoantibodies. Here it is discussed with respect to general pathogenic patterns and more disease-specific pathogenic pathways related to primary and secondary vasculitic syndromes.
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Tibble, Steve. The Crusader Strategy. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300253115.001.0001.
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Medieval states, and particularly crusader societies, often have been considered brutish and culturally isolated. It seems unlikely that they could develop “strategy” in any meaningful sense. However, the crusaders were actually highly organized in their thinking and their decision making was rarely random. This book draws on a rich array of primary sources to reassess events on the ground and patterns of behavior over time. The book shows how, from aggressive castle building to implementing a series of invasions of Egypt, crusader leaders tenaciously pursued long-term plans and devoted single-minded attention to clear strategic goals. Crusader states were permanently on the brink of destruction; resources were scarce and the penalties for failure severe. Intuitive strategic thinking, the book argues, was a necessity, not a luxury.
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Madsen, Richard. Religion under Communism. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.034.
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Lenin began and Stalin completed the organizational structures and the repertoire of strategies and tactics that would be used as a model by almost all subsequent communist movements for suppressing religion. This model was primarily constructed to overcome the challenges posed to the revolution by a powerful Russian Orthodox Church. As such it did not fit the religious circumstances of other communist countries. It was poorly adapted to the decentralized patterns of religious practice in Asia, and it was unable to eliminate resistance from the Roman Catholic Church in Eastern Europe, especially when that church was connected with nationalism. Even though the Stalinist model initially seemed successful in eliminating political opposition from religion in the Soviet Union, it was in the long run a failure on its own terms.
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Dondorp, Arjen M. Other tropical diseases in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0294.
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A wide range of tropical infectious diseases can cause critical illness. Knowledge of the local epidemiology where the disease is acquired is essential. In addition, local resistance patterns of common bacterial pathogens can be very different in tropical countries, so that antibiotic regimens might need adaptation. The ‘surviving sepsis’ guidelines are not always appropriate for the treatment of tropical sepsis. Both diseases require a more restricted fluid management. Leptospirosis is another important tropical disease that can cause sepsis with liver and renal failure or ARDS with pulmonary haemorrhages. Neglected tropical diseases causing neurological syndromes include trypanosomiasis (Sub-Saharan Africa) and rabies. Several viruses in the tropics can cause encephalitis. Recent epidemics of respiratory viruses causing life-threatening pneumonia have had their origins in tropical countries, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, influenza A subtype H5N1 (‘avian influenza’), and recently Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
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Kelsall, Tim, and Heng Seiha. Not Minding the Gap. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0005.
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This chapter analyses patterns of growth in Cambodia. Over the past forty years, Cambodia has had one of the world’s most volatile growth experiences. A prolonged economic collapse between 1970 and 1982 was followed by a gradual but unstable recovery up until 1998, while post-1998 saw another growth acceleration and sustained high growth. While growth collapse can be traced to the failure of Prince Sihanouk’s post-independence political settlement, war, and the disastrous Khmer Rouge regime, growth acceleration and maintenance has been based on a political settlement which has created a balance between technocrats and rent-seekers within Hun Sen’s dominant coalition. Technocrats are given just enough latitude to support growth industries, while rent-seekers are given the political backing to generate profits, a proportion of which are funnelled to the masses through ruling party patronage projects.
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Herbst, Jeffrey. The Past and the Future of State Power in Africa Revised for the New Paperback Edition. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164137.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the patterns of state consolidation in Africa over the last several hundred years. A review of the trajectories of states is valuable because many of the fundamental features of African politics have become more understandable. Furthermore, a deep understanding of how states have progressed in Africa offers the opportunity to develop alternatives that might address some of the pathologies from which parts of Africa suffer. The chapter traces the evolution of state power in Africa and the problem of state failure. It also puts African state-building and consolidation in perspective, reflects on the future of state power in the continent, and evaluates alternatives to African states within the current international state system, such as decertifying old states and recognizing new nation-states. The chapter concludes with a discussion of alternatives to the sovereign state.
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Wilson, Mark. Physics Avoidance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803478.003.0002.
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Contemporary philosophy of science attempts to diagnose explanatory structure through descriptive tools derived largely from logic, an orientation called “Theory T thinking” here. Its portrait of scientific endeavor is painted with an extremely broad brush and neglects structural distinctions familiar to applied mathematicians (Theory T thinking tries to make all of science look alike, but this is a grave mistake). In real life, practitioners within every field of endeavor continually encounter significant roadblocks to reasoning that would cripple further advance if they adhered to the guidelines of Theory T thinking. Instead, clever scientists have devised an astonishing variety of gambits for working around these obstacles. Such policies practice “physics avoidance” in the sense that they depart from the simple patterns of explanation favored by Theory T thinkers. This essay discusses several ways in which significant forms of philosophical confusion have arisen through a failure to draw requisite distinctions.
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Wolfson, Amy R., and Terra Ziporyn. Adolescent sleep and later school start times. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0024.
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Early school bell times incompatible with adolescent sleep needs and patterns are a major contributor to widespread adolescent sleep insufficiency. Biological delay in sleep onset and social pressures during puberty, combined with the need to arise early on weekdays, make obtaining adequate and optimally timed sleep difficult for most adolescents, potentially impacting physical and emotional wellbeing, safety, and academic performance. Accumulating studies demonstrate that delaying school start times can effectively counter chronic insufficient sleep in adolescents, as well as enhance health, safety, and school success. That many secondary schools continue requiring attendance at times incompatible with healthy sleep suggests that empirical data have played a smaller role in influencing school hours than social and political factors. Overcoming the fear of change, failure of imagination, and ignorance about sleep currently blocking policy changes will require reframing school start times as a public health issue by shifting social norms about sleep.
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Paneni, Francesco, and Massimo Volpe. Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0415_update_001.
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Hypertensive heart disease is a major cause of heart failure (HF) and mortality. Hypertension precedes HF occurrence in 75% of cases, and carries a sixfold increase in HF risk as compared to non-hypertensive individuals. Most importantly, a minority of patients survive 5 years after the onset of hypertensive HF. In hypertensive patients, the heart may present different patterns of adaptive remodelling: concentric remodelling, concentric hypertrophy, and eccentric hypertrophy. Although most hypertensive patients are at high risk of developing concentric hypertrophy, a growing proportion of subjects display a concentric-to-eccentric progression eventually leading to left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction. Several factors including myocardial ischaemia, ethnicity, genetic background, history of diabetes, and blood pressure pattern may significantly influence the pathway from hypertension to left ventricular dilation. Patients with a concentric hypertrophy usually develop HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), whereas those with an eccentric (dilated) phenotype develop HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Lowering blood pressure has a striking effect in reducing the risk of HF. Although available antihypertensive drugs are all successful in lowering blood pressure, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blocker (ARBs), and diuretics are more effective than other drug classes in preventing HF. The combination of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril with the ARB valsartan (LCZ696) has recently been shown to be highly effective in reducing HF-related outcomes in hypertensive subjects. An individualized treatment scheme taking into account blood pressure levels, type of HF (HFpEF or HFrEF), and relevant co-morbidities (i.e. renal disease, diabetes) is currently the best approach to improve morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients with HF.
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Smith, Gary, and Jay Cordes. The 9 Pitfalls of Data Science. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844396.001.0001.
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Scientific rigor and critical thinking skills are indispensable in this age of big data because machine learning and artificial intelligence are often led astray by meaningless patterns. The 9 Pitfalls of Data Science is loaded with entertaining real-world examples of both successful and misguided approaches to interpreting data, both grand successes and epic failures. Anyone can learn to distinguish between good data science and nonsense. We are confident that readers will learn how to avoid being duped by data, and make better, more informed decisions. Whether they want to be effective creators, interpreters, or users of data, they need to know the nine pitfalls of data science.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Experimental study of software dependability. Urbana, Ill: Coordinated Science Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1994.
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Elliott, Perry, and Giuseppe Limongelli. Cardiac Aspects of INHERITED METABOLIC DISEASES. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0070.
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More than 40 inherited metabolic disorders cause heart disease, including fatty acid oxidation defects, glycogen storage disorders, lysosomal storage disorders, peroxisomal diseases, mitochondrial cytopathies, organic acidemias, aminoacidopathies, and congenital disorders of glycosylation. The pattern and severity of cardiac involvement varies between disorders but includes congenital heart diseases, heart muscle diseases, arrhythmias and sudden death, and heart failure. The majority of IMDs are multisystem diseases, but in a few cases cardiac disease is the predominant clinical feature and the main determinant of prognosis. For an increasing number of IEMs there are specific therapies designed to treat or ameliorate the effects of the underlying metabolic defect. In some cases, these therapies have an important effect on the progression of cardiac disease.
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Speaks, Jeff. Alethic Perfect Being Theology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826811.003.0003.
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Perfect being theologies may be divided into those that try to derive the attributes from the principle that God is the greatest possible being and those that try to derive the attributes from the principle that God is the greatest conceivable being. This chapter argues that the first sort of perfect being theology is a failure. The reasons are various. But a pattern emerges. Some versions of perfect being theology entail obviously incorrect claims about God. Once these versions are modified to fix the problem, it turns out to be impossible to see whether a property satisfies the relevant condition without making assumptions about God which are equivalent to the theses which we wanted to argue for.
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Strain, James J., and Michael Blumenfield, eds. Depression as a Systemic Illness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.001.0001.
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Depression has been declared by the World Health Organization in March of 2017 to be the illness with the greatest burden of disease in the world. This volume attempts to examine the current state of our understanding of depressive disorders, from the animal models, allostatie load, patterns of recurrence, effects on other illnesses, for example, cancer, neurological, cardiovascular, wound healing, etc. It is from this perspective that the editors declare that depression is a systemic illness, not just a mental disorder. Therefore, primary care physicians need to know how to diagnose, treat, and refer when necessary for the non-complicated, non-refractory forms of depression. From this perspective models of mental health training for the primary care physician are reviewed. Then a new model, the medical model, a step beyond collaborative care is described. Non complicated depressive illness needs to be addressed by the primary care physician much as they do asthma, diabetes, hyptertension, and congestive heart failure. Even collaborative care models are unable as the number of psychiatrists is too few even in developed countries, let alone in developing ones to work with primary care. Medical schools and residency training programs need to incorporate curriculum and clinical experiences to accommodate developing expertise to diagnose, treat, and refer when necessary in this most common medical malady. Finally, a modified electronic medical record is proposed as a collaborating agent for the primary care physician.
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Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Scotland’s Population. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0001.
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Scotland’s population history since the middle of the nineteenth century has too often been written either at a national level or as if what happened in a particular area was unique. There has been too much focus on losses, failings, or crises, and too little on successes and improvements in people’s experiences of life. There were multiple demographic Scotlands, linked to the diversity of the country’s economy, geography, and cultures, and many successes as well as failures. The book sets Scottish demography in a wider British and Western European framework and shows how patterns and trends from the past influence the present and the future demography of the country. Scotland’s outstandingly detailed published reports, many hitherto hardly used, are briefly described
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Rizzo, Matteo. Taken For A Ride. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794240.001.0001.
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The growth of cities and informal economies are two central manifestations of globalization in the developing world. Taken for a Ride addresses both, drawing on long-term fieldwork in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) and charting its public transport system’s journey from public to private provision. The book investigates this shift alongside the increasing deregulation of the sector and the resulting chaotic modality of public transport. It reviews state attempts to regain control over public transport, the political motivations behind these, and their inability to address its problems. The analysis documents how informal wage relations prevailed in the sector, and how their salience explains many of the inefficiencies of public transport. The changing political attitude of workers towards employers and the state is investigated: from an initial incapacity to respond to exploitation, to political organization and unionization, which won workers concessions on labour rights. A longitudinal study of workers throws light on patterns of occupational mobility in the sector. The book ends with an analysis of the political and economic interests that shaped the introduction of Bus Rapid Transit in Dar es Salaam and local resistance to it. Taken for a Ride is an interdisciplinary political economy of public transport, exposing the limitations of market fundamentalist and postcolonial scholarship on economic informality and the urban experience in developing countries, and its failure to locate the agency of the urban poor within their economic and political structures. It is both a contribution to and a call for the contextualized study of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’.
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Onida, Fabrizio, Giuseppe Berta, and Mario Perugini. Old and New Italian Manufacturing Multinational Firms. Edited by Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0015.
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Only two Italian multinationals born in very early twentieth century are surviving today (Fiat and Pirelli), while a number of public and private business that in the early post-war period had reached significant positions in the global business environment (such as Olivetti, Montecatini, SNIA, IRI-Ilva, Farmitalia) gradually disappeared or were sold to either Italian or foreign ownership. Since the mid-1980s a new wave of private SMEs ("fourth capitalism") became new protagonists of a rapid transformation from strong exporters to growing multinationals competing in sizeable world market niches. The chapter provides an overview of successes and failures of this peculiar pattern of multinational growth and decline of Italian firms.
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Kozlova, Ekaterina E. The Woman of Tekoa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796879.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on the woman of Tekoa (2 Sam. 14) and argues that her speech points out a pattern of David’s previous misconducts (profiled in ANE literature as the royal deviance principle) that endangered his family and YHWH’s people. Using the ominous phraseology in v. 14 (we are like water spilled on the ground), and reinforcing its tie to ancient maledictions, the woman parades before David a horrid demise of a nation due to its monarch’s failure to rectify inner-dynastic feuds. By placing her curse-related imagery into a lament-based petition, the woman protests its fulfilment in the ensuing chapters in the Absalom saga. Since the entirety of 2 Sam. 14 is supplemented with grief-related artifices, the woman’s speech functions as an act of mourning for the cumulative death toll of God’s people under David’s kingship.
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Stoljar, Daniel. Six Further Arguments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802099.003.0008.
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This chapter criticizes six arguments for pessimism: the womb of disciplines argument, which suggests that philosophy is by definition the subject that does not make progress; the methodology argument, which suggests that philosophers are using the wrong tools for the problems that confront them; the pseudo-problems argument, which suggests that philosophical problems are not the sort for which progress should be expected; the speculation argument, which suggests that philosophy involves an illegitimate and irresponsible form of speculation; the history argument, which suggests that philosophy bears a different relation to its past than do sciences such as physics, and in consequence exhibits a different pattern of success and failure; and the technicalia argument, which suggests that the technical language so prevalent in philosophy is a bar to progress. In each case this chapter argues that these present no grounds for doubting reasonable optimism.
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Mastroianni, George R. Cognition and Memory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638238.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 treats human thinking and remembering as adaptive processes employing shortcuts that sometimes favor efficiency over accuracy. Humans (and animals) achieve adaptive success partly by categorizing and classifying the myriad stimuli to which they are exposed and developing patterns of differential response to the various categories. While this tendency to categorical thinking can promote adaptive success under some circumstances, it can also lead to pernicious consequences such as stereotyping, prejudice, and racism. Such thinking was promoted and encouraged by the Nazis. Memory is also characterized by shortcuts: we really reconstruct our past experiences more than we recall them. Humans are susceptible to many different kinds of memory errors and failures. Because so much of what we know about the Holocaust is derived from memories, understanding how memory works is vital to making sense of this crucial source of information.
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Alexander, Anne. Communism in the Islamic World. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.015.
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This essay explores some of the common patterns in the history of communism in Muslim-majority societies. The most important of these had little to with Islam. Rather, they reflected the impact of European imperialism and nationalist resistance, the uneven tempo of integration into the global economy, the timing of the anti-colonial revolutions and the location of the post-colonial regimes in the great games of geopolitics. However, the other side of this narrative is the interwoven story of the decline of communist movements in most Muslim-majority societies and the rise of their Islamist competitors. It is argued that this trajectory is best explained not by recourse to essentialist explanations about the appeal of Islamist politics to Muslim believers, but by the failures of the post-colonial states on which the communists had pinned their hopes for national liberation and non-capitalist development.
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Fielding, Nigel G. Does Training Produce Professional Policing? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817475.003.0007.
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The chapter uses contemporary policing problems and challenges to evaluate how well training prepares recruits, auxiliaries, detectives, and managers for the police role. It reviews patterns of police corruption, misconduct and complaints against officers and considers whether, and how well, training helps police forces counter such problems. It also notes instances of positive responses to failures of service delivery. The discussion moves on to examine the challenge that diversity poses for the police, both at a cultural level and in respect of the specific experience of female officers, ethnic minority officers, and officers with alternative sexual orientations. The lessons of sickness, stress and injury on duty are considered in relation to how effectively training and supervision helps counter these. A discussion of public confidence and trust is used to address the concept of police legitimacy and to place it in relation to the acquisition of professional competence.
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Skipworth, James R. A., and Stephen P. Pereira. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and assessment of acute pancreatitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0190.
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The incidence of acute pancreatitis continues to increase, but the attendant mortality has not decreased for >30 years. The pathogenesis remains poorly understood, but the initial mechanism appears to be intracellular activation of pancreatic enzymes, with micro- and macrovascular dysfunction, in conjunction with a systemic inflammatory response acting as a key propagating factor and determinant of severity. A multitude of causes or initiators exist, but there is a common pathophysiological pathway. The use of conventional scoring systems, combined with repeated clinical and laboratory assessment, remain the optimal method of predicting early severity and organ dysfunction. Death occurs in a biphasic pattern with early mortality (<2 weeks) secondary to SIRS and MODS; and late deaths (>2 weeks) due to superinfection of pancreatic necrosis. Assessment of severity should reflect this, with early severity being diagnosed in the presence of organ failure for >48 hours, and late severity defined by the presence of pancreatic and peri-pancreatic complications on CT or other appropriate imaging modalities.
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Fuglsang-Frederiksen, Anders, Kirsten Pugdahl, and Hatice Tankisi. Quantitative electromyography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0008.
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Several quantitative electromyography (QEMG) methods are used for diagnosing and monitoring in patients with neuromuscular disorders. At weak effort of the muscle, motor unit potential (MUP) analyses as individual MUP, multi-MUP, and macro-EMG are diagnostically sensitive and well tested. At higher effort of the muscle, interference pattern analyses such as the turns amplitude analysis are also diagnostically sensitive. Other potential diagnostic methods are power spectrum analysis, muscle fibre conduction velocity analysis, and some surface EMG methods. In patients with myopathy, QEMG has an important role in the diagnosis as a supplement to blood tests, muscle biopsy, and genetic testing. In patients with neurogenic disorders such as anterior horn cell disorders, peripheral nerve lesions, or polyneuropathy, QEMG has important roles in characterizing the lesion and differential diagnosis. Furthermore, QEMG may be useful in the examination of patients with neuromuscular transmission failure, critical illness disorders, and in treatment of dystonic muscle with botulinum toxin.
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Chitnis, Rajendra, Jakob Stougaard-Nielsen, Rhian Atkin, and Zoran Milutinovic, eds. Translating the Literatures of Small European Nations. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620528.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This volume examines how, why and with what success smaller European literatures – written in less well-known languages from less familiar traditions – endeavour through translation to reach international readers. It argues that prevailing nation- and world-centred theoretical approaches have failed to provide an adequate understanding of the international circulation of these literatures, and instead advocates and models a comparative, interdisciplinary approach that consistently tests theory against concrete experience and practice, and combines literary, historiographical and translation methodologies to produce a far more precise analysis of the strategies, motivations, obstacles and patterns that emerge as these literatures strive to be heard. Through case studies drawn from over thirteen national contexts from Scandinavia and the Low Countries to the Mediterranean and Central and Eastern Europe, the volume analyses how the international perceptions of these literatures are disadvantaged and distorted in theory, reception and industry practice, evaluates successes and failures as these literatures, through state and third-sector intervention and individual innovation, attempt to overcome their marginalization, and charts how the mould of our perception of these literatures might be broken.
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Jayasumana, Channa, Carlos Orantes, and Marc E. De Broe. Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in Agricultural Communities. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0366_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in Agricultural Communities (CINAC) has been increasingly recognized since the early 1990s. It has been called epidemic chronic kidney disease unknown cause (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, and meso-American nephropathy in Central America. CINAC occurs regionally in the Tropics, predominantly in rural/agricultural zones. It is increasingly recognized, but also believed to be increasing in incidence. Men are affected up to three times more often than women. Its incidence increases with age, and a number of other epidemiological factors impact on it. In some areas, such as the North Central Province of Sri Lanka and regions of Central America, it drives extreme rates of CKD and end-stage renal failure. Clinically, it has the non-specific characteristics of other slowly-evolving chronic interstitial nephritis (Chapter 86). Perhaps distinctive is an inconsistent history of episodes of dysuria, sometimes loin pain, in earlier disease. Its aetiology remains unsolved. Maps of incidence commonly show a mosaic pattern, suggesting that exposure to local factors are implicated. It has been associated with working outdoors in high temperatures, but this seems inadequate as the sole explanation. Exposure to nephrotoxins, natural or possibly as agrochemicals, seems likely.
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Cassis, Youssef, Catherine R. Schenk, and Richard S. Grossman, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Banking and Financial History. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199658626.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The financial crisis of 2008 aroused widespread interest in banking and financial history among policy makers, academics, journalists, and even bankers, in addition to the wider public. References in the press to the term ‘Great Depression’ spiked after the failure of Lehman Brothers in November 2008, with similar surges in references to ‘economic history’ at various times during the financial turbulence. In an attempt to better understand the magnitude of the shock, there was a demand for historical parallels. How severe was the financial crash? Was it, in fact, the most severe financial crisis since the Great Depression? Were its causes unique or part of a well-known historical pattern? And have financial crises always led to severe depressions? Historical reflection on the recent financial crises and the long-term development of the financial system go hand in hand. This volume provides the material for such a reflection by presenting the state of the art in banking and financial history. Nineteen highly regarded experts present twenty-one chapters on the economic and financial side of banking and financial activities, primarily—though not solely—in advanced economies, in a long-term comparative perspective. In addition to paying attention to general issues, not least those related to theoretical and methodological aspects of the discipline, the volume approaches the banking and financial world from four distinct but interrelated angles: financial institutions, financial markets, financial regulation, and financial crises.
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Han, Enze. Asymmetrical Neighbors. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190688301.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Asymmetrical Neighbors explains the variations in state building across the borderland area between China, Myanmar, and Thailand. It presents a comparative historical account of the state and nation-building processes in the ethnically diverse and geographically rugged borderland area where China meets Southeast Asia. It argues the failure of the Myanmar state to consolidate its control over its borderland area is partly due to the political and military meddling by its two more powerful neighbors during the Cold War. Furthermore, both China and Thailand, being more economically advanced than Myanmar, have exerted heavy economic influence on the borderland area at the cost of Myanmar’s economic sovereignty. The book provides a historical account of the borderland that traces the pattern of relations between valley states and upland people before the mid-twentieth century. Then it discusses the implications of the Chinese nationalist KMT troops in Burma and Thailand and Burmese and Thai communist insurgencies since the mid-1960s on attempts by the three states to consolidate their respective borderland areas. The book also portrays the dynamics of the borderland economy and the dominance of both China and Thailand on Myanmar’s borderland territory in the post-Cold War period. It further discusses the comparative nation-building processes among the three states and the implications for the ethnic minority groups in the borderland area and their national identity contestations. Finally, the book provides an updated account of the current ethnic conflicts along Myanmar’s restive borderland and its ongoing peace negotiation process.
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Chakma, Bhumitra. South Asian Regionalism. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529205152.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The book explains the politics of regionalism in South Asia from the vantagepoint of International Relations (IR). It engages three major IR theoretical approaches – Neorealism, institutionalism and constructivism - to explain the complex dynamics of South Asian regionalism – its origin, evolutionary process, outcome and effects. The study traces the origins and evolution of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) from its inception to the present day. Using comparative perspectives based on the experiences of similar regional organisations, the book provides an in-depth analysis of the performance of SAARC and its challenges and limits. The study divides the evolution of SAARC into two distinct phases. In the formative phase, the organisation primarily focussed on, based on the neo-functional idea of ‘spillover’ – low level issue areas for cooperation. In the second phase from 1993 onward, cooperation was initiated in the core economic areas, i.e. trade in goods and services, finance, investment etc. While the organisation achieved some tangible and intangible successes, its failures are more glaring. Terming the formation of SAARC essentially as a political project, the book argues that the patterns of regional international relations have primarily determined the outcome of regionalism in South Asia. While the socio-economic development constituted the key rationale for the formation of SAARC, its modus operandi was politico-strategic which led to its gradual erosion. Notwithstanding its limits, the book asserts that SAARC will have to be called back at a future date due to the persistence of the compelling rationale for which it was created.