Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pattern perception

Academic literature on the topic 'Pattern perception'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Pattern perception"

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Earle, David C. "Some Observations on the Perception of Marroquin Patterns." Perception 20, no. 6 (December 1991): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p200727.

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Demonstrations are presented to show that the perception of structure in Marroquin patterns is disrupted if the dots comprising the pattern have opposite contrast polarity, and also if the dots comprising the pattern are separated in stereoscopic depth. It is also demonstrated that the perception of structure in a Marroquin pattern is made possible if the pattern is separated in stereoscopic depth from ‘noise’ dots, where the pattern structure cannot be perceived in either half of the unfused stereogram. In these respects the perception of Marroquin patterns is similar to the perception of Glass patterns. These findings are thus consistent with the proposal that the perception both of Marroquin and of Glass patterns is based on the construction of virtual lines.
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GREENLAND, MAUREEN. "The Perception of Pattern." Journal of Art & Design Education 4, no. 2 (June 1985): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.1985.tb00157.x.

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Povel, Dirk-Jan, and Peter Essens. "Perception of Temporal Patterns." Music Perception 2, no. 4 (1985): 411–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285311.

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To gain insight into the internal representation of temporal patterns, we studied the perception and reproduction of tone sequences in which only the tone-onset intervals were varied. A theory of the processing of such sequences, partly implemented as a computer program, is presented. A basic assumption of the theory is that perceivers try to generate an internal clock while listening to a temporal pattern. This internal clock is of a flexible nature that adapts itself to certain characteristics of the pattern under consideration. The distribution of accented events perceived in the sequence is supposed to determine whether a clock can (and which clock will) be generated internally. Further it is assumed that if a clock is induced in the perceiver, it will be used as a measuring device to specify the temporal structure of the pattern. The nature of this specification is formalized in a tentative coding model. Three experiments are reported that test different aspects of the model. In Experiment 1, subjects reproduced various temporal patterns that only differed structurally in order to test the hypothesis that patterns more readily inducing an internal clock will give rise to more accurate percepts. In Experiment 2, clock induction is manipulated experimentally to test the clock notion more directly. Experiment 3 tests the coding portion of the model by correlating theoretical complexity of temporal patterns based on the coding model with complexity judgments. The experiments yield data that support the theoretical ideas.
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Abdai, Judit, Bence Ferdinandy, Cristina Baño Terencio, Ákos Pogány, and Ádám Miklósi. "Perception of animacy in dogs and humans." Biology Letters 13, no. 6 (June 2017): 20170156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0156.

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Humans have a tendency to perceive inanimate objects as animate based on simple motion cues. Although animacy is considered as a complex cognitive property, this recognition seems to be spontaneous. Researchers have found that young human infants discriminate between dependent and independent movement patterns. However, quick visual perception of animate entities may be crucial to non-human species as well. Based on general mammalian homology, dogs may possess similar skills to humans. Here, we investigated whether dogs and humans discriminate similarly between dependent and independent motion patterns performed by geometric shapes. We projected a side-by-side video display of the two patterns and measured looking times towards each side, in two trials. We found that in Trial 1, both dogs and humans were equally interested in the two patterns, but in Trial 2 of both species, looking times towards the dependent pattern decreased, whereas they increased towards the independent pattern. We argue that dogs and humans spontaneously recognized the specific pattern and habituated to it rapidly, but continued to show interest in the ‘puzzling’ pattern. This suggests that both species tend to recognize inanimate agents as animate relying solely on their motions.
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Nearey, Terrance M. "Speech perception as pattern recognition." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101, no. 6 (June 1997): 3241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.418290.

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Levi, D. M., V. Sharma, and S. A. Klein. "Feature integration in pattern perception." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, no. 21 (October 14, 1997): 11742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.21.11742.

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Foxton, Jessica M., Andrew C. B. Brown, Simon Chambers, and Timothy D. Griffiths. "Training Improves Acoustic Pattern Perception." Current Biology 14, no. 4 (February 2004): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.001.

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Ueda, Tetsuo. "Pattern dynamics in cellular perception." Phase Transitions 45, no. 2-3 (November 1993): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411599308223719.

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Levi, Dennis M. "Pattern perception at high velocities." Current Biology 6, no. 8 (August 1996): 1020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00647-4.

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Dastani, Mehdi, Bipin Indurkhya, and Remko Scha. "Analogical projection in pattern perception." Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 15, no. 4 (October 2003): 489–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09528130310001626283.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pattern perception"

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Malyan, R. R. "Machine learning for handprinted character perception." Thesis, Kingston University, 1989. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20527/.

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Humans are well suited to the reading of textual information, but unfortunately it has not yet been possible to develop a machine to emulate this form of human behaviour. In the past, machines have been characterised by having static forms of specific knowledge necessary for character recognition. The resulting form of reading behaviour is most uncharacteristic of the way humans perceive textual information. The major problem with handprinted character recognition is the infinite variability in the character shapes and the ambiguities many of these shapes exhibit. Human perception of handprinted characters makes extensive use of "world knowledge" to remove such ambiguities. Humans are also continually modifying their world knowledge to further enhance their reading behaviour by acquiring new knowledge as they read. An information processing model for perception and learning of handprinted characters is proposed. The function of the model is to enable ambiguous character descriptions to converge to single character classifications. The accuracy of this convergence improves with reading experience on handprinted text. The model consists of three compon,ent parts. Firstly, a character classifier to recognise character patterns. These patterns may be both distorted anq noisy, where distortion is defined to be a consistent variability from known archetypical character descriptions and noise as a random inconsistent variability in character shape. Secondly, a perceptive mechanism that makes inferences from an incomplete linguistic world model of an author or of a specific domain of discourse from many authors. Finally, a incremental learning capability is integrated into the character classifier and perceptive mechanisms. This is to enable the internal world model to be continually adaptive to either changes in the domain of discourse or to different authors. A demonstrator is described, together with a summary of experimental results that clearly show the improvement in machine perception which results from continuous incremental learning.
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Lorek, Edward J. "An investigation of sex differences in spatial cognition predicted by the hunter-gatherer hypothesis using a human analog of the pole-box task." Click here for download, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/villanova/fullcit?p1432522.

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Cham, Siu-lai Joey, and 覃紹禮. "Human vision and the natural visual world: psychophysical results and natural-image analysis reveal comparableand consistent patterns of contour-curvature statistics." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41758079.

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Cham, Siu-lai Joey. "Human vision and the natural visual world psychophysical results and natural-image analysis reveal comparable and consistent patterns of contour-curvature statistics /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41758079.

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Leung, Ka-chung, and 梁嘉聰. "Distortion modelling for the recognition of line patterns." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46583105.

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Pigott, Susan. "Visual pattern memory after unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74287.

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Memory for visual patterns was examined in 131 patients with unilateral temporal- or frontal-lobe excisions and 32 normal control subjects. A deficit in short-term memory for matrices of increasing complexity was exhibited by the right frontal-lobe group. Right temporal lobectomy impaired cued recall of visually homogeneous matrices at each of four serial positions. On the delayed recognition of complex visual scenes, right temporal lobectomy decreased identification of changes in figurative detail and spatial composition, whereas right hippocampectomy impaired identification of changes in spatial location. The interplay between verbal and pictorial codes in memory was also investigated using related word-design pairs. Right or left temporal lobectomy affected the number of designs recalled but only the right temporal-lobe group produced designs of poor quality. When cued with the words, the left temporal-lobe group produced fewer designs than the control subjects, demonstrating a reduced ability to retrieve pictorial information through verbal labels.
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Don, Audrey Jean. "Auditory pattern perception in children with Williams syndrome." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ30287.pdf.

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Hodgson, Anthony Malcolm. "Time, pattern, perception : integrating systems and futures thinking." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16878.

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Fraser, Ian Hamilton. "Temporal discrimination and integration in visual pattern perception." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1986. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU003837.

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The literature on models of pattern recognition was reviewed and it was revealed that there is a paucity of information concerning temporal factors and their effects on pattern perception. A method for ivestigating these aspects was outlined which entails the fragmentation of a stimulus and its presentation over time. This type of stimulus presentation has revealed that the visual system appears to harbour biases towards parsing the internal or external features from the outline. In addition there were perceptual advantages in terms of processing speed and fewer errors when the outline occurred first in the sequence of stimulus fragments. Both of these biases appear strongest when meaningful as opposed to non-representational stimuli are used. It was concluded that these results can be best explained in terms of a two stage processing model. The first stage involves a process of building up an internal representation (much along the lines of David Marr's model). The second stage involves a cognitively driven scanning process which compares the representation with the items in the subject's picture vocabulary. This scanning process is probably hierarchically organised.
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Poisson, Marie E. "Studies in visual search : effects of distractor ratio and local grouping processes." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70299.

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According to Feature Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980), search for a target defined by features on two different dimensions (e.g. green horizontal target among red horizontal and green vertical distractors) is conducted via serial attentive search of all items in the array. Results presented in this thesis clearly demonstrate that conjunction search is not conducted as a serial self-terminating search, and suggest that subjects selectively search a single feature set. Strong support is also provided for the role of local grouping processes in visual conjunction search. This includes evidence demonstrating: (1) that local context is an important factor in directing search toward the target, and (2) that groups of spatially adjacent homogeneous elements can be processed in parallel. These results point to the importance of spatial layout of target and distractor elements. More recent theories (e.g. Cave & Wolfe, 1990) will have to be amended in order to account for these data.
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Books on the topic "Pattern perception"

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Simon, Bell. Landscape: Pattern, perception, and process. New York: E & FN Spon, 1999.

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Guido, Tascini, ed. Machine learning and perception. Singapore: World Scientific, 1996.

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Graham, Norma Van Surdam. Visual pattern analyzers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

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1910-, Chagas Carlos, Gattass Ricardo, Gross Charles G, and Pontificia Accademia delle scienze, eds. Pattern recognition mechanisms. Città del Vaticano: Pontificia Academia Scientiarium, 1985.

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Bryant-Mole, Karen. Patterns. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2000.

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Harris, Trudy. Pattern bugs. Brookfield, Conn: Millbrook Press, 2001.

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Harris, Trudy. Pattern bugs. Brookfield, Conn: Millbrook Press, 2001.

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Harris, Trudy. Pattern bugs. Brookfield, Conn: Millbrook Press, 2001.

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James, Mike. Pattern recognition. New York: Wiley, 1988.

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Harris, Trudy. Pattern bugs. Brookfield, Conn: Millbrook Press, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pattern perception"

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McFarlane, Anna. "Perception in Pattern Recognition." In Cyberpunk Culture and Psychology, 68–89. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003082477-4.

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Manicke, Robert L. "Stochastic Geometry and Perception." In Pattern Recognition Theory and Applications, 287–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83069-3_23.

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Varadharajan, L. Srinivasa. "Spatial Vision and Pattern Perception." In Handbook of Visual Display Technology, 131–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14346-0_8.

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Varadharajan, L. Srinivasa. "Spatial Vision and Pattern Perception." In Handbook of Visual Display Technology, 1–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35947-7_8-2.

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Varadharajan, L. Srinivasa. "Spatial Vision and Pattern Perception." In Handbook of Visual Display Technology, 109–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79567-4_8.

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Trehub, Sandra E. "Auditory Pattern Perception in Infancy." In Auditory Development in Infancy, 183–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9340-6_10.

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North, Jamie S., and A. Mark Williams. "Familiarity detection and pattern perception." In Anticipation and Decision Making in Sport, 25–42. New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315146270-2.

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Anderson, Jacob, Georgios Fainekos, Bardh Hoxha, Hideki Okamoto, and Danil Prokhorov. "Pattern Matching for Perception Streams." In Runtime Verification, 251–70. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44267-4_13.

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Frank, Till. "Pattern Formation." In Determinism and Self-Organization of Human Perception and Performance, 99–165. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28821-1_4.

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Ortells Lorenzo, Javier, Raúl Martín-Félez, and Ramón A. Mollineda Cárdenas. "A Complexity Measure of Gait Perception." In Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 492–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38628-2_58.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pattern perception"

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Žídek, K., J. Hlubuček, and O. Denk. "Random Image Encoding via Speckle Pattern: The Effect of Patterns Correlation." In 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/3d.2017.jtu5a.1.

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Ghetti, Cristina, and Emanuelle Mazza. "Folding Pattern: A Study about Perception." In 2014 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cw.2014.62.

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Paragios, Nikos, and Nikos Komodakis. "Discrete Visual Perception." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2014.13.

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Land, M. F. "Pattern perception in animals remote from man." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334454.

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Saarinen, Jukka, Jyrki Rovamo, and Veijo Virsu. "Perception of spatial structure in peripheral vision." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.mr36.

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Peripheral vision has been found1 to be inferior to central vision in the analysis of spatial relationships between pattern elements even when the sizes of test stimuli have been scaled to make their neural representations cortically similar. We investigated what kind of size-scaling equalizes the perception of spatial relationships in central and peripheral vision. In our experiments two patterns consisting of short line segments were exposed for 140 ms, and the observer had to decide whether the patterns were identical or mirror symmetric. The size of the pattern was varied to find the threshold size corresponding to 75% of correct responses at each retinal location. The scaling required for threshold discrimination between identity and mirror symmetry was found to be similar to the size-scaling proposed for Vernier acuity tasks.2
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Chen, Xingye, Jiamin Wu, Chenguang Ma, and Qionghai Dai. "Advanced Illumination Pattern in Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy." In 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/3d.2016.jt3a.41.

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Narayan, Subrahmanya Keremane, Viren S. Ram, and Rajshekhar Gannavarpu. "Conditional generative modelling based fringe pattern normalization." In 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/3d.2023.jw2a.25.

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In this article, we propose a generative adversarial network based fringe pattern normalization method. We investigate the method's effectiveness under various noise levels by evaluating root mean square error (RMSE) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM).
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Tian, Kun, Tong Zhou, Shiming Xiang, and Chunhong Pan. "Forground-Guided Vehicle Perception Framework." In 2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412689.

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Yuan, Yuanyuan, Shuai Wang, Mingyue Jiang, and Tsong Yueh Chen. "Perception Matters: Detecting Perception Failures of VQA Models Using Metamorphic Testing." In 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01663.

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Kramer, Patricia, Elizabeth Schwenzfeier, Ronald Growney, and Robert E. Shaw. "Application of symmetry group theory to the perception of rotation." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.thk1.

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We are investigating the extent to which the perceived speed, direction, and smoothness of a rotating pattern depend on the symmetry period of the pattern (i.e., the amount of rotation required to bring the pattern into self-congruence). Subjects viewed patterns with either twofold (180°, e.g., rectangle), threefold (120°, e.g., triangle), or fourfold (90°, e.g., square) symmetry under various rates of stroboscopic illumination; rating scales were the dependent measure. Results indicate that perceived speed, direction, and smoothness of rotation depend not only on the stroboscopic sampling rate but also on the symmetry of the rotated pattern. These results correspond to predictions based on symmetry group theory.
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Reports on the topic "Pattern perception"

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Samuel, Arthur G. Signal- and Listener- Based Factors in Complex Auditory Pattern Perception. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada285636.

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Sinha, Pawan. Pattern Motion Perception: Feature Tracking or Integration of Component Motions? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada295653.

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Muñoz-Martínez, Jonathan Alexander, David Orozco, and Mario A. Ramos-Veloza. Tweeting Inflation: Real-Time measures of Inflation Perception in Colombia. Banco de la República, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1256.

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This study follows a novel approach proposed by Angelico et al. (2022) of using Twitter to measure inflation perception in in real-time in Colombia. By applying machine learning techniques, we implement two real-time indicators of inflation perception and show that both exhibit a similar dynamic pattern to that of inflation and inflation expectations for the sample period January 2015 to March 2023. Our interpretation of these results is that they suggest that our indicators are closely linked to the underlying factors driving inflation perception. Overall, this approach provides a valuable instrument to gauge public sentiment towards inflation and complements the traditional inflation expectation measures used in the inflation–targeting framework.
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An, Hyosun, and Minjung Park. Analysis of user perception and fashion image on a stripe pattern for men's shirts by using semantic network analysis. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-416.

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Martinez, Kimberly D., and Gaojian Huang. Exploring the Effects of Meaningful Tactile Display on Perception and Preference in Automated Vehicles. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2164.

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There is an existing issue in human-machine interaction, such that drivers of semi-autonomous vehicles are still required to take over control of the vehicle during system limitations. A possible solution may lie in tactile displays, which can present status, direction, and position information while avoiding sensory (e.g., visual and auditory) channels overload to reliably help drivers make timely decisions and execute actions to successfully take over. However, limited work has investigated the effects of meaningful tactile signals on takeover performance. This study synthesizes literature investigating the effects of tactile displays on takeover performance in automated vehicles and conducts a human-subject study to design and test the effects of six meaningful tactile signal types and two pattern durations on drivers’ perception and performance during automated driving. The research team performed a literature review of 18 articles that conducted human-subjects experiments on takeover performance utilizing tactile displays as takeover requests. Takeover performance in these studies were highlighted, such as response times, workload, and accuracy. The team then conducted a human-subject experiment, which included 16 participants that used a driving simulator to present 30 meaningful vibrotactile signals, randomly across four driving sessions measuring for reaction times (RTs), interpretation accuracy, and subjective ratings. Results from the literature suggest that tactile displays can present meaningful vibrotactile patterns via various in-vehicle locations to help improve drivers’ performance during the takeover and can be used to assist in the design of human-machine interfaces (HMI) for automated vehicles. The experiment yielded results illustrating higher urgency patterns were associated with shorter RTs and higher intuitive ratings. Also, pedestrian status and headway reduction signals presented shorter RTs and increased confidence ratings compared to other tactile signal types. Finally, the signal types that yielded the highest accuracy were the surrounding vehicle and navigation signal types. Implications of these findings may lie in informing the design of next-generation in-vehicle HMIs and future human factors studies on human-automation interactions.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory B. Martin. molecular link from PAMP perception to a MAPK cascade associated with tomato disease resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597918.bard.

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The research problem: The detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key mechanism by which plants activate an effective immune response against pathogen attack. MAPK cascades are important signaling components downstream of PRRs that transduce the PAMP signal to activate various defense responses. Preliminary experiments suggested that the receptor-like cytoplasmickinase (RLCK) Mai5 plays a positive role in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and interacts with the MAPKKK M3Kε. We thus hypothesized that Mai5, as other RLCKs, functions as a component PRR complexes and acts as a molecular link between PAMP perception and activation of MAPK cascades. Original goals: The central goal of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Mai5 and M3Kε regulate plant immunity. Specific objectives were to: 1. Determine the spectrum of PAMPs whose perception is transmitted by M3Kε; 2. Identify plant proteins that act downstream of M3Kε to mediate PTI; 3. Investigate how and where Mai5 interacts with M3Kε in the plant cell; 4. Examine the mechanism by which Mai5 contributes to PTI. Changes in research directions: We did not find convincing evidence for the involvement of M3Kε in PTI signaling and substituted objectives 1 and 3 with research activities aimed at the analysis of transcriptomic profiles of tomato plants during the onset of plant immunity, isolation of the novel tomato PRR FLS3, and investigation of the involvement of the RLCKBSKs in PTI. Main achievements during this research program are in the following major areas: 1. Functional characterization of Mai5. The function of Mai5 in PTI signaling was demonstrated by testing the effect of silencing the Mai5 gene by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments and in cell death assays. Domains of Mai5 that interact with MAPKKKs and subcellular localization of Mai5 were analyzed in detail. 2. Analysis of transcriptional profiles during the tomato immune responses to Pseudomonas syringae (Pombo et al., 2014). We identified tomato genes whose expression is induced specifically in PTI or in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Thirty ETI-specific genes were examined by VIGS for their involvement in immunity and the MAPKKK EPK1, was found to be required for ETI. 3. Dissection of MAP kinase cascades downstream of M3Kε (Oh et al., 2013; Teper et al., 2015). We identified genes that encode positive (SGT and EDS1) and negative (WRKY1 and WRKY2) regulators of the ETI-associated cell death mediated by M3Kε. In addition, the MKK2 MAPKK, which acts downstream of M3Kε, was found to interact with the MPK3 MAPK and specific MPK3 amino acids involved interaction were identified and found to be required for induction of cell death. We also identified 5 type III effectors of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonaseuvesicatoria that inhibited cell death induced by components of ETI-associated MAP kinase cascades. 4. Isolation of the tomato PRR FLS3 (Hind et al., submitted). FLS3, a novel PRR of the LRR-RLK family that specifically recognizes the flagellinepitope flgII-28 was isolated. FLS3 was shown to bind flgII-28, to require kinase activity for function, to act in concert with BAK1, and to enhance disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. 5. Functional analysis of RLCKs of the brassinosteroid signaling kinase (BSK) family.Arabidopsis and tomato BSKs were found to interact with PRRs. In addition, certain ArabidospsisBSK mutants were found to be impaired in PAMP-induced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities discovered and characterized new molecular components of signaling pathways mediating recognition of invading pathogens and activation of immune responses against them. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity will allow them to be manipulated by both molecular breeding and genetic engineering to produce plants with enhanced natural defense against disease.
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7

Rodríguez-Clare, Andrés, and William Maloney. Innovation Shortfalls. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010999.

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There is a common perception that low productivity or low growth is due to what can be called an innovation shortfall, usually identified as a low rate of investment in research and development (R&D) compared with some high-innovation countries. The usual reaction to this perceived problem is to call for increases in R&D investment rates, usually specifying a target that can be as high as 3 percent of GDP. The problem with this analysis is that it fails to see that a low R&D investment rate may be appropriate given the economy's pattern of specialization, or may be just one manifestation of more general problems that impede accumulation of all kinds of capital. When does a country suffer from an innovation shortfall above and beyond the ones that should be expected given its specialization and accumulation patterns? This is the question tackled in this paper. First, it shows a simple way to estimate the R&D gap that can be explained by a country's specialization pattern, and illustrates this with the case of Chile. The analysis finds that although Chile's specialization in natural-resource-intensive sectors explains part of its R&D gap, a significant shortfall remains. Second, it shows how a calibrated model can be used to determine the R&D gap that should be expected given a country's investment in physical and human capital. If the actual R&D gap is above this expected gap, the country suffers from a true innovation shortfall.
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8

Watson, Charles S. Perception of Complex Auditory Patterns. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada190218.

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9

Morón, Eduardo, and Cynthia Sanborn. The Pitfalls of Policymaking in Peru: Actors, Institutions and Rules of the Game. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011297.

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Policymaking in Peru over the last 25 years has been largely dominated by the Executive, and has been influenced by a variety of structural and political factors as well as by the personal ambitions of presidents and the public perception of crisis. With few exceptions, neither the Congress nor the other branches and levels of government have played effective roles in defining the national policy agenda, promoting inter-temporal cooperation and providing checks and balances on executive power. Although this situation has been partially modified since 2001, it is not clear that the general pattern has changed. While certain arenas of decision-making have been reformed in recent years, in many spheres policymaking remains an arbitrary and unpredictable process, resulting in policies that are of low quality, poorly enforced and easily reversed. Although reforming aspects of the political and electoral systems could contribute to improving this outcome, the instability of the political regime per se has been a deterrent to longer-term institutional development.
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10

Warren, Richard M. Mechanisms Mediating the Perception of Complex Acoustic Patterns. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada200530.

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