Journal articles on the topic 'Pattern markings'
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Augustyn, Jason S., M. R. Fletcher, Caroline R. Mahoney, and Edward Hirsch. "Watching Where You're Going: An Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Attention during Walking." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 18 (October 2007): 1195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101830.
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Dual task methodology and eye-tracking were used to examine how attention is allocated when walking over terrain of varying complexity. Volunteers completed six test sessions in which they walked for 30 minutes with one of three terrain conditions (no markings, irregular markings, irregular markings). While walking, volunteers also performed a secondary vigilance task with targets placed at either eye level or ground level. Results showed that accuracy on the secondary task declined as terrain complexity increased. Median RT was also significantly faster with no markings than either marking condition. In addition, RTs were faster with the targets at eye level for all marking patterns except the irregular pattern. These data show that walking over varied terrain impacts vigilance.
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Huang, Junjie, Zhiling Wang, Huawei Liang, Linglong Lin, Biao Yu, Fei Dong, and Yan Xu. "Lane Marking Detection Based on Segments with Upper and Lower Structure." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 02 (June 14, 2019): 2055005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001420550058.
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An effective and accurate lane marking detection algorithm is a fundamental element of the intelligent vehicle system and the advanced driver assistant system, which can provide important information to ensure the vehicle runs in the lane or warn the driver in case of lane departure. However, in the complex urban environment, lane markings are always affected by illumination, shadow, rut, water, other vehicles, abandoned old lane markings and non-lane markings, etc. Meanwhile, the lane markings are weak caused by hard use over time. The dash and curve lane marking detection is also a challenge. In this paper, a new lane marking detection algorithm for urban traffic is proposed. In the low-level phase, an iterative adaptive threshold method is used for image segmentation, which is especially suitable for the blurred and weakened lane markings caused by low illumination or wear. In the middle-level phase, the algorithm clusters the candidate pixels into line segments, and the upper and lower structure is used to cluster the line segments into candidate lanes, which is more suitable for curve and dashed lane markings. In the high-level phase, we compute the highest scores to get the two optimal lane markings. The optimal strategy can exclude interference similar to lane markings. We test our algorithm on Future Challenge TSD-Lane dataset and KITTI UM dataset. The results show our algorithm can effectively detect lane markings under multiple disturbance, occlusions and sharp curves.
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Retting, Richard A., Hugh W. McGee, and Charles M. Farmer. "Influence of Experimental Pavement Markings on Urban Freeway Exit-Ramp Traffic Speeds." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1705, no. 1 (January 2000): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1705-17.
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Motor vehicle crashes on curved roadway sections occur more frequently and tend to be more severe than those on straight sections. Speed is a significant factor in many crashes that occur on curves. The effects on traffic speeds of special pavement markings intended to reduce speeds on freeway exit ramps with horizontal curves were examined. An experimental pavement marking pattern was employed that narrowed the lane width of both the curve and a portion of the tangent section leading into the curve by use of a gradual inward taper of existing edgeline or exit gore pavement markings or both. Traffic speeds were analyzed before and after installation of the pavement markings at four experimental ramps in New York and Virginia. Results indicated that the markings were generally effective in reducing speeds of passenger vehicles and large trucks. The markings were associated with significant reductions in the percentages of passenger vehicles and large trucks exceeding posted exit-ramp advisory speeds.
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Simmons, Carole, Karen Mahach, Dick Knoblauch, Marsha Nitzburg, Sam Tignor, and Kathryn Wochinger. "Field Evaluation of Ultraviolet (UV)-Activated Fluorescent Roadway Delineation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 2 (October 1997): 1392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181397041002192.
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A field test was conducted at the Federal Highway Administration's Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center to determine whether the use of UV headlamps in conjunction with fluorescent pavement markings could increase the visibility of roadway delineation. A passenger car was equipped with headlamps that supply UV radiation in a highbeam pattern, in addition to conventional halogen headlamps. Subjects rated the visibility of three types of pavement markings (standard paint, standard thermoplastic, and UV-activated fluorescent thermoplastic) as seen under conventional lowbeam headlamps with auxiliary UV headlamps either on or off. Results showed that UV-activated fluorescent pavement markings provided a significant increase in visibility when viewed with UV headlamps on vs. UV headlamps off, and also provided better visibility than the other marking types. This suggests that the use of UV-headlamps in combination with UV-activated fluorescent pavement markings and other traffic control devices could lead to improvements in nighttime driving visibility.
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DUARTE, Mel de Oliveira, Tiago Magalhães da Silva FREITAS, and Ana Lúcia da Costa PRUDENTE. "Polychromatism of populations of Corallus hortulanus (Squamata: Boidae) from the southern Amazon Basin, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 45, no. 4 (December 2015): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201500603.
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The Amazon tree boa Corallus hortulanus is known for featuring a wide variation in color pattern and design markings. Although there are studies on its polychromatism, none of them addresses the geographic variation in the color pattern of this species. The aim of this study was to describe the chromatic variation found in the populations of C. hortulanus from the southern Amazon Basin and its relationship with geographic distribution of the species. Analysis of both design markings and color patterns on 112 C. hortulanus specimens from the southern Amazon Basin interfluves resulted in the identification of six distinct morphotypes. Grayish-brown coloration and elongated diamond-shaped patterns were the most frequent patterns. Two morphotypes showed a tendency of correlation with the geographical distribution of those species found in Madeira and Juruá Rivers. The small sample size does not allow for a robust conclusion on the possible cause of geographic variation. The distribution of morphological patterns of C. hortullanus in the Amazon Basin suggest that there is gene flow between populations, regardless of geographical distance and natural barriers. The variation in color pattern and markings may represent a phenotypic response to the characteristics of different habitats occupied by the species.
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Stevens, Martin, Innes C. Cuthill, Amy M. M. Windsor, and Hannah J. Walker. "Disruptive contrast in animal camouflage." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1600 (July 5, 2006): 2433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3614.
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Camouflage typically involves colour patterns that match the background. However, it has been argued that concealment may be achieved by strategic use of apparently conspicuous markings. Recent evidence supports the theory that the presence of contrasting patterns placed peripherally on an animal's body (disruptive coloration) provides survival advantages. However, no study has tested a key prediction from the early literature that disruptive coloration is effective even when some colour patches do not match the background and have a high contrast with both the background and adjacent pattern elements (disruptive contrast). We test this counter-intuitive idea that conspicuous patterns might aid concealment, using artificial moth-like targets with pattern elements designed to match or mismatch the average luminance (lightness) of the trees on which they were placed. Disruptive coloration was less effective when some pattern elements did not match the background luminance. However, even non-background-matching disruptive patterns reduced predation relative to equivalent non-disruptive patterns or to unpatterned controls. Therefore, concealment may still be achieved even when an animal possesses markings not found in the background. Disruptive coloration may allow animals to exploit backgrounds on which they are not perfectly matched, and to possess conspicuous markings while still retaining a degree of camouflage.
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Hansen, Dennis M., Timotheüs Van der Niet, and Steven D. Johnson. "Floral signposts: testing the significance of visual ‘nectar guides’ for pollinator behaviour and plant fitness." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1729 (July 27, 2011): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1349.
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Nectar guides, contrasting patterns on flowers that supposedly direct pollinators towards a concealed nectar reward, are taxonomically widespread. However, there have been few studies of their functional significance and effects on plant fitness. Most previous studies focused on pollinator behaviour and used artificial flowers in laboratory settings. We experimentally investigated the role of putative nectar guides in a natural system: the South African iris Lapeirousia oreogena , whose flowers have a clearly visible pattern of six white arrow-markings pointing towards the narrow entrance of the long corolla tube, and its sole pollinator, a long-proboscid nemestrinid fly. We painted over none, some or all of the white arrow-markings with ink that matched the colour of the corolla background. Although arrow-marking removal had little effect on the approaches by flies to flowers from a distance, it dramatically reduced the likelihood of proboscis insertion. Export of pollen dye analogue (an estimate of male fitness) was reduced to almost zero in flowers from which all nectar guides had been removed, and fruit set (a measure of female fitness) was also significantly reduced. Our results confirm that the markings on L. oreogena flowers serve as nectar guides and suggest that they are under strong selective maintenance through both male and female fitness components in this pollination system.
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Adeyemi, Oladimeji, Martins Irhebhude, and Adeola Kolawole. "Speed Breakers, Road Marking Detection and Recognition Using Image Processing Techniques." Advances in Image and Video Processing 7, no. 5 (November 8, 2019): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.75.7205.
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This paper presents a image processing technique for speed breaker, road marking detection and recognition. An Optical Character Recognition (OCR) algorithm was used to recognize traffic signs such as “STOP” markings and a Hough transform was used to detect line markings which serves as a pre-processing stage to determine when the proposed technique does OCR or speed breaker recognition. The stopline inclusion serves as a pre-processing stage that tells the system when to perform stop marking recognition or speed breaker recognition. Image processing techniques was used for the processing of features from the images. Local Binary Pattern (LBP) was extracted as features and employed to train the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier for speed breaker recognition. Experimental results shows 79%, 100% “STOP” sign and speed breaker recognitions respectively. The proposed system goes very well for the roads which are constructed with proper painting irrespective of their dimension.
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Mckinnery, P. W. "The Use of Intraoperative Grid Pattern Markings in Lipoplasty." Yearbook of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery 2006 (January 2006): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1535-1513(08)70397-7.
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Spitzenberger, Friederike, and Edmund Weiss. "Conspicuous body markings in infant Myotis emarginatus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)." Lynx new series 48, no. 1 (2017): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2017-0016.
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Pups of Myotis emarginatus exhibit bold markings in their natal coat. They consist of a neck band, a dorsal middle stripe, and a diamond-shaped spot in the distal part of the back. Furthermore, the posterior side of the ears shows a conspicuous pattern. These markings slowly disappear in the course of lactation. Apparently, such temporary body markings in infant bats have not been described yet. Hypotheses concerning this phenomenon are discussed.
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Fraser, Stewart, Alison Callahan, Dana Klassen, and Thomas N. Sherratt. "Empirical tests of the role of disruptive coloration in reducing detectability." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1615 (March 13, 2007): 1325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0153.
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Disruptive patterning is a potentially universal camouflage technique that is thought to enhance concealment by rendering the detection of body shapes more difficult. In a recent series of field experiments, artificial moths with markings that extended to the edges of their ‘wings’ survived at higher rates than moths with the same edge patterns inwardly displaced. While this result seemingly indicates a benefit to obscuring edges, it is possible that the higher density markings of the inwardly displaced patterns concomitantly reduced their extent of background matching. Likewise, it has been suggested that the mealworm baits placed on the artificial moths could have created differential contrasts with different moth patterns. To address these concerns, we conducted controlled trials in which human subjects searched for computer-generated moth images presented against images of oak trees. Moths with edge-extended disruptive markings survived at higher rates, and took longer to find, than all other moth types, whether presented sequentially or simultaneously. However, moths with no edge markings and reduced interior pattern density survived better than their high-density counterparts, indicating that background matching may have played a so-far unrecognized role in the earlier experiments. Our disruptively patterned non-background-matching moths also had the lowest overall survivorship, indicating that disruptive coloration alone may not provide significant protection from predators. Collectively, our results provide independent support for the survival value of disruptive markings and demonstrate that there are common features in human and avian perception of camouflage.
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Miyazawa, Seita. "Pattern blending enriches the diversity of animal colorations." Science Advances 6, no. 49 (December 2020): eabb9107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb9107.
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Animals exhibit a fascinating variety of skin patterns, but mechanisms underlying this diversity remain largely unknown, particularly for complex and camouflaged colorations. A mathematical model predicts that intricate color patterns can be formed by “pattern blending” between simple motifs via hybridization. Here, I analyzed the skin patterns of 18,114 fish species and found strong mechanistic associations between camouflaged labyrinthine patterns and simple spot motifs, showing remarkable consistency with the pattern blending hypothesis. Genomic analyses confirmed that the coloring on multiple labyrinthine fish species has originated from pattern blending by hybridization, and phylogenetic comparative analyses have further substantiated the pattern blending hypothesis in multiple major fish lineages. These findings provide a plausible mechanistic explanation for the characteristic diversity of animal markings and suggest a novel evolutionary process of complex and camouflaged colorations by means of pattern blending.
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Robbins, Rachel, and Andrew Fox. "Further evidence of pigmentation change in white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 12 (2012): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12208.
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Patterns of pigmentation are widely used for the identification of white sharks, with photographic databases often forming the basis for studies of population modelling, site fidelity and movement patterns. The permanence of these identifying markings is assumed to remain constant. Here, we present evidence of melanism resulting in a change in the shape and size of pigmentation markings on the lower caudal lobe of a female white shark. We found a 33% reduction in size of an islet over a 9-month period. The newly melanised region was 10% darker than the adjoining pigmented areas, and did not match the original pattern. Possible causes of the observed melanism are presented, and the implications for the reliability of using caudal-fin pigmentation patterns for identification purposes are discussed, with a combinational matching approach recommended.
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Rishpon, A., M. Marchetti, and A. Marghoob. "Wide skin markings pattern: melanoma descriptor or patient-related factor?" British Journal of Dermatology 178, no. 5 (March 23, 2018): 1224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16420.
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Yahya, Siti Aishah, Nor Azam Ramli, Syabiha Shith, and Nur Baitul Izati Rasli. "ASSESSMENT ON MARKING SPECIFICATION OF REAR SIDE OF HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 9 (October 7, 2020): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i9.2020.1572.
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A vehicle's conspicuity is determined by the colour and pattern of painted surfaces, height, lighting system, reflectorization and fluorescent markings. In Malaysia, the better visibility of heavy goods vehicles has to be marked with retroreflective marking. The objectives of the study to analyse percentages of marking requirement that compliant with the MS 828:2011. The study was conducted at Jawi Toll Plaza, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang from 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m for three days. As a result, the highest compliance level of marking requirement was 96% which is box truck two axles. Meanwhile, other categories were between 17% to 91%. Many HGVs were not installing rear-end marking type 5, while all trucks and trailers with a maximum gross vehicle weight (GVW) of 3500 kg and above had to be marked with Type 5 (contour marking) as of 1 July 2019. Some improvement needed to reduce the severity and the number of road accidents by recommended a safe following distance.
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DAMRON, BRITTANY N., RICARDO PINTO-DA-ROCHA, and STUART J. LONGHORN. "Description of a new species of Eucynorta (Opiliones, Cosmetidae) from Cortés, Honduras." Zootaxa 4450, no. 1 (July 23, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.9.
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A new species, Eucynorta rooneyi sp. nov. (Opiliones, Cosmetidae), is described from Parque Nacional Cusuco, Cortés, Honduras, a tropical montane cloud forest habitat. This is the thirty-fifth species of Eucynorta Roewer, 1912, and is characterized by the combination of three sexually dimorphic characters in males: enlarged chelicerae, some armature on femur III and IV, and swollen basitarsi on leg I. This new species is distinct from other Eucynorta species due to its unique pattern of yellow markings on area I of the dorsal scutum, and unarmed free tergites with line markings.
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Sourakov, Andrei. "Leopards and giants, tigers and woolly bears: casting a broader net in exploring heparin effects on Lepidoptera wing patterns." F1000Research 7 (November 22, 2018): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16926.1.
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Background: Studies of heparin effects on Lepidoptera wing patterns have been restricted to a small number of species. I report observations from experiments on a broader range of taxa, including first results from swallowtails, tiger moths and microlepidoptera. Methods: Heparin injections were made in prepupal and early pupal stages of the following species representing several Lepidoptera lineages: Junonia coenia, Agraulis vanillae, Asterocampa clyton (Nymphalidae); Heraclides cresphontes, Pterourus troilus, Eurytides marcellus (Papilionidae); Hypercompe scribonia, Estigmene acrea, Hyphantria cunea (Erebidae); and Glyphodes sibillalis (Crambidae). Heparin-induced changes in wing pattern are illustrated, and advantages of using prepupal vs. pupal stages for this type of pharmacological manipulation of wing patterns are discussed. Results: In buckeyes, heparin-induced changes consisted of loss of orange parafocal elements as marginal and submarginal bands shifted basally. In gulf fritillaries, changes in black and silver markings were similar to those found in wild aberrant individuals. In tawny emperor, intermediate and extreme levels of transformation were achieved, pointing to homology of this species’ unusual eyespots to those of other nymphalids. In swallowtails, heparin-induced changes were much more restricted and proved harder to achieve, possibly indicating higher levels of stability and compartmentalization of wing patterns in this butterfly family. In tiger moths, elongation of black markings occurred so that normally distinct spots sometimes merged; in leopard moth, these changes were restricted to areas adjacent to discal spot. In pyraloid moth, changes were mostly restricted to expansion of wing marginal bands and hindwing border. Conclusions: Variation in wing pattern response to heparin found between different species and families in this study warrants further taxonomic widening of exploration of wing pattern formation mechanisms in Lepidoptera. While there are many similarities, there also seem to be very significant differences in the ways wing patterns are formed in different families of butterflies and moths.
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Dimitrova, Marina, Nina Stobbe, H. Martin Schaefer, and Sami Merilaita. "Concealed by conspicuousness: distractive prey markings and backgrounds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1663 (February 25, 2009): 1905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0052.
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High-contrast markings, called distractive or dazzle markings, have been suggested to draw and hold the attention of a viewer, thus hindering detection or recognition of revealing prey characteristics, such as the body outline. We tested this hypothesis in a predation experiment with blue tits ( Cyanistes caeruleus ) and artificial prey. We also tested whether this idea can be extrapolated to the background appearance and whether high-contrast markings in the background would improve prey concealment. We compared search times for a high-contrast range prey (HC-P) and a low-contrast range prey (LC-P) in a high-contrast range background (HC-B) and a low-contrast range background (LC-B). The HC-P was more difficult to detect in both backgrounds, although it did not match the LC-B. Also, both prey types were more difficult to find in the HC-B than in the LC-B, in spite of the mismatch of the LC-P. In addition, the HC-P was more difficult to detect, in both backgrounds, when compared with a generalist prey, not mismatching either background. Thus, we conclude that distractive prey pattern markings and selection of microhabitats with distractive features may provide an effective way to improve camouflage. Importantly, high-contrast markings, both as part of the prey coloration and in the background, can indeed increase prey concealment.
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Company Company, Concepción. "Multiple dative-marking grammaticalization." Studies in Language 25, no. 1 (October 1, 2001): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.25.1.02com.
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The aim of this paper is to provide some diachronic evidence of how a language acquires primary object properties, and to shed some light on the disputable status of dative expressions (Dats) in two object constructions. Spanish having in its origin two object case-markings, one for the Acc-patient and one for the Dat-recipient, has been progressively acquiring only one object case-marking. This language would have been sliding from a DO–IO language toward a special kind of PO–SO language. This paper examines seven apparently unconnected syntactic changes, showing that a common deep pattern unifies them: a grammaticalization process which reinforces Dat object-marking as a prime argument in the history of Spanish. In various areas of the transitivity system, Dats usurped the grammatical function performed originally by the Acc. As a consequence, a fair distinction between DO and IO does not hold; there are primary object effects in this language.
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Penz, Carla Maria, and Neda Mohammadi. "Wing pattern diversity in Brassolini butterflies (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)." Biota Neotropica 13, no. 3 (September 2013): 154–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032013000300020.
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This study describes and compares the diverse dorsal and ventral wing color patterns of Brassolini butterflies. Thirty-three species are illustrated, where pattern elements of the nymphalid ground plan are labeled in color. In general, a larger number of pattern elements can be identified on the ventral than on the dorsal surface of both wings, and the forewing has a larger number of discernible pattern elements than the hind wing. The dorsal elements are broad, diffuse, and more difficult to identify against the typically brown brassoline wing background color. Species with a light colored dorsal background served as a guide for our proposal that fewer pattern elements are present dorsally, particularly on the hind wing. Colorful bands or markings generally present on the dorsal surface seem to be associated with specific pattern elements and have correspondence to the ventral pattern. We refer to these as trailing bands, and they constitute a predominant feature of the brassoline dorsal coloration. We propose a subordinate groundplan for brassolines and interpret some of the ventral pattern variation in light of their phylogeny. Dorsal color pattern variation that leads to sexual dimorphism and mimetic resemblance are also discussed.
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Newkirk-Turner, Brandi L., Janna B. Oetting, and Ida J. Stockman. "BE, DO, and Modal Auxiliaries of 3-Year-Old African American English Speakers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 4 (August 2014): 1383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0063.
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PurposeThis study examined African American English–speaking children's use of BE, DO, and modal auxiliaries.MethodThe data were based on language samples obtained from 48 three-year-olds. Analyses examined rates of marking by auxiliary type, auxiliary surface form, succeeding element, and syntactic construction and by a number of child variables.ResultsThe children produced 3 different types of marking (mainstream overt, nonmainstream overt, zero) for auxiliaries, and the distribution of these markings varied by auxiliary type. The children's nonmainstream dialect densities were related to their marking of BE and DO but not modals. Marking of BE was influenced by its surface form and the succeeding verbal element, and marking of BE and DO was influenced by syntactic construction.ConclusionsResults extend previous studies by showing dialect-specific effects for children's use of auxiliaries and by showing these effects to vary by auxiliary type and children's nonmainstream dialect densities. Some aspects of the children's auxiliary systems (i.e., pattern of marking across auxiliaries and effects of syntactic construction) were also consistent with what has been documented for children who speak other dialects of English. These findings show dialect-specific and dialect-universal aspects of African American English to be present early in children's acquisition of auxiliaries.
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Kim, Seunghyun, Joongsik Kim, Moonsoo Ra, and Whoi-Yul Kim. "Vacant Parking Slot Recognition Method for Practical Autonomous Valet Parking System Using around View Image." Symmetry 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12101725.
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The parking assist system (PAS) provides information of parking slots around the vehicle. As the demand for an autonomous system is increasing, intelligent PAS has been developed to park the vehicle without the driver’s intervention. To locate parking slots, most existing methods detect slot markings on the ground using an around-view monitoring (AVM) image. There are many types of parking slots of different shapes in the real world. Due to this fact, these methods either limit their target types or use predefined slot information of different types to cover the types. However, the approach using predefined slot information cannot handle more complex cases where the slot markings are connected to other line markings and the angle between slot marking is slightly different from the predefined settings. To overcome this problem, we propose a method to detect parking slots of various shapes without predefined type information. The proposed method is the first to introduce a free junction type feature to represent the structure of parking slot junction. Since the parking slot has a modular or repeated junction pattern at both sides, junction pair consisting of one parking slot can be detected using the free junction type feature. In this process, the geometrically symmetric characteristic of the junction pair is crucial to find each junction pair. The entrance of parking slot is reconstructed according to the structure of junction pair. Then, the vacancy of the parking slot is determined by a support vector machine. The Kalman tracker is applied for each detected parking slot to ensure stability of the detection in consecutive frames. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method by using manually collected datasets, captured in different parking environments. The experimental results show that the proposed method successfully detects various types of parking slots without predefined slot type information in different environments.
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Charalambous, M., C. A. Lowry, S. Lowell, A. J. Shelley, and M. Arzube. "The value of the larval head pattern for differentiating Simulium exiguum s.l. and S. gonzalezi (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the onchocerciasis focus of Ecuador." Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, no. 1 (February 1997): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300036312.
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AbstractIn the Esmeraldas focus of onchocerciasis in Ecuador, the larvae of the primary vector Simulium exiguum Roubaud are found in sympatry with the non-vector S. gonzalezi Vargas & Díaz Nájera. Distinguishing the pre-ultimate stage larvae of these two species usually relies on the pattern of markings on the cephalic apotome. These patterns appear either as dark spots against a pale cuticle (positive head pattern) or as pale spots within a darkened area of the cuticle (negative head pattern). Larvae of S. exiguum s.l. usually exhibit positive or no head patterns whilst those of S. gonzalezi usually have negative head patterns. The purpose of this paper was to investigate head pattern variation (scored in one of six categories) in (polytene) chromosomally identified larvae of the two species and cytotypes of S. exiguum from three collection sites in Ecuador (including one in the onchocerciasis focus). The head patterns of a total of 1183 larvae were studied. Chromosomal identification of penultimate instar larvae revealed only the presence of the Cayapa and Quevedo cytotypes of S. exiguum (n=208). Both cytotypes exhibited a wide range of head patterns from positive to negative. The results indicate that negative head patterns cannot be used to reliably distinguish between larvae of S. exiguum s.l. and S. gonzalezi. All except one larva with negative head patterns were females (n=53), suggesting that head pattern in this species complex might be a sex-linked character.
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Barbosa, Ingrid Cândido de Oliveira, Carlos Henrique Schneider, Leonardo Gusso Goll, Eliana Feldberg, and Gislene Almeida Carvalho-Zilse. "Chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNA in Melipona seminigra merrillae Cockerell, 1919 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini)." Comparative Cytogenetics 15, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v15i1.56430.
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Melipona Illiger, 1806 is represented by 74 known species of stingless bees, distributed throughout the Neotropical region. Cytogenetically it is the most studied stingless bee genus of the tribe Meliponini. Member species are divided in two groups based on the volume of heterochromatin. This study aim was to analyze the composition and organization of chromatin of the stingless bee subspecies Melipona seminigra merrillae Cockerell, 1919 using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques, so contributing to a better understanding of the processes of chromosomal changes within the genus. We confirm that M. seminigra merrillae has a chromosome number of 2n = 22 and n = 11, results that differ from those reported for the genus in the absence of B chromosomes. The heterochromatic pattern revealed a karyotype composed of chromosomes with a high heterochromatin content, which makes it difficult to visualize the centromere. Silver nitrate impregnation (Ag-NOR) showed transcriptionally active sites on the second chromosomal pair. Staining of base-specific fluorophores DAPI-CMA3 indicated a homogeneous distribution of intensely DAPI-stained heterochromatin, while CMA3 markings appeared on those terminal portions of the chromosomes corresponding to euchromatin. Similar to Ag-NOR, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S ribosomal DNA probe revealed distinct signals on the second pair of chromosomes. Microsatellite mapping (GA)15 showed markings distributed in euchromatic regions, while mapping with (CA)15 showed marking patterns in heterochromatic regions, together with a fully marked chromosome pair. Microsatellite hybridization, both in heterochromatic and euchromatic regions, may be related to the activity of transposable elements. These are capable of forming new microsatellites that can be dispersed and amplified in different regions of the genome, demonstrating that repetitive sequences can evolve rapidly, thus resulting in within-genus diversification.
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Barbosa, Ingrid Cândido de Oliveira, Carlos Henrique Schneider, Leonardo Gusso Goll, Eliana Feldberg, and Gislene Almeida Carvalho-Zilse. "Chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNA in Melipona seminigra merrillae Cockerell, 1919 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini)." Comparative Cytogenetics 15, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i1.56430.
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Melipona Illiger, 1806 is represented by 74 known species of stingless bees, distributed throughout the Neotropical region. Cytogenetically it is the most studied stingless bee genus of the tribe Meliponini. Member species are divided in two groups based on the volume of heterochromatin. This study aim was to analyze the composition and organization of chromatin of the stingless bee subspecies Melipona seminigra merrillae Cockerell, 1919 using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques, so contributing to a better understanding of the processes of chromosomal changes within the genus. We confirm that M. seminigra merrillae has a chromosome number of 2n = 22 and n = 11, results that differ from those reported for the genus in the absence of B chromosomes. The heterochromatic pattern revealed a karyotype composed of chromosomes with a high heterochromatin content, which makes it difficult to visualize the centromere. Silver nitrate impregnation (Ag-NOR) showed transcriptionally active sites on the second chromosomal pair. Staining of base-specific fluorophores DAPI-CMA3 indicated a homogeneous distribution of intensely DAPI-stained heterochromatin, while CMA3 markings appeared on those terminal portions of the chromosomes corresponding to euchromatin. Similar to Ag-NOR, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S ribosomal DNA probe revealed distinct signals on the second pair of chromosomes. Microsatellite mapping (GA)15 showed markings distributed in euchromatic regions, while mapping with (CA)15 showed marking patterns in heterochromatic regions, together with a fully marked chromosome pair. Microsatellite hybridization, both in heterochromatic and euchromatic regions, may be related to the activity of transposable elements. These are capable of forming new microsatellites that can be dispersed and amplified in different regions of the genome, demonstrating that repetitive sequences can evolve rapidly, thus resulting in within-genus diversification.
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Bardhan, Subhendu, Sudipta K. Jana, and Kalyanbrata Datta. "Preserved color pattern of a phylloceratid ammonoid from the Jurassic Chari Formation, Kutch, India, and its functional significance." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 1 (January 1993): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000021260.
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Preservation of pristine pigmentation in fossil shells is a rare phenomenon (Teichert, 1964) and fossilization accompanied by recrystallization often renders the primary color bands indiscernible (Shrock and Twenhofel, 1953). Nevertheless, there are reports on color markings in fossil shells ranging from the Middle Cambrian to Holocene (Hoare, 1978; Mapes and Hoare, 1987; Kobluk and Mapes, 1989).
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Lee, Derek E., Douglas R. Cavener, and Monica L. Bond. "Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)." PeerJ 6 (October 2, 2018): e5690. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5690.
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Polymorphic phenotypes of mammalian coat coloration have been important to the study of genetics and evolution, but less is known about the inheritance and fitness consequences of individual variation in complex coat pattern traits such as spots and stripes. Giraffe coat markings are highly complex and variable and it has been hypothesized that variation in coat patterns most likely affects fitness by camouflaging neonates against visually hunting predators. We quantified complex coat pattern traits of wild Masai giraffes using image analysis software, determined the similarity of spot pattern traits between mother and offspring, and assessed whether variation in spot pattern traits was related to fitness as measured by juvenile survival. The methods we described could comprise a framework for objective quantification of complex mammal coat pattern traits based on photographic coat pattern data. We demonstrated that some characteristics of giraffe coat spot shape were likely to be heritable, as measured by mother-offspring regression. We found significant variation in juvenile survival among phenotypic groups of neonates defined by multivariate clustering based on spot trait measurement variables. We also found significant variation in neonatal survival associated with spot size and shape covariates. Larger spots (smaller number of spots) and irregularly shaped or rounder spots (smaller aspect ratio) were correlated with increased survival. These findings will inform investigations into developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value.
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Longo, C., A. Lallas, A. Kyrgidis, S. Bassoli, E. Moscarella, G. Pellacani, and G. Argenziano. "Wide skin markings pattern: melanoma descriptor or patient-related factor?: reply from the authors." British Journal of Dermatology 178, no. 5 (March 23, 2018): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16430.
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Rowe, John W., Charles F. Bunce, and David L. Clark. "Spectral reflectance and substrate color-induced melanization in immature and adult Midland painted turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata)." Amphibia-Reptilia 35, no. 2 (2014): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002934.
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An animal’s coloration can be involved in communication and crypsis and change dynamically over time. We studied spectral reflectance of color pattern and substrate color-induced melanization in adult Midland Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata). Spectral reflectance of the carapace and plastron ground colors and of the red, yellow, and black markings of the head and limbs did not vary between the sexes. Therefore, yellow and red markings of the head and forelimbs seem unlikely to be sexually-selected traits as would be evidenced by differences in brightness between the sexes. Perhaps the color patterns of the head, neck, and shell margins function to break up the outline of an individual. However, we cannot rule out that the markings of the head and neck function in species recognition or evaluation of mate quality. After being laboratory reared for 150 days, the ground color and the spots or stripes of the head and limbs increased in intensity (turtles lightened) but more so in turtles reared on a white substrate when compared to those reared on a black substrate. At day 150, the ground colors of the carapace and plastron and the black blotches of the marginal scutes of the carapace were darker in individuals reared on a black substrate than in those reared on a white substrate. Therefore, adult turtles that travel among habitats with differing substrate colors could shift the degree of darkness of the carapace and skin ground color, thus more closely matching their backgrounds and reducing predation rates.
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MORAES-DA-SILVA, ANTONIO, RENATA CECÍLIA AMARO, PEDRO M. SALES NUNES, CHRISTINE STRÜSSMANN, MAURO JUNIOR TEIXEIRA, ALBEDI JR ANDRADE, VINÍCIUS SUDRÉ, RENATO RECODER, MIGUEL TREFAUT RODRIGUES, and FELIPE FRANCO CURCIO. "Chance, luck and a fortunate finding: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes: Xenodontinae), from the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands." Zootaxa 4651, no. 3 (August 6, 2019): 445–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4651.3.3.
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We describe a new watersnake of the genus Helicops based on a single specimen found in the northern limit of the Brazilian Pantanal. Immediately after collection, the unique features of color pattern and head proportions prevented us to attribute this specimen to any other congener. Further comparisons revealed that the combination of entire nasal scales, a distinctively acuminate snout, high dorsal and supralabial counts, as well as a dorsal pattern with chain-like spot rows and a venter with vivid and peculiar orange markings confirmed that the specimen represented a new species. Molecular data supported our morphological conclusion recovering the new species deeply nested within Helicops terminals, sister to a clade composed by H. carinicaudus and H. nentur. Our discovery represents a rare instance of a snake species restricted to the Brazilian Pantanal, but we refrain from considering it a Pantanal endemic until further records allow more considerations on distributional patterns.
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Amin, Mujid Farihul. "Jenis dan Struktur Tema-Rema dalam Cerita Pendek “Nasehat untuk Anakku” Karya Motinggo Busye." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.16.1.112-121.
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This study aims to determine what types of themes are contained in the short story "Advice for My Son" by Motinggo Busye and how the structure pattern of the teen theme is. The methodological framework consists of three strategic stages in the research, namely the data collection stage, the data analysis stage, and the data analysis result presentation stage. The results obtained from this study are that in the short story "Advice for My Son" by Motinggo Busye, there are topical / ideational themes including topical themes with markings and topical themes with markings, textual themes, and interpersonal themes. The structure of the themes contained in the short story "Advice for my Son" by Motinggo Busye is in accordance with the theme-rema theory, namely the theme is located at the beginning and the unit after the theme is rema.
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PULIDO-B., HANNIER W., M. GONZALO ANDRADE-C., CARLOS PEÑA, and GERARDO LAMAS. "Two new taxa of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the Andes of Colombia and Peru." Zootaxa 2906, no. 1 (June 3, 2011): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2906.1.2.
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We describe a new species and a new subspecies of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 from Colombia and Peru: E. cesarense Pulido, Andrade, Peña & Lamas n. sp. and E. cesarense viloriai Andrade, Pulido, Peña & Lamas n. ssp. This new species resembles E. enyo Butler, 1867 and E. rufocincta Weymer, 1911 but shows clear differences in the wing markings, ocellus pattern and the male genitalia morphology. The new subspecies can be distinguished from the nominotypical subspecies described herein by differences in wing pattern coloration. The nominate subspecies occurs in northern Colombia, and E. c. viloriai is known from eastern Peru.
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ARIANO-SÁNCHEZ, DANIEL, and JONATHAN A. CAMPBELL. "A new species of Rhadinella (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from the dry forest of Motagua Valley, Guatemala." Zootaxa 4442, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.10.
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We describe a new species of Rhadinella from the dry forest and thorn scrub of Valle del Motagua, Guatemala, a region and habitat where the congeners were previously unrecorded. This species is related to the group of Rhadinella that have dark dorsal coloration, which mostly or completely obscures a pattern of longitudinal striping characteristic of the majority of species of Rhadinella. The new species has dark gray, almost black, dorsal coloration with barely discernible slightly darker striping. Top of the head is mostly blackish with irregular auburn-orange markings on the internasals, prefrontals, frontal, parietals, loreals, postoculars, temporals, and two ultimate supralabials. Most conspicuous features are an orange-auburn Y-shaped marking along frontal-parietal and interparietal sutures, followed by an orange nuchal collar. The closest relative of the new species, based on morphological similarities, appears to be Rhadinella pilonaorum, which occurs in a relatively mesic habitat of pine-oak forest located about 90 km southwest from the type-locality of the new species.
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BADANO, DAVIDE. "A new Cymothales Gerstaecker from the Gabonese rainforest (Neuroptera Myrmeleontidae)." Zootaxa 4803, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4803.2.6.
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Nine species of Cymothales, one of the most characteristic African antlion genera, are known from the Guineo-Congolian rainforests. A new species, Cymothales massaronei sp. nov. is described here from Gabon. Cymothales massaronei sp. nov. is characterized by the fifth tarsomere equal in length to the first tarsomere, but differs from all of the congeners with this character in the shape and markings of wings, shape of antenna and body pattern.
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Jones, RE. "Phenotypic Variation in Australian Eurema Species." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 4 (1992): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920371.
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Australian butterflies in the tropical pierid genus Eurema (the grass yellows) exhibit seasonal phenotypic changes in both size and colour pattern. In four of the five species, smaller adults were present during the summer and autumn wet season than during the cooler winter-spring dry season. The fifth species, E. hecabe, showed the reverse pattern, being largest when it first appeared late in the wet season and becoming smaller as the dry season progressed. When reared in the laboratory, however, all five species produced larger adults when reared at lower temperatures, and at least two of the species also produced larger adults at shorter photoperiods. In the case of E. hecabe, juvenile overcrowding and resource limitation may prevent the potential size increase during the cooler dry season from occurring. All five species had darker markings during the cooler dry season, and in two of them, E. herla and E. laeta, there was also a change in the ground colour of the underwing from yellow to pink or brown. The darker markings may serve a thermoregulatory function, as in other pierids, but the change in colour probably functions to allow E. herla and E. laeta, which diapause as adults during the dry season, to be more cryptic as the grasslands they occupy dry off and change colour. In all species except E. herla, the range of variation in dark markings observed in the field could be reproduced in the laboratory by varying the temperatures and/or photoperiods at which the juvenile stages were reared (darker individuals were produced at lower temperatures and shorter photoperiods). The change in ground colour in E. herla and E. laeta, however, was not reproduced in laboratory rearings, either by changing photoperiod and temperatures, or by rearing animals at low humidities, suggesting that an additional cue may be needed to induce this shift in phenotype.
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Thom, A. S., J. M. D. Ker, and T. R. Burrowst. "The Bush Barrow gold lozenge: is it a solar and lunar calendar for Stonehenge?" Antiquity 62, no. 236 (September 1988): 492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00074597.
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Papers in ANTIQUITY earlier this year (Kinnes et al. 1988; Shell 6. Robinson 1988) have studied evidence for the original profile-shape of the decorated gold lozenge, from Bush Barrow, in the barrow-field immediately to the south of Stonehenge. They have not addressed the pattern of the markings inscribed on the lozenge, which are here identified with the significant directions of solar and lunar events, the lozenge acting as a long-term record for prehistoric astronomers.
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Bolotov, Ivan N., Vitaly M. Spitsyn, Evgeny S. Babushkin, Elisaveta A. Spitsyna, Yulia S. Kolosova, and Natalia A. Zubrii. "New occurrences, morphology, and imaginal phenology of the rarest Arctic tiger moth Arctia tundrana (Erebidae: Arctiinae)." Ecologica Montenegrina 39 (February 17, 2021): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2021.39.13.
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This study (1) displays markings pattern of male and female specimens of Arctia tundrana from various parts of its broad range; (2) illustrates a paratype male specimen of this species with its genitalia and aedeagus; (3) presents a few additional occurrences of A. tundrana supplementing the data set published in our earlier paper (Bolotov et al. 2015); (4) provides an updated map of the species’ occurrences; and (5) discusses its imaginal phenology based on long-term occurrence data.
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Sun, Yan, Shao Yong Jiang, Wei Zhou, and Xian Cai Lu. "Mechanical Analysis and Identification Markings of Nanoparticle Distribution in Narrow Friction Zones." Advanced Materials Research 924 (April 2014): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.924.312.
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Through scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation on kinetic friction and static friction deformation, our data show that granular nanoparticles (commonly 60-80nm with diameter, d) are widespreadly distributions in narrow friction zones. Furthermore, the identification markings, such as nature, experiment and fabric orientation etc., usefully deal with the mechanical analysis,and the granular nanoparticle distributions in narrow friction zones could be subdivided into three kinds, i.e. simple shear, pure shear and rotational shear pattern. Additionally, note that under stress action physico-chemical phase changes might be respectively caused by internal cohesion and dynamic differentiation in the narrow friction zones. These analyses deduce that some few complex idea fields, including structural stress, physics and chemistry field, with spatial and temporal evolution exist in the narrow friction zones, moreover, they viably regulate the nanoparticle distribution.
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WEI, DANDAN, CHUNGKUN SHIH, and DONG REN. "Arcofuzia cana gen. et sp. n. (Insecta, Blattaria, Fuziidae) from the Middle Jurassic sediments of Inner Mongolia, China." Zootaxa 3597, no. 1 (December 24, 2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3597.1.3.
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Fuziidae is an indigenous Chinese family known from the Middle Jurassic sediments. So far, only three genera have been described from Daohugou locality in Inner Mongolia, China. Arcofuzia cana gen. et sp. n., attributed to the family Fuziidae, is described herein from the Jiulongshan Formation, based on its autapomorphic large body size, distinct forceps-like grasping male cerci, distinct pattern of very wide forewing markings, thick Sc and rich forewing venation with many small but very distinct crossvein-like reticulations.
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Stevens, Martin, and Innes C. Cuthill. "Disruptive coloration, crypsis and edge detection in early visual processing." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1598 (May 16, 2006): 2141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3556.
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Many animals use concealing markings to reduce the risk of predation. These include background pattern matching (crypsis), where the coloration matches a random sample of the background and disruptive patterns, whose effectiveness has been hypothesized to lie in breaking up the body into a series of apparently unrelated objects. We have previously established the effectiveness of disruptive coloration against avian predators, using artificial moth-like stimuli with colours designed to match natural backgrounds as perceived by birds. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which disruptive patterns reduce detectability, using a computational vision model of edge detection applied to photographs of our experimental stimuli, calibrated for bird colour vision. We show that, disruptive coloration is effective by exploiting edge detection algorithms that we use to model early visual processing. Thus, ‘false’ edges are detected within the body rather than at its periphery, so inhibiting successful detection of the animal's body outline.
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Kassarov, Luka. "Are Birds the Primary Selective Force Leading to Evolution of Mimicry and Aposematism in Butterflies? An Opposing Point of View." Behaviour 140, no. 4 (2003): 433–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853903322127922.
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AbstractBirds are universally considered to be the primary selective force leading to the evolution of mimicry in butterflies and the evolution of aposematic coloration. This concept does not take into account the visual capabilities of birds. In this paper it is argued that the aerial hawker insectivorous birds, which are the primary predators of butterflies, are not able to differentiate the separate elements in the color patterns of flying butterflies. They cannot distinguish details in color of the markings or their shape, size, and distribution. As a consequence, birds cannot serve as a selective force for evolution of mimicry and aposematic coloration in these insects. Many aspects of vision, and especially vision in birds, on which my conclusions are based are discussed in detail. The different morphological and behavioral characteristics of butterflies, especially their flight characteristics, correlate with their profitability as a source of energy and nutrients. The flight pattern of the butterfly is the first stimulus that the bird sees, not the color pattern. It is this characteristic flight pattern, not the bright aposematic coloration pattern, that birds are able to recognize and then learn rapidly to associate visually with the profitability of the prey. The characteristic flight behavior signals to the bird whether the prey is energetically profitable or not, thus whether to attack or ignore a potential prey. The ability to distinguish prey types by flight pattern allows the bird to conserve energy and maximize its feeding efficiency.
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OTA, RENATA R., SVEN O. KULLANDER, GABRIEL C. DEPRÁ, WEFERSON J. DA GRAÇA, and CARLA S. PAVANELLI. "Satanoperca curupira, a new cichlid species from the rio Madeira basin in Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae)." Zootaxa 4379, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4379.1.6.
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Satanoperca curupira, new species, is described from the rio Madeira basin in the State of Rondônia, Brazil. It is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: 3–7 dark-brown oblique stripes on the lachrymal (vs. 2 well-defined dark-brown stripes, or dark-brown stripes absent) and an irregular pattern of dark-brown stripes on cheek and opercular series (vs. cheek without dark-brown markings or with light-beige rounded spots). According to meristic and color pattern characters, the new species is considered a member of the S. jurupari species group, and is syntopic with S. jurupari, which is widespread in the Amazon basin. The restricted geographical range of the new species is congruent to that observed for some other Satanoperca species.
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Kim, Sanggu, Robert E. Donahue, Aylin Bonifacino, Mark Metzger, Cynthia E. Dunbar, and Irvin Chen. "Long-Term, Clonal Tracking Comparing Autologous Transplantation of G-CSF/SCF-Primed Bone Marrow CD34+ Cells with G-CSF/SCF-Mobilized Peripheral Blood CD34+ Cells in Rhesus Macaques." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-117047.
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Abstract Introduction : Although autologous transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) - mobilized with a combination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) - has been well characterized, the efficacy of G-CSF/SCF-primed bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) transplantation, however, remains unclear and controversial. In our previous lentiviral vector-mediated PBSC and BMSC transplantation study, we reported efficient and long-term hematopoietic reconstitution by PBSC but not by BMSC - the later being associated with the gradual decline of vector markings in two BMSC-transplanted animals, with a loss of marking occurring in most lineages by 26 or 32 weeks after transplant. Follow-up analysis indicated that low-level yet consistent repopulation by BMSC continued in these animals for a longer period. Here we have compared peripheral blood (PB) markings and vector integration sites (VIS) in PBSC- and BMSC-transplanted animals for up to 12 years and 6 years, respectively. Methods : Young adult rhesus macaques were treated with G-CSF (10 mg/kg of body weight/day) and SCF (200 mg/kg/day) four days before the cell harvest for transplant. Mobilized PB leukapheresis cell products from five rhesus macaques (95E132, 2RC003, RQ5427, RQ3570, and 96E035) were harvested using a CS3000 Plus blood cell separator. Bone marrow (BM) cells from two animals (95E131 and 96E041) were surgically harvested from their femurs and iliac crests under anesthesia. After harvest, PBSC and BMSC were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation followed by immunoselection of CD34+ cells, and transduced with HIV-based self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing EGFP. Vector-marked cells were then autologously transplanted into the host after total body irradiation (10 Gy). No further priming treatment was provided after transplant. PB from the 5 PBSC- and 2 BMSC-transplanted animals were serially collected over time and cryo-preserved for PCR, flow cytometry, and VIS analyses. Results: Both PBSC- and BMSC-transplanted animals showed long-term repopulation for lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, platelets, and red blood cells. PBSC animals showed an average EGFP marking that ranged from 0.32 % to 10.24 %. From these animals, a total of 141 to 4,858 VIS were recovered. We found that the total number of VIS in each animal was proportional to the average EGFP marking in the same animals, and that both of these in turn were linearly correlated with the number of EGFP+ CD34+ cells initially transplanted (1.4 x106 - 28.8 x106 per animal). BMSC-transplanted animals did not show any such patterns. In two BMSC animals, the average EGFP marking levels remained at 0.05 % and 0.10 % until the end point (5 and 6 years) despite the fact that a comparatively large number of EGFP+ CD34+ cells had been transplanted (5.2 x106 and 17.7x106)and a large number of VIS recovered (793 and 680 VIS) in these animals. Temporal VIS analysis of PBSC animals showed that different groups of a large number of PBSC clones repopulated sequentially and reached a point of maximum repopulation at different time points, with some gradually declining after this. BMSC animals also showed a wave-like sequential repopulation similar to the patterns seen in PBSC animals. Unlike PBSC, however, nearly all BMSC clones were detected at a low frequency and at a single time point, except a few larger ones that were detected at multiple time points in a rising and falling pattern. There was no notable difference between the genomic features of VIS in PBSC- and BMSC-repopulating cells. Conclusions : Our data suggest that both the BMSC and PBSC consist of highly heterogeneous stem/progenitor cells that can provide long-term polyclonal repopulation through wave-like, sequential repopulation. Unlike PBSC, however, BMSC transplant was inefficient in PB repopulation resulting in only barely detectable markings in PB. The BMSC clonal profiles reflected the clonal patterns seen in PBSC animals, aside from BMSC animals having primarily low-frequency clones. We have previously shown significant differences in immunophenotype and cell cycle status between PBSC and BMSC, where BMSC were significantly lower in Thy-1 expression and had a higher percentage of cells in the S+G2/M phase of the cell cycle than PBSC. These differences may account for the inefficient differentiation and proliferation capabilities of BMSC compared to PBSC shown in this study. Disclosures Dunbar: National Institute of Health: Research Funding.
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Spitsyn, Vitaly M., Ivan N. Bolotov, Mikhail Y. Gofarov, and Nikita I. Bolotov. "FIRST RECORD OF THE GENUS AETHALIDA WALKER, 1865 (LEPIDOPTERA: EREBIDAE: ARCTIINAE) FROM FLORES ISLAND, EAST NUSA TENGGARA, INDONESIA." Ecologica Montenegrina 6 (June 21, 2016): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2016.6.8.
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The discussed record marks presence of the genus Aethalida Walker, 1865 in East Nusa Tenggara (Flores Island, Indonesia) for the first time. We have found that a specimen from Flores Island shows great similarity with A. owadai Dubatolov & Kishida, 2005, an endemic species of Selayar Island. Comparing external morphology of A. owadai and the discussed specimen, we were able to highlight some key differences in structure of the male genitalia and in the markings pattern. The given morphological features are sufficient to establish a new subspecies, A. owadai floresiensis ssp. n.
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Yotsutsuji, Hirofumi, Toshimori Otazawa, and Hideyuki Kita. "A simulation study on the pattern of speed reduction markings affecting driver’s speed choice before curve entry." Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020): 1296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.154.
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LASPIUR, ALEJANDRO, JUAN CARLOS ACOSTA, and CRISTIAN S. ABDALA. "A new species of Leiosaurus (Iguania: Leiosauridae) from central-western Argentina." Zootaxa 1470, no. 1 (May 10, 2007): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1470.1.3.
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In this paper we describe a new species of the Leiosaurus genus from central-western Argentina. This new taxon presents remarkable differences regarding the lepidosis and coloration pattern compared to the other species of the genus: L. catamarcensis, L. paronae and L. bellii. The dorsal coloration pattern is unique and is characterized by dorsal markings similar to the colour design of some felines like the jaguar. This new species inhabits the highlands of central-western Argentina where steppe bunch grasses with low plant formation and low spiny shrubs prevail. However, little is known of its biology as with the other species of the genus Leiosaurus. The discovery of this new taxon is significant, because it has been one hundred years since the last description of a new species of these taxa.
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Blut, C., and K. Lunau. "Effects of lepidopteran eyespot components on the deterrence of predatory birds." Behaviour 152, no. 11 (2015): 1481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003288.
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Circular markings, called eyespots, on the wings of Lepidoptera have been shown to be protective against predators. We tested the ‘conspicuousness-hypothesis’ and ‘eye mimicry-hypothesis’ by examining how ‘sparkle’ and colour pattern of eyespots deter predators. The rationale was to test the deterring effect of shape and colour pattern of the eyespots’ elements that are assumed to mimic lens eyes, namely iris, pupil, and sparkle by simultaneous exposure of lepidopteran dummies with equally conspicuous eyespots that differed in their similarity to lens eyes. The results provide evidence that circular and crescent-shaped ‘sparkles’ were more deterring than rectangular-shaped ‘sparkles’. The ‘sparkle’s’ UV-reflection had no effect on the deterrence. Our results support recent findings on the deterrent effect of the eyespot’s ‘sparkle’ and show that colour is less important for deterrence. The characteristic colour pattern of eyespots and illusion of three-dimensionality created by the ‘sparkle’ might contribute to the deterrent effect.
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Toryanik, V. M., and L. P. Mironets. "Changeability in the pattern of white marking on a leaf of Trifolium repens L. is a bioindicator of presence in soil of agricultural lands of nitrate nitrogen and heavy metals." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 27 (September 1, 2020): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v27.1345.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. Conduct research between the variability of the pattern of white marking on a leaf of Trifolium repens L. and the content of nitrate nitrogen and heavy metals in soil of hayfield and pasture. Methods. Collection of leafs was carried out in 2019 during the period of mass flowering of plant. Identification of drawings of white marking on a leaf was carried out according to the method of IT. Paponova and P.Ya. Schwartzman, using the tables of J. L. Briubecker. Soils were tested for nitrate nitrogen and heavy metals in accordance with recommended methods. Results. In the total sample of T. repens L. collected from territories of the hayfield and pasture, detected 8 phenotypes, formed by a series of 7 alleles of gen V. In the sample from the territory of the hayfield, the phenotype O was most often found, in the sample from the territory of the pasture - the phenotypes of AH and C, much more often than in the territory of the hayfields – the phenotype of the BHC. In the hayfield, the frequency of «wild» phenotypes was higher, in the grassland – «mutant» phenotypes. In each of the studied territories unique phenotypes were detected: on the territory of hayfield – phenotype C in the form of a four-leaf, on the territory of the pasture – phenotypes of BHB and E. Pasture soil had a significantly higher content of nitrate nitrogen (almost 4 times), Fe (almost 2.5 times), Mn (1.6 times), Zn (2.4 times), Cu (1.8 times), Pb (more than 2 times) and Cd (more than 2 times) compared to soil of hayfield. Conclusions. A correlation was found between the frequency of T. repens phenotypes detected in the pattern of white markings on the leave and the presence in soil of hayfield and pasture of nitric nitrogen and heavy metals. However, it should be evaluated with caution, as the relationship between these indicators is although probable, but requires further investigation.
Keywords: Trifolium repens L., white marking on a leaf, bioindicator, soil, nitrate nitrogen, heavy metals.
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Degani, Gad. "Plasma proteins and morphology of Salamandra salamandra in Israel." Amphibia-Reptilia 7, no. 2 (1986): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853886x00334.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDifferences between three isolated populations of Salamandra salamandra were examined in this study. It is based on 369 adult specimens which were measured for length and weight. The yellow markings and the quantitative relationship between the black and the yellow areas were compared. Plasma proteins were determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Salamanders from a moist habitat (Tel Dan) are much smaller than salamanders from semi-arid habitats (Mt. Meron and Mt. Carmel). The colour pattern typical of the Lebanese S. s. infraimmaculata was found in all the Israeli populations, whereas colour patterns typical of the European S. s. salamandra were not found in them. The plasma proteins of the Israeli salamanders are very similar to those of the Lebanon (Gasser, 1975) and differ greatly from those of the European S. s. salamandra. These results indicate that the Israeli salamander populations should be arranged taxonomically with S. s. infraimmaculata.
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Stoddard, Mary Caswell, Benedict G. Hogan, Martin Stevens, and Claire N. Spottiswoode. "Higher-level pattern features provide additional information to birds when recognizing and rejecting parasitic eggs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0197.
Full textAbstract:
Despite a recent explosion of research on pattern recognition, in both neuroscience and computer vision, we lack a basic understanding of how most animals perceive and respond to patterns in the wild. Avian brood parasites and their hosts provide an ideal study system for investigating the mechanisms of pattern recognition. The cuckoo finch, Anomalospiza imberbis , and its host the tawny-flanked prinia, Prinia subflava , lay highly polymorphic eggs with a great deal of variation in colour and patterning, with the cuckoo finch capable of close egg mimicry. Behavioural experiments in Zambia have previously shown that prinias use colour and multiple ‘low-level’ (occurring in early stages of visual processing) pattern attributes, derived from spatial frequency analysis, when rejecting foreign eggs. Here, we explore the extent to which host birds might also use ‘higher-level’ pattern attributes, derived from a feature detection algorithm, to make rejection decisions. Using a SIFT-based pattern recognition algorithm, N ature P attern M atch , we show that hosts are more likely to reject a foreign egg if its higher-level pattern features—which capture information about the shape and orientation of markings—differ from those of the host eggs. A revised statistical model explains about 37% variance in egg rejection behaviour, and differences in colour, low-level and higher-level pattern features all predict rejection, accounting for 42, 44 and 14% of the explained variance, respectively. Thus, higher-level pattern features provide a small but measurable improvement to the original model and may be especially useful when colour and low-level pattern features provide hosts with little information. Understanding the relative importance of low- and higher-level pattern features is a valuable goal for future work on animal coloration, especially in the contexts of mimicry, camouflage and individual recognition. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.